,*APT] #f ,! ,MY? ( ,CITY ,PLANN+ ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TEXT 3 ,! ,MY? ( ,CITY ,PLANN+ ,CITY PLANN+ TODAY LIVES )9 ! T5SION ( AN HI/ORIC CONTRADICTION3 ! IDEALIZATION ( URBANITY AS ! SUMMUM BONUM ( SOCIAL LIFE & ! CRASS REALITIES ( URBAN DECAY4 ,9 !ORY1 AT LEA/1 ! CITY IS REV]$ AS ! AU!NTIC DOMA9 ( CULTURE1 ! /RICTLY MAN-MADE SOCIAL SUB/ANCE FROM :I* HUMANITY FA%IONS ! ESS5TIAL A*IEVEM5TS ( CONSOCIATION4 ,9 ?IS TRADITION1 ! CITY IS VIEW$ AS SOCIETY DI/+UI%$ FROM NATURE1 T]RITORY FROM K9%IP1 RATIONALITY FROM CU/OM & MY? ! CIVIC COMPACT ( 9DIVIDUALS FROM ! >*AIC GR\P CEM5T$ BY ! BLOOD OA?4 ,IDEALLY CONCEIV$1 ! CITY IS ! >5A = A MODE ( HUMAN PROP9QUITY ?AT IS FRE$ FROM ! DEAD5+ GRIP ( CU/OM1 IRRATIONALITY1 ! VICISSITUDES ( NATURAL CONT+5CY2 9 SUM1 ! SOCIAL DOMA9 9 :I* ! SOV]EIGN CITIZ5 IS FREE TO FA%ION H] OR HIS SELFHOOD & P]SONAL DE/9Y4 ,H]E9 LIES ! UTOPIAN CONT5T ( URBAN !ORY2 & 9 TRU?1 FROM AN HI/ORIC P]SPECTIVE1 IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO DISPUTE ,MAX ,HORKHEIM]'S ASS]TION ?AT ! 0=TUNES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HAVE ALWAYS BE5 B\ND UP ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( URBAN SOCIETY4 ,! CITY DWELL] IS ! 9DIVIDUAL P> EXCELL5CE40.<#c#a.> ,YET CONTEMPOR>Y URBAN REALITY PRES5TS AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PICTURE4 ,TODAY1 URBAN HI/ORY AT ITS BE/ GR9S SCORNFULLY AT ! MOD]N CITY1 & ITS IDEALS1 T>NI%$ BEYOND RECOGNITION1 LIE BURI$ 9 ! RUBBLE ( !IR [N HI< PRECEPTS4 ,NO LONG] IS ! CITY NATURE DOME/ICAT$1 ! >5A ( UNFETT]$ HUMAN PROP9QUITY1 ! SPACE = 9DIVIDUALITY & RATIONALITY4 ,! MOD]N CITY REV]TS BEYOND EV5 ! >*AIC BLOOD GR\P TO A H]D T]RITORY ( ALI5AT$ HUMANITY & TO ALL ?AT IS DEMONIC 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,I HE CITY 9 \R TIME IS ! SECUL> ALT> ON :I* PROP9QUITY & COMMUNITY >E SACRIFIC$ TO A LONELY ANONYMITY & PRIVATIZ$ ATOMIZATION2 ITS CULTURE IS ! DEBAS$ CREATURE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & ! ADV]TIS+ AG5CY1 NOT ! GA!R$ WISDOM ( ! M9D2 & ITS CLAIMS TO FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUALITY >E MOCK$ BY ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ MANIPULATION ( UNKN[+ MASSES AMONG :OM CRASS EGOTISM IS ! LA/ RESIDUE ( ! SELFHOOD ?AT ONCE =M$ ! CITY'S MO/ PRECI\S HUMAN GOALS4 ,EV5 ! CITY'S =M -- OR LACK ( =M -- BESPEAKS ! DISSOLUTION ( ITS CIVIC 9TEGRITY4 ,TO SAY ) ,M>X ?AT ! MOD]N CITY URBANIZES ! L& IS TE/IMONY NOT SO MU* TO ITS DOM9ANCE AS TO ITS LOSS ( ID5TITY4 ,= ! CITY1 BY ! V]Y NATURE ( ! CASE1 DISAPPE>S :5 IT BECOMES ! :OLE1 :5 IT LACKS ! SPECIFICITY PROVID$ BY DIFF]5TIATION & DEL9EABILITY ( =M4 ,CAUICATURE -- ! MEGALOPOLIS AS 0CITY1 ! NON-CITY AS ! REPRES5TATION ( ITS V]Y ANTI!SIS4 ,ALL ! HI< /&>DS ( URBANITY1 AS !SE HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ OV] ! C5TURIES1 >E DEGRAD$ TO E/ABLI% A FALSE CONT9UITY BETWE5 PA/ & PRES5T1 TO (F] UP ! DEA? ( ! CITY AS ! TOK5 ( ITS LIFE4 ,! WORD 0PLANN+0 M]ELY COMP\NDS ?IS GROTESQUE ACT ( VIOLATION4 ,TO ! MOD]N M9D1 0PLANN+0 IMPLIES RATIONALITY1 A CONCEPTUAL PURPOSIV5ESS ?AT BR+S ORD] TO DISORD]1 ?AT REORGANIZES *ANCE & CONT+5CY 9TO HUMANLY MEAN+FUL DESIGN4 ,BEH9D ! SEEM+ RATIONALITY IMP>T$ TO ?IS WORD LIES AN 9H]5T SOCIAL IRRATIONALITY4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 0PLANN+0 IS BASICALLY ! CONSCI\S ORGANIZATION ( SC>CITY AMID ABUNDANCE1 ! ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE A SOCIAL NEXUS ( WANT1 D5IAL1 & TOIL ON A TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EM ?AT1 POT5TIALLY AT LEA/1 C\LD REMOVE ALL PF !SE DEHUMANIZ+ CONDITIONS FROM SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?US1 0PLANN+0 EM]GES NOT ONLY AS ! VALIDATION ( ! GIV5 -- AS OPPOS$ TO REVOLUTION -- BUT AS ! RATIONALIZATION ( ! IRRATIONAL4 ,CITY PLANN+ DOES NOT ESCAPE FROM ! CONTRADICTORY NATURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL PLANN+ AS A :OLE4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! APPLICATION ( RATIONAL TE*NIQUE TO URBANITY GONE MAD1 ! EF=T SY/EMATICALLY TO PIECE TOGE!R A FRAGM5TATION ?AT CON/ITUTES ! V]Y LAW ( LIFE ( MOD]N URBANITY4 ,RE9=C+ ! MY? ?AT ! MEGALOPOLIS IS A CITY IS ! MY? ?AT PLANN+ CAN TRANSC5D ITS UNQUE/ION$ SOCIAL PREMISES1 ?AT TE*NIQUE IS A VALUE 9 ITSELF AP>T FROM ! 