,*APT] #b 
,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 

  

,! PROBLEM ( 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION SEEMS TO BE FALL+ 9TO A CURI\S FOCUS4 ,DESPITE MASSIVE PUBLIC SUPPORT = 5VIRONM5TALI/ MEASURES-AS WITNESS ! POSITIVE PUBLIC RESPONSE 9 REC5T /ATE REF]5DUMS ON SU* ISSUES -- WE >E BE+ W>N$ AB\T A BACKLA% AGA9/ 0EXTREMI/S0 :O >E RAIS+ RADICAL DEM&S = >RE/+ 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRA- DAT'ON4 ,MU* ( ?IS 0BACKLA%0 SEEMS TO BE G5]AT$ BY 9DU/RY & BY ! ,:ITE ,H\SE1 :]E ,MR4 ,NIXON COMPLAC5TLY ASSURES US ?AT 0,AM]ICA IS WELL ON ! WAY TO W9N+ ! W> AGA9/ 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION2 WELL ON ! WAY TO MAK+ \R PEACE ) NATURE40 ,?IS RHETORIC IS SUSPICI\SLY FAMILI>2 PRESUMABLY WE >E BEG9N+ TO SEE ! 0LI<T0 AT ! 5D ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL TUNNEL4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ADV]TIS+ COMPAIGNS BY ! PETROLEUM1 AUTOMOBILE1 LUMB]1 & *EMICAL 9DU/RIES >E URG+ ,AM]ICANS TO BE MORE 0REASONABLE0 AB\T 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS1 TO 0S5SIBLY0 BALANCE 0B5EFITS0 AGA9/ 0LOSSES10 TO SCALE D[N NORMS = CLEAN] AIR & WAT] ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,PROTECTION ,ADM9I/RATION1 TO %[ 0PATI5CE0 & 0UND]/&+0 = ! O/5SIBLY =MIDABLE TE*NICAL PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT \R FRI5DLY NEI<BORHOOD 9DU/RIAL OLIGOPOLIES & UTILITIES4 

,I WILL NOT TRY1 H]E1 TO DISCUSS ! SC&AL\S DI/ORTIONS ?AT 5T] 9TO PROPAG&A ( ?IS K9D4 ,MANY ( Y\ >E ALREADY FAMILI> ) ! REC5T /UDY BY A COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES ?AT ACCUSES ! AUTOMOBILE 9DU/RY ( CONC5TRAT+ 79 ! WORDS ( A ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES REPORT7 ON ! 0MO/ EXP5SIVE1 LEA/ SATISFACTORY MEANS0 ( MEET+ ! #aige ,F$]AL EXHAU/ EMISSION /&>DS4 ,AS TO ! PI\S RHETORIC FROM ! ,:ITE ,H\SE1 ,MR4 ,NIXON'S EF=TS TO MAKE 0PEACE0 ) NATURE SEEM TO BE SEV]AL CUTS BEL[ HIS EF=TS TO PRODUCE PEACE 9 ,9DONESIA4 ,AS ! ,TIMES OP9ES $ITORIALLY1 ,MR4 ,NIXON'S /ATEM5T IS TOTALLY AT V>IANCE ) ! FACTS444 ,! AIR OV] ! NATION S CITIES IS GETT+ ONLY M>G9ALLY CLEAN]1 IF AT ALL4 ,EV]Y MAJOR RIV] SY/EM 9 ! C\NTRY IS BADLY POLLUT$4 ,GREAT PORTIONS ( ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN >E 9 DANG] ( BECOM+ A DEAD SEA4 ,PLA/ICS1 DET]G5TS1 *EMICALS & METALS >E PUTT+ AN 9SUPPORTABLE BURD5 ON ! BIOSPH]E4 ,! L& ITSELF IS BE+ ]OD$1 BLI<T$1 POISON$1 RAP$40 

,F> FROM ADH]+ TO ! CLAIM ?AT MANY 5VIRONM5TALI/ DEM&S >E TOO 0RADICAL10 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT !Y >E NOT RADICAL 5\<4 ,CONFRONT$ BY A SOCIETY ?AT IS NOT ONLY POLLUT+ ! PLANET ON A SCALE UNPREC$5T$ 9 HI/ORY1 BUT UND]M9+ ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL BIOGEO*EMICAL CYCLES1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT 5VIRONM5TALI/S HAVE NOT POS$ ! /RATEGIC PROBLEMS ( E/ABLI%+ A NEW & LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM ) NATURE4 ,IS IT 5\< TO /OP A NUCLE> PLANT H]E OR A HI<WAY !RE8 ,HAVE WE SOMEH[ MISS$ ! ESS5TIAL FACT ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION /EMS FROM MU* DEEP] S\RCES ?AN ! BLUND]S OR ILL-9T5TIONS ( 9DU/RY & GOV]NM5T8 ,?AT TO S]MONIZE 5DLESSLY AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( 5VIRONM5TAL APOCALYPSE -- :E!R AS A RESULT ( POLLUTION1 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION1 OR POPULATION GR[? -- 9ADV]T5TLY DROPS A VEIL OV] A MORE FUNDAM5TAL CRISIS 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION1 ONE ?AT IS NOT EXCLUSIVELY TE*NOLOGICAL OR E?ICAL BUT PR(\NDLY SOCIAL8 ,RA!R ?AN DEAL AGA9 ) ! SCALE ( \R 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS1 OR 5GAGE 9 ! EASY D5UNCIATION ?AT 0POLLUTION IS PR(ITABLE10 OR >GUE ?AT SOME AB/RACT 0WE0 IS RESPONSIBLE = PRODUC+ TOO MANY *ILDR5 OR A GIV5 9DU/RY = PRODUC+ TOO MANY COMMODITIES1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO ASK IF ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS DOES NOT HAVE ITS ROOTS 9 ! V]Y CON/ITUTION ( SOCIETY AS WE KN[ IT TODAY1 IF ! *ANGES ?AT >E NE$$ TO CREATE A NEW EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL DO NOT REQUIRE A FUNDAM5TAL1 9DE$ REVOLUTION>Y1 RECON/ITUTION ( SOCIETY ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 

