,*APT] #e 
,! ,CONCEPT ( ,ECOTE*NOLOGIES & ,ECOCOMMUNITIES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,CONCEPT ( ,ECOTE*NOLOGIES & ,ECOCOMMUNITIES 

  

,! EXPRESSION 0HUMAN HABITAT0 CONTA9S A P>ADOX ?AT %\LD BE EXAM9$ IF IT IS NOT TO LEAD US 9TO A C]TA9 MEASURE ( CONFUSION4 ,CLE>LY ANY MAN-MADE /RUCTURE1 9DE$1 ANY >TIFACT ?AT FIGURES 9 AN 5VIRONM5T IS 0HUMAN0 & P>T ( A 0HUMAN HABITAT40 ,VIEW$ 9 T]MS ( ?IS ALL-EMBRAC+ DEF9ITION1 A HUMAN HABITAT C\LD 9CLUDE ! SC>R+ T[]S ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S ,WORLD ,TRADE ,C5T] & ! L[-SLUNG T[N H\SES ( ,BO/ON'S ,BEACON ,HILL OR ! /EEL MILLS ( ,PITTSBURG & ! >TISAN %OPS ( ,WILLIAMSBURG4 ,:AT IS MAN-MADE 9 A HABITAT IS 0HUMAN10 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 & MANY S]I\S WRIT]S SEE 'NO DISCORDANCIES 9 JUXTAPOS+ T[]S & T[N H\SES OR MILLS & %OPS AS COMPON5TS ( A HUMAN HABITAT4 

,BUT ?IS DEF9ITION1 :ILE OBVI\SLY SECURE 9 ITS TE*NICAL ACCURACY1 IS SOME:AT DISQUIET+4 ,IT SEEMS TO PRECLUDE ! BASIS = JUDG+ :E!R C]TA9 MAN-MADE ?+S >E DESIRABLE OR NOT -- & IT HAS BE5 US$ TO A*IEVE ?IS EXCLUSION ) TELL+ EFFECT4 ,MORE ?AN ONE HORR5D\S URBAN DESIGN HAS BE5 =CE- F$ TO ! PUBLIC ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT IS NO LESS 0HUMAN10 TE*NICALLY SPEAK+1 ?AN A ,FLOR5T9E NEI<BORHOOD SQU>E1 & NO PA9S HAVE BE5 SP>$ TO REM9D IRATE CITIZ5S ?AT !Y >E EX]CIS+ 9EXCUSABLE 0VALUE JUDGM5TS0 9 DESCRIB+ ! ONE AS 09HUMAN0 & ! O!R AS EM95TLY 0HUMAN40 ,YET WE T5D TO RESI/ ! NOTION ?AT ! MAN-MADE ORIG9 ( A ?+ SUFFICES TO *>ACT]IZE IT AS 0HUMAN40 ,WE PRESS ! PO9T ?AT ! WORD 0HUMAN0 %\LD HAVE CONSID]ABLY MORE ?AN A TE*NICAL MEAN+1 ?AT IT %\LD REFLECT DEEPLY FELT MORAL NE$S & 5DS4 

,?IS VEX+ P>ADOX BY NO MEANS CONFRONTS CONV5TIONAL TE*NOLOGI/S & PLANN]S ALONE4 ,EV5 ! NEW1 SO-CALL$ 0C\NT]CULTURAL0 TE*NOLOGI/S & COMMUNIT>IANS HAVE CONFUS$ TE*NIQUE ) VALUES OR1 MORE /RICTLY SPEAK+1 ! DIM5SIONS ( A /RUCTURE ) ITS E?ICAL OR 0HUMAN0 QUALITIES4 ,IT DOES NOT ALWAYS IMPROVE \R 9SI<T 9TO ?IS P>ADOX TO DECL>E ?AT SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL0 OR TO DECRIBE 0SMALL0 TE*NOLOGIES AS 0S(T10 09T]M$IATE10 OR 0APPROPRIATE40 ,SU* ADJECTIVES >E MORE NEUTRAL MORALLY ?AN ,E4 ,F4 ,S*UMA*] 7:O CO9$ MO/ ( !SE T]MS7 W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4.<#e.> ,AS A CRITIC ( ,S*UMA*] HAS REC5TLY OBS]V$2 IF BIG IS NOT GOOD1 SMALL IS NOT NECESS>ILY BEAUTIFUL4.<#f.> ,9DE$1 MU* ?AT IS SMALL -- SU* AS A SUBURBAN TRACT1 A BACK-BREAK+ PL[1 A TIR+ H&LOOM1 OR ! MODE/ (FICE ( A LOCAL REAL E/ATE BROK] -- MAY BE D[NRI<T REPELL5T & DEHUMANIZ+ BY ANY /&>DS4 ,DIM5SIONS >E NO MORE SUB/ITUTES = VALUES ?AN ! TE*NICAL ORIG9S ( A P>TICUL> ?+1 AL?\< !Y MAY C]TA9LY BE A FACTOR 9 LAUN*+ AN 9DIVIDUAL ON A P>TICUL> E?ICAL TRAJECTORY ?AT REJECTS 0BIG0 = ONE REASON OR 0SMALL0 = ANO!R4 

,?AT SOCIAL PHILOSOPH]S1 RESE>*]S1 & POPUL> WRIT]S :O ID5TIFY 0SMALL0 ) 0HUMAN0 HAVE T\*$ A N]VE 9 A SIZABLE SEGM5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC SEEMS TO BE ONE ( ! MORE OBVIS\S FACTS ( \R TIMES4 ,PRACTICAL EF=TS TO CREATE A HUMAN HABITAT BAS$ ON COMP>ATIVELY SMALL COMMUNITIES1 HORTICULTURAL TE*NIQUES ( FOOD CULTIVATION1 MODE/-SIZ$ COMPLEXES ( SOL>-W9D-ME?ANE 5]GY 9/ALLATIONS1 & CRAFT TE*NOLOGIES >E WIDESPREAD TODAY & D]IVE DIRECTLY FROM ! 0C\NT]CULTURAL0 UPSURGE ( ! SIXTIES4 ,! CON/ITU5CY = !SE ALT]NATE TE*NOLOGIES & COMMUNITIES IS1 9 FACT1 MU* L>G] ?AN ! CASUAL OBS]VOR IS LIKELY TO REALIZE & ITS UND]LY+ PHILOSOPHY1 EV5 IF L>GELY 9TUITIVE1 HAS A COH]5CE ?AT HAS R>ELY BE5 >TICULAT$ 9 ! CONV5TIONAL LIT]ATURE4 