5DS TO :I* IT IS CAPTIVE4 ,! CRITIQUE ( CITY PLANN+ CAN BE TRUE TO ITSELF ONLY IF IT BECOMES A TOTALI/IC PROCESS ( DEMY/IFICATION1 IF IT REA*ES 9TO ! SOCIAL :OLE ?AT YIELDS ! NEGATION ( ! CITY4 ,ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE CANNOT BE ! TE*NIQUES :I* ! PLANN] TRIES TO PLACE 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! DISCUSSION1 A PROC$URE :I* RETA9S ! ILLUSORY NOTION ?AT DESIGN CAN BE A SUB/ITUTE = ! BASIC PROCESSES ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CRITIQUE MU/ SCRUPUL\SLY EXAM9E ! HIDD5 PREMISES :I* URBAN DESIGN ASSIMILATES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! MEGALOPOLIS CAN NO LONG] BE EXAM9$ 9 SEP>ATION FROM ! L>G] CONTEXT ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! EM]G5CE ( ITS URBAN IDEALS4 ,TO TREAT ! CITY AS AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY1 AP>T FROM ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* PRODUCE IT1 IS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CITY PLANN]'S TYPICAL REIFICATION ( URBANITY1 TO ISOLATE & OBJECTIFY A HABITAT ?AT IS ITSELF CONT+5T & =M$ BY O!R FACTORS4 ,BEH9D ! PHYSICAL /RUCTURE ( ! CITY LIES ! SOCIAL COMMUNITY ITS WORKADAY LIFE1 VALUES1 CULTURE1 FAMILIAL TIES1 CLASS RELATIONS1 & P]SONAL BONDS4 ,TO FAIL TO CONSID] H[ ?IS HIDD5 DIM5SION ( URBANITY =MS ! /RUCTURE ( ! CITY IS AS VALUELESS1 9DE$ MISLEAD+1 AS TO IGNORE ! ROLE ( ! /RUCTURE 9 RE9=C+ OR UND]M9+ ! SOCIAL COMMUNITY4 ,AS A DESIGN ISOLATE1 ! CITY IS NO?+ BUT AN >*AEOLOGICAL >TIFACT2 AS ! EXPRESSION ( A SOCIAL COMMUNITY1 IT C\LD WELL SUM UP ! TOTALITY ( A SOCIETY'S LIFE PROCESSES4 ,!SE SEEM+LY OBVI\S CONSID]ATIONS REQUIRE EMPHASIS BECAUSE CITY PLANN+ IS CURS$ BY ! NATURE ( ITS ORIG9S3 IT USUALLY EM]GES AS A DI/9CT DISCIPL9E :5 ! CITY HAS ALREADY BECOME PROBLEMATICAL4 ,BE=E ! CITY ACQUIRES A /RUCTURAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ITSELF AS ! UNIQUE OBJECT ( SELF-/UDY1 ITS DESIGN & DEVELOPM5T >E 9V>IABLY FUNCTIONS ( SOCIAL PROCESSES O!R ?AN URBANISM4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 CITY PLANN+ WE>S A MI5 ( 9TROSPECTION RA!R ?AN 9NOVATION1 ALL ITS FUTURI/IC PRET5SIONS ASIDE4 ,! PROBLEMATICALLY GIV5 PR$ET]M9ES ! ELABORATION ( ! PLANN]'S TE*NIQUES & DESIGNS4 ,CITY PLANN+1 9 EFFECT1 TRIES TO 0SOLVE0 PROBLEMS1 NOT REMOVE !M4 ,IT !REBY RETA9S ! /ATUS QUO 9 ITS SOLUTIONS EV5 :5 IT SEEMS MO/ OCCUPI$ 9 ALT]+ ! URBAN /RUCTURE1 H5CE ! MY/IFY+ ROLE ITS IDEOLOGY PLAYS 9 MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CRITIQUE MU/ PUNCTURE ?IS MY? -- NOT BY D5Y+ ! VALIDITY ( DESIGN1 BUT BY RELAT+ IT CRITICALLY & 9 A REVOLUTION>Y FA%ION TO ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,P]HAPS ! FIR/ /EP 9 =MULAT+ A CRITIQUE ( CITY PLANN+ IS TO RECOV] SOME S5SE ( ! URBAN TRADITION AT ITS BE/1 A TRADITION AGA9/ :I* WE CAN COMP>E ! ?RU/ ( CONTEMPOR>Y PLANN+ & URBAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,)\T SOME NOTION ( :AT WAS A*IEV$ BY ! CITY 9 ! PA/1 WE T5D TO LOSE \R P]SPECTIVE T[>D ! EXT5T TO :I* IT HAS DECL9$ 9 ! PRES5T4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ANY SPECIFIC E>LY CITY =MS A P>ADIGM ON :I* WE MU/ MODEL \R [N URBAN FUTURE2 M]ELY1 ?AT C]TA9 HI< /&>DS W]E A*IEV$ & =MULAT$ ?AT >E VALUABLE 9 !MSELVES & :I* WE MAY USEFULLY REG>D AS CRIT]IA = JUDG+ ! DIRECTION ?AT URBAN SOCIETY HAS FOLL[$ 9 \R [N TIME4 ,A 0MODEL CITY0 ?AT MIY CITIES4 ,:AT OBVI\SLY MAKES URBAN SPACE UNIQUE IS ?AT IT PROVIDES A /RICTLY HUMAN BASIS = ASSOCIATION4 ,ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE CEASES TO DEP5D EXCLUSIVELY ON A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR & K9%IP TIES -- ! BIOLOGICAL MATRIX ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT SEGREGATES ! LABOR PROCESS ACCORD+ TO BRUTE PHYSICAL CAPACITIES & VIEWS ! /RANG] AS 5EMY -- BUT RA!R IS ORGANIZ$ ALONG T]RITORIAL L9ES ?AT OP5 ! POSSIBILITY = SOCIAL LIFE AS A FUNCTION ( SELF-WOR? & UNIQUELY 9DIVIDUAL CAPACITIES1 !REBY E/ABLI%+ ! BASIS = A COMMUNITY ?AT IS PROP]LY HUMAN & SOCIAL4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS A LONG & COMPLEX PROCESS ( DIS5GAGEM5T FROM SPECIFICALLY NON-URBAN1 9DE$1 HILY CITIES ) :I* WE >E MO/ FAMILI> W]E NOT AU!NTICALLY URBAN 5TITIES4 ,LIKE ,T5O*TITLAN 9 ,9DIAN ,AM]CIA1 ! CITY WAS ESS5TIALLY ! RELIGI\S & ADM9I/RATIVE C5T] ( A CLAN & TRIBAL SOCIETY1 HI]>*ICAL1 TO BE SURE1 & DRIFT+ T[>D BUREAUCRATIC MODES ( CIVIC MANAGEM5T1 BUT NEV]!LESS AN*OR$ 9 >*AIC NATURALI/IC =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & BAS$ MAT]IALLY ON A RURAL ECONOMY ) DOM9ANT /RATA :OSE PRIM>Y SOCIAL 9T]E/S W]E AGR>IAN 9 *>ACT]4 ,LOOK+ T[>D ! C5T]S ( \R [N CIVILIZATION1 ?IS ESS5TIALLY AGR>IAN TYPE ( CITY P]SI/S AS ! PREHI/ORY ( URBAN SOCIETY = ?