,*APT] #f 
,SELF-,MANAGEM5T & ! ,NEW ,TE*NOLOGY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,SELF-,MANAGEM5T & ! ,NEW ,TE*NOLOGY 

  

,SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ALL ITS RI* & V>I$ MEAN+S HAS ALWAYS BE5 CLOSELY W$D$ TO TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5TS -- (T5 TO AN EXT5T ?AT HAS NOT RECEIV$ ! EXPLICIT ATT5TION IT DES]VES4 ,BY EMPHASIZ+ ! ASSOCIATION BETWE5 ! TWO1 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO ADVANCE A CRUDE1 R$UCTIONI/ !ORY ( TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM4 ,PEOPLE >E COMPLETELY SOCIAL BE+S4 ,!Y DEVELOP VALUES1 9/ITUTIONS1 & CULTURAL RELATION%IPS ?AT EI!R FO/] OR 9HIBIT ! EVOLUTION ( TE*NICS4 ,IT NE$ H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT BASIC TE*NICAL 9V5TIONS SU* AS ! /EAM 5G9E1 SO VITAL TO CAPITALI/1 9DE$ TO E>LY 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY W]E KN[N TO ! ,HELL5I/IC WORLD MORE ?AN TWO MILL5IA AGO4 ,?AT ?IS MAJOR S\RCE ( P[] WAS NEV] US$ AS MORE ?AN A PLAY?+ ATTE/S TO ! 5ORM\S HOLD ( ANCI5T VALUES & CULTURE ON ! EVOLUTION ( TE*NICS G5]ALLY & SPECIFICALLY ON ]AS ?AT W]E NOT ASSIMILAT$ TO A M>KET-ORI5T$ RATIONALITY4 

,BUT IT W\LD BE EQUALLY CRUDE & 9 ITS [N WAY R$UCTIONI/ TO D5Y ! EXT5T TO :I* TE*NICS1 ONCE IT IS E/ABLI%$ 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 CONTRIBUTES TO HUMANITY'S DEF9ITIONS & 9T]PRETATIONS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS IS EVID5T TODAY :5 SELF-MANAGEM5T IS CONCEIV$ PRIM>ILY 9 ECONOMIC T]MS SU* AS 'WORK]S' CONTROL10 09DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY10 0WORK]S P>TICIPATION10 9DE$1 EV5 AS RADICAL AN>*OSYNDICALI/ DEM&S = 0ECONOMIC COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! FACT ?AT ?IS UNADORN$ ECONOMIC 9T]PRETATION ( SELF-MANAGEM5T HAS PREEMPT$ O!R 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! T]M1 NOTABLY =MS REM9ISC5T ( ! MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 WILL BE DISCUSS$ LAT]4 ,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 :5 WE SPEAK ( 0SELFMANAGEM5T1 TODAY1 WE USUALLY MEAN ONE OR ANO!R =M ( SYNDICALISM4 ,WE MEAN AN ECONOMIC =MATION ?AT 9VOLVES ! WAY 9 :I* LABOR IS ORGANIZ$1 TOOLS & MA*9ES DEPLOY$1 & MAT]IAL RES\RCES RATIONALLY ALLOCAT$4 ,9 %ORT1 WE MEAN TE*NICS4 

,ONCE WE BR+ TE*NICS 9TO ! SITUATION1 H[EV]1 WE OP5 ! WAY TO A NUMB] ( P>ADOXES ?AT CANNOT BE DISMISS$ BY BELLICOSE RHETORIC & MORAL PLATITUDES4 ,IF ! ROLE ( TE*NICS 9 %AP+ SOCIETY & ?9K+ HAS (T5 BE5 OV]/AT$ BY WRIT]S AS DISP>ATE 9 !IR SOCIAL VIEWS AS ,M>%ALL ,MAC,LUHAN & ,JACQUES ,ELLUL1 ITS 9FLU5CE 9 =M+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & CULTURAL ATTITUDES CANNOT BE DISMISS$4 ,! HI<LY ECONOMI/IC MEAN+ WE SO (T5 IMP>T ( ! T]M 0SELF-MANAGEM5T0 IS ITSELF DAMN+ EVID5CE ( ! EXT5T TO :I* 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY 09DU/RIALIZES0 ! MEAN+ TO T]MS4.<#b#h.> ,! WORDS 0SELF-MANAGEM5T0 BECOME 9TELLECTUALLY DISSOCIAT$ 9TO !IR COMPON5TS & IDEOLOGICALLY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R4 0,MANAGEM5T0 T5DS TO PREEMPT 0SELF02 ADM9I/RATION T5DS TO ASSUME SOV]EIGNTY OV] 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4 ,[+ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( TE*NOCRATIC VALUES OV] ?9K+1 SELF-HOOD -- SO CRUCIAL TO ! MEAN+ ( LIB]T>IAN MANAGEM5T 9 ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE -- IS SUBTLY DISPLAC$ BY ! VIRTUES ( EFFICI5T ADM9I/RATIVE /RATEGIES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 0SELF-MANAGEM5T0 IS 9CREAS+LY PROMOT$ = FUNCTIONAL RA!R ?AN LIB]ATORY REASONS1 EV5 BY ! MO/ COMMITT$ SYNDICALI/S4 ,WE >E URG$ TO ?9K ?AT SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL0 BECAUSE IT YIELDS ! CONS]VATION ( 05]GY0 RA!R ?AN A HUMAN SCALE ?AT R5D]S SOCIETY COMPREH5SIBLE & CONTROLLABLE BY ALL4 ,SELF-ACTIVITY & SELF-MANAGEM5T >E SE5 AS ASPECTS ( 9DU/RIAL LOGI/ICS ?AT RESOLVE ECONOMIC & TE*NICAL PROBLEMS RA!R ?AN MORAL & SOCIAL ONES4 ,?US ! V]Y TE*NOCRATIC SOCIETY ?AT D5IES SELFHOOD TO HUMANITY E/ABLI%ES ! T]MS ( DISC\RSE = ?OSE :O WI% TO REPLACE IT BY A LIB]T>IAN ONE4 ,IT REA*ES 9TO ! S5SIBILITY ( ITS MO/ RADICAL OPPON5TS BY E/ABLI%+ ! P>AMET]S = !IR CRITIQUE & PRACTICE1 9 %ORT1 BY 09DU/RIALIZ+0 SYNDICALISM4 

,NO LESS P>ADOXICAL IS ! LIMIT$ NATURE ( 0SELF-MANAGEM5T0 ITSELF :5 IT LEAVES ITS TE*NICAL PREMISES UNQUE/ION$4 ,CAN WE COM=TABLY ASSUME ?AT COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES CONTROLL$ BY WORK]S HAVE *ANG$ ! SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL /ATUS ( WORK]S TO A DECISIVE DEGREE8 ,DO FACTORIES1 M9ES & L>GE- SCALE AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISES BECOME DOMA9S ( FRE$OM BECAUSE !IR OP]ATIONS >E N[ MANAG$ -- H[EV] AN>*IS- TICALLY -- BY WORK]S' COLLECTIVES 8 ,BY ELIM9AT+ ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION HAVE WE ACTUALLY ELIM9AT$ SOCIAL DOM9ATION8 ,BY REMOV+ CLASS RULE HAVE WE REMOV$ HI]>*ICAL RULE8 ,TO /ATE ! ISSUE BLUNTLY3 CAN PRES5T-DAY TE*NICS REMA9 SUB/ANTIALLY ! WAY IT IS :ILE ! M5 & WOM5 :O OP]ATE IT >E EXPECT$ TO UND]GO SIGNIFICANT TRANS=MATION AS HUMAN BE+S8 