,NOR CAN ?IS MOVEM5T BE DISMISS$ AS EPISODIC4 ,ASIDE FROM ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT IT WILL HAVE AN EXI/5TIAL IMPACT COMP>ABLE TO ! 0C\NT]CULTURE0 FROM :I* IT D]IV$1 IT HAS ALREADY PIONE]$ 9 NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 S]VICE ORGANIZATIONS1 & COMMUNITY =MS ?AT HAVE A TANGIBILITY1 A RECON/RUCTIVE *>ACT]1 & A JU/LY E>N$ PUBLIC RECOGNITION ?AT CAN SC>CELY BE COMP>$ ) ITS ALMO/ =MLESS & ]RATIC ANTEC$5TS ( ! LA/DECADE4 ,F> FROM BE+ EPISODIC1 ?IS NEW QUE/ = A 0HUMAN HABITAT0 >TICULATES1 EV5 MORE ?AN IT FULLY RECOGNIZES1 A WELL- =M$ & F>-REA*+ HI/ORIC TRADITION4 ,CLASSICAL ,HELL5IC ?\<T 9ITIAT$ ?IS TRADITION ) ITS VIEW ( ! POLIS AS AN E?ICAL COMMUNITY2 LAT]1 AN>*I/ !ORI/S SU* AS ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 W]E TO GIVE IT MOD]NITY ) !IR CONCEPTS ( FACE- TO-FACE DEMOCRACY & POPUL> SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 

0,HUMAN0 AS ,HUMAN ,SCALE 

  

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ! ,HELL5IC 7& L>GELY WE/]N7 ORIG9S ( ! NEW QUE/ = A 0HUMAN HABITAT0 IF ONLY TO PLACE 9 C E>] P]SPECTIVE ! MY/ICAL ,ASIAN AMBIANCE ?AT SURR\NDS IT4 ,DESPITE ! T5D5CY ( SO MANY NEW TE*NOLOGI/S & COMMUNIT>IANS TO SLI<T SCI5CE AS SPIRITUALLY DESICCAT+1 !Y RETA9 CLOS] AFF9ITIES TO ! WE/]N SCI5TIFIC \TLOOK ?AN !Y >E HKELY TO ADMIT4.<#g.> ,QUITE (T51 9 FACT1 ! MU*-DESPIS$ ME*ANICAL MAT]IALISM ASSOCIAT$ ) ,NEWTONIAN SCI5CE IS SIMPLY REPLAC$ BY AN EQUALLY ME*ANICAL SPIRITUALISM ?AT SATISFIES NEI!R ! NE$S ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGI/S = SY/EMATIC RESE>* NOR ! NE$S ( ! NEW COMMUNIT>IANS = A HUMAN- ORI5T$ VALUE SY/EM4.<#h.> 

,AT ! RISK ( SEEM+ H]ETICAL1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! ,9DIAN & ,*9ESE PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS SO MU* 9 VOGUE TODAY PROVIDE NO SATISFACTORY MELD+ ( ! DISCIPL9$ RATIONALISM1 TE*NICAL SOPHI/ICATION1 SOCIAL ACTIVISM1 & P]SONALI/IC E?ICS T AT ACTUALLY VITALIZE ?IS QUE/4 ,ONE MU/ GROSSLY MISREAD ,ASIAN LIT]ATURE TO F9D ! RATIONAL1 TE*NICAL1 & E?ICAL 9SPIRATION = DEVELOP+ HUMAN-ORI5T$ TE*NOLOGIES & COMMUNITIES4.<#i.> ,DESPITE ! WIDELY EXPRESS$ NE$ = A S5SE ( UNITY ) NATURE ?AT ,ASIAN PHILOSOPHY IS SAID TO SATISFY1 ! PRIMACY ?IS PHILOSOPHY GIVES TO 0COSMIC0 CONC]NS OV] MUNDANE SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL NE$S T5DS TO CONFLICT ) ! 9T5SE SUBJECTIVISM ( ITS WE/]N ACOLYTES1 !IR ACTIVISM1 & ! PRACTICAL WISDOM !Y EX]CISE 9 DESIGN+ !IR TE*NOLOGIES & COMMUNITIES4 