\S&S ( YE>S 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/ & ,ASIA4 ,IT BECOMES 9CREAS+LY ELABORAT$ 9TO ADM9I/RATIVE HI]>*IES & A MORE COMPLEX DIVISION ( LABOR1 )\T *ANG+ ITS 9TR9SICALLY RURAL *>ACT]4 ,! CITY MAY DIVE/ ! CLAN ( ANY ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTION 9 CIVIC MANAGEM5T2 IT MAY COLLECT ?\S&S ( >TISANS1 PRIE/S1 BUREAUCRATS1 NOBLES1 & SOLDI]S )9 ITS CONF9ES2 9DE$1 IT MAY RESEMBLE ! MOD]N CITY /RUCTURALLY & 9 T]MS ( ITS SIZE & D5SITY ( POPULATION4 ,YET ?IS K9D ( CITY BELONGS TO URBAN PREHI/ORY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ITS SOCIAL WEAL? CONSI/S PRIM>ILY ( AGRICULTURAL SURPLUSES & ITS RUL]S >E DEF9$ BY !IR ROOTS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE RA!R ?AN ! T[N4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ITS 9T]NAL M>KET IS POORLY DEVELOP$ & ITS M]*ANT CLASS IS A SUBORD9AT$ /RATUM 9 ! S]VICE ( AGR>IAN RUL]S4 ,! C\NTRYSIDE DOM9ATES ! T[N JU/ AS ?\S&S ( YE>S LAT]1 9 \R [N ]A1 ! T[N WILL DOM9ATE ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9 !IR MONUM5TAL >*ITECTURAL =MS !SE CITIES EXPRESS ! P[] ( AGR>IAN 9T]E/S4 ,!IR CIVIC /RUCTURE & SOCIAL RELATIONS1 RE9=C$ BY RELIGI\S PRECEPTS & TRADITION1 IMPLY ! D5IAL ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 9DE$1 ! 9CAPACITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO F9D SELF-EXPRESSION 9 A PSY*OLOGICAL SPACE ( H] OR HIS [N1 AP>T FROM ! SUZ]A9TY ( ! SUPREME RUL]4 ,! RUL]'S SOLE CLAIM TO P]SONALITY AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! >*AIC COMMUNAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE EFFACES ! RIRANGEM5TS1 BUT 9 SU* A WAY1 ?AT 9DIVIDUALS REMA9 AS M]E ACCID5TS40 ,!SE ORD9ANCES & >RANGEM5TS 0REVOLVE R\ND A C5T]1 R\ND ! SOV]EIGN1 :O1 AS PATRI>* -- NOT AS DESPOT 9 ! S5SE ( ! ,ROMAN ,IMP]IAL ,CON/ITUTION -- /&S AT ! HEAD40 ,AS ,HEGEL GOES ON TO NOTE3 0,! GLORY ( ,ORI5TAL CONCEPTION IS ! ,ONE ,9DIVIDUAL AS ?AT SUB/ANTIAL BE+ TO :I* ALL BELONGS1 SO ?AT NO O!R 9DIVIDUAL HAS A SEP>ATE EXI/5CE1 OR MIRRORS HIMSELF 9 HIS SUBJECTIVE FRE$OM40.<#c#b.> ,NOT UNTIL WE >RIVE AT ! ,HELL5IC POLIS DO WE F9D A MODE ( CIVIC LIFE ?AT ACQUIRES ITS [N MA9SPR+S ( DEVELOPM5T & AN URBAN ORGANISM ?AT ACKN[L$GES ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( ALL ITS CITIZ5S1 9DE$1 ?AT PROMOTES 9DIVIDUALITY )\T D5Y+ ITS BASE 9 AN 9TEGRAT$ SOCIAL COMMUNITY4 ,I DO NOT WANT TO ROMANTICIZE OR IDEALIZE ! POLIS4 ,! ,HELL5IC CITY WAS RE>$ 9 NO SMALL MEASURE ON ! H>% CONF9EM5T ( WOM5 TO ! DOME/IC SPH]E & ITS DEGRAD+LY MUNDANE *ORES4 ,! LEISURE ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! CITIZ5 TO FULLY P>TICIPATE 9 CIVIC AFFAIRS DEP5D$ P>TLY UPON SLAVE LABOR4 ,! POLIS WAS ALSO A CLASS SOCIETY EV5 )9 ! CITIZ5 BODY ITSELF1 :I* CONF]R$ MAT]IAL B5EFITS ON ! FEW ?AT W]E L>GELY D5I$ TO ! MANY4 ,MOREOV]1 IT WAS ! CLOS$ FRAT]NITY ( ! DEMOS1 ( ! ANCE/RAL CITIZ51 :I*1 AL?\< GU>ANTEE+ SAFETY & LEGAL PROTECTION TO ! /RANG]1 D5I$ HIM ANY ROLE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ITS POLITICAL LIFE4 ,YET1 AFT] ALL !SE QUALIFICATIONS >E NOT$ -- & !Y >E *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ANCI5T WORLD AS A :OLE -- WE CANNOT HELP BUT ADMIRE ! EXT5T TO :I* ,HELL5IC CIVIC RATIONALITY CONTA9$1 & 9 MANY WAYS SURM\NT$1 ITS [N >*AIC ROOTS4 ,?AT WOM5 W]E CONF9$ TO ! H\SEHOLD1 ?AT ! MUSCLES ( SLAVES MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! CITIZ5 TO ACQUIRE ! FREE TIME = REFLECTION & CIVIC ACTIVITY1 ?AT ! /RANG] P]=M$ ?OSE COMM]CIAL FUNCTIONS :I* TEMPOR>ILY 9SULAT$ ! DEMOS FROM ! DEBAS+ EFFECTS ( TRADE & SELF-9T]E/1 >E ! CONSEQU5CES NOT M]ELY ( AN >*AIC TRADITION ?AT REA*ES BACK TO TRIBAL LIFE1 BUT P]HAPS MORE COMPELL+LY1 ( AN UNDEVELOP$ TE*NOLOGICAL BASE & MEAG] AGRICULTURAL RES\RCES4 ,TRADITION1 9 FACT1 (T5 BECOMES A ?9 RATIONALIZATION = A REAL POV]TY ( MAT]IAL RES\RCES -- & ,GREEK ?