,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE ! WORDS 0ECOLOGICAL L9ES40 ,9 TRY+ TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! T]M 05VIRONM5TALISM0 FAILS US4 0,5VIRONM5TALISM0 T5DS 9CREAS+LY TO REFLECT AN 9/RUM5TALI/ S5SIBILITY 9 :I* NATURE IS VIEW$ M]ELY AS A PASSIVE HABITAT1 AN AGGLOM]ATION ( EXT]NAL OBJECTS & =CES1 ?AT MU/ BE MADE MORE S]VICEABLE = HUMAN USE IRRESPECTIVE ( :AT !SE USES MAY BE4 ,5VIRONM5TALISM10 9 EFFECT1 DEALS ) 0NATURAL RES\RCES10 URBAN RES\RCES10 EV5 0HUMAN RES\RCES40 ,MR4 ,NIXON1 ,I W\LD SUPPOSE1 IS AN 05VIRONM5TALI/0 ( SORTS 9S(> AS ! 0PEACE0 HE W\LD E/ABLI% ) NATURE CONSI/S ( ACQUIR+ ! 0KN[-H[0 = PLUND]+ ! NATURAL WORLD ) M9IMAL DISRUPTION ( ! HABITAT4 0,5VIRONM5TALISM0 DOES NOT BR+ 9TO QUE/ION ! UND]LY+ NOTION ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY ?AT MAN MU/ DOM9ATE NATURE2 RA!R1 IT SEEKS TO FACILITATE ?AT DOM9ATION BY DEVELOP+ TE*NIQUES = DIM9I%+ ! HAZ>DS CAUS$ BY DOM9ATION4 ,! V]Y NOTION ( DOM9ATION ITSELF IS NOT BR\<T 9TO QUE/ION4 

,ECOLOGY1 ,I W\LD CLAIM1 ADVANCES A BROAD] CONCEPTION ( NATURE & ( HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO MY ?9K+1 IT SEES ! BALANCE & 9TEGRITY ( ! BIOSPH]E AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,NATURAL DIV]SITY IS TO BE CULTIVATE NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! MORE DIV]SIFI$ ! COMPON5TS ?AT MAKE UP AN ECOSY/EM1 ! MORE /ABLE ! ECOSY/EM1 BUT DIV]SITY IS DESIRABLE = ITS [N SAKE1 A VALUE TO BE *]I%$ AS P>T ( A SPIRITIZ$ NOTION ( ! LIV+ UNIV]SE4 ,ECOLOGI/S HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T ?AT ! MORE SIMPLIFI$ AN ECOSY/EM -- AS 9 >CTIC & DES]T BIOMES OR 9 MONOCULTURAL =MS ( FOOD CULTIVATION -- ! MORE FRAGILE ! ECOSY/EM & MORE PRONE IT IS TO 9/ABILITY1 PE/ 9FE/ATIONS1 & POSSIBLE CATA/ROPHES4 ,! TYPICALLY HOLI/IC CONCEPT ( 0UNITY 9 DIV]SITY10 SO COMMON 9 ! MORE REFLECTIVE ECOLOGICAL WRIT+S1 C\LD BE TAK5 FROM ,HEGEL'S WORKS1 AN 9TELLECTUAL CONV]G5CE ?AT ,I DO NOT REG>D AS ACCID5TAL & ?AT DES]VES S]I\S EXPLORATION BY CONTEMPOR>Y NEO-,HEGELIANS4 ,ECOLOGY1 FUR!RMORE1 ADVANCES ! VIEW ?AT HUMANITY MU/ %[ A CONSCI\S RESPECT = ! SPONTANEITY ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 A WORLD ?AT IS MU* TOO COMPLEX & V>IEGAT$ TO BE R$UC$ TO SIMPLE ,GALILEAN PHYSICO-ME*ANICAL PROP]TIES4 ,SOME SY/EMS ECOLOGI/S NOT)/&+1 ,I W\LD HOLD ) ,*>LES ,ELTON'S VIEW ?AT 0,! WORLD'S FUTURE HAS TO BE MANAG$1 BUT ?IS MANAGEM5T W\LD NOT BE LIKE A GAME ( *ESS444 7BUT7 MORE LIKE /E]+ A BOAT40 ,! NATURAL WORLD MU/ BE ALL[$ ! CONSID]ABLE LEEWAY ( A SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T -- 9=M$1 TO BE SURE1 BY HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS & MANAGEM5T AS NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S & SELF-ACTIVE -- TO UNFOLD & ACTUALIZE ITS WEAL? ( POT5TIALITIES4 ,F9ALLY1 ECOLOGY RECOGNIZES NO HI]>*Y ON ! LEVEL ( ! ECOSY/EM4 ,!RE >E NO 0K+S ( ! BEA/S0 & NO 0L[LY ANTS40 ,!SE NOTIONS >E ! PROJECTIONS ( \R [N SOCIAL ATTITUDES & RELATION%IPS ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,VIRTUALLY ALL ?AT LIVES AS P>T ( ! FLORAL & FAUNAL V>IETY ( AN ECOSY/EM PLAYS ITS COEQUAL ROLE 9 MA9TA9+ ! BALANCE & 9TEGRITY ( ! :OLE4 

,!SE CONCEPTS1 BR\<T TOGE!R 9 A TOTALITY ?AT C\LD BE EXPRESS$ AS UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 SPONTANEITY1 & COMPLEM5T>ITY1 COMPRISE NOT ONLY A JUDGM5T ?AT D]IVES FROM AN >TFUL SCI5CE0 OR 0SCI5TIFIC >T0 7AS ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ECOLOGY ELSE:]E72 !Y ALSO CON/ITUTE AN OV]ALL S5SIBILITY ?AT WE >E SL[LY RECOV]+ FROM A DI/ANT >*AIC WORLD & PLAC+ IT 9 A NEW SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,! NOTION ?AT MAN IS DE/9$ TO DOM9ATE NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN -- & P]HAPS EV5 E>LI]1 BY ! DOM9ATION ( WOMAN BY MAN & ! DOM9ATION ( ! Y\NG BY ! OLD4 ,! HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY ?AT >RANGES EXP]I5CE ITSELF -- 9 ALL ITS =MS -- ALONG HI]>*ICALLY PYRAMIDAL L9ES IS A MODE ( P]CEPTION & CONCEPTUALIZATION 9TO :I* WE HAVE BE5 SOCIALIZ$ BY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY4 ,?IS M5TALITY T5DS TO BE T5U\S OR COMPLETELY ABS5T 9 NON-HI]>*ICAL COMMUNITIES4 ,SO-CALL$ 0 PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETIES4 ?AT >E BAS$ ON A SIMPLE SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?AT LACK /ATES & HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 DO NOT EXP]I5CE REALITY AS WE DO ?R\< A FILT] ?AT CATEGORIZES PH5OM5A 9 T]MS ( 0SUP]IOR0 & 09F]IOR0 OR 0ABOVE0 & 0BEL[40 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( 9EQUALITY1 !SE TRULY ORGANIC COMMUNITIES DO NOT EV5 HAVE A WORD = EQUALITY4 ,AS ,DORO?Y ,LEE OBS]VES 9 H] SUP]B DISCUSSION ( ! 0PRIMITIVE0 M9D1 0EQUALITY EXI/S 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 AS A BYPRODUCT ( ! DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE ( ! CULTURE ITSELF1 NOT AS A PR9CIPLE TO BE APPLI$4 ,9 SU* SOCIETIES1 !RE IS NO ATTEMPT TO 4A*IEVE ! GOAL ( EQUALITY1 & 9 FACT !RE IS NO CONCEPT ( EQUALITY4 ,(T51 !RE IS NO L+UI/IC ME*ANISM :ATEV] = COMP>ISON4 ,:AT WE F9D IS AN ABSOLUTE RESPECT = MAN1 = ALL 9DIVIDUALS IRRESPECTIVE ( AGE & SEX40 