,IF WE 1 MU/ AN*OR ! NEW QUE/ = A HUMAN HABITAT 9 PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS ( A PRE-9DU/RIAL ]A1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ,HELL5IC RA!R ?AN ,ASIAN ?\<T IS MORE RELEVANT1 EV5 IF IT T5DS TO RECEIVE SCANT ATT5TION4 ,! FASC9AT+ ,HELL5IC BL5D ( METAPHYSICAL SPECULATION ) EMPIRICAL /UDY1 ( QUALITATIVE ) QUANTITATIVE SCI5CE1 & ( NATURAL ) SOCIAL PH5OM5A IS R>ELY EQUAL$ BY ,ASIAN ?9K]S & RELIGI\S'TEA*]S4 ,WE /ILL 0TALK ,GREEK10 AS IT W]E1 :5 WE SPEAK ( 0ECOLOGY10 0TE*NOLOGY10 & 0ECONOMICS40 ,WE ALSO 0?9K ,GREEK0 :5 WE IMPUTE@50GOOD0 OR 0EVIL10 0JU/0 OR 0UNJU/10 0HUMAN0 OR 09HUMAN 9 %ORT1 AN E?ICAL DIM5SION -- TO DATA ?AT CONV5TIONAL SCI5CE VIEWS AS H>D FACTS4 ,AL?\< MOD]N SCI5CE CAN JU/LY CLAIM ITS ORIG9S 9 ,HELL5IC PHILOSOPHY1 SO TOO CAN ! NEW TE*NOLOGI/S & COMMUNIT>IANS :O SEEK A HUMAN HABITAT1 P]HAPS ) EV5 GREAT] VALIDITY4 ,= ,GREEK 0SCI5CE10 IF SU* IT CAN BE CALL$ 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M1 IS R>ELY FREE ( AN E?ICAL /ANCE T[>D REALITY & EXP]I5CE4 ,TO ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE1 ! ANALYSIS ( PH5OM5A AT ALL LEVELS ( REALITY IS NEV] EXHAU/$ BY ! /RICTLY DESCRIPTIVE QU]Y1 0H[40 ,ANALYSIS MU/ 9CLUDE AN ACKN[L$GM5T ( FUNCTIONAL 9T]RELATION%IP1 9DE$1 ( A METAPHYSICAL TELOS1 :I* IS EXPRESS$ BY ! 9T5TIONAL QU]Y1 0:Y40.<#a.> ,DESPITE ! HI< DEGREE ( SECUL>ISM & FACTUAL SY/EMATIZATION ?AT ,GREEK ?\<T 7EXPECIALLY 9 ,>I/OTLE'S EXTANT WRIT+S7 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! WE/]N 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION1 ITS C5T] WAS EM95TLY E?ICAL & ITS ORI5TATION WAS HUMAN & SOCIAL4 

0,HUMAN10 9 ,GREEK ?\<T1 MEANS SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS1 AT LEA/ AS F> AS SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & COMMUNITIES >E CONC]N$4 ,AL?\< IT HAS BE5 OBS]V$ ?AT ,PLATO 9 ,! ,LAWS COMPUTES ! MO/ SATISFACTORY NUMB] ( H\SEHOLDS 9 HIS 0BE/ POLIS0 ON ! BASIS ( ,PY?AGOREAN NUM]OLOGY1 A CLOSE /UDY ( ?AT DIALOGUE %[S ?AT HIS MOTIVES >E /RIK+LY PRAGMATIC4 ,! NUMB]1 #e#d1 5JOYS ! ALLUR+ ADVANTAGE ?AT IT CONTA9S ! 0L>GE/ NUMB] ( CONSECUTIVE DIVISORS0 & YET COMPRISES A NUMB] ?AT SUFFICES 0= PURPOSES ( W> & EV]Y PEACETIME ACTIVITY1 ALL CONTRACTS & DEAL+S1 & = TAXES & GRANTS40.<#a#a.> ,NO FIGURE C\LD BE SO ALL-9CLUSIVE4 ,9 BL5D+ ,PY?AGOREAN MY/ICISM ) PRAGMATIC CONSID]ATIONS1 ,PLATO AF=DS HIS CONTEMPOR>IES A BRIDGE TO SPAN ! GAP BETWE5 ! >*AIC WORLD ( ! MY?OPEIC & ! PRACTICAL WORLD ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 A *>ACT]I/IC EXAMPLE ( 0COSMIC0 & SOCIAL P>ALLELISM ?AT HAS PROV$ SO APPEAL+ TO ! NEW TE*NOLOGI/S & COMMUNIT>IANS ( \R [N TIME4 

,>I/OTLE IS MORE SECUL>3 HE REPLACES ,PLATO'S MY/ICISM BY /RICTLY E?ICAL PREMISES4 ,BUT !SE V]Y PREMISES PROVIDE HIM ) HIS UNIQUELY ,HELL5IC /ANCE -- A MORAL CONCEPTION ( :AT WE 7BORR[+ \R SOCIAL T]M9OLOGY FROM ZOOLOGY7 DESIGNATE AS A 0HABITAT40 ,9 A WIDELY QUOT$ PASSAGE1 ,>I/OTLE TELLS US ?AT ! 0BE/ POLIS0 MU/ BE ONE ?AT 0CAN BE TAK5 9 AT A S+LE VIEW40.<#a#b.> ,HIS REASONS = ?IS SCALE1 AL?\< R>ELY CIT$1 =M :AT IS P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ COMPELL+ >GUM5TS 9 SOCIAL !ORY = DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,! POPULATION ( A POLIS MU/ SUFFICE TO A*IEVE NOT ONLY ! 0GOOD LIFE0 & 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY0 9 A 0POLITICAL COMMUNITY10 BUT MU/ BE LIMIT$ TO A SIZE :I* R5D]S IT POSSIBLE = CITIZ5S TO 0KN[ EA* O!R'S P]SONAL *>ACT]S1 S9CE :]E ?IS DOES NOT HAPP5 TO BE ! CASE ! BUS9ESS ( ELECT+ (FICIALS & TRY+ LAW SUITS IS B\ND TO GO BADLY2 HAPHAZ>D DECISION IS UNJU/ 9 BO? MATT]S1 & ?IS MU/ OBVI\SLY PREVAIL 9 AN EXCESSIVELY NUM]\S COMMUNITY40.<#a#c.> 

0,SMALL0 9 ,>I/OTLE'S VIEW1 IS HUMAN BECAUSE IT ALL[S = 

9DIVIDUAL CONTROL OV] ! AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY & ! EX]CISE ( 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN P[]S 9 ! SOCIAL REALM4 ,A 0BIG0 COMMUNITY MAY BE MORE EFFICI5T = ECONOMIC OR MILIT>Y PURPOSES1 BUT IT W\LD BE 0UNJU/40 ,ITS CITIZ5S W\LD BE 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ DECISIONS ( PR(\ND SOCIAL IMPORTANCE & W\LD !REBY FAIL TO REALIZE !IR DI/9CTIVE HUMAN CAPACITIES = RATIONAL SOCIAL JUDGM5T4.<#a#d.> ,H5CE ! POLIS MU/ BE L>GE 5\< TO MEET ITS MAT]IAL NE$S & A*IEVE SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 BUT SMALL 5\< TO BE TAK5 9 AT ONE VIEW4 ,ONLY 9 SU* A POLIS W\LD HUMAN BE+S BE ABLE TO REALIZE !IR HUMANITY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIALITIES = RATIONAL JUDGM5T4 