,H]E1 NOTIONS SU* AS 0WORK]S' CONTROL10 09DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY10 & 0WORK]S' P>TICIPATION0 FACE ! *ALL5GE ( AN EXPLOITATIVE TE*NICS 9 ITS %>PE/ =M4 ,P]HAPS NO MORE COMPELL+ >GUM5T HAS BE5 ADVANC$ AGA9/ SYNDICALI/ NOTIONS ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ?AN ! FACT ?AT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY IS 9TR9SICALLY AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,SU* >GUM5TS1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 COME NOT M]ELY FROM OV]TLY B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGI/S BUT FROM SEEM+LY 0RADICAL0 ONES AS WELL4 ,:AT UND]P9S !SE >GUM5TS FROM ALL P>TS ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM IS A %>$ ASSUMPTION ?AT TE*NICS IS SOCIALLY NEUTRAL4 ,! FUNCTIONAL VIEW ?AT TE*NICS IS M]ELY ! 9/RUM5TAL MEANS = HUMANITY'S 0METABOLISM0 ) NATURE IS BROADLY ACCEPT$ AS GIV54 ,?AT FACTORIES >E ! LOCI ( AU?ORITY IS R$UC$ TO A 0NATURAL FACT0 -- 9 %ORT1 A FACT BEYOND ! PURVIEW ( E?ICS & SOCIAL CONSID]ATION4 

,TRAGICALLY1 :5 E?ICAL VIEWS ( TE*NICS >E REMOV$ FROM !IR HI/ORIC & SOCIAL CONTEXT1 ! FUNCTIONAL VIEW T5DS TO PREVAIL = PRECISELY ! SAME REASON ?AT ! E?ICAL VIEW FAILS -- = BO? VIEWS ASSUME ?AT TE*NOLOGY IS ALWAYS A MATT] ( M]E DESIGN1 A 0GIV50 ?AT IS EI!R EFFICI5T OR NOT4 ,ONLY REC5TLY HAVE WE BEGUN TO SEE A POPUL> QUE/ION+ ( TE*NICS AS M]ELY 0GIV510 NOTABLY ) RESPECT TO NUCLE> P[] 9/ALLATIONS4 ,! NOTION ?AT EV5 ! 0PEACEFUL ATOM0 IS 9TR9SICALLY A 0DEMONIC ATOM0 HAS BECOME V]Y WIDESPREAD AS A RESULT ( ! ,?REE-,MILE- ,ISL& MELTD[N AT ,H>RISBURG4 ,:AT IS P]HAPS MO/ SIGNIFICANT AB\T ?IS NUCLE> 09CID5T0 IS ?AT CRITICS ( NUCLE> P[] HAVE FOCUS$ PUBLIC ATT5TION ON NEW1 ECOLOGICALLY S\ND1 & IMPLICITLY MORE HUMANI/IC TE*NOLOGIES ?AT AWAIT DEVELOPM5T & APPLICATION4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 0GOOD0 & 0BAD0 TE*NICS -- ?AT IS1 AN E?ICAL EVALUATION ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T -- HAS TAK5 ROOT ON A SCALE ?AT IS UNKN[N AT ANY TIME 9 ! PA/ S9CE ! E>LY ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,:AT ,I PROPOSE TO EMPHASIZE1 H]E1 IS ! NE$ = PROPON5TS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T TO DEAL ) TE*NICS 9 ! SAME  
E?ICAL CONTEXT ?AT ANTI-NUCLE> GR\PS DEAL ) 5]GY RES\RCES4 ,I PROPOSE TO ASK IF ! FACTORY1 M9E1 & MOD]N AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISES CAN LEGITIMATELY BE REG>D$ AS AN ACCEPTABLE >5A = A LIB]T>IAN CONCEPT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T -- & IF NOT1 :AT ALT]NATIVES EXI/ ?AT CAN LEGITIMATE ?AT CONCEPT ON A NEW E?ICAL1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL LEVEL4 ,?IS RESPONSIBILITY BECOMES ALL ! MORE CRUCIAL TODAY BECAUSE 0SELF-MANAGEM5T0 HAS 9CREAS+LY BE5 D5ATUR$ TO MEAN A M]E TE*NICAL PROBLEM 9 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T1 ONE ?AT R5D]S IT PALATABLE TO SOPHI/ICAT$ SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & TO NEO-,M>XIAN T5D5CIES4 0,WORK]S' CONTROL0 MAY EV5 BECOME FA%IONABLE MANAGEM5T /RATEGY AS LONG AS WORK]S CONS5T TO REMA9 M]ELY WORK]S4 ,!IR 0DECISIONS0 MAY BE VIEW$ AS DESIRABLE -- 9DE$1 0PRODUCTIVE0 -- IF !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ! TE*NICAL RATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS1 H[EV] 0RADICAL0 ! RHETORIC & COLORFUL ! 9/ITUTIONS )9 :I* !Y 0MANAGE0 9DU/RY4 

,YET IF SELF-MANAGEM5T REMA9S NO MORE ?AN ANO!R =M ( MANAGEM5T ( EXI/+ =MS ( TE*NICS2 IF TOIL IS SOCIALIZ$ OR COLLECTIVIZ$ RA!R ?AN TRANSMUT$ 9TO MEAN+FUL SELF-EXPRESSION -- & IF !SE FEEBLE1 9DE$1 9SIDI\S1 MODIFICATIONS ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE >E EQUAT$ ) 0FRE$OM0 -- SELF-MANAGEM5T BECOMES A HOLL[ GOAL4 ,VIEW$ FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T REQUIRES REEXAM9ATION IF FRE$OM IS ITSELF TO BE RESCU$ FROM ! SEMANTICS ( TE*NOCRACY4 ,WE W\LD DO WELL TO EXAM9E SOME BASIC CONCEPTIONS ( 0SELF0 & 0MANAGEM5T0 -- P>TICUL>LY 9 RELATION TO TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T -- BE=E ! TWO WORDS >E REC\PL$ AGA9 AS A LIB]ATORY SOCIAL IDEAL4 

,SELFHOOD HAS ITS AU!NTIC ORIG9S 9 ! ,HELL5IC NOTION (  
AUTONOMIA1 ( 0SELF-RULE40 ,! WORD 0RULE0 DES]VES EMPHASIS4 ,?AT AUTONOMIA OR 0AUTONOMY0 HAS COME1 9 \R [N TIME1 TO MEAN M]ELY 09DEP5D5CE0 IS EVID5CE ( \R GROSS SIMPLIFICATION ( T]MS ?AT (T5 HAD A RI* E?ICAL MEAN+ 9 PREM>KET ]AS4 ,GREEK 0SELFHOOD0 WAS 9TIMATELY ASSOCIAT$ ) RULE1 SOCIAL RULE1 ! CAPACITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO DIRECTLY P>TICIPATE 9 GOV]N+ SOCIETY EV5 BE=E HE C\LD MANAGE HIS ECONOMIC AFFAIRS4 ,! V]Y T]M 0ECONOMICS10 9 FACT1 D5OT$ ! MANAGEM5T ( ! H\SEHOLD -- ! OIKOS -- RA!R ?AN SOCIETY1 A SOME:AT 9F]IOR1 EV5 IF NECESS>Y1 ACTIVITY BY COMP>ISON ) P>TICIPATION 9 ! COMMUNITY OR POLIS4 

,SELFHOOD1 ,I W\LD CLAIM1 WAS ?US ASSOCIAT$ ) 9DIVIDUAL CLAIMS TO P[] )9 SOCIETY RA!R ?AN ! MANAGEM5T ( MAT]IAL LIFE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! ABILITY TO EX]CISE P[] )9 SOCIETY -- & !REBY TO BE AN 9DIVIDUAL1 A 0SELF0 -- PRESUPPOS$ ! LEISURE & MAT]IAL FRE$OM AF=D$ BY A WELL-MANAG$ H\SEHOLD4 ,BUT ONCE ?IS OIKOS WAS GRANT$1 0SELFHOOD0 PRESUPPOS$ CONSID]ABLY MORE1 & !SE PRESUPPOSITIONS >E TREM5D\SLY SIGNIFICANT = \R [N AGE1 :5 ! SELF HAS BECOME GROSSLY P[]LESS & 9DIVIDUALITY HAS BECOME LITTLE MORE ?AN A EUPHEMISM = EGOTISM4 