,! ABS5CE ( CO]CIVE & DOM9E]+ VALUES 9 !SE CULTURES IS P]HAPS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ BY ! SYNTAX ( ! ,W9TU ,9DIANS ( ,CALI=NIA1 A PEOPLE ,LEE APP>5TLY /UDI$ AT FIR/ H&4 ,T]MS COMMONLY EXPRESSIVE ( CO]CION 9 MOD]N LANGUAGES1 %E NOTES1 >E SO >RANG$ BY ! ,W9TU ?AT !Y D5OTE COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR4 ,A ,W9TU MO!R1 = EXAMPLE1 DOES NOT 0TAKE0 H] BABY 9TO ! %ADE2 %E 0GOES0 ) IT 9TO ! %ADE4 ,A *IEF DOES NOT 0RULE0 HIS PEOPLE2 HE 0/&S0 ) !M4 ,9 ANY CASE1 HE IS NEV] MORE ?AN !IR ADVIS] & LACKS CO]CIVE P[] TO 5=CE HIS VIEWS4 ,! ,W9TU 0NEV] SAY1 & 9 FACT !Y CANNOT SAY1 AS WE DO1 ',I HAVE A SI/]1' OR A 'SON1' OR HUSB& ,LEE OBS]VES4 0,TO LIVE ) IS ! USUAL WAY 9 :I* !Y EXPRESS :AT WE CALL POSSESSION1 & !Y USE ?IS T]M = EV]Y?+ !Y RESPECT1 SO ?AT A MAN WILL BE SAID TO LIVE ) HIS B[ & >R[S40 

0,TO LIVE )0 -- ! PHRASE IMPLIES NOT ONLY A DEEP S5SE ( MUTUAL RESPECT & A HI< VALUATION ( 9DIVIDUAL VOLUNT>ISM2 IT ALSO IMPLIES A PR(\ND S5SE ( ON5ESS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! GR\P4 ,! S5SE ( UNITY )9 ! GR\P1 9 TURN1 EXT5DS BY PROJECTION TO ! RELATION%IP ( ! COMMUNITY ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,PSY*OLOGICALLY1 PEOPLE 9 ORGANIC COMMUNITIES MU/ BELIEVE ?AT !Y EX]CISE A GREAT] 9FLU5CE ON NATURAL =CES ?AN IS AF=D$ BY !IR RELATIVELY SIMPLE TE*NOLOGY1 AN ILLUSION !Y ACQUIRE BY GR\P RITUALS & MAGICAL PROC$URES4 ,ELABORATE AS !SE RITUALS & PROC$URES MAY BE1 H[EV]1 HUMANITY'S S5SE ( DEP5D5CE ON ! NATURAL WORLD1 9DE$1 ON ITS IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T1 NEV] 5TIRELY DISAPPE>S4 ,IF ?IS S5SE ( DEP5D5CE MAY G5]ATE ABJECT FE> OR AN EQUALLY ABJECT REV]5CE1 !RE IS ALSO A PO9T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ORGANIC SOCIETY :]E IT MAY G5]ATE A S5SE ( SYMBIOSIS1 MORE PROP]LY1 ( MUTUALI/IC 9T]DEP5D5CE & COOP]ATION1 ?AT T5DS TO TRANSC5D RAW FEEL+S ( T]ROR & AWE4 ,H]E1 HUMANS NOT ONLY PROPITIATE P[]FUL =CES OR TRY TO MANIPULATE !M2 !IR C]EMONIALS HELP 7AS !Y SEE IT7 9 A CREATIVE S5SE3 TO MULTIPLY FOOD ANIMALS1 TO BR+ *ANGES 9 SEASON & WEA!R1 TO PROMOTE ! F]TILITY ( CROPS4 ,! ORGANIC COMMUNITY ALWAYS HAS A NATURAL DIM5SION TO IT1 BUT N[ ! COMMUNITY IS CONCEIV$ TO BE P>T ( ! BALANCE ( NATURE -- A =E/ COMMUNITY OR A SOIL COMMUNITY -- 9 %ORT1 A TRULY ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY OR  
ECO-COMMUNITY PECULI> TO ITS ECOSY/EM1 ) AN ACTIVE S5SE ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! OV]ALL 5VIRONM5T & ! CYCLES ( NATURE4 

,?IS \TLOOK BECOMES EVID5T 5\< :5 WE TURN TO ACC\NTS ( C]EMONIALS AMONG PEOPLES 9 ORGANIC COMMUNITIES4 ,MANY C]EMONIALS & RITUALS >E *>ACT]IZ$ NOT ONLY BY SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 SU* AS 9ITIATION RITES1 BUT ALSO BY ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS4 ,AMONG ! ,HOPI1 = EXAMPLE1 ! MAJOR AGRICULTURAL C]EMONIES HAVE ! ROLE ( SUMMON+ =? ! CYCLES ( ! COSMIC ORD]1 ( ACTUALIZ+ ! SOL/ICES & ! DIFF]5T /AGES 9 !-GR[? ( MAIZE FROM G]M9ATION TO MATURATION4 ,AL?\< ! ORD] ( ! SOL/ICES & ! /AGES 9 ! GR[? ( MAIZE >E KN[N TO BE PR$ET]M9$1 HUMAN C]EMONIAL 9VOLVEM5T IS 9TEGRALLY P>T ( ?AT PR$ET]M9ATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO /RICLY MAGICAL PROC$URES1 ,HOPI C]EMONIES ASSIGN A P>TICIPATORY RA!R ?AN A MANIPULATORY FUNCTION TO HUMANS4 ,PEOPLE PLAY A MUTUALI/IC ROLE 9 NATURAL CYCLES3 !Y FACILITATE ! WORK+S ( ! COSMIC ORD]4 ,!IR C]EMONIES >E P>T ( A COMPLEX WEB ( LIFE :I* EXT5DS FROM ! G]M9ATION ( MAIZE TO ! >RIVAL ( ! SOL/ICES4 0,EV]Y ASPECT ( NATURE1 PLANTS & ROCKS & ANIMALS1 COLORS & C>D9AL DIRECTIONS & NUMB]S & SEX DI/9CTIONS1 ! DEAD & ! LIV+1 ALL HAVE A COOP]ATIVE %>E 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! UNIV]SAL ORD]10 ,LEE OBS]VES4 0,EV5TUALLY1 ! EF=T ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 HUMAN OR NOT1 GOES 9TO ?IS HUGE :OLE4 ,& H]E1 TOO1 IT -- IS EV]Y ASPECT ( A P]SON :I* C\NTS4 ,! 5TIRE BE+ ( ! ,HOPI 9DIVIDUAL AFFECTS ! BALANCE ( NATURE2 & AS EA* 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPS HIS 9N] POT5TIAL1 SO HE 5HANCES HIS P>TICIPATION1 SO DOES ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE BECOME 9VIGORAT$40 