\ C&OR AB\T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO1 AS ONE CAN GLEAN FROM A READ+ ( ,?UCYDIDES & ,>I/OTLE4 ,YET1 P>ADOXICALLY1 ! V]Y AGRICULTURAL POV]TY ( ,GREECE MADE ! POLIS POSSIBLE AS A FAIRLY 9DEP5D5T URBAN 5TITY4 ,! POOR SOIL ( ! ,HELL5IC PROMONTORY & ! ISOLATION FO/]$ BY ITS RUGG$1 M\NTA9\S T]RA9 PRECLUD$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RONG C5TRALIZ$ AGR>IAN P[] WE 5C\NT] 9 ! F]TILE AGRICULTURALLY RI* RIV] VALLEYS ( ! ,NE> ,EA/ & ,ORI5T4' ,ACCORD+LY1 TO A DEGREE VIRTUALLY UNKN[N UP TO ! CLASSICAL ]A ! POLIS C\LD CREATE & 5L>GE A UNIQUELY URBAN SPACE ( ITS [N -- NOT AS A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! L& DOM9AT$ ! CITY OR ! CITY ! L&1 BUT AS AN ALMO/ >TI/IC EQUIPOISE ( T[N & C\NTRY1 & PSY*OLOGICALLY1 A BALANCE ?AT REFLECT$ ! \TLOOK ( ! YEOMAN F>M] & URBAN CITIZ5 H>MONI\SLY UNIT$ 9 A S+LE P]SONALITY4 ,FROM !SE CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 ,I BELIEVE1 EM]GES ! ,HELL5IC NOTION ( AUT>*IA :I*1 AP>T FROM ITS POPUL> ECONOMIC CONNOTATIONS ( MAT]IAL SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 IMPLIES = ! ,GREEK A BALANCE BETWE5 M9D & BODY1 NE$S & RES\RCES1 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY4 ,NEI!R COLLECTIVITY NOR SUBJECTIVITY >E UNCON- DITIONAL2 ! ,HELL5IC 9DIVIDUAL IS1 9 MICROCOSM1 ! SOCIETY ( :I* HE IS A P>T4 ,BUT ?IS RELATION%IP IMPLIES NO D5IAL ( 9DIVIDUAL UNIQU5ESS2 M]ELY1 ?AT ! :OL5ESS & R\ND$NESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A FUNCTION ( ! POLIS1 A CIVIC 5TITY ?AT 9CLUDES NOT ONLY ! CITY PROP] BUT ITS RURAL 5VIRONS4 ,! RELATION%IP1 9 EFFECT1 IS RECIPROCAL & MUTUALLY RE9=C+ ,TO SPEAK ( ! PRIORITY ( ! COMMUNITY OR ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] EA* O!R IS TO PROJECT \R [N S5SE ( SOCIAL ALI5ATION BACK TO ,HELL5IC TIMES1 = ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! POLIS IS ITS 9TEGRATION ( ! TWO4 ,GREEK 9DIVIDUALITY IS AN 9TEGRAT$ CON/ELLATION ( ! P]SONAL & SOCIAL1 NOT A SEP>ATION ( ! TWO COMPON5TS 9TO AN ANTAGONI/IC DUALISM4 ,! POLIS1 F> FROM E/ABLI%+ A PRIORITY OV] P]SONALITY1 IS AT ONCE ITS CON/ITUTIVE MAT]IAL & ! LABORATORY = ITS ELABORATION4 ,WE GROSSLY MISREAD ,HELL5IC DUALISM :5 WE P]MEATE IT ) \R [N ANXI\S S5SE ( AP>TNESS & POL>ITY1 = ?IS DUALISM IS ALWAYS SYN!SIZ$ BY ,HELL5IC CULTURE1 H5CE ! 5ORM\S DIFFICULTIES WE 5C\NT] 9 CLASSIFY+ ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY 9TO 0MAT]IALI/IC0 & 0IDEALI/IC0 S*OOLS ( ?\LY REVEAL$ BY ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( ! POLIS ITSELF & ITS !ORETICAL CONCEPTION ( URBANISM4 ,! UND]LY+ !ORY ( CIVIC MANAGEM5T IS AMATEURISM -- ! ACCESSIBILITY ( VIRTUALLY ALL ORGANS ( P[] TO ! CITIZ51 ! CONSCI\S DESPECIALIZATION ( MUNICIPAL AG5CIES1 ! =MULATION ( POLICY 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES1 & ! USE ( ! LOT 9 ! SELECTION ( PUBLIC (FICIALS4 ,! CIVIC /RUCTURE BO? AFFIRMS 9DIVIDUALITY & CONTA9S IT4 ,BY ! UNIMPAIR$ EXPRESSION :I* ?IS /RUCTURE GIVES TO ! CITIZ51 IT 9DIVIDUATES HIM ALONG SOCIAL L9ES4 ,?US1 LIFE IS TO BE LIV$ NOT 9 ! HOME BUT 9 ! AGORA -- ! MUNICIPAL SQU>E & M>KET PLACE -- :]E MATT]S ( /ATE BECOME SUBJECTS ( P]SONAL TALK4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! FACT ?AT POLITICS BECOMES 0GOSSIP0 DOES NOT DEGRADE POLITICS BUT P]SONALIZES IT & GIVES IT A VITALLY EXI/5TIAL DIM5SION4 ,! REM>KABLE P[] ( ,>I/OPHANIC MOCK]Y IS ITS CAPACITY TO 9T]PRET IMM5SE !MES 9 ! R\< J>GON ( ! PUBLIC SQU>E4 ,?IS DESANCTIFICATION ( GREAT !MES1 !IR R\<- &-READY V]NACUL>IZATION1 IMPLIES NOT A DEBASEM5T ( IMPORTANT IDEAS1 BUT A L>G5ESS ( M9D 9 ! COMMUNITY ITSELF1 AN ACKN[L$GM5T ( ITS CAPACITY TO DISCUSS !M & A CONSCI\S DESPECIALIZATION ( ?