,TO BEG9 )1 SELFHOOD IMPLI$ ! RECOGNITION ( 9DIVIDUAL COMPET5CE4 ,AUTONOMIA OR 0SELF-RULE0 W\LD HAVE BE5 COMPLETELY MEAN+LESS IF ! FRAT]NITY ( SELVES ?AT COMPOS$ ! ,HELL5IC POLIS 7NOTABLY1 ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY7 WAS NOT CON/ITUT$ ( M5 ( /RONG *>ACT] :O C\LD DIS*>GE ! =MIDABLE RESPONSIBILITIES ( 0RULE40 ,! POLIS1 9 %ORT1 RE/$ ON ! PREMISE ?AT ITS CITIZ5S C\LD BE 5TRU/$ ) 0P[]0 BECAUSE !Y POSSESS$ ! P]SONAL CAPACITY TO USE P[] 9 A TRU/WOR?Y FA%ION4 ,! $UCATION ( CITIZ5S 9TO RULE WAS !RE=E AN $UCATION 9TO P]SONAL COMPET5CE1 9TELLIG5CE1 MORAL PROBITY1 & SOCIAL COMMITM5T4 ,! ECCLESIA ( ,A!NS1 A POPUL> ASSEMBLY ( ! CITIZ5 BODY ?AT MET AT LEA/ =TY TIMES A YE>1 WAS ! TE/+ GR\ND ( ?IS $UCATION 9TO SELF-RULE2 !  
AGORA1 ! PUBLIC SQU>E :]E ,A!NIANS TRANSACT$ ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR AFFAIRS1 WAS ITS AU!NTIC S*OOL4 ,SELFHOOD1 9 EFFECT1 ORIG9AT$ FIR/ & =EMO/ 9 A POLITICS ( P]SONALITY1 NOT 9 PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION4.<#b#i.> ,IT IS ALMO/ MEAN+LESS ETYMOLOGICALLY TO DISSOCIATE ! WORD 0SELF0 FROM ! CAPACITY TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] SOCIAL LIFE1 TO 0RULE0 9 ! ,GREEK S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,D5I$ ITS *>ACT]OLOGICAL MEAN+ -- ITS CONNOTATIONS ( P]SONAL =TITUDE & MORAL PROBITY -- SELFHOOD DISSOLVES 9TO M]E 0EGOHOOD10 ?AT HOLL[1 (T5 NEUROTIC %ELL ( HUMAN P]SONALITY ?AT LIES /REWN AMID ! WA/ES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY LIKE ! DEBRIS ( ITS 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 

,TO DIVE/ SELFHOOD ( !SE P]SONAL TRAITS IS TO BE IRRESPONSIBLY FOOTLOOSE ) ANY T]M TO :I* ! WORD 0SELF0 IS APP5D$4 0,SELF-ACTIVITY10 TO USE ANO!R COMMON EXPRESSION1 IMPLIES ! ACTIVATION ( !SE /RONG *>ACT] TRAITS 9 SOCIAL PROCESSES4 ,IT1 TOO1 RE/S ON ! DEM&+ F\NDATIONS ( A POLITICS ( P]SONALITY ?AT IS $UCATIVE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 =MATIVE ( HIS OR H] CAPACITY TO 9T]V5E & DIRECTLY ALT] SOCIAL EV5TS1 &1 C>RI$ 9TO ACTION ITSELF1 TO 5T] 9TO A %>$ SOCIAL PRACTICE4 ,)\T ! P]SONAL JUDGM5T1 MORAL =CE1 WILL1 & S5SIBILITY TO BE ACTIVE 9 ?IS FULL & DIRECT S5SE ( ! T]M1 SU* A SELF W\LD ATROPHY & ITS ACTIVITY W\LD BE R$UC$ TO A RELATION%IP BAS$ ON OB$I5CE & COMM&4 ,SELF-ACTIVITY1 9 ?IS S5SE1 CAN ONLY BE DIRECT ACTION4 ,BUT DIRECT ACTION1 LIKE RULE1 CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS ! PR$ICATES ( A SELF ?AT IS 5GAG$ 9 ! SOCIAL PROCESSES !SE T]MS D5OTE4 ,SELF1 ! $UCATION T[>D SELFHOOD1 & ! EX]CISE ( SELFHOOD -- ALMO/ AS A DAILY GYMNA/IC 9 ! MAK+ ( 9DIVIDUALITY -- IS AN 5D 9 ITSELF11 ! CULM9ATION ( :AT WE SO FLIPPANTLY CALL 0SELF-ACTUALIZATION4 

,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION & ITS POLICY ( DIRECT ACTION IS1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! $UCATIONAL 9/RUM5T = A*IEV+ !SE TIME- HONOR$ GOALS4 ,IT IS ! AGORA1 AS IT W]E1 = A POLITICS ( P]SONALITY4 ,! 0AFF9ITY GR\P0 =M1 AT ITS BE/1 IS A UNIQUE =M ( CONSOCIATION BAS$ ON A MUTUAL RECOGNITION ( COMPET5CE 9 ALL ITS MEMB]S OR1 AT LEA/1 ! NE$ TO ATTA9 COMPET5CE4 ,:]E SU* GR\PS CEASE TO $UCATE T[>D ?IS GOAL1 !Y BECOME M]E EUPHEMISMS4 ,WORSE1 !Y 0PRODUCE MILITANTS RA!R ?AN AN>*I/S1 SUBORD9ATES RA!R ?AN SELVES4 ,OPTIMALLY1 ! AN>*I/ AFF9ITY GR\P IS AN E?ICAL UNION ( FREE1 MORALLY /RONG 9DIVIDUALS :O CAN DIRECTLY P>TICIPATE 9 CONS5SUAL RULE BECAUSE !Y >E COMPET5T & LIVE 9 A MUTUAL RECOGNITION ( EA* O!R'S COMPET5CE4 ,ONLY :5 !Y HAVE ATTA9$ ?IS CONDITION & !REBY SUFFICI5TLY REVOLUTIONIZ$ !MSELVES AS SELVES CAN !Y PR(ESS TO BE REVOLUTION>IES -- TO BE ! CITIZ5S ( A FUTURE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,I HAVE DWELT UPON !SE ASPECTS ( ! T]M 0SELF0 -- & ONLY SPACE PREV5TS ME FROM DEAL+ ) IT 9 ! DETAIL IT DES]VES -- BECAUSE IT HAS BECOME ! WEAKE/ L9K 9 ! CONCEPT ( 0SELFMANAGEM5T40 ,UNTIL SU* SELVES >E M9IMALLY ATTA9$1 SELFMANAGEM5T BECOMES A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T )\T ! 0SELF0 ?AT IS EXPECT$ TO 5GAGE 9 ?IS 0MANAG+10 9 FACT1 TURNS 9TO ITS V]Y OPPOSITE3 HI]>*Y BAS$ ON OB$I5CE & COMM&4 ,! ABOLITION ( CLASS RULE 9 NO WAY *ALL5GES ! EXI/5CE ( SU* HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS4 ,!Y MAY EXI/ )9 ! FAMILY BETWE5 SEX & AGE GR\PS1 AMONG DISP>ATE E?NIC GR\PS1 )9 BUREAUCRACIES & 9 ADM9I/RATIVE SOCIAL GR\PS ?AT PR(ESS TO BE EXECUT+ ! POLICIES ( A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION OR A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS NO WAY TO IMMUNIZE ANY SOCIAL =MATION1 EV5 ! MO/ D$ICAT$ AN>*I/ GR\PS1 FROM HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS EXCEPT ?R\< ! WISDOM ( 0SELF-CONSCI\SNESS0 ?AT COMES FROM ! 0SELF- ACTUALIZATION0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S POT5TIALITY = SELFHOOD4 ,?IS HAS BE5 ! MESSAGE ( WE/]N PHILOSOPHY FROM ,SOCRATES TO ,HEGEL4 ,ITS PLEA = WISDOM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS AS ! SOLE GUIDE TO TRU? & 9SI<T REMA9S EV5 MORE COMPELL+ TODAY ?AN IT DID 9 E>LI]1 MORE >TICULAT$ SOCIAL ]AS4 