,! ,HELL5IC 9T]PRETATION ( 0HUMAN0 AS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & SELF-REALIZATION 9 ! PRIVATE SPH]E ( LIFE RECURS ?R\<\T WE/]N ?\<T FROM ,DESC>TES TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y EXI/5TIALI/S4 ,A HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC SUBJECTIVISM IS ! 9TELLECTUAL HALLM>K ( PHILOSOPHY 9 ! MOD]N ]A4 ,! ,HELL5IC 9T]PRETATION ( 0HUMAN0 AS SELF-ACTIVITY & SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 9 ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 H[EV]1 IS SURPRIS+LY R>E4 ,! ,PROTE/ANT SECTS :I* W]E TO GA!R TOGE!R UND] ! AMPLE RUBRIC ( ,PURITAN ,CONGREGATIONALISM SEEM TO HAVE >TICULAT$ P]HAPS ! E>LIE/ MOD]N ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% ! ADM9I/RATIVE AUTONOMY ( SMALL DEC5TRALIZ$ GR\PS AS OPPOS$ TO ! C5TRALIZ$ HI]>*IES ( ! ,CA?OLIC & ,ANGLICAN CL]GY4 ,9 COLONIAL ,AM]ICA1 ! ,PURITAN CONGREGATION WAS TO BE EXT5D$ FROM ! RELIGI\S TO ! POLITICAL SPH]E -- IF1 9DE$1 ,PURITAN IDEOLOGY E/ABLI%$ ANY DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO -- BY VE/+ CONSID]ABLE CIVIL AU?ORITY 9 T[N MEET+S4.<#a#e.> ,! !ME IS PICK$ UP AGA9 BY ,R\SSEAU 9 HIS CRITIQUE ( DEPUTIZ$ P[] & REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T4 ,HIS PRAISE ( ! ,GREEK POPUL> ASSEMBLY BAS$ ON FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY IS ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE IF ONE BE>S 9 M9D ?AT IT WAS WRITT5 AT A HI<-PO9T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE4.<#a#f.> ,F9ALLY1 ! CONCEPT ( A HUMAN HABITAT AS A MOD]N POLIS ACQUIRES ITS CLE>E/ COH]5CE & MULTIDIM5SIONALITY 9 ! WORK ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ONE ( ! MAJOR !ORI/S ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*ISM & A DI/+UI%$ BIOGEOGRAPH] 9 HIS [N RI<T4.<#a#g.> ,9  
,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS1 A CLASSIC ?AT HAS EX]CIS$ IMM5SE DIRECT & 9DIRECT 9FLU5CE S9CE ITS PUBLICATION AS A S]IES ( >TICLES 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS1 ,KROPOTK9 =MULATES ! MO/ IMPRESSIVE CASE = DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES4.<#a#h.> ,HIS CONCEPT ( A HUMAN HABITAT IS BAS$ ON AN ECOLOGICAL 9TEGRATION ( T[N & C\NTRYSIDE1 A HI<LY FLEXIBLE TE*NOLOGY & COMMUNICATIONS SY/EM1 A REVIVAL ( >TISAN%IP AS A PRODUCTIVE =M ( 0ES!TIC 5JOYM5T10 & DIRECT LOCAL DEMOCRACY FRE$ ( ! SOCIAL ILLS1 NOTABLY SLAV]Y1 PATRI>*IALISM1 & CLASS CONFLICT1 ?AT SUBV]T$ ,GREEK DEMOCRACY4 

,! REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 ,KROPOTK9'S WORK1 A REVIVAL ?AT HAS BE5 N\RI%$ BY ,! ,NEW ,ECOLOGI/ 9 ,5GL& & BY :AT ,VICTOR ,F]KISS DESCRIBES AS ! 0ECO-AN>*ISM0 ( MANY NEW TE*NOLOGI/S & COMMUNIT>IANS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 C\LD WELL S]VE AS A VALUABLE PO9T ( DEP>TURE = =MULAT+ AN E?ICAL DIM5SION TO ! WORD 0HUMAN40 ,IF \R VALUES >E NOT TO BE 5TIRELY >BITR>Y & RELATIVI/IC1 !Y MU/ BE ROOT$ 9 C]TA91 OBJECTIVE CRIT]IA AB\T HUMANITY ITSELF4 ,:AT CLE>LY UNITES AN ,>I/OTLE ) A ,KROPOTK91 DESPITE A HI/ORIC SPAN ( MORE ?AN TWO MILL5IA1 IS !IR EMPHASIS ON SELF-CONSCI\SNESS AS ! MO/ DI/9CTIVE ( HUMAN ATTRIBUTES1 NOTABLY1 ! CAPACITY ( HUMAN BE+S TO 5GAGE 9 SELF-REFLECTION1 RATIONAL ACTION1 & =ESEE ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,HUMAN ACTION IS NOT M]ELY ANY ACTION BY HUMAN BE+S1 BUT ACTION ?AT FO/]S REFLEXIVITY1 RATIONAL PRACTICE1 & =ESI<T4 ,JUDG+ A HABITAT BY ?IS CRIT]ION1 WE W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO LOOK BEYOND ! M]E PRES5CE ( HUMAN >TIFACTS & 9QUIRE 9TO :E!R OR NOT ! HABITAT PROMOTES DI/9CTIVELY HUMAN TRAITS & POT5TIALITIES4 