,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE ?AT ?IS H>MONIZ$ VIEW ( NATURE FOLL[S FROM ! H>MONIZ$ RELATIONS )9 ! E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,JU/ AS M$IEVAL !OLOGY /RUCTUR$ ! ,*RI/IAN HEAV5 ON FEUDAL L9ES1 SO PEOPLE ( ALL AGES HAVE PROJECT$ !IR SOCIAL /RUCTURE ONTO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO ! ,ALGONKIANS ( ! ,NORHT ,AM]ICAN =E/S1 ! BEAV] LIV$ 9 CLANS & LODGES ( !IR [N1 WISELY COOP]AT+ TO PROMOTE ! WELL-BE+ ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,ANIMALS1 TOO1 HAD !IR 0MAGIC10 !IR TOTEM ANCE/ORS1 & W]E 9VIGORAT$ BY ! ,MANIT\1 :OSE SPIRIT N\RI%$ ! 5TIRE COSMOS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ANIMALS HAD TO BE CONCILIAT$ OR ELSE !Y MI<T REFUSE TO PROVIDE HUMANS ) SK9S & MEAT4 ,! COOP]ATIVE SPIRIT ?AT =M$ A PRECONDITION = ! SURVIVAL ( ! ORGANIC COMMUNITY ?US 5T]$ COMPLETELY 9TO ! \TLOOK ( PRELIT]ATE PEOPLE T[>D NATURE & ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL4 

,! BREAKUP ( !SE UNIFI$ ORGANIC COMMUNITIES1 BAS$ ON A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR & K9%IP TIES1 9TO HI]>*ICAL & F9ALLY CLASS SOCIETIES GRADUALLY SUBV]T$ ! UNITY ( SOCIETY ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! DIVISION ( CLANS & TRIBES 9TO G]ONTOCRACIES 9 :I* ! OLD BEGAN TO DOM9ATE ! Y\NG2 ! EM]G5CE ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY 9 :I* WOM5 W]E BR\<T 9TO UNIV]SAL SUBJUGATION TO M52 /ILL FUR!R1 ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( HI]>*IES BAS$ ON SOCIAL /ATUS 9TO ECONOMIC CLASSES BAS$ ON SY/EMATIC MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION2 ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY1 FOLL[$ BY ! 9CREAS+ SUPREMACY ( T[N OV] C\NTRY & T]RITORIAL OV] K9%IP TIES2 & F9ALLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE1 ( A PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y1 BUREAUCRATIC1 & POLITICAL APP>ATUS EX]CIS+ CO]CIVE SUPREMACY OV] ! REMA9+ VE/IGES ( COMMUNITY LIFE -- ALL ( !SE DIVISIONS & CONTRADICTIONS ?AT EV5TUALLY FRAGM5T$ & PULV]IZ$ ! >*AIC WORLD YIELD$ A RESOCIALIZATION ( ! HUMAN EXP]IM5TAL APP>ATUS ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES4 ,?IS RESOCIALIZATION S]V$ NOT ONLY TO DIVIDE ! COMMUNITY 9T]NALLY1 BUT BR\<T DOM9AT$ CLASSES 9TO COMPLICITY ) !IR [N DOM9ATION1 WOM5 9TO COMPLICITY ) !IR [N S]VITUDE4 ,9DE$1 ! V]Y PSY*E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS DIVID$ AGA9/ ITSELF BY E/ABLI%+ ! SUPREMACY ( M9D OV] BODY1 ( HI]>*ICAL RATIONALITY OV] S5SU\S EXP]I5CE4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! HUMAN SUBJECT BECAME ! OBJECT ( SOCIAL & F9ALLY SELF-MANIPULATION ACCORD+ TO HI]>*ICAL NORMS1 SO NATURE BECAME OBJECTIFI$1 DESPIRITIZ$1 & R$UC$ TO A METAPHYSICAL 5TITY 9 MANY RESPECTS NO LESS CONTRIV$ CONCEPTUALLY BY A PHYSICO-ME*ANICAL NOTION ( EXT]NAL REALITY ?AN ! ANIMI/IC NOTIONS ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 >*AIC SOCIETY4 ,TIME DOES NOT P]MIT ME TO DEAL 9 ANY DETAIL ) ! ]OSION ( >*AIC HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,BUT P]HAPS A FEW OBS]VATIONS >E APPROPRIATE4 ,! H]ITAGE ( ! PA/ 5T]S CUMULATIVELY 9TO ! PRES5T AS LURK+ PROBLEMS :I* \R [N ]A HAS NEV] RESOLV$4 ,I REF] NOT ONLY TO ! TRAMMELS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 :I* B9D US ) COMPELL+ IMM$IACY1 BUT ALSO ?OSE =M$ BY MILL5IA ( HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ?AT B9D ! FAMILY 9 PATRI>*Y1 AGE GR\PS 9 G]ONTOCRACIES1 & ! PSY*E 9 ! CONTORT$ PO/URES ( R5UNCIATION & SELF-ABASEM5T4 