,BE=E TURN+ TO ! *ALL5GE POS$ BY TE*NICS 9 ! PROCESS ( 0SELF-=MATION10 IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] ?AT SELF- RULE -- AUTONOMIA -- HI/ORICALLY PREC$ES ! MOD]N NOTION ( 0SELF-MANAGEM5T40 ,IRONICALLY1 ! FACT ?AT AUTONOMIA D5OTES 09DEP5D5CE0 ) ITS IMPLICATIONS ( A FREE-:EEL+ MAT]IALI/IC B\RGEOIS EGO RA!R ?AN A SOCIALLY 9VOLV$ 9DIVIDUAL IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,SELF-RULE APPLIES TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 NOT M]ELY TO ! ECONOMY4 ,HELL5IC SELFHOOD F\ND ITS FULLE/ EXPRESSION 9 !  
POLIS RA!R ?AN ! OIKOS 1 9 ! SOCIAL COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ! TE*NICAL4 ,ONCE WE CROSS ! ?RE%OLD ( HI/ORY1 SELFMANAGEM5T IS ! MANAGEM5T ( VILLAGES1 NEI<BORHOODS1 T[NS1 & CITIES4 ,! TE*NICAL SPH]E ( LIFE IS CONSPICU\SLY SECOND>Y TO ! SOCIAL4 ,9 ! TWO REVOLUTIONS ?AT OP5 ! MOD]N ]A ( SECUL> POLITICS -- ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* -- SELF-MANAGEM5T EM]GES 9 ! LIB]T>IAN T[N MEET+S ?AT SWEPT FROM ,BO/ON TO ,*>LE/ON & ! POPUL> SECTIONS ?AT ASSEMBL$ 9 ,P>ISIAN QUATI]S4 ,! 9T5SELY CIVIC NATURE ( SELFMANAGEM5T /&S 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ITS CRASSLY ECONOMIC NATURE TODAY4 ,IT W\LD BE R$UNDANT1 GIV5 ,KROPOTK9S IMPRESSIVE WORK 9 ?IS FIELD1 TO EXPLORE E>LI] SOCIAL P]IODS = EVID5CE ( ?IS JUXTAPOSITION OR 5T] 9TO ADDITIONAL DETAILS4 ,! FACT REMA9S ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T HAD A BROAD] MEAN+ 9 LIB]T>IAN PRACTICE ?AN IT HAS AT ! PRES5T TIME4 

,H]E1 TE*NICS MU/ BE ASSIGN$ A GREAT] ROLE 9 PRODUC+ ?IS *ANGE ?AN IT ORD9>ILY RECEIVES4 ,! TOOL-US+ >TISAN NATURE ( PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES ALWAYS PROVID$ A MAT]IAL SPACE = A SUBT]RANEAN LIB]T>IAN DEVELOPM5T1 EV5 :5 POLITICALLY C5TRALIZ$ /ATES HAD ATTA9$ A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ( GR[?4 ,B5EA? ! IMP]IAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ,EUROPEAN & ,ASIAN /ATES LAY ! CLANNIC1 VILLAGE1 & GUILD SY/EMS ( CONSOCIATION ?AT NEI!R >MY NOR TAX F>M] C\LD EFFECTIVELY DEMOLI%4 ,BO? ,M>X & ,KROPOTK9 9CLUDE CLASSIC DESCRIPTIONS ( ?IS >*AIC SOCIAL NETWORK -- AN ANCI5T1 SEEM+LY FACELESS WORLD IMP]VI\S TO *ANGE OR DE/RUCTION4 ,! ,HELL5IC POLIS & ! ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATION ADD$ ! RI* T9TS ( 9DIVIDUALITY -- ( SELFHOOD & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS -- TO ?IS TAPE/RY UNTIL SELF-MANAGEM5T ACQUIR$ ! RESPL5D5T COLORS ( A HI<LY 9DIVIDUAT$ WORLD4 ,9 ! URBAN DEMOCRACIES ( C5TRAL ,EUROPE & ,ITALY1 AS 9 !  
POLIS ( ! ,GREEK PROMONTORY1 MUNICIPAL SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 T[NS SCAL$ TO COMPREH5SIBLE HUMAN DIM5SIONS REA*$ A COLORFUL1 IF BRIEF1 EFFLORES5CE 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! NORMS ( A SOCIALLY COMMITT$ 9DIVIDUALISM W]E E/ABLI%$ ?AT W]E TO HAUNT ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS C5TURIES LAT] & DEF9E ! MO/ ADVANC$ CONCEPTS ( SELF & MANAGEM5T 9TO \R [N TIME4 

,!RE CAN BE NO RETURN TO !SE P]IODS -- EI!R SOCIALLY OR TE*NICALLY4 ,!IR LIMITS >E ONLY TOO CLE> TO EXCUSE AN ATAVI/IC YE>N+ = ! PA/4 ,BUT ! SOCIAL & TE*NICAL =CES ?AT W]E TO DE/ROY !M >E EV5 MORE TRANSITORY ?AN WE T5D TO BELIEVE4 ,I WILL FOCUS1 H]E1 ON ! TE*NICAL DIM5SION TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL4 ,( ! TE*NICAL *ANGES ?AT SEP>ATE \R [N ]A FROM PA/ ONES1 NO S+LE 0DEVICE0 WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! LEA/ 0ME*ANICAL0 ( ALL -- ! FACTORY4 ,AT ! RISK ( CA/+ ALL CAUTION TO ! W9DS1 ,I WILL AV] ?AT NEI!R ,WATT'S /EAM 5G9E NOR ,BESSEM]'S /EEL FURNACE WAS MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN ! SIMPLE PROCESS ( RATIONALIZ+ LABOR 9TO AN 9DU/RIAL 5G9E = ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES4 ,MA*9]Y1 9 ! CONV5TIONAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 HEI<T5$ ?IS PROCESS VA/LY -- BUT ! SY/EMATIC RATIONALIZATION ( LABOR TO S]VE LABOR 9 EV]-SPECIALIZ$ TASKS TOTALLY DEMOLI%$ ! TE*NICAL /RUCTURE ( SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETIES & ULTIMATELY ( WORKMAN%IP -- ! 0SELFHOOD0 ( ! ECONOMIC REALM4 

,WE MU/ PAUSE TO WEI< ! MEAN+ ( !SE REM>KS4 ,>TISAN%IP RELIES ON SKILL & A SURPRIS+LY SMALL TOOLKIT4 ,SKILL1 9 FACT1 IS ITS REAL PREMISE3 TRA9+ & LONG EXP]I5CE 9 A RI* V>IETY ( EXPRESSIVE1 (T5 >TI/IC TASKS2 HI<LY PURPOSEFUL1 (T5 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY2 DEXT]ITY ( F+]S & COORD9ATION ( BODY2 ! *ALL5GE ( A RI* V>IETY ( /IMULI & SUBTLE EXPRESSIONS ( SELF4 ,ITS BACKGR\ND IS ! WORK SONG1 ITS SPIRITUALITY ! PLEASURE ( >TICULAT+ 9 RAW MAT]IALS !IR [N LAT5T POSSIBILITIES = ACQUIR+ A PLEAS+ & USEFUL =M4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ,PLATO'S DEITY IS LIT]ALLY A CRAFTSMAN :O IMPR9TS ! =MS ON MATT]4 ,! PRESUPPOSITIONS ?AT SUPPORT !SE >TISAN TRAITS >E OBVI\S -- A R\ND$NESS & FULLNESS ( P]SONAL VIRTUOSITY ?AT IS E?ICAL1 SPIRITUAL1 & ES!TIC AS WELL AS TE*NICAL4 ,TRUE CRAFTSMAN%IP IS LOV+ WORK1 NOT ON]\S TOIL4 ,IT >\SES ! S5SES1 NOT DULLS !M4 ,IT ADDS DIGNITY TO HUMANITY1 NOT DEMEANS IT4 ,IT GIVES FREE RANGE TO ! SPIRIT1 NOT ABORTS IT4 ,)9 ! TE*NICAL SPH]E IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( SELFHOOD P> EXCELL5CE -- ( 9DIVIDUATION1 CONSCI\SNESS1 & FRE$OM4 ,!SE WORDS DANCE ?R\<\T EV]Y ACC\NT ( WELL-CRAFT$ OBJECTS & >TI/IC WORKS4 