,CLE>LY A HABITAT ?AT IS L>GELY 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! HUMANS :O 9HABIT IT W\LD BE REG>D$ AS 9HUMAN4 ,:E!R BY REASON ( ITS SIZE1 ITS C5TRALIZATION1 OR ! EXCLUSIVITY ( ITS DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS1 IT W\LD D5Y ! 9DIVIDUAL ! OPPORTUNITY TO UND]/& KEY SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT AFFECT HIS P]SONAL DE/9Y4 ,SU* A HABITAT1 BY CLOS+ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL A /RATEGIC >EA = ! =MATION ( CONSCI\SNESS1 W\LD *ALL5GE ! 9TEGRITY ( CONSCI\SNESS ITSELF4 ,?AT ?IS TR5D1 SO APP>5T 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 CAN EVOKE POPUL> RESI/ANCE IS SUGGE/$ BY ! (T5 VIOL5T SOCIAL UNRE/1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ,AM]ICAN Y\?1 ( ! #a#i#fS4 ,! (FICIAL 0HABITAT10 M>K$ BY A =MIDABLE DEGREE ( C5TRALIZATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION1 SEEMS TO HAVE G5]AT$1 9 REACTION1 ! 0SUBHABITATS0 OR 0SUBCULTURES0 ( ! LA/ DECADE FROM :I* SO MANY ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGI/S & COMMUNIT>IANS W]E TO EM]GE4 

,BUT ! SAME TR5D T[>D GIGANTISM & C5TRALIZATION CAN PRODUCE A M9D-NUMB+ QUIESC5CE4 ,AN 9HUMAN HABITAT T5DS TO PRODUCE A DEHUMANIZ+ ONE -- DEHUMANIZ+ 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! DEGRADATION 9FLICT$ ON ! PUBLIC SPH]E EV5TUALLY 9VADES ! PRIVATE SPH]E4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL :O IS D5I$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO EX]CISE SELF-ADM9I/RATION 9 ! PUBLIC SPH]E SUFF]S AN ATTRITION NOT ONLY ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS BUT ALSO ( SELF-HOOD4 ,! PRIMACY ( SUBJECTIVITY1 :I* PHILOSOPHY S9CE ! ,R5AISSANCE PLAC$ ABOVE ALL O!R CONSID]ATIONS 9 ! WE/]N 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION1 IS VITIAT$ BY ! ]OSION ( ! EGO4 ,! %RIVEL+ ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E IS FOLL[$ BY ! %RIVEL+ ( ! PRIVATE SPH]E -- ?AT 9VIOLABLE >EA :I* IS PRESUMABLY ! LA/ REFUGE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 AN OV]LY C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,! EGO1 9CREAS+LY DESICCAT$ BY ! >IDITY ( ! SOCIAL SPH]E1 BECOMES FIT MAT]IAL = MASS CULTURE1 /]EOTYP$ RESPONSES1 & A PREOCCUPATION ) TRIVIA4.<#a#i.> 

,A HUMAN HABITAT M9IMALLY PRESUPPOSES HUMAN SCALE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A SCALE ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO PUBLIC COMPREH5SION1 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPATION1 & FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS4 ,BUT A CAVEAT MU/ BE S\ND$3 IT IS NOT 5\< TO DEAL ) SU* A HABITAT EXCLUSIVELY 9 T]MS ( ITS >TIFACTS OR !IR DIM5SIONS4 ,EV5 ! MO/ DELICATELY WR\<T 0G>D5 CITIES0 DO NOT MAKE A HUMAN HABITAT IF ! T]M 0HUMAN0 IS TO MEAN MORE ?AN PLEASANT VI/AS1 COM=TABLE HOMES1 & EFFICI5T LOGI/ICS4 ,! 0BIG0 LIT]ALLY DW>FS ! EGO1 BUT ! 0SMALL0 DOES NOT 9 ITSELF ELEVATE IT4 ,BEYOND 0BIG0 OR 0SMALL0 >E ! COMPELL+ PROBLEMS ( ! 0JU/0 & 0GOOD0 9 ! ,HELL5IC & LIB]T>IAN S5SE ( !SE T]MS3 ! 0GOOD LIFE0 AS A MAT]IALLY SECURE & REFLEXIVE ONE1 ! 0GOOD SOCIETY0 AS AN E?ICAL COMMUNITY BAS$ ON JU/ICE1 PUBLIC P>TICIPATION1 & MUTUAL CONC]N4 ,IT IS PAT5TLY IMPOSSIBLE TO DESCRIBE SU* A HABITAT /RICTLY 9 T]MS ( ITS PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES1 H[EV] IMPORTANT !Y MAY BE4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ANY SU* DESCRIPTION MU/ 9CLUDE ! POLITICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE1 9/ITUTIONS1 9T]P]SONAL RELATIONS1 & GUID+ VALUES ?AT JU/IFY ! USE ( ! WORD 0HUMAN40 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( !SE POLITICAL1 9/ITUTIONAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & MORAL ELEM5TS1 ! DESCRIPTION BECOMES A M]E 9V5TORY ( ?+S & /RUCTURES1 AN >TIFACTUAL AGGREGATE ?AT MAY SECURE ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SELF-PRES]VATION & CREATURE COM=TS1 BUT EXPLA9S NO?+ AB\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS SELFHOOD & MORAL \TLOOK4 

,ECOLOGY & ,5VIRONM5TALISM 

  

,! EXT5T TO :I* A DESIGN] ACCEPTS ?IS MULTIDIM5SIONAL NOTION ( HUMAN SCALE G5]ALLY TELLS US :E!R HIS WORK CAN BE REG>D$ AS QUALITATIVELY 0NEW0 OR M]ELY AN EXT5SION ( ! CONV5TIONAL TE*NICAL WISDOM 9TO NEW FIELDS ( RESE>*4 