\ES ! WAY = ! ECCLESIA1 ! ASSEMBLY ( ALL CITIZ5S :I* CONV5ES EA* T5? ( ! YE>4 ,H]E1 9 ! OP5 HILLSIDE ( ! PNYX1 ! CITIZ5 BODY ASSEMBLES TO DEBATE ! POLICIES ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! PRACTICE ( =MULAT+ POLICY 9 ! OP5 REVEALS ! ESS5TIAL COMMITM5T ( ! POLIS TO PUBLIC PURVIEW & FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS4 ,WE F9D1 H]E1 A TRANSC5D5CE ( ! CITY ?AT IS NOT (T5 MADE 9 ! HI/ORICAL LIT]ATURE ON URBAN SOCIETY4 ,UNTIL ! ,HELL5IC ]A1 ! CITY HAD A TYPICALLY MAGICAL OR COSMOLOGICAL ORI5TATION2 /RUCTURALLY1 9 ! LAY\T ( ITS /REETS & 9 ! SYMBOLISM ( ITS >*ITECTURE1 IT PROVID$ TE/IMONY TO ! AU?ORITY ( NATURAL =CES & SUPRAHUMAN P[]S4 ,TE*- NO*TITLAN IS LAID \T ACCORD+ TO A TRADITIONAL ORI5TATION ALONG ! C>D9AL PO9TS1 AN ORI5TATION WE F9D NOT ONLY ?R\<\T ,EA/]N CITIES BUT EV5 9 ,ROME4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,HELL5IC M9D TURN$ ITS CIVIC \TLOOK FROM NATURE & COSMOLOGY TO MAN BY ADD+ A VIVIDLY HUMANI/IC DIM5SION TO ! L>GELY RELIGI\S CONCEPTS ( ,EA/]N URBANISM4 ,A!NS1 LIKE ! FREE PEOPLE :O NURTUR$ IT1 WAS A SPONTANE\S CIVIC CREATION4 ,! APP>5T 0AN>*Y0 ( ! CITY'S RESID5TIAL QU>T]S M>KS A %>P BREAK ) AN E>LI] URBAN \TLOOK ?AT PLAC$ NATURE & ! COSMOS ABOVE HUMAN BE+S4 ,DWELL+S >E LOCAT$ :]E !Y >E SIMPLY BECAUSES ! LOCATIONS >E PLACES :]E PEOPLE LIVE -- NOT PLANN$ ACCORD+ TO RECIPES CONTRIV$ BY A PRIE/HOOD ,LOCATION IS A FUNCTION ( LIFE & SOCIABILITY1 ( COMMUNITY & 9T]C\RSE FREELY & SPONTANE\SLY EXPRESS$1 NOT ( MAGIC OR RELIGI\S COSMOLOGY4 ,! ,HELL5IC S5SE ( SPACE IS COMPLETELY HUMANI/IC & COMMUNIT>IAN2 ITS PELL-MELL *>ACT] SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,GREEKS F\ND !IR CIVIC FULFILLM5T MORE 9 !MSELVES & M !IR 9T]RELATION%IPS ?AN 9 ! PRIVATIZ$ DOMA9 ( !IR DWELL+S & WORK PLACES4 ,IF T]RITORIALITY IS CONCEIV$ M]ELY AS ! HI/ORIC SOLV5T ( BLOOD TIES1 !N ! ,GREEK S5SE ( SPACE ADD$ A UNIQUELY POSITIVE DIM5SION TO ?IS CONCEPTION ?AT TRANSC5DS IT ,A T]RITORY DEF9$ BY HUMAN PROP9QUITY & 9T]C\RSE IMPLIES ! COMPLETE SUBORD9ATION ( T]RITORIALITY TO ! PEOPLE :O OCCUPY AN >EA -- ! HUMANIZ$ SPACE ( A TRUE COMMUNITY ?AT IS 9T]NALIZ$ & ACQUIRES A SUBJECTIVE *>ACT]1 NOT M]ELY A GEOGRAPHIC ONE4 ,?US1 AS ,ZIMM]N OBS]VES1 :]EV] ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS CAME TOGE!R !RE WAS A POLIS1 ?AT IS1 A FREE COMMUNITY1 & IT MATT]$ LITTLE :]E IT WAS LOCAT$4 ,:5 ! POLIS F9ALLY PASS$ 9TO ! %AD[S ( HI/ORY1 IT MATT]$ LITTLE IF OR :]E !Y CAME TOGE!R3 ! POLIS WAS GONE =EV] ,! AB/RACT EXT]NALIZ$ S5SE ( T]RITORIALITY ?AT M>KS ! MOD]N CITY1 LIKE ! PRIORITY IT GIVES TO DESIGN OV] COMMUNITY IS 9 EV]Y S5SE AN URBAN ATAVISM4 ,IF ! PRIE/S ( PRE-,HELL5IC URBANISM W]E >*ITECTS :O IMPOS$ A COSMOLOGICAL DESIGN ON ! CITY1 ! >*ITECTS ( MOD]N URBANISM >E PRIE/S :OSE DESIGNS >E CRASSLY UTILIT>IAN4 ,BO? >E >*ITECTS ( ! MY?IC 9S(> AS !Y SUBS]VE ! HUMAN ESS5CE ( ! CITY -- ITS COMMUNIT>IAN DIM5SION -- TO SUPRAHUMAN OR 9HUMAN 5DS4 ,A POLIS SO L>GE ?AT IT TRANSC5D$ A SCALE COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! CITIZ5 MEANT ?AT IT BECAME M]ELY T]RITORIAL & VITIAT$ ITS GOAL AS A COMMUNITY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,>I/OTLE E/ABLI%ES ! RULE ?AT ! POLIS %\LD PROP]LY H\SE 0! L>GE/ NUMB] :I* SUFFICES = ! PURPOSES ( LIFE & CAN BE TAK5 9 AT A S+LE VIEW40.<#c#c.> ,9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ! MOD]N METROPOLITAN IMPULSE TO UNLIMIT$ GR[? -- AN IMPULSE ?AT ,HEGEL W\LD CALL A 0BAD 9F9ITY0 -- ! ,HELL5IC IMPULSE ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ LIMIT1 & ! POLIS WAS ALWAYS LIMIT$ BY :AT ! ,GREEK C\LD TAKE 9 0AT A S+LE VIEW40 ,?IS HI< REG>D = LIMIT1 ,E4 ,A4 ,GUTK9D OBS]VES1 0DOM9ATES ,GREEK T[N PLANN+ TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT1 TO GIVE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE1 ,SYRACUSE AT ! TIME ( ITS GREATE/ EXPANSION CONSI/$ ( FIVE DIFF]5T T[NS1 EA* SURR\ND$ BY ITS [N WALL4 ,/RABO CALL$ IT ,P5TAPOLIS40.<#c#d.