,! FACTORY WORK] LIVES M]ELY ON ! MEMORY ( SU* TRAITS4 ,! D9 ( ! FACTORY DR[NS \T EV]Y ?\<T1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ANY SONG2 ! DIVISION ( LABOR D5IES ! WORK] ANY RELATION%IP TO ! COMMODITY2 ! RATIONALIZATION ( LABOR DULLS HIS OR H] S5SES & EXHAU/S HIS OR H] BODY4 ,!RE IS NO ROOM :ATEV] = ANY ( ! >TISAN'S MODES ( EXPRESSION -- FROM >TI/RY TO SPIRITUALITY -- O!R ?AN AN 9T]ACTION ) OBJECTS ?AT R$UCES ! WORK] TO A M]E OBJECT4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 >TISAN & WORK] H>DLY REQUIRES ELUCIDATION4 ,BUT TWO SIGNIFICANT FACTS /& \T ?AT TURN ! TRANS=MATION FROM CRAFT TO FACTORY 9TO A SOCIAL & *>ACT]OLOGICAL DISA/]4 ,! FIR/ FACT IS ! DEHUMANIZATION ( ! WORK] 9TO A MASS BE+2 ! SECOND IS ! WORK]'S R$UCTION 9TO A HI]>*ICAL BE+4 

,!RE IS A C]TA9 SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! FACT ?AT ?IS DEVOLUTION ( ! >TISAN 9TO A M]E TOIL] WAS ADDUC$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS AS EVID5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT'S 9TR9SICALLY REVOLUTION>Y TRAITS4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY 9 ?IS GROSS MISJUDGM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT'S DE/9Y ?AT SYNDICALISM (T5 FOLL[S 9 ! WAKE ( ,M>XISM4 ,BO? IDEOLOGIES %>E ! NOTION ?AT ! FACTORY IS ! 0S*OOL0 ( REVOLUTION 79 ! CASE ( SYNDICALISM1 ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION7 RA!R ?AN ITS UNDO+4 ,BO? %>E A COMMON COMMITM5T TO ! FACTORY'S /RUCTURAL ROLE AS A S\RCE ( SOCIAL MOBILIZATION4 

,= BETT] OR WORSE1 ,M>X & ,5GELS EXPRESS !SE VIEWS MORE CLE>LY ?AN SYNDICALI/ -- & AN>*OSYNDICALI/ -- !ORI/S4 ,CONCEIV$ AS A MASS BE+ OR A CLASS BE+1 ,M>X'S PROLET>IAT BECOMES A M]E 9/RUM5T ( HI/ORY4 ,ITS V]Y DEP]SONALIZATION 9TO A CATEGORY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IRONICALLY FREES IT ( EV]Y HUMAN TRAIT BUT NE$1 0URG5T1 NO LONG] DISGUISABLE1 ABSOLUTELY IMP]ATIVE NE$4440 ,AS PURE 0CLASS0 OR SOCIAL 0AG5T10 COMP>ABLE TO ! PURE1 DIS5*ANT$ SOCIAL WORLD PRODUC$ BY CAPITALISM1 IT HAS NO P]SONAL WILL BUT ONLY A  
HI/ORICAL ONE4 ,IT IS AN 9/RUM5T ( HI/ORY 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,?US1 TO ,M>X1 0,! QUE/ION IS NOT :AT ?IS OR ?AT PROLET>IAN1 OR EV5 ! :OLE PROLET>IAT CONSID]S AS ITS AIM4 ,! QUE/ION IS :AT ! PROLET>IAT IS1 & :AT1 CONSEQU5T ON ?AT BE+ 1 IT WILL BE COMPELL$ TO DO40 

,H]E1 BE+ IS SEP>AT$ FROM P]SON1 ACTION FROM WILL1 SOCIAL ACTIVITY FROM SELFHOOD4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ! V]Y DIVE/ITURE ( ! PROLET>IAT'S SELFHOOD -- ITS DEHUMANIZATION -- ?AT GIVES IT ! QUALITY ( A 0UNIV]SAL0 SOCIAL AG5T1 ONE ?AT GIVES IT ALMO/ TRANSC5D5TAL SOCIAL QUALITIES4 ,MY QUOTATIONS1 TAK5 FROM  
,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY ( ! E>LY #a#h#dS1 W]E TO P]MEATE ,M>X'S WRIT+S = DECADES TO FOLL[4 ,)\T BE>+ !M 9 M9D DUR+ READ+S ( ,M>X 9 HIS LAT] WORKS1 !SE WORKS BECOME 

UN9TELLIGIBLE -- ALL RHETORIC AB\T ! MORAL SUP]IORITY ( ! PROLET>IAT NOT)/&+ TO ! CONTR>Y4 

,ACCORD+LY1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ TO F9D ?AT = ,M>X ! FACTORY PROVIDES A VIRTUALLY ECCLESIA/ICAL >5A = ! S*OOL+ ( ?IS SOCIAL 0AG5T40 ,H]E1 TE*NICS FUNCTIONS NOT ONLY AS A MEANS = HUMANITY S METABOLISM ) NATURE BUT = HUMANITY'S METABOLISM ) ITSELF4 ,TOGE!R ) ! C5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY ?R\< COMPETITION & EXPROPRIATION1 0! MASS ( MIS]Y1 OPPRESSION1 SLAV]Y1 DEGRADATION & EXPLOITATION GR[S2 BUT ) ?IS !RE ALSO GR[S ! REVOLT ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 A CLASS CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB]S1 & TRA9$1 UNIT$ & ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( PRODUCTION10 DECL>ES ,M>X 9 ! CLOS+ PAGES ( VOLUME ONE ( ,CAPITAL4 0,! MONOPOLY ( CAPITAL BECOMES A FETT] UPON ! MODE ( PRODUCTION :I* HAS FL\RI%$ ALONGSIDE & UND] IT444 ,?IS 9TEGUM5T IS BUR/ ASUND]4 ,! KNELL ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY S\NDS4 ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$40 7,MY EMPHASIS -- ,M4,B47 

,! IMPORTANCE ( !SE FAM\S L9ES BY ,M>X LIES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y FUNCTION !Y ASSIGN TO ! FACTORY1 ITS ROLE 9 TRA9+1 UNIT+1 & ORGANIZ+ ! PROLET>IAT 0BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( PRODUCTION40 ,! FACTORY1 ONE MI<T V]Y WELL SAY1 ALMO/ 0FABRICATES0 REVOLUTION ) ! SAME IMP]SONALITY ?AT IT 0FABRICATES0 COMMODITIES4 ,BUT EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANT IS ! FACT ?AT IS 0FABRICATES0 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,?IS SPECIFIC VIEW IS 9TR9SIC TO SYNDICALISM AS WELL4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 ! FACTORY /RUCTURE 9 BO? CASES IS NOT M]ELY A TE*NICAL /RUCTURE2 IT IS ALSO A SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,M>X T5DS TO DISDA9 IT HI/ORICALLY AS A DOMA9 ( NECESSITY1 ONE :OSE 9VASION 9TO LIFE MU/ ULTIMATELY BE ATT5UAT$ BY ! FREE-TIME REQUIR$ = COMMUNISM4 ,SYNDICALISM HYPO/ASIZES ?IS /RUCTURE2 IT =MS ! CONT\RS = A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,BO?1 H[EV]1 UND]SCORE ITS SIGNIFICANCE AS A TE*NICAL >5A = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 :E!R IT BE = ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS OR = SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 