,A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( RESE>* IS CURR5TLY UND]WAY 9 NON-NUCLE> 0ALT]NATE0 S\RCES ( 5]GY SU* AS SOL>1 W9D1 & ME?ANE 9/ALLATIONS1 9 FOOD CULTIVATION1 & 9 5]GYSAV+ DWELL+S & COMMUNITIES4 ,FROM A /RICTLY >TIFACTUAL /&PO9T1 ?IS RESE>* IS (T5 DIFFICULT TO DI/+UI%4 ,TO CITE A FEW EXAMPLES3 IT IS NOT UNUSUAL TO READ ACC\NTS ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGY0 ?AT CONTA9 FA/-&-LOOSE COMP>ISONS BETWE5 ! ,ME9EL DESIGN = MONUM5TAL 0SOL> F>MS0 & ,/EVE ,BA]'S SMALL1 DELI<TFULLY PLAYFUL SOL>-HEAT$ 0DRUMWALL0- H\SE4 ,ONE F9DS ,WILLIAM ,E4 ,H]ONEMUS'S S*EME = /R++ L>GE W9DMILL 9/ALLATIONS ACROSS PRAIRIES & /RET*ES ( OCEAN JUXTAPOS$ ) ,HANS ,MEY]'S #a#b-FOOT-HI< W9D G5]ATOR4 ,R4 ,BUCKM9/] ,FULL]'S 0,TETRAH$RAL ,CITY10 A SO>+ PYRAMIDAL /RUCTURE DESIGN$ TO ACCOMODATE A MILLION RESID5TS MAY BE F\ND TOGE!R ) A DESCRIPTION ( ,MO%E ,SAFDIE'S COMPACT MODUL> 0,HABITAT10 BO? ( :I* >E ADDUC$ AS EVID5CE ( 0ORGANIC0 DESIGN & /RUCTURAL GR[?4.<#b.> 

,BUT CAN SU* %>PLY CONTRA/+ PROPOSALS & PROJECTS BE GR\P$ TOGE!R BECAUSE !Y EMPLOY SIMIL> TE*NICAL PR9CIPLES OR PR(ESS ADH]5CE TO AN 0ORGANIC0 DESIGN CONCEPT8 ,! ,ME9EL1 ,H]ONEMUS1 & ,FULL] PROPOSALS DIFF] NOT ONLY 9 !IR PHYSICAL DIM5SIONS FROM ! 9/ALLATIONS DESIGN$ BY ,BA]1 ,MEY]1 & ,SAFDIE2 !Y DIFF] EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY 9 !IR CONCEPTUALIZATION ( A HUMAN HABITAT1 :E!R ?IS DIFF]5CE IS EXPLICITLY /AT$1 PRESUPPOS$ OR1 9 ,FULL]'S CASE1 GROSSLY MIS/AT$4 ,! HABITATS ?AT W\LD EM]GE FROM ! ,ME9EL1 ,H]ONEMUS1 & ,FULL] PROPOSALS W\LD DIFF] FROM A ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 A ,*ICAGO1 OR A ,PITTSBUR< PRIM>ILY BY VIRTUE ( !IR CAPACITY TO USE 9EXHAU/IBLE RES\RCES SU* AS SOL> & W9D P[]1 & AN 9EXHAU/IBLE =M ( 0REAL E/ATE10 NOTABLY ! UPW>D REA*ES ( SPACE4 ,NONE ( !SE PROPOSALS 9VOLVES ANY APPRECIABLE /RUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS ( EXI/+ HABITATS2 NONE ( !M IS LIKELY TO >RE/ ! TR5D T[>D URBAN GIGANTISM1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION1 BUREAUCRATIC MANIPULATION1 & ! E?IC ( BRUTE SELF-9T]E/4 ,P]HAPS ! ONLY SIGNIFICANT CLAIM !Y CAN MAKE IS LONG-RUN EFFICI5CY 9 ! USE ( KEY RES\RCES -- A CLAIM ?AT HAS BE5 S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ BY FRI5DLY CRITICS AS WELL AS OPPON5TS4.<#b#a.> 

,SU* AN APPROA* MI<T WELL BE DESCRIB$ AS 05VIRONM5TAL- I/IC0 IF1 BY ?IS T]M WE MEAN A MORALLY NEUTRAL BUT MORE EFFICI5T TE*NICAL ADM9I/RATION ( NATURE = CONCRETE PRAGMATIC 5DS4 ,5VIRONM5TALISM CAN ?US BE REG>D$ SIMPLY AS A =M ( NATURAL 5G9E]+4 ,! OBJECTIVES ( ! 5VIRONM5TALI/ PRESUPPOSE NO UNIQUELY B5EFICI5T RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & NATURE ?AT IS IMPLICIT 9 SO MANY /ATEM5TS ( AN 0ECOLOGICAL E?IC10 NOTABLY A RESPECT = ! BIOSPH]E1 A CONSCI\S EF=T TO FUNCTION )9 ITS P>AMET]S1 & AN ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE H>MONY BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,9DE$1 IT IS D\BTFUL IF WORDS SU* AS 0NATURE0 & 0H>MONY0 HAVE ANY MEAN+ = ! 5VIRONM5TALI/4 0,NATURE0 W\LD BE REG>D$ AS AN 9V5TORY ( 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 & 0H>MONY0 AS A POETIC METAPHOR = 0ADAPTATION40 ,5VIRONM5TALISM ADVANCES ! GOAL ( US+ !SE RES\RCES EFFICI5TLY & PRUD5TLY1 ) M9IMAL H>M TO PUBLIC HEAL? & ) DUE REG>D TO ! CONS]VATION ( RAW MAT]IALS = FUTURE G5]ATIONS4 