,EV5 BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ,HELL5I/IC RATIONALISM VALIDATES ! /ATUS ( WOM5 AS VIRTUAL *ATTELS & ,HEBREW MORALITY PLACES 9 ,ABRAHAM'S H&S ! P[] TO KILL ,ISAAC4 ,! R$UCTION ( HUMANS TO OBJECTS1 :E!R AS SLAVES1 WOMAN1 OR *ILDR51 F9DS ITS PRECISE P>ALLEL 9 ,NOAH'S P[] TO NAME ! BEA/S & DOM9ATE !M1 TO PLACE ! WORLD ( LIFE 9 ! S]VITUDE ( MAN4 ,?US FROM ! TWO MA9/REAMS ( WE/]N CIVILIZATION1 ,HELL5ISM & ,JUDAISM1 ! ,PROME!AN P[]S ( ! MALE >E COLLECT$ 9TO AN IDEOLOGY ( REPRESSIVE RATIONALITY & HI]>*ICAL MORALITY4 ,WOMAN 0BECAME ! EMBODIM5T ( ! BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION1 ! IMAGE ( NATURE10 OBS]VE ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO1 0! SUBJUGATION ( :I* CON/ITUT$ ?AT CIVILIZATION'S TITLE TO FAME4 ,= MILL5IA M5 DREAM$ ( ACQUIR+ ABSOLUTE MA/]Y OV] NATURE1 ( CONV]T+ ! COSMOS 9TO ONE IMM5SE HUNT+-GR\ND4 ,IT WAS TO ?IS ?AT ! IDEA ( MAN WAS GE>$ 9 A MALE-DOM9AT$ SOCIETY4 ,?IS WAS ! SIGNIFICANCE ( REASON1 HIS PR\DE/ BOA/4 ,WOMAN WAS WEAK] & SMALL]4 ,BETWE5 H] & MAN !RE WAS A DIFF]5CE %E C\LD NOT BRIDGE -- A DIFF]5CE IMPOS$ BY NATURE1 ! MO/ HUMILIAT+ ?AT CAN EXI/ 9 A MALE-DOM9AT$ SOCIETY4 ,:]E ! MA/]Y ( NATURE IS ! TRUE GOAL1 BIOLOGICAL1 9F]IORITY REMA9S A GL>+ /IGMA1 ! WEAKNESS IMPR9T$ BY NATURE AS A KEY /IMULUS TO AGGRESSION40 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO GR\P !SE REM>KS UND] ! TITLE ( 0,MAN & ,ANIMALS10 = !Y PROVIDE A BASIC 9SI<T NOT ONLY 9TO MAN'S RELATION%IP ) WOMAN1 BUT MAN'S RELATION%IP 9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ) ! NATURAL WORLD AS A :OLE4 

,! NOTION ( JU/ICE1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! IDEAL ( FRE$OM1 COLLECTS ALL ( !SE VALUES 9TO A RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE ?AT D5IES ! 5TIRE CONT5T ( >*AIC EQUALITY4 ,9 ORGANIC SOCIETY1 ALL HUMAN BE+S HAVE A RI<T TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :AT !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ! SOCIAL FUND ( LABOR4 ,PAUL ,RAD9 CALLS ?IS ! RULE ( ! 0IRR$UCTIBLE M9IMUM40 ,>*AIC EQUALITY1 H]E1 RECOGNIZES ! FACT ( 9EQUALITY -- ! DEP5D5CE ( ! WEAK UPON ! /RONG1 ( ! 9FIRM UPON ! HEAL?Y1 ( ! Y\NG & OLD UPON ! MATURE4 ,TRUE FRE$OM1 9 EFFECT1 IS AN EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS ?AT DOES NOT D5Y ! RI<T TO LIFE ( ?OSE :OSE P[]S >E FAIL+ OR LESS DEVELOP$ ?AN O!RS4 ,IRONICALLY1 9 ?IS MAT]IALLY UNDEVELOP$ ECONOMY1 HUMANITY ACKN[L$GES ! RI<T ( ALL TO ! SC>CE MEANS ( LIFE EV5 MORE EMPHATICALLY -- & 9 ! SPIRIT ( TRIBAL MUTUALISM ?AT MAKES ALL K9 RESPONSIBLE = EA* O!R1 MORE G5]\SLY -- ?AN 9 A MAT]IALLY DEVELOP+ ECONOMY ?AT YIELDS GR[+ SURPLUSES & A CONCOMITANT SCRAMBLE = PRIVILEGES4 

,BUT ?IS TRUE FRE$OM ( AN EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS IS DEGRAD$ ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,AS MAT]IAL SURPLUSES 9CREASE1 !Y CREATE ! V]Y SOCIAL CLASSES ?AT GLEAN FROM ! LABOR ( ! MANY ! PRIVILEGES ( ! FEW4 ,! GIFT :I* ONCE SYMBOLIZ$ AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 M5 AK9 TO ! BLOOD TIE IS SL[LY TURN$ 9TO A MEANS ( B>T] & F9ALLY 9TO A COMMODITY1 ! G]M ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS B>GA94 ,JU/ICE EM]GES FROM ! CORPSE ( FRE$OM TO GU>D ! EX*ANGE RELATION%IP -- :E!R ( GOODS OR MORALITY -- AS ! EXACT PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY 9 ALL ?+S4 ,N[ ! WEAK >E 0EQUAL0 TO ! /RONG1 ! POOR TO ! WEAL?Y1 ! 9FIRM TO ! HEAL?Y 9 ALL WAYS BUT !IR WEAKNESS1 POV]TY1 & 9FIRMITY4 ,9 ESS5CE1 JU/ICE REPLACES FRE$OM'S NORM ( AN EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS ) AN 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS4 ,AS ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO OBS]VE3 0,BE=E1 ! FETI%ES W]E SUBJECT TO ! LAW ( EQUIVAL5CE4 ,N[ EQUIVAL5CE ITSELF HAS BECOME A FETI%4 ,! BL9DFOLD OV] ,JU/ITIA'S EYES DOES NOT ONLY MEAN ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO ASSAULT UPON JU/ICE1 BUT ?AT JU/ICE DOES NOT ORIG9ATE 9 FRE$OM40 