,WE >RIVE AT ! TR\BL+ FACT ?AT ?IS /RUCTURE1 F> FROM FUNCTION+ AS A =CE = SOCIAL *ANGE1 ACTUALLY FUNCTIONS AS A =CE = SOCIAL REGRESSION4 ,M>XISM & SYNDICALISM ALIKE1 BY VIRTUE ( !IR COMMITM5T TO ! FACTORY AS A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL >5A1 MU/ RECA/ SELF-MANAGEM5T TO MEAN ! 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T ( ! SELF4 ,= ,M>XISM ?IS POSES NO PROBLEM4 ,SELFHOOD CAN NEV] EXI/ )9 ! FACTORY WALLS4 ,! FACTORY S]VES NOT ONLY TO MOBILIZE & TRA9 ! PROLET>IAT BUT TO DEHUMANIZE IT4 ,FRE$OM IS TO BE F\ND NOT )9 ! FACTORY BUT RA!R \TSIDE IT4 ,= FRE$OM 0CANNOT CONSI/ ( ANY?+ ELSE BUT ( ! FACT ?AT SOCIALIZ$ MAN1 ! ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S1 REGULATE !IR 9T]*ANGE ) NATURE RATIONALLY1 BR+ IT UND] !IR COMMON CONTROL1 9/EAD ( BE+ RUL$ BY IT AS BY SOME BL9D P[]4440 ,M>X OBS]VES 9 VOLUME ?REE ( ,CAPITAL4 0,BUT IT ALWAYS REMA9S A REALM ( NECESSITY4 ,BEYOND IT BEG9S ?AT DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN P[]1 :I* IS ITS [N 5D1 ! TRUE REALM ( FRE$OM1 :I*1 H[EV]1 CAN FL\RI% ONLY UPON ?AT REALM ( NECESSITY AS ITS BASIS4 ,! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY IS ITS FUNDAM5TAL PREMISE40 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! FACTORY CONCEIV$ AS A 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 REQUIRES NO NE$ = SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( A S*OOL = SELF-=MATION LIKE ! AGORA & ! ,HELL5IC NOTION ( $UCATION4 ,= CONTEMPOR>Y ,M>XI/S TO APE !IR SYNDICALI/ OPPON5TS BY DEM&+ 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 ( 9DU/RY IS A TRAVE/Y ( ! V]Y SPIRIT ( ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( FRE$OM4 ,IT IS TO DEMEAN A GREAT ?9K] 9 HIS [N NAME ON T]MS ?AT >E COMPLETELY ALI5 TO HIS IDEAS4 ,APPROPRIATELY1 ,5GELS1 9 HIS ESSAY 0,ON ,AU?ORITY10 DRAWS ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM TO ITS H>%E/ CONCLUSIONS PRECISELY ON ! BASIS ( FACTORY OP]ATIONS4 ,AU?ORITY1 CONCEIV$ AS 0! IMPOSITION ( ! WILL ( ANO!R UPON \RS10 AS 0SUBORD9ATION10 IS UNAVOIDABLE 9 ANY 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ COMMUNISM4 ,IT IS A NATURAL FACT ( MOD]N TE*NICS1 AS 9DISP5SABLE 79 ,5GELS' VIEW7 AS ! FACTORY ITSELF4 ,5GELS !N PROCE$S TO DETAIL ?IS VIEW AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S ) ! PHILI/9E EXACTITUDE ( ! ,VICTORIAN M9D4 ,COORD9ATION ( 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS PRESUPPOSES SUBORD9ATION TO COMM&2 9DE$1 TO ! 0DESPOTISM0 ( AUTOMATIC MA*9]Y & ! 0NECESSITY ( AU?ORITY1444 ( IMP]I\S AU?ORITY0 TO MANAG]IAL COMM&4 7,MY EMPHASIS -- ,M4,B47 ,5GELS NEV] FAILS US 9 \R N>R[E/ PREJUDICES ON ?IS SCORE4 ,HE DEFTLY SKIPS FROM ! COMM&+ ROLE ( COTTON-SP9N+ MA*9]Y TO ! 09/ANTANE\S & ABSOLUTE OB$I5CE0 REQUIR$ BY ! CAPTA9 ( A %IP4 ,COORD9ATION IS DUTIFULLY CONFUS$ ) COMM&1 ORGANIZATION ) HI]>*Y1 AGREEM5T ) DOM9ATION -- 9DE$1 0IMP]I\S0 DOM9ATION4 

,:AT IS MORE 9T]E/+ ?AN ! FALLACIES ( ,5GELS' ESSAY IS ITS 9SIDI\S TRU?S4 ,! FACTORY IS1 9 FACT1 A REALM ( NECESSITY -- NOT A REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,IT IS A S*OOL = HI]>*Y1 = OB$I5CE & COMM&1 NOT = A LIB]ATORY REVOLUTION4 ,IT REPRODUCES ! S]VILITY ( ! PROLET>IAT & UND]M9ES ITS SELFHOOD1 ITS CAPACITY TO TRANSC5D NE$4 ,ACCORD+LY1 9S(> AS SELF-MANAGEM5T1 SELF-ACTIVITY1 & SELFHOOD >E ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM10 !Y MU/ BE D5I$ AT ! 0MAT]IAL BASE0 ( SOCIETY :ILE !Y >E PRESUMABLY AFFIRM$ 9 ITS 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 -- AT LEA/ AS LONG AS ! FACTORY & ! TE*NICS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION >E CONCEIV$ M]ELY AS TE*NICS1 AS NATURAL FACTS ( PRODUCTION4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 VIEW$ AS A SOCIAL >5A1 WE MU/ FUR!R CONCEIVE ?AT ?IS DEHUMANIZ$ REALM ( NECESSITY -- RIDDL$ BY 0IMP]I\S AU?ORITY0 -- CAN SOMEH[ 5L>GE ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( A DEHUMANIZ$ WORK+ BE+ 9TO A UNIV]SAL SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS2 ?AT ?IS BE+1 DIVE/$ ( ALL SELFHOOD 9 ITS DAILY LIFE ( TOIL CAN RECOV] ! SOCIAL COMMITM5T & COMPET5CE PURESUPPOS$ BY A SWEEP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION & A TRULY FREE SOCIETY BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,F9ALLY1 WE MU/ CONCEIVE ?AT ?IS FREE SOCIETY CAN REMOVE HI]>*Y 9 ONE REALM :ILE 0IMP]I\SLY0 FO/]+ IT 9 ANO!R1 P]HAPS MORE BASIC ONE4 ,C>RI$ TO ITS FULLE/ LOGIC1 ! P>ADOX ASSUMES ABSURD PROPORTIONS4 ,HI]>*Y1 LIKE OV]ALLS1 BECOMES A G>M5T ?AT ONE DISC>DS 9 ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 ONLY TO DON IT AGA9 9 ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY40 ,LIKE A SEE SAW1 FRE$OM RISES & FALLS AT ! PO9T :]E WE PLACE \R SOCIAL FULCRUM -- POSSIBLY AT ! C5T] ( ! PLANK 9 ONE 0/AGE0 ( HI/ORY1 CLOS] TO ONE 5D OR ANO!R AT O!R 0/AGES1 BUT 9 ANY EV5T /RICTLY MEASURABLE BY ! L5G? ( ! 0WORK+ DAY40 

,SYNDICALISM %>ES ?IS FATAL P>ADOX NO LESS ?AN ,M>XISM4 ,ITS R$EEM+ VIRTUE LIES 9 ITS IMPLICIT AW>5ESS -- VIRTUALLY EXPLICIT 9 ! WORKS ( ,*>LES ,F\RI] -- ?AT TE*NICS MU/ BE DIVE/$ ( ITS HI]>*ICAL & JOYLESS *>ACT] IF SOCIETY IS TO BE FRE$ ( !SE BURD5S4 ,) SYNDICALISM1 H[EV]1 ?IS AW>5ESS IS (T5 W>P$ BY ITS ACCEPTANCE ( ! FACTORY AS ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! NEW SOCIETY )9 ! OLD1 AS A MODEL = WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 & AS A S*OOL = ! HUMANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ITS MOBILIZATION AS A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL =CE4 ,H5CE1 TE*NICS RAISES A />TL+ DILEMMA = LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,FROM :AT S\RCE >E WORK]S -- 9DE$1 ALL DOM9AT$ PEOPLE SU* AS WOM51 Y\NG & ELD]LY PEOPLE1 E?NIC GR\PS1 & CULTURAL COMMUNITIES -- TO ACQUIRE ! SUBJECTIVITY ?AT FO/]S SELFHOOD8 ,:AT TE*NOLOGIES CAN SUPPLANT ! HI]>*ICAL MOBILIZATION ( LABOR 9TO FACTORIES8 ,& F9ALLY1 :AT CON/ITUTES 0MANAGEM5T0 ?AT 9VOLVES ! FO/]+ ( AU!NTIC COMPET5CE1 MORAL PROBITY1 & WISDOM 8 