,AL?\< ,BA]1 ,MEY]1 & ,SAFDIE >E LIKELY TO AGREE ) ! 5VIRONM5TALI/ EMPHASIS ON EFFICI5CY & PRUD5CE1 !Y CAN H>DLY BE REG>D$ AS M]E TE*NICIANS4 ,IT IS FAIR TO ASSUME FROM !IR DESIGNS & S5SE ( HUMAN SCALE ?AT !Y >E COMMITT$ TO AN ECOLOGICAL E?IC1 NOT M]ELY 9VOLV$ 9 ! CONC]NS ( TE*NICAL PR(ICI5CY4 ,BA]'S S5SE ( \TRAGE OV] ! SOCIAL 9DIFF]5CE ( SOME ( HIS COLLEAGUES1 ,MEY]'S ALMO/ RHAPSODIC COMMITM5T TO A NATURALI/IC S5SIBILITY1 & ,SAFDIE'S ORGANIC & COMMUNIT>IAN VISION1 DESPITE ITS PUZZL+ ECLECTICISM1 REFLECT A DEC5TRALI/IC CONCEPT ( HABITATS1 A F]V5T REG>D = HUMAN BE+S AS 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 & A HOLI/IC ATTITUDE T[>D NATURE4 ,9 !IR QUE/ = TE*NOLOGIES & COMMUNITIES ?AT WILL S]VE TO H>MONIZE MAN ) MAN & HUMAN SOCIETY ) NATURE1 !Y MI<T WELL BE CALL$ 0SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S0 RA!R ?AN DESIGN]S1 A T]M ! LATE ,E4,A4 ,GUTK9D CO9$ A QU>T] ( A C5TURY AGO 9 A MA/]FUL DISCUSSION ON COMMUNITY4.<#b#b.> ,!IR TE*NOLOGIES & COMMUNITIES1 9 TURN1 C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS 0ECOTE*NOLOGIES0 & 0ECOCOMMUNITIES10 T]MS ?AT >E MEANT TO IMP>T AN ECOLOGICAL E?IC TO CONV5TIONAL NOTIONS ( TE*NICS & URBANISM4.<#b#c.> 

,IF ,BA]1 ,MEY]1 & ,SAFDIE SEEM TO REFLECT A L>GELY 9TUITIVE COMMITM5T TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ,! ,NEW ,AL*EMY ,9/ITUTE & URBAN S]VICE GR\PS SU* AS ! ,9/ITUTE = ,LOCAL ,SELF-,RELIANCE EXHIBIT A HI< DEGRES ( IDEOLOGICAL SOPHI/ICATION4 ,! ASSUMPTION ?AT ,JOHN ,TODD1 DIRECTOR ( ,! ,NEW ,AL*EMY ,9/ITUTE1 IS GUID$ BY A 0PRACTICAL1 H[-TO-DO IT APPROA*0 7AS A J\RNALI/ REC5TLY REPORT$ 9 A MAJOR ,NEW ,YORK DAILY7 IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+4.<#b#d.> ,! ,NEW ,AL*EMY ,9/ITUTE1 :I* ,TODD DID SO MU* TO E/ABLI%1 SCORES A MAJOR ADVANCE OV] MANY NEW TE*NOLOGI/S BY 9TEGRAT+ ECOTE*NOLOGIES 9TO FUNCTIONALLY 9T]RELAT$ SY/EMS ?AT /& 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE UNITS ONE SO (T5 5C\NT]S AT O!R RESE>* 9/ALLATIONS4 ,! ,9/ITUTE'S W9DMILLS1 SOL> COLLECTORS1 AQUACULTURAL UNITS &1 V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 ITS EXT5SIVE G>D5S -- ALL TAK5 TOGE!R -- C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS A HI<LY UNIQUE ECOSY/EM4 ,TODD1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 EXPLICITLY ACKN[L$GES ! 9FLU5CE ( ,KROPOTK9 & O!R LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S ON HIS DEC5TRALI/IC & 9TEGRATIVE \TLOOK4 ,HE VIEWS HIS WORK AS A PROJECT TO ALT] SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & HUMAN S5SIBILITY AS WELL AS TE*NICAL PRACTICE4.<#b#e.> 

,?IS EMPHASIS ON ! 9TEGRATION ( SMALL-SCALE ECOTE*NOLOGIES ACQUIRES A DI/9CT COMMUNIT>IAN ?RU/ 9 ! WORK ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,LOCAL ,SELF-,RELIANCE4 ,! ,9/ITUTE1 :ILE OCCUPI$ ) MORE MODE/ 9/ALLATIONS ?AN ,NEW ,AL*EMY1 PROMOTES RO(TOP G>D5S1 SOL> 5]GY UNITS1 WA/E RECYCL+1 & RETR(ITT+ PROJECTS 9 ! V]Y MID/ ( ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C4 ,ECOTE*NOLOGIES >E EXPRESSLY VIEW$ BY ! ,9/ITUTE'S MEMB]S AS A MEANS = A*IEV+ A NEW K9D ( URBAN COMMUNITY BAS$ ON POPUL> CONTROL ( ! RES\RCES & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT-AFFECT ! URBAN DWELL]'S LIFE4 ,!Y /RESS FULL PUBLIC P>TICIPATION 9 LOCAL GOV]NANCE & F9ANCE1 NEI<BORHOOD CONTROL ( FOOD & 5]GY RES\RCES1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 & MUTUAL AID4 ,ACCORD+LY1 TE*NOLOGY IS NOT ! SOLE FOCUS ( ! ,9/ITUTE BUT RA!R ONE ( MANY MEANS = A*IEV+ ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 COMMUNITY LIFE4 ,LIKE ,NEW ,AL*EMY1 ! ,9/ITUTE = ,LOCAL ,SELF-,RELIANCE HAS BE5 CONSCI\SLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,KROPOTK9 & LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,! T5D5CY TO REPORT ! APPROA* ( ,! ,NEW ,AL*EMY ,9/ITUTE & ! ,9/ITUTE = ,LOCAL ,SELF-,RELIANCE AS A 0PRACTICAL1 H[-TO-DO IT0 ONE REFLECTS ! 9TRACTABILITY ( ! CONV5TIONAL M9D TO NOTIONS ( A HUMAN HABITAT AS AN E?ICAL COMMUNITY4.<#b#f.> ,EV5 :5 !SE NOTIONS >E CA/ 9 A FAMILI> ECOLOGICAL J>GON1 !Y T5D TO BE DEBAS$ TO TE*NICAL 0NUTS-&-BOLTS0 T]MS4 