,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY M]ELY BR+S ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE TO ITS LOGICAL & HI/ORIC EXTREME4 ,ALL M5 >E EQUAL AS BUY]S & SELL]S -- ALL >E SOV]EIGN EGOS ON ! FREE M>KET PLACE4 ,! CORPORATE TIES ?AT ONCE UNIT$ HUMANITY 9TO B&S1 CLANS1 TRIBES1 ! FRAT]NITY ( ! POLIS1 & ! VOCATIONAL COMMUNITY ( ! GUILD1 >E TOTALLY DISSOLV$4 ,MONADIC MAN REPLACES COLLECTIVE MAN2 ! EX*ANGE RELATION%IP REPLACES ! K9%IP1 FRAT]NAL1 OR VOCATIONAL TIES ( ! PA/4 ,:AT UNITES HUMANITY 9 ! B\RGEOIS M>KET PLACE IS COMPETITION3 ! UNIV]SAL ANTAGONISM ( EA* AGA9/ ALL4 ,GRADUAT$ TO ! LEVEL ( COMPET+ CAPITALS1 ( GRASP+ & W>R+ B\RGEOIS 5T]PRISES1 ! M>KET PLACE DICTATES ! RU?LESS MAXIM3 0,GR[ OR DIE0 -- HE :O DOES NOT EXP& HIS CAPITAL & DEV\R HIS COMPETITOR WILL BE DEV\R$4 ,9 ?IS CON/ELLATION ( EV]-REGRESSIVE ASOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 :]E EV5 P]SONALITY ITSELF IS R$UC$ TO AN EX*ANGEABLE OBJECT1 SOCIETY IS RUL$ BY PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION4 ,EQUIVAL5CE ASS]TS ITSELF AS EX*ANGE VALUE2 ?R\< ! M$IATION ( MONEY1 EV]Y >TI/IC WORK1 9DE$ EV]Y MORAL QUALM1 IS DEGRAD$ TO AN EX*ANGEABLE QUANTUM4 ,GOLD OR ITS PAP] SYMBOL MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO EX*ANGE ! MO/ TREASUR$ CA!DRAL = SO MANY MAT* /ICKS4 ,! MANUFACTUR] ( %OE LACES CAN TRANSMUTE HIS W>ES 9TO A ,REMBR&T PA9T+1 BEGG>+ ! TAL5TS ( ! MO/ P[]FUL AL*EMI/4 

,9 ?IS QUANTITATIVE DOMA9 ( EQUIVAL5CES1 :]E SOCIETY IS RUL$ BY PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION & GR[? IS ! ONLY ANTIDOTE TO DEA?1 ! NATURAL WORLD IS R$UC$ TO NATURAL RES\RCES -- ! DOMA9 ( WANTON EXPLOITATION P> EXCELL5CE4 ,CAPITALISM NOT ONLY VALIDATES PRECAPITALI/ NOTIONS ( ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE BY MAN2 IT TURNS ! PLUND] ( NATURE 9TO SOCIETY'S LAW ( LIFE4 ,TO QUIBBLE ) ?IS K9D ( SY/EM AB\T ITS VALUES1 TO TRY TO FRI<T5 IT ) VISIONS AB\T ! CONSEQU5CES ( GR[? IS TO QU>REL ) ITS V]Y METABOLISM4 ,ONE MI<T MORE EASILY P]SUADE A GRE5 PLANT TO DESI/ FROM PHOTOSYN!SIS ?AN TO ASK ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY TO DESI/ FROM CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,!RE IS NO ONE TO TALK TO4 ,ACCUMULATION IS DET]M9$ NOT BY ! GOOD OR BAD 9T5TIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL B\RGEOIS1 BUT BY ! COMMODITY RELATION%IP ITSELF1 BY :AT ,M>X SO APTLY CALL$ ! CELLUL> UNIT ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,IT IS NOT ! P]V]SITY ( ! B\RGEOIS ?AT CREATES PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ! V]Y M>KET NEXUS OV] :I* HE PRESIDES & TO :I* HE SUCCUMBS4 ,TO APPEAL TO HIS HUMAN 9T]E/S OV] HIS ECONOMIC ONES IS TO IGNORE ! BRUTE FACT ?AT HIS V]Y AU?ORITY IS A FUNCTION ( HIS MAT]IAL BE+4 ,HE CAN ONLY D5Y HIS ECONOMIC 9T]E/S BY D5Y+ HIS [N SOCIAL REALITY1 9DE$1 BY D5Y+ ?AT V]Y AU?ORITY :I* VICTIMIZES HIS HUMANITY4 ,IT REQUIRES A GROTESQUE SELF-DECEPTION1 OR WORSE1 AN ACT ( IDEOLOGICAL SOCIAL DECEPTION1 TO FO/] ! BELIEF ?AT ?IS SOCIETY CAN UNDO ITS V]Y LAW ( LIFE 9 RESPONSE TO E?ICAL >GUM5TS OR 9TELLECTUAL P]SUASION4 

,YET ! EV5 H>%] FACT MU/ BE FAC$ ?AT ?IS SY/EM HAS TO BE UNDONE & REPLAC$ BY A SOCIETY ?AT WILL RE/ORE ! BALANCE BETWE5 HUMAN SOCIETY & NATURE -- AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT MU/ FIR/ BEG9 BY REMOV+ ! BL9DFOLD FROM ,JU/ITIA'S EYES & REPLAC+ ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS BY ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,9 O!R WRIT+S1 ,I HAVE CALL$ SU* AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY AN>*O- COMMUNISM2 9 MY =?COM+ BOOK IT IS DESCRIB$ AS 0ECO- TOPIA40 ,Y\ >E WELCOME TO CALL IT :AT Y\ WILL4 ,BUT MY REM>KS UP TO N[ WILL MEAN NO?+ IF WE FAIL TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ATTEMPT TO DOM9ATE NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN2 ?AT TO H>MONIZE \R RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD PRESUPPOSES ! H>MONIZATION ( ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,BEYOND ! B>E BONES ( A SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E1 NATURAL ECOLOGY WILL HAVE NO MEAN+ = US IF WE DO NOT DEVELOP A SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT WILL BE RELEVANT TO \R TIME4 