,! ANSW] TO EA* ( !SE QUE/IONS W\LD REQUIRE A SIZABLE WORK 9 ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS >TICLE1 ,I WILL CONF9E MYSELF 9 CURSORY FA%ION TO ! SECOND QUE/ION3 ! NEW1 POT5TIALLY NON-HI]>*ICAL TE*NOLOGIES ?AT C\LD SUPPLANT ! FACTORY AS ! TE*NICS = A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY -- ONE :I* ,I ID5TIFY ) AN>*OCOM- MUNISM4 

,TE*NICS IS NO MORE A 0NATURAL FACT0 ?AN \R *EMICALLY TREAT$ FOOD CROPS & \R SYN!TICALLY F]M5T$ BEV]AGES4 ,EV5 ,M>X IS OBLIG$ TO TREAT IT 9 A SOCIAL CONTEXT :5 HE SEES IT 9 T]M ( ITS CLASS FUNCTIONS4 ,F> FROM BE+ A 0GIV510 IT IS POT5TIALLY ! MO/ MALLEABLE ( HUMANITY'S MODES ( 0METABOLIZ+0 ) NATURE4 ,! 9/ITUTIONS1 VALUES1 & CULTURAL %IBBOLE?S ) :I* HUMANS 5GAGE 9 A 0METABOLIC0 RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD >E (T5 LESS AM5ABLE TO *ANGE ?AN ! TOOLS & MA*9ES ?AT GIVE !M MAT]IAL TANGIBILITY4 ,!IR 0PRIMACY0 OV] SOCIAL RELATIONS1 TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9I/S NOT)/&+ TO ! CONTR>Y1 IS MY?IC4 ,!Y >E IMM]S$ 9 A SOCIAL WORLD ( HUMAN 9T5TIONS1 NE$S1 WILLS1 & 9T]ACTIONS4 

,! FACTORY EXHIBITS ?IS SOCIAL DIM5SION ) A V5GEANCE4 ,ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! WORLD WAS DET]M9$ NOT BY /RICTLY ME*ANICAL FACTORS BUT ORGANIC ONES4 ,IT WAS A MEANS = RATIONALIZ+ LABOR1 NOT = IMPLEM5T+ LABOR ) TOOLS4 ,ONCE ?IS FACT IS FULLY WEI<$1 ! FACTORY CEASES TO 5JOY ! AUTONOMY IT ACQUIRES FROM ,5GELS & HIS ACOLYTES4 ,IT IS A 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 ONLY 9S(> AS A NE$ REMA9S = ITS EXI/5CE4 ,BUT ?IS NE$ IS NOT /RICTLY TE*NICAL2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS L>GELY SOCIAL4 ,! FACTORY IS ! REALM ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 NOT ! BATTLEGR\ND ( 0MAN'S0 CONFLICT ) NATURE4 ,ONCE ITS FUNCTIONS 

AS AN 9/RUM5T ( HUMAN DOM9ATION >E QUE/ION$1 WE CAN REASONABLY ASK H[ VALID IS ! 0NE$0 = ITS P]PETUATION4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 MONEY1 WEAPONS1 & NUCLE> P[] PLANTS >E 9/RUM5TS ( A SOCIETY GONE MAD4 ,ONCE ! 9SANITY ( SOCIETY IS LIFT$1 WE CAN ALSO ASK H[ VALID IS ! 0NE$0 = !IR P]PETUATION4 0,NE$0 ITSELF IS A SOCIALLY CONDITION$ PH5OM5ON -- A FACT NOT UNKN[N TO ,M>X BY ANY MEANS -- ?AT MAY BE 9TR9SICALLY RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL4 ,! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 ?US HAS HI<LY ELA/IC1 P]HAPS 9EFFABLE B\ND>IES2 9 FACT1 IT IS AS 0NECESS>Y0 SOCIALLY AS ! VISION ONE HAS ( FRE$OM4 ,TO SEP>ATE ONE FROM ! O!R 9EXORABLY IS %E] IDEOLOGY1 = IT MAY WELL BE ?AT FRE$OM DOES NOT 0BASE0 ITSELF ON ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 BUT REALLY DET]M9ES IT4 

,TO ,F\RI]1 ?IS CONCLUSION WAS IMPLICIT 9 ! BE/ L9ES ( HIS WRIT+S4 ,! TWO 0REALMS0 ( NECESSITY & FRE$OM W]E RESYN!SIZ$ 9TO A HI<] LEVEL ( SOCIETAL BEHAVIOR & VALUES 9 :I* JOY1 CREATIVITY1 & PLEASURE W]E 5DS 9 !MSELVES4 ,FRE$OM HAD SUBSUM$ NECESSITY & JOY HAS SUBSUM$ TOIL4 ,BUT SU* SWEEP+ NOTIONS CANNOT BE ADVANC$ AB/RACTLY4 ,!Y MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ CONCRETELY -- OR ELSE ! RI* POSSIBILITIES ( REALITY BECOME ELUSIVE CATEGORIES ?AT D5Y ! CLAIMS ( IMAG9ATION4 ,H5CE ! 5ORM\S P[] ( UTOPIAN ?9K+ AT ITS BE/3 ! ABILITY TO %[ ALMO/ VISUALLY :AT SO (T5 REMA9S ! AB/RACTIONS ( COMPET+ IDEOLOGIES4 ,CONSID] CONCRETELY1 9DE$ UTOPI/ICALLY1 ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT MAY TURN >DU\S WORK 9TO FE/IVE PLAY3 A H>VE/ ?AT IS M>K$ BY DANC+1 FEA/+1 S++1 & LOV+ CONTRA/$ ) ! MONOTONY ( GANG LABOR OR DEAD5+ ME*ANIZATION4 ,ONE =M ( H>VE/+ RE9=CES COMMUNITY2 ! O!R1 ISOLATION & A S5SE ( OPPRESSION4 ,! SAME TASK P]=M$ ES!TICS MAY BE A WORK ( >T2 P]=M$ UND] ! LA% ( DOM9ATION1 IT BECOMES AN IGNOM9I\S BURD54 ,! ID5TICAL TASK UND] CONDITIONS ( FRE$OM IS AN ES!TIC EXP]I5CE2 UND] CONDITIONS ( DOM9ATION1 IT BECOMES ON]\S TOIL4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT EV]Y >DU\S TASK MU/ BE A TORM5T+ ONE IS A SOCIAL JUDGM5T ?AT IS DET]M9$ BY ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ITSELF1 NOT SIMPLY ! TE*NICAL CONDITIONS ( WORK4 ,! EMPLOY] :O DEM&S SIL5CE FROM HIS EMPLOYES IS1 9 FACT1 AN EMPLOY]4 ,! SAME WORK MAY BE P]=M$ PLAYFULLY1 CREATIVELY1 IMAG9ATIVELY1 EV5 >TI/ICALLY 9 ! ABS5CE ( SOCIAL CON/RA9TS ?AT ID5TIFY RESPONSABILITY ) R5UNCIATION & EFFICI5CY ) SOBRIETY4 