> ,SPACE LIMITATIONS DO NOT MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO DISCUSS ! REASONS :Y ! POLIS DECL9$ EXCEPT TO REM9D ! READ] ?AT IT WAS A CLASS SOCIETY & H5CE AN 9H]5TLY CONTRADICTORY ONE4 ,EV5TUALLY IT FELL VICTIM TO A GR[+ ,M$IT]RANEAN COMM]CE ?AT UND]M9$ ITS MO/ PRECI\S CIVIC VALUES :ILE PRECLUD+ ITS DEVELOPM5T ALONG AU!NTICALLY B\RGEOIS L9ES4 ,! URBAN VALUES ( ! POLIS APPE> AGA91 MORE ?AN A MILL5IUM LAT]1 9 ! M$IEVAL T[N -- BUT ONLY 9TUITIVELY1 )\T ! CLE> RATIONALITY ?AT ! ,GREEKS BR\IAN SOCIETY1 DEC5TRALIZ$ BY GEOGRAPHY & BY 9T]NAL CONFLICT4 ,AGA9 LIKE ! POLIS1 ! M$IEVAL T[N & \TLY+ C\NTRYSIDE A*IEV$ A C]TA9 BALANCE ?AT IS REFLECT$ 9 ! MODE/ DIM5SIONS ( ! T[N ITSELF & ITS E>LY DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE4 ,BO? W]E SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS & C\LD BE TAK5 9 0AT A S+LE VIEW4 ,BUT BETWE5 ! POLIS & ! M$IEVAL T[N !RE >E SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES ?AT P>TLY ACC\NT = ! DIV]G+ HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS !Y FOLL[$4 ,! POLIS WAS NOT /RUCTUR$ CIVICALLY >\ND ! FAMILY BUT RA!R >\ND ! AGORA1 :I* WAS MORE PUBLIC SQU>E ?AN M>KET PLACE4 ,! M$IEVAL T[N M]G$ WORK ) ! FAMILY 9 A DOME/IC ECONOMY ?AT TURN$ ! PUBLIC SQU>E AS MU* 9TO A M>KET PLACE AS AN >5A = SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE4 ,! 9T5SE POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! ,GREEKS1 9DE$1 ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E F>M]S AS WELL AS URBAN DWELL]S1 RELEGAT$ COMM]CIAL ACTIVITY TO A SECOND>Y PLACE 9 !IR LIVES2 ACTUALLY1 ! ,GREEK T5D$ TO DISDA9 COMM]CE & LEFT IT 9 ! H&S ( RESID5T NON-CITIZ5S4 ,! M$IEVAL BUR<]1 BY CONTRA/1 WAS MA9LY AN >TISAN OR M]*ANT1 & ONLY 9CID5TALLY A FOOD CULTIVATOR 9 ! G>D5 BEH9D HIS HOME4 ,HIS PR9CIPAL 9T]E/ FOCUS$ ON TRADE & NOT SURPRIS+LY HE PIONE]$ ! PA? T[>D CAPITALISM & ! B\RGEOIS CITY4 ,TRADE IS ! R$UCTION & QUANTIFICATION ( ! WORLD TO COMMODITY EQUIVAL5TS1 ! LEVEL] ( QUALITY1 SKILL1 & CONCRETE LABOR TO NUM]ICAL UNITS ?AT CAN BE MEASUR$ BY TIME & MONEY1 BY CLOCKS & GOLD4 ,:AT SETS ?IS AB/RACT QUANTIFI$ WORLD 9 MOTION IS COMPETITION -- ! /RUGGLE = SELF-PRES]VATION ON ! M>KET PLACE4 ,CAPITALISM1 ! DOMA9 ( COMPETITION P> EXCELL5CE1 HAS ITS FAIR %>E ( VIOL5CE1 PLUND]1 PIRACY1 & 5SLAVEM5T2 BUT 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( EV5TS ITS MODE ( SELF-PRES]VATION IS A QUIET PROCESS ( ECONOMIC CANNIBALIZATION -- ! DEV\R+ ( ONE CAPITALI/ BY ANO!R & ! EV]-GREAT] C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL 9 FEW] H&S4 ,?IS TAKES PLACE AS A RITUAL PECULI> TO ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION NOTABLY1 AS PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 AS GR[? = ! SAKE ( GR[?4 ,! B\RGEOIS MAXIM1 0GR[ OR DIE1 BECOMES CAPITALISM S V]Y LAW ( LIFE4 ,! 9EVITABLE IMPACT ( ?IS UNCEAS+ EXPANSION ON ! CITY CAN ONLY BE APPRECIAT$ FULLY 9 \R [N TIME BY ! LIMITLESS EXPANSION ( ! MOD]N MEGALOPOLIS1 AS ! >5A BO? = ! 5DLESS PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES & !IR SALE4 ,IF ! ,GREEKS SUBORD9AT$ ! M>KET PLACE TO ! CITY1 ! EM]G+ B\RGEOISIE SUBORD9AT$ ! CITY TO ! M>KET PLACE -- 9DE$1 IT EV5TUALLY TURN$ ! CITY ITSELF 9TO A M>KET PLACE4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T M>K$ NOT ONLY ! 5D ( ! SMALL1 %>PLY CONT\R$ M$IEVAL T[N1 BUT ! EM]G5CE ( ! SPRAWL+ CAPITALI/ MEGALOPOLIS1 A MAW :I* DEV\RS EV]Y VIABLE ELEM5T ( URBANITY4 ,PRECAPITALI/ CITIES W]E LIMIT$ BY ! C\NTRYSIDE1 NOT ONLY EXT]NALLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! GR[? ( FREE CITIES 9EVITABLY CAME UP AGA9/ SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & MAT]IAL B>RI]S RE>$ BY 5TR5*$ AGR>IAN 9T]E/S1 BUT ALSO 9T]NALLY1 9S(> AS ! CITY REFLECT$ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ON ! L&4 ,EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( ! LATE M$IEVAL CITIES1 EX*ANGE RELATIONS W]E NEV] COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S2 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 !Y W]E PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( ! L&4 ,BUT ONCE EX*ANGE RELATIONS BEG9 TO DOM9ATE ! L& & F9ALLY TRANS=M AGR>IAN SOCIETY1 ! CITY DEVELOPS ACCORD+ TO ! WORK+S ( A SUPRASOCIAL LAW4 ,PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 TRANSLAT$ 9TO URBAN T]MS1 MEANS ! GR[? ( ! CITY = ITS [N SAKE -- )\T ANY 9TR9SIC URBAN CRIT]IA OR EV5 UMAN CRIT]IA TO >RE/ ?AT GR[?4 ,LIMIT BECOMES ! 5EMY ( GR[?2 ! HUMAN SCALE1 ! 5EMY ( ! COMM]CIAL SCALE2 QUALITY1 ! 5EMY ( QUANTITY2 ! SYN!SIS ( DUALISM1 ! 5EMY ( ! BUY]-SELL] DI*OTOMY4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 CAPITALISM YIELDS AN URBANIZ$ WORLD )\T CITIES -- A WORLD ( URBAN BELTS ?AT LACK 9T]NAL /RUCTURE1 DEF9ITION1 & CIVIC UNIQU5ESS4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 :I* ABOLI%ES URBAN LIMIT & DISSOLVES URBAN =M1 ACQUIRES AN HI/ORIC DYNAMIC ?AT HAS V]Y F>- REA*+ CIVIC & PSY*IC CONSEQU5CES4 ,COMPETITION T5DS TO TRANS=M ! NUM]\S SMALL 5T]PRISES ?AT M>K$ ! 9CEPTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL ]A 9TO FEW] & FEW] HIALLEL 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL GIGANTISM4 ,! CITY ACQUIRES DIM5SIONS SO F> REMOV$ FROM ! HUMAN SCALE & HUMAN CONTROL ?AT IT CEASES TO APPE> AS ! %ELT] ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,URBAN SPACE REA*ES NOT ONLY \TW>D OV] ! L& BUT UPW>D 9TO ! SKY1 BLOTT+ \T ! HORIZON AS WELL AS ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! FACELESS GEOMETRIC >*ITECTURE ( SO>+ SKYSCRAP]S & IMM5SE COMPLEXES ( HI<-RISE DWELL+S BESPEAKS A MONU- M5TALISM ?AT REFLECTS ! AU?ORITY NOT ( SUP]HUMAN P]SONS BUT ( SUPRAHUMAN BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,NO NATURAL OR HUMAN =MS ADORN !SE /RUCTURES1 =MS ON :I* ! IMAG9ATION CAN FA/5 9 AWE OR DEFIANCE4 ,!IR COLD GEOMETRY & FUNCTIONAL DESIGN 9/ILL A S5SE ( P[]LESSNESS 9 ! URBAN DWELL] ?AT PRECLUDES ! PRES5CE ( HUMAN MEAN+1 = !SE /RUCTURES APPE> NO LONG] AS ! WORKS ( MAN BUT ( 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y EV5 T5D TO BE> ! NAMES ( ! CORPORATIONS ?AT ]ECT$ !M4 ,BE=E SU* GIGANTIC1 UNDEF9ABLE1 BUREAUCRATIC 5TITIES1 ! URBAN DWELL] FEELS PSY*ICALLY AS WELL AS PHYSICALLY DW>F$4 ,UNLIKE ! MONUM5TAL /RUCTURES ( ! ,B>OQUE CITY1 :OSE ORNAM5TATION WAS EVID5CE ( P]SONIFI$ P[]1 ! 9/ITUTIONAL MONUM5TALISM ( ! MEGALOPOLIS BECOMES A S\RCE ( BEWILD]M5T & DISORI5TATION4 ,CONFRONT$ EV]Y DAY BY ?IS >*ITECTURAL NULLITY1 ! URBAN DWELL] F9DS NO MON>* AGA9/ :OM %E OR HE CAN REBEL1 NO GODS TO DEFY1 NO PRIE/S & C\RTI]S TO OV]?R[4 ,!RE IS NO?+1 9 FACT1 BUT AN 9T]M9ABLE BUREAUCRATIC NEXUS ?AT TRAPS ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 AN IMP]SONAL SKE9 ( AG5CIES & CORPORATIONS4 ,!SE SO>+ GEOMETRIC /RUCTURES EXUDE SOCIAL P[] 9 ITS MO/ REIFI$ =M3 P[] = ! SAKE ( P[]1 DOM9ATION = ! SAKE ( DOM9ATION4 ,! URBAN EGO1 DRIV5 BACK FROM ! SOCIAL BASIS ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 MU/ DESP]ATELY LE>N TO F5D = ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS HIIAN CONT5T4 ,L\IS ,WIR?1 A G5]ATION AGO1 C\LD REM>K UPON ! SUP]FICIALITY ( URBAN RELATION%IPS1 ( ACQUA9TANCE%IPS ?AT 0/& 9 A RELATION%IP ( UTILITY0 TO EA* O!R & ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( 0! SPONTANE\S SELF-EXPRESSION1 ! MORALE1 & ! S5SE ( P>TICIPATION ?AT COMES ) LIV+ 9 AN 9TEGRAT$ SOCIETY40.<#c#e.> ,! GAY ,P>ISIAN CR[DS 9 :I* ,BAUDELAIRE LOV$ TO IMM]SE HIMSELF A C5TURY E>LI] HAD BECOME1 BY ,WIR?'S TIME1 ! BLASE CR[DS :OSE SPONTANEITY WAS C>EFULLY REGULAT$ & :OSE CONTACTS W]E COOLLY SUP]FICIAL4 ,SPONTANEITY ( 9T]C\RSE HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY A PRUD5T C\RTESY4 ,! MEGALOPOLIS C>RIES ?IS DEGRADATION TO ITS MO/ PRIMAL DEP?S4 ,CORN]$ 9 A S5SE ( ISOLATION ?AT IS ACC5TUAT$ BY ! MASSIVE1 UNKN[+1 IMP]SONAL CR[DS ?AT SURR\ND ! URBAN DWELL]1 ! 9DIVIDUAL CEASES TO BE GAY OR EV5 BLASE1 BUT FE>FUL4 ,! EGOI/IC1 CALCULAT+ M5TALITY :I* ! B\RGEOIS M>KET NORMALLY G5]ATES 9 ITS ISOLAT$ MONADS & BY :I* IT CORRODES ! S5SE ( COMMUNITY ?AT M>K$ PRECAPITALI/ URBANITY IS HEIITY ?AT ! PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY AF=D$ TO ITS [N K9D4 ,! FRE$OM :I* URBAN T]RITORIALITY 9CREAS+LY PROVID$ = ! \TSID]1 ! 9DIVIDUALITY :I* ! CITY EV5TUALLY G5]AT$ 9 ALL :O 9HABIT$ ITS 5VIRONS1 ! RIT FROM K9%IP TIES & BLOOD L9EAGES1 & P]HAPS MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 ! SOLID>ITY ! CITY =G$ AMONG ITS CITIZ5S QUA 9DIVIDUALS 9TO A PURELY SOCIAL COMMUNITY UNIFI$ BY PROP9QUITY & AN URBANELY RATIONAL H]ITAGE -- ALL ( ?IS IS DISSOLV$ BY ! MEGALOPOLIS 9TO AN ALI5AT+1 CRASSLY UTILIT>IAN1 EXT]NALIZ$ MODE ( SOCIATION 9 :I* EV]YONE N[ REV]TS TO ! /ATUS ( ! \TSID]1 TO ! PRIMAL /RANG] AS REAL OR POT5TIAL FOE4 ,! B>B>ISM ( ! PA/ RETURNS TO SETTLE OV] ! =E/ ( SKYSCRAP]S & HI<-RISE DWELL+S LIKE A SICK5+ MIASMA4 ,IF ! M$IEVAL T[N CELEBRAT$ ! FACT ?AT CITY AIR IS ''FREE AIR10 ! B\RGEOIS MEGALOPOLIS *OKES ON A POLLUT$ AIR ?AT IS POISON$ NOT ONLY BY ! TOXICANTS ( ITS 9DU/RIES1 MOTOR VEHICLES1 & 5]GY 9/ALLATIONS1 BUT BY A D>K5+ CL\D ( HO/ILITY & FE>4 ,BY