,ECOTE*NOLOGY1 9 FACT1 CAN SC>CELY BE EXEMPLIFI$ BY A /ATUESQUE SOL> COLLECTOR OR A DRAMATIC W9D G5]ATOR RE>$ 9 SPL5DID ISOLATION FROM ! ECOSY/EM 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$4 ,IF ! WORD 0ECOTE*NOLOGY0 IS TO HAVE MORE ?AN A /RICTLY TE*NICAL MEAN+1 IT MU/ BE SE5 AS ! V]Y 5SEMBLE ITSELF1 FUNCTIONALLY 9TEGRAT$ ) HUMAN COMMUNITIES AS P>T ( A %>$ BIOSPH]E ( PEOPLE & NONHUMAN LIFE =MS4 ,?IS 5SEMBLE HAS ! DI/9CT GOAL ( NOT ONLY MEET+ HUMAN NE$S 9 AN ECOLOGICALLY S\ND MANN] -- ONE :I* FAVORS DIV]SITY )9 AN ECOSY/EM -- BUT ( CONSCI\SLY PROMOT+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! BIOSPH]E4 ,! ,PROME!AN QUE/ ( US+ TE*NOLOGY TO 0DOM9ATE NATURE0 IS REPLAC$ BY ! ECOLOGICAL E?IC ( US+ TE*NOLOGY TO H>MONIZE HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) NATURE4 

,HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 9 EFFECT1 IS PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( BO? HUMAN NE$S & ECOLOGICAL DIV]SITY4 ,9ASMU* AS HUMAN BE+S >E !MSELVES PRODUCTS ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 HUMAN SELF- CONSCI\SNESS C\LD BE DESCRIB$ 9 PHILOSOPHICAL T]MS AS NATURE R5D]$ 0SELF-CONSCI\S10 A NATURAL WORLD GUID$ BY HUMAN RATIONALITY T[>D BALANC$ OR H>MONI\S ECOLOGICAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL 5DS4 ,?IS PHILOSOPHICAL VISION HAS A HI/ORICAL P$IGREE 9 ! WE/]N 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION4 ,IT REA*ES BACK TO ,HELL5IC PHILOSOPHY AS ! CONCEPT ( A WORLD N\S1 A CONCEPT :I*1 9 ,FI*TE'S /IRR+ PROSE1 5VISIONS CONSCI\SNESS 0NO LONG] AS ?AT /RANG] 9 ,NATURE :OSE CONNECTION ) EXI/5CE IS SO 9COMPREH5SIBLE2 IT IS NATIVE TO IT1 & 9DE$ ONE ( ITS NECESS>Y MANIFE/ATION40.<#b#g.> 

,ECOCOMMUNITY1 9 TURN1 C\LD SC>CELY BE EXEMPLIFI$ BY ANY URBAN AGGREGATE OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ANY RURAL H\%OLD ?AT HAPP5S TO ACQUIRE ITS RES\RCES FROM SOL> & W9D 9/ALLATIONS4 ,IF ! WORD 0ECOCOMMUNITY0 IS TO HAVE MORE ?AN A /RICTLY LOGI/ICAL & TE*NICAL MEAN+1 IT MU/ DESCRIBE A DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY ?AT ALL[S = DIRECT POPUL> ADM9I/RATION1 ! EFFICI5T RETURN ( WA/ES TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! MAXIMUM USE ( LOCAL RES\RCES -- & YET IT MU/ BE L>GE 5\< TO FO/] CULTURAL DIV]SITY & PSY*OLOGICAL UNIQU5ESS4 ,! COMMUNITY1 LIKE ITS TE*NOLOGY1 IS ITSELF ! 5SEMBLE ( ITS LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS1 HUMANLY-SCAL$ /RUCTURES1 ! DIV]SE PRODUCTIVE TASKS ?AT EXPOSE ! 9DIVIDUAL TO 9DU/RIAL1 CRAFT1 & HORTICULTURAL WORK1 9 %ORT1 ! R\ND$ COMMUNITY ?AT ! ,HELL5IC  
POLIS WAS MEANT TO BE 9 ! EYES ( ITS GREAT DEMOCRATIC /ATESM54 ,IT IS )9 SU* A DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY1 S5SITIVELY TAILOR$ TO ITS NATURAL ECOSY/EM1 ?AT WE C\LD HOPE TO DEVELOP A NEW S5SIBILITY T[>D ! WORLD ( LIFE & A NEW LEVEL ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 RATIONAL ACTION1 & =ESI<T4 

,JU/ AS WE >E W>N$ BY MANY S*OL>S ?AT M]ELY /RUCTURAL T]MS LIKE 0CITY-/ATE0 DO NOT FULLY CAPTURE ! MEAN+ ( A CIVIC FRAT]NITY LIKE ! POLIS1 SO MORALLY NEUTRAL WORDS LIKE 09T]M$IATE TE*NOLOGY0 & 05VIRONM5T0 DO NOT CAPTURE ! MEAN+ ( E?ICALLY-*>G$ CONCEPTS LIKE 0ECOTE*NOLOGY0 & 0ECOCOMMUNITY40 ,A BL5D+ ( ECOTE*NOLOGIES & ECOCOM- MUNITIES W\LD MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE A BALANC$1 RATIONALLY- GUID$ ECOSY/EM ?AN A PASSIVE 5SEMBLE ( PHYSICAL SURR\ND+S ) ! 0APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGY0 TO SU/A9 IT4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL \R E/RANG$ SPECIES ) ITS 9CREAS+ S5SE ( ALI5ATION T[>D ANY E>?LY SURRR\ND+S CAN A*IEVE ?IS BALANC$1 RATIONALLY GUID$ ECOSY/EM1 IT IS D\BTFUL IF WE CAN MEAN+FULLY DESCRIBE ANY 5VIRONM5T AS A SUITABLE HABITAT = PEOPLE1 MU* LESS A TRULY HUMAN ONE4  
  

,DECEMB] #aigf 

,REPR9T$ ) P]MISSION FROM ,HABITAT ,9T]NATIONAL ,P]GAMON ,PRESS1 ,LTD4 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/