,! ALT]NATIVES WE FACE 9 A SOCIETY RUL$ BY PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION >E V]Y />K 9DE$4 ,MORE SO ?AN ANY SOCIETY 9 ! PA/1 MOD]N CAPITALISM HA/R\<T ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NICAL =CES TO !IR HI<E/ PO9T1 TO A PO9T1 9 FACT1 :]E WE C\LD F9ALLY ELIM9ATE TOIL AS ! BASIC CONDITION ( LIFE = ! GREAT MAJORITY ( HUMANITY & ABOLI% ! AGES-OLD CURSE ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY & 9SECURITY AS ! UND]LY+ FEATURE ( SOCIETY4 ,WE LIVE TODAY ON ! ?RE%OLD ( A PO/-SC>CITV SOCIETY 9 :I* ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS NE$ NO LONG] BE ! PRIMORDIAL RULE ( A SMALL GR\P OT COLLECTIVE K91 BUT ! UNIV]SAL CONDITION ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL :OSE SOCIAL AFFILIATIONS >E DET]M9$ BY FREE *OICE & P]SONAL AFF9ITIES RA!R ?AN ! >*AIC BLOOD OA?4 ,! ,PROME!AN P]SONALITY1 ! PATRI>*ICAL FAMILY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 REPRESSIVE REASON1 ! T]RITORIAL CITY1 & ! /ATE HAVE DONE !IR HI/ORIC WORK 9 RU?LESSLY MOBILIZ+ ! LABOR ( HUMANITY1 DEVELOP+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 & TRANS=M+ ! WORLD4 ,VODAY1 !Y >E TOTALLY IRRATIONAL AS 9/ITUTIONS & MODES ( CONSCI\SNESS -- ! SO-CALL$ 0NECESS>Y EVILS0 9 ,BAKUN9'S WORDS ?AT HAVE TURN$ 9TO ABSOLUTE EVILS4 ,! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ( \R TIME IS TE/IMONY TO ! FACT ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION DEVELOP$ BY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY & P>TICUL>LY BY CAPITALISM HAVE BECOME TOO P[]FUL TO EXI/ AS MEANS ( DOM9ATION4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! PRES5T SOCIETY P]SI/S 9DEF9ITELY TO DO ITS WORK1 ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS WE FACE >E EV5 MORE =MIDABLE ?AN ?OSE :I* WE GA!R UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0POLLUTION40 ,A SOCIETY BAS$ ON PRODUCTION4 = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION IS 9H]5TLY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL & ITS CONSEQU5CES >E A DEV\R$ NATURAL WORLD1 ONE :OSE ORGANIC COMPLEXITY HAS BE5 DEGRAD$ BY TE*NOLOGY 9TO ! 9ORGANIC /UFF ?AT FL[S FROM ! 5D ( ! ASSEMBLY L9E2 LIT]ALLY1 ! SIMPLE MATT] ?AT =M$ ! METAPHYSICAL PRESUPPOSITIONS ( CLASSICAL PHYSICS4 ,AS ! CITIES CONT9UE TO GR[ CANC]\SLY OV] ! L&1 AS COMPLEX MAT]IALS >E TURN$ 9TO SIMPLE MAT]IALS1 AS DIV]SITY DISAPPE>S 9 ! MAW ( A SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T COMPOS$ ( GLASS1 BRICKS1 MORT>1 METALS1 & MA*9ES1 ! COMPLEX FOOD *A9S ON :I* WE DEP5D = ! HEAL? ( \R SOIL1 = ! 9TEGRITY ( \R OCEANS & ATMOSPH]E1 & = ! PHYSIOLOGICAL VIABILITY ( \R BE+S WILL BECOME EV] MORE SIMPLE4 ,LIT]ALLY1 ! SY/EM 9 ITS 5DLESS DEV\R+ ( NATURE WILL R$UCE ! 5TIRE BIOSPH]E TO ! FRAGILE SIMPLICITY ( \R DES]T & >CTIC BIOMES4 ,WE WILL BE REV]S+ ! PROCESS ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION :I* HAS DIFF]5TIAT$ FLORA & FAUNA 9TO 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX =MS & RELATION%IPS1 !REBY CREAT+ A SIMPL] & LESS /ABLE WORLD ( LIFE4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS APPALL+ REGRESSION >E PR$ICTABLE 5\< 9 ! LONG RUN -- ! BIOSPH]E WILL BECOME SO FRAGILE ?AT IT WILL EV5TUALLY COLLAPSE FROM ! /&PO9T ( HUMAN SURVIVAL NE$S & REMOVE ! ORGANIC PRECONDITIONS = HUMAN LIFE4 ,?AT ?IS WILL EV5TUATE FROM A SOCIETY BAS$ ON PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION IS1 9 MY VIEW1 M]ELY A MATT] ( TIME1 AL?\< :5 IT WILL OCCUR IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PR$ICT4 

,WE MU/ CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY -- NOT M]ELY BECAUSE SU* A SOCIETY IS DESIRABLE BUT BECAUSE IT IS DIRELY NECESS>Y4 ,WE MU/ BEG9 TO LIVE 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,SU* A SOCIETY 9VOLVES A FUNDAM5TAL REV]SAL ( ALL ! TR5DS ?AT M>K ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY & B\RGEOIS SOCIETY -- ! M9UTE SPECIALIZATION ( MA*9ES & LABOR1 ! CONC5TRATION ( RES\RCES & PEOPLE 9 GIGANTIC 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES & URBAN 5TITIES1 ! /RATIFICATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION ( LIFE1 ! DIVORCE ( T[N FROM C\NTRY1 ! OBJECTIFICATION ( NATURE & HUMAN BE+S4 ,9 MY VIEW1 ?IS SWEEP+ REV]SAL MEANS ?AT WE MU/ BEG9 TO DEC5TRALIZE \R CITIES & E/ABLI% 5TIRELY NEW ECOCOMMUNITIES ?AT >E >TI/ICALLY MOLD$ TO ! ECOSY/EMS 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$4 ,I AM >GU+1 H]E1 ?AT DEC5TRALIZATION MEANS NOT ! WANTON SCATT]+ ( POPULATION OV] ! C\NTRYSIDE 9 SMALL ISOLAT$ H\SEHOLDS OR C\NT]CULTURAL COMMUNES1 VITAL AS ! LATT] MAY BE1 BUT RA!R ?AT WE MU/ RETA9 ! URBAN TRADITION 9 ! ,HELL5IC MEAN+ ( ! T]M1 AS A CITY :I* IS COMPREH5SIBLE & MANAGEABLE TO ?OSE :O 9HABIT IT1 A NEW  
POLIS1 IF Y\ WILL1 SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SION :I*1 9 ,>I/OTLE'S FAM\S DICTUM1 CAN BE COMPREH5D$ BY EV]YONE 9 A S+LE VIEW4 

,SU* AN ECOCOMMUNITY1 ,I WILL >GUE1 W\LD HEAL ! SPLIT BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 9DE$1 BETWE5 M9D & BODY BY FUS+ 9TELLECTUAL ) PHYSICAL WORK1 9DU/RY ) AGRICULTURE 9 A ROTATION OR DIV]SIFICATION ( VOCATIONAL TASKS4 ,AN ECOCOMMUNITY W\LD BE SUPPORT$ BY A NEW K9D ( TE*NOLOGY -- OR ECOTE*NOLOGY -- ONE COMPOS$ ( FLEXIBLE1 V]SATILE MA*9]Y :OSE PRODUCTIVE APPLICATIONS W\LD EMPHASIZE DURABILITY & QUALITY1 NOT BUILT-9 OBSOLES5CE1 & 9S5SATE QUANTITATIVE \TPUT ( %ODDY GOODS1 & A RAPID CIRCULATION ( EXP5DABLE COMMODITIES4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE1 H]E1 ?AT ,I AM NOT ADVOCAT+ ?AT WE AB&ON TE*NOLOGY & RETURN TO PALEOLI?IC FOODGA!R+4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,I 9SI/ ?AT \R EXI/+ TE*NOLOGY IS NOT SOPHI/ICAT$ 5\< BY COMP>ISON ) ! SMALL]-SCAL$1 MORE V]SATILE ECOTE*NOLOGY ?AT C\LD BE DEVELOP$ & TO A L>GE EXT5T IS ALREADY AVAILABLE 9 PILOT =M OR ON DRAW+ BO>DS4 ,SU* AN ECOTE*NOLOGY W\LD USE ! 9EXHAU/IBLE'5]GY CAPACITIES ( NATURE -- ! SUN & W9D1 ! TIDES & WAT]WAYS1 ! TEMP]ATURE DIFF]5TIALS ( ! E>? & ! ABUNDANCE ( HYDROG5 >\ND US AS FUELS -- TO PROVIDE ! ECOCOMMUNITY ) NONPOLLUT+ MAT]IALS OR WA/ES ?AT C\LD BE EASILY RECYCL$4 ,9DE$1 DEC5TRALIZATION W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO AVOID ! CONC5TRAT$ SOLID WA/E PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY \R GIANT CITIES1 WA/ES :I* CAN ONLY BE BURN$ OR DUMP$ 9 MASSIVE QUANTITIES 9TO \R SEAS4 