,ELSE:]E1 ,I HAVE ASSESS$ & 9V5TORI$ ! TE*NICAL ALT]NATIVES ?AT >E AVAILABLE TO EXI/+ =MS ( TE*NOLOGY4.<#c.> ,S9CE ?IS ASSESSM5T1 !RE IS MU* ,I W\LD ADD & MU* ,I W\LD REJECT 9 ! TE*NICAL ASPECTS ( MY ACC\NT4 ,P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ANY DETAILS :I* CAN N[ BE F\ND 9 SU* \T/&+ BOOKS LIKE ,RADICAL ,TE*NOLOGY BY ,BRITI% AN>*I/S >E ! PR9CIPLES ,I W\LD WANT TO EMPHASIZE H]E4 ,A NEW TE*NOLOGY IS EM]G+ -- A TE*NOLOGY NO LESS SIGNIFICANT = ! FUTURE ?AN ! FACTORY IS = ! PRES5T4 ,POT5TIALLY1 IT L5DS ITSELF TO A SIFT+ ( EXI/+ TE*NICS 9 T]MS ( !IR ECOLOGICAL 9TEGRITY & !IR IMPACT ON HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,ON ITS [N T]MS1 IT CAN BE A HI<LY DEC5TRALIZ$ TE*NICS ?AT IS HUMAN 9 SCALE1 SIMPLE 9 CON/RUCTION1 & NATURALI/IC 9 ORI5TATION4 ,IT CAN ACQUIRE ITS 5]GY FROM ! SUN & W9D1 FROM RECYCL$ WA/ES & REPL5I%ABLE 0RES\RCES0 SU* AS TIMB]4 ,IT AF=DS ! POSSIBILITY ( MAK+ FOOD CULTIVATION 9TO A SPIRITUALLY & MAT]IALLY REW>D+ =M ( G>D5+4 ,IT IS RE/ORATIVE ( ! 5VIRONM5T &1 P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ( P]SONAL & COMMUNAL AUTONOMY4 

,?IS NEW TE*NOLOGY MAY RI<TLY BE CALL$ A 0PEOPLE'S TE*NOLOGY40 ,! ,FR5*-9T5SIVE COMMUNITY G>D5S SPONTANE\SLY OP5$ BY <ETTO DWELL]S 9 GUTT$ NEI<BORHOODS ( ,NEW ,YORK1 ! H&-CRAFT$ SOL> PANELS ?AT >E GRADUALLY APPE>+ ON ! RO(TOPS ( T5EM5TS1 ! SMALL W9DMILLS ?AT HAVE BE5 RE>$ AL(T BESIDE !M TO G5]ALE ELECTRIC P[] -- ALL1 TAK5 TOGE!R1 EXPRESS NEW 9ITIATIVES BY ORD9>ILY PASSIVE COMMUNITIES TO RECLAIM CONTROL OV] ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( !IR LIVES4 ,:AT C\NTS IS NOT :E!R A FOOD COOP]ATIVE CAN REPLACE A GIANT SUP]M>KET OR A COMMUNITY G>D5 ! PRODUCE SUPPLI$ BY AGRIBUS9ESS OR A W9D-P[]$ G5]ATOR ! ELECTRICITY SUPPLI$ BY A SMO!R+ PUBLIC UTILITY4 ,! COOP]ATIVES1 G>D5S1 & W9DMILLS >E ! TE*NICAL SYMBOLS ( A RESURG5CE ( SELFHOOD ?AT IS ORD9>LY D5I$ TO ! <ETTO 0MASSES0 & A GR[+ S5SE ( COMPET5CE ?AT IS ORD9>ILY D5I$ TO A CLI5T CITIZ5RY4 ,! FACTORY IMAGE ( ! CITY1 EV5 ( CITIZ5%IP1 HAS ALREADY GONE SO F> 9 REPRESS+ ! SMALLE/ SP>KS ( PUBLIC LIFE ?AT TE*NICAL & 9/ITUTIONAL ALT]NATIVES MAY BE ABLE TO GO F> 5\< TO RE/ORE A S5SE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ITS TRADITIONAL CIVIC =MS4 

,IF ONE GRANTS ! SIL5CE ?AT EXI/S 9 FACTORIES TODAY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT VOICES = SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ANY POPUL> S5SE >E HE>D FROM ! NEI<BORHOODS ( MUNICIPALITIES 7P]HAPS ITS MO/ TRADITIONAL S\RCE71 FROM FEM9I/ & ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS1 FROM 0MASSES0 ?AT HAVE ACQUIR$ A NEW /AKE 9 P]SONAL1 CULTURAL1 SEXUAL1 & CIVIC AUTONOMY4 ,! NEW TE*NOLOGY TO :I* ,I HAVE ALLUD$ HAS NOT 9ITIAT$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,IF ANY?+1 IT MAY WELL BE ! RESULT ( A NEW S5SIBILITY ( SELFHOOD & COMPET5CE ?AT AN OV]BE>+ TE*NOCRATIC SOCIETY HAS PRODUC$ AS A RESULT ( ITS [N REPRESSIVE EXCESSES4 ,SOL> & W9D P[] & COMMUNITY G>D5S >E VA/LY OLD] TE*NICAL /RATEGIES ?AN ! FACTORY4 ,?AT !Y HAVE BE5 REVIV$ AS A PEOPLE'S TE*NOLOGY SUGGE/S A DRIV+ NE$ TO DIS5GAGE FROM A SOCIAL SY/EM :OSE GREATE/ WEAKNESS & /R5G? IS ITS ALL-5COMPASS+ NATURE4 ,BUT !SE ALT]NATIVE TE*NICS PROVIDE A NEW1 P]HAPS HI/ORIC CONTEXT = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!Y IMP>T !  
TANGIBLE POSSIBILITY = A RECOV]Y ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ) ALL ! RI* NUANCES ( ! PA/1 ALBEIT )\T A RETURN TO ! PA/4 ,!IR CONCRET5ESS MAKES !M ?OR\<LY UTOPIAN1 EV5 REALI/ICALLY RA!R ?AN VISION>Y4 ,F9ALLY1 AS $UCATIVE DEVICES = COMMUNITY1 !Y T5D TO CREATE A POLITICS ( P]SONALITY ?AT COMP>ES ONLY ) ! AN>*I/ 0AFF9ITY GR\P0 AS AN $UCATIVE >5A4 

,ALT]NATIVES >E TODAY 9 CONFLICT ON A SCALE COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! BREAKD[N ( TRADITIONAL SOCIETY ON ! EVE ( ! CAPITALI/ ]A4 ,! SAME NEW TE*NOLOGY CAN ALSO BECOME A CORPORATE TE*NOLOGY -- ! BASES = SOL> P[] UTILITIES1 SPACE SATELLITES1 & AN 0ORGANIC0 AGRIBUS9ESS COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! HI<LY *EMICALIZ$ ONE SO PREVAL5T TODAY4 ,! DEC5TRALIZ$ G>D5S1 SOL> PANELS1 W9DMILLS1 & RECYCL+ C5T]S CAN BE C5TRALIZ$1 9DU/RIALIZ$1 & /RUCTUR$ ALONG RATIONALIZ$ HI]>*ICAL L9ES4 ,NEI!R ,M>XISM NOR SYNDICALISM CAN COMPREH5D ! NATURE ( !SE ALT]NATIVES1 MU* LESS !IR SUBTLE IMPLICATIONS4 ,YET R>ELY HAS !RE BE5 A GREAT] NE$ = !ORETICAL 9SI<T 9TO ! POSSIBILITIES ?AT LIE BE=E US1 9DE$1 ! HI/ORICALLY NEW DIRECTIONS :I* HUMANITY MAY FOLL[4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A LIB]T>IAN 9T]PRETATION ( !SE DIRECTIONS1 ( A LIB]T>IAN  
CONSCI\SNESS ?AT >TICULATES ! LOGIC ( ?IS NEW TE*NICAL FRAMEWORK1 WE MAY WELL WITNESS ! 9TEGRATION ( A PEOPLE S TE*NOLOGY 9TO A MANAG]IAL & TE*NOCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,9 :I* CASE1 WE WILL HAVE BE5 R$UC$ LIKE A ,GREEK *ORUS TO LAM5TATIONS & 9CANTATIONS TO A FATE ?AT LEAVES ! FUTURE PR$ET]M9$ & CRUELLY DE/9$ TO EFFACE ! 5TIRE HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,?IS MAY BE A H]OIC PO/URE -- BUT IT IS ALSO A FUTILE ONE4  
  

,JUNE #aigi  

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/