,I W\LD HOPE ?AT ECOCOMMUNITIES & ECOTE*NOLOGIES1 SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS1 W\LD OP5 A NEW ]A 9 FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS & DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 PROVID+ ! FREE TIME ?AT W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE 9 ,HELL5IC FA%ION = PEOPLE TO MANAGE ! AFFAIRS ( SOCIETY )\T ! M$IATION ( BUREAUCRACIES & PR(ESSIONAL POLITICAL FUNCTION>IES4 ,! SPLITS OP5$ BY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY AGES AGO W\LD N[ BE HEAL$ & TRANSC5D$4 ,! ANTAGONI/IC DIVISION BETWE5 SEXES & AGE- GR\PS1 T[N & C\NTRY1 ADM9I/RATION & COMMUNITY1 M9D & BODY W\LD BE RECONCIL$ & H>MONIZ$ 9 A MORE HUMANI/IC & ECOLOGICAL SYN!SIS4 ,\T ( ?IS TRANSC5D5CE W\LD EM]GE A NEW RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD 9 :I* SOCIETY ITSELF W\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS AN ECOSY/EM BAS$ ON UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 SPONTANEITY1 & NON-HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE W\LD SEEK TO A*IEVE 9 \R [N M9DS ! RESPIRITIZATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD -- NOT1 TO BE SURE1 BY ABJECTLY RETURN+ TO ! MY?S ( ! >*AIC ]A1 BUT BY SEE+ 9 HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS A NATURAL WORLD R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S & SELF-ACTIVE1 9=M$ BY A NON- REPRESSIVE RATIONALITY ?AT SEEKS TO FO/] ! DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY ( LIFE4 ,\T ( ?IS NON-,PROME!AN ORI5TATION W\LD EM]GE A NEW S5SIBILITY1 ONE ?AT W\LD YIELD 9 ,M>X'S WORDS ! HUMANIZATION ( NATURE & ! NATURALIZATION ( HUMANITY4 

,9 C\NT]POS+ 5VIRONM5TALISM TO ECOLOGY1 ,I AM NOT SAY+ ?AT WE %\LD DESI/ FROM OPPOS+ ! CON/RUCTION ( NUCLE> P[] PLANT OR HI<WAYS & SIT BACK PASSIVELY TO AWAIT ! COM+ ( AN ECOLOGICAL MILL5IUM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! EXI/+ GR\ND MU/ BE HELD ON TO F]V5TLY1 EV]Y:]E ALONG ! WAY1 TO RESCUE :AT WE /ILL HAVE SO ?AT WE CAN RECON/ITUTE SOCIETY ON ! LEA/ POLLUT$ & LEA/ DAMAG$ 5VIRONM5T AVAILABLE TO US4 ,BUT ! />K ALT]NATIVES ( ECOTOPIA OR ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION MU/ BE KEPT 9 ! =EGR\ND & A COH]5T !ORY MU/ ALWAYS BE ADVANC$ LE/ WE (F] ALT]NATIVES ?AT >E AS MEAN+LESS AS ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY'S P]SPECTIVES >E B>B>\S4 ,WE CANNOT TELL ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD10 = EXAMPLE1 NOT TO 9DU/RIALIZE :5 !Y >E FAC$ ) H>% MAT]IAL D5IAL & POV]TY4 ,) A COH]5T !ORY ?AT REA*ES TO ! FUNDAM5TALS ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM1 H[EV]1 WE CAN (F] TO ! DEVELOP+ NATIONS ?OSE TE*NOLOGICAL & COMMUNITY MODELS WE REQUIRE = [N SOCIETY4 ,)\T A COH]5T !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK1 WE HAVE V]Y LITTLE TO SAY EXCEPT = TIR+ PLATITUDES1 EPISODIC /RUGGLES1 & PI\S HOPES ?AT ! PUBLIC CAN ) GOOD REASON IGNORE EXCEPT 9S(> AS ITS [N N>R[ DAY-TO- DAY 9T]E/S >E CONC]N$4 

,I SUPPOSE ,I C\LD DISCUSS !SE ISSUES 5DLESSLY4 ,LET ME CONCLUDE ON A RA!R RU?LESS BUT HONE/ OBS]VATION4 ,! UNIQUE FRE$OM ?AT C\LD AWAIT US RESULTS IRONICALLY OR %\LD ,I SAY1 DIALECTICALLY -- FROM ! FACT ?AT \R *OICES >E WOEFULLY LIMIT$4 ,A C5TURY AGO1 ,M>X C\LD VALIDLY >GUE ?AT ! ALT]NATIVES TO SOCIALISM >E B>B>ISM4 ,H>% AS ! WOR/ ( !SE ALT]NATIVES MAY BE1 SOCIETY C\LD AT LEA/ EXPECT TO RECOV] FROM !M4 ,TODAY ! SITUATION HAS BECOME F> MORE S]I\S4 ,! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ( \R TIME HAS GRADUAT$ SOCIETY'S ALT]NATIVES TO A MORE DECISIVE LEVEL ( FUTURI/IC *OICES4 ,EI!R WE WILL CREATE AN ECOTOPIA BAS$ ON ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES1 OR WE WILL SIMPLY GO UND] AS A SPECIES1 9 MY VIEW ?IS IS NOT APOCALYPTIC RANT+ -- IT IS A SCI5TIFIC JUDGM5T ?AT IS VALIDAT$ DAILY BY ! V]Y LAW ( LIFE ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY4  
  

,M>* #aigd  

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/