VIRTUE ( A DIALECTICAL IRONY UNIQUE TO ITSELF1 ! CITY AT ITS 0HEIELY ADVANC$ BEYOND ANIMALITY1 YET )\T ! R$EEM+ 9NOC5CE ?AT M>K$ ?IS PRIMAL AGE4 ,! TRIBALISM ( ! PA/ REAPPE>S 9 ! MEGALOPOLIS AS MOCK+ C>ICATURE -- AS A UBIQUIT\S PROCESS ( EA & /ATUS 9 A HI]>*Y ( FE>S AGA9/ ?OSE :O >E SEQU5TIALLY MORE DIFF]5T & MORE REMOV$ FROM ! FAMILI> CONDITIONS ( !IR LIVES4 ,TRIBALISM APPE>S 9 ! DEG5]AT$ =M ( ! URBAN 5CLAVE4 ,! D RADIATION ( MOD]N URBAN SOCIETY FROM ITS CIVIC NUCLEI READS LIKE A SPECTRUM ( EI!R 9CREAS+LY DEPRIV$ OR SEEM+LY PRIVILEG$ TS ( ! CITY 7M>BL$1 TO BE SURE1 BY WELL-POLIC$ 5CLAVES ( FE>FUL :ITES72 ! MAT]IALLY MORE AFLLU5T BUT SPIRITUALLY D5I$ SUBURBANITE FR+E1 UNIT$ M]ELY BY ITS AV]SION = ! CITY PROP]2 & F9ALLY ?AT PA!TIC C>ICATURE ( ALL PRIVILEGE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! BELEAGUR$ EXURBANITE FR+E1 9W>DLY P>ALYZ$ BY A SUSPICION ( 9VAD]S FROM ! C5TRAL CITY & SUBURBS4 ,JU/ AS ! B\RGEOIS M>KET PLACE MAKES EA* 9DIVIDUAL A /RANG] TO ANO!R1 SO ! B\RGEOIS CITY E/RANGES !SE C5TRAL & FR+E >EAS FROM EA* O!R4 ,! P>ADOX ( ! MEGALOPOLIS IS ?AT IT UNITES !SE >EAS 9T]NALLY NOT 9 ! FELICIT\S HET]OG5EITY ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY ?AT M>K$ ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE -- A HET]OG5EITY UNIFI$ BY MUTUAL AID & A COMMON MUNICIPAL TRADITION -- BUT RA!R 9 ! SUSPICIONS1 ANXIETIES1 & HATR$S ( ! /RANG] FROM ! 0O!R0 *AIC P>O*IALISM1 IS N[ ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( E/RANGEM5T4 ,IES COMPRISE ! UNSE5 9T]NAL WALLS )9 ! CITY ?AT ONCE1 AS REAL WALLS1 SECUR$ ! CITY & DI/+UI%$ IT FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! B\RGEOIS CITY ASSIMILATES >*AIC P>O*IALISM AS A P]MAN5T & FE/]+ URBAN CONDITION4 ,NO LONG] >E ! ELEM5TS ( ! CITY CEM5T$ BY MUTUAL AID1 A %>$ CULTURE1 & A S5SE ( COMMUNITY2 RA!R1 !Y >E CEM5T$ BY A SOCIAL DYNAMITE ?AT ?REAT5S TO EXPLODE ! URBAN TRADITION 9TO ITS V]Y ANTI!SIS4 ,TO !SE HI/ORIC CONTRADICTIONS & T5D5CIES1 CITY PLANN+ & ITS DISCIPL9>Y C\S91 URBAN SOCIOLOGY1 OPPOSE ! PLATITUDES ( ANALYTICAL & TE*NICAL ACCOMODATION4 ,LEON>D ,REISSMAN DOES NOT SPEAK = HIMSELF ALONE :5 HE AFFIRMS ?AT1 :ILE 0!RE HAVE BE5 RECURR5T CRISES0 9 URBAN HI/ORY1 0!RE IS LITTLE *ANCE = A P]FECT SOLUTION4440 ,! ?RU/ ( ?IS ?9K+ IS /RICTLY IDEOLOGICAL3 ! MEGALOPOLIS IS H]E TO /AY1 & ! SOON] WE LE>N TO LIVE ) IT1 ! BETT]4 ,A DYSUTOPIAN M5TALITY 9CREAS+LY P]VADES CONTEMPOR>Y CITY PLANN+ & URBAN SOCIOLOGY1 AN \TLOOK MISLEAD+LY =MULAT$ 9 T]MS ( A REGRESSION TO RURAL P>O*IALISM OR ADJU/M5T TO AN 0URBANIZ$ WORLD40 ,RADICAL CRITIQUE T5DS TO BE D5IGRAT$4 ,TYPICALLY1 ,REISSMAN BELABORS 0RURAL SOCIOLOGI/S0 = SEEK+ 0A RURAL IDYLL OR AN URBAN UTOPIA40 ,SU* ?9K+1 HE SCORNFULLY ADDS1 IS 0SUP]CRITICAL1 ) ! RESULT ?AT 0WE CONT9UE TO CRITICIZE ! CITY MORE (T5 ?AN WE PRAISE IT1 TO MAGNIFY ITS FAULTS MORE (T5 ?AN WE /RESS ITS ADVANTAGES40 ,!SE REM>KS CONCLUDE ) ! PRAGMATICALLY TRIUMPHANT NOTE ?AT 0,9 ANY CASE1 SU* DISCUSSIONS HAVE H>DLY SL[$ ! PACE ( URBAN GR[?40.<#c#f.> ,REISSMAN IS UNIQUE 9 ?AT HE EXAM9ES ! ASSUMPTIONS ( URBAN SOCIOLOGY4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 !SE ASSUMPTIONS >E SIMPLY TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,URBAN SOCIOLOGY PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! CITY CAN BE TAK5 AS A SOCIAL ISOLATE -- (T51 QUITE AP>T FROM O!R SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT DEF9E IT -- & EXAM9$ ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,ECONOMICS BECOMES 0URBAN ECONOMICS02 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 URBAN RELATIONS 1 POLITICS1 URBAN POLITICS02 & ! CITY DWELL]1 AN 0URBAN MAN0 9 AN 0URBANIZ$ WORLD40 0,URBANISM10 9 EFFECT1 REPLACES CAPITALISM AS ! LEGITIMATE OBJECT ( SOCIAL 9VE/IGATION4 ,ON ?IS D]IVATIVE LEVEL1 URBAN SOCIOLOGY BECOMES DESCRIPTIVE RA!R ?AN CRITICAL1 ANALYTICAL RA!R ?AN C5SORI\S4 ,TO ! MORE VULG> URBAN SOCIOLOGI/1 ! PROBLEMS ( ! MEGALOPOLIS >E TO BE EXPLA9$ AS ! WORK ( ! SELF-SEEK+1 ! GRE$Y1 & ! 9DIFF]5T4 ,EV5 ,REISSMAN IS NOT ABOVE ?IS LEVEL ( DISC\RSE2 0! ECONOMICS ( AV>ICE1 ! POLITICS ( IGNORANCE10 WE >E TOLD1 0MAKE ! P]FECT CITY ONLY A UTOPIA40.<#c#g.> ,!SE VILLA9\S TRAITS >E IMPUT$ NOT ONLY TO L& SPECULATORS1 CON/RUCTION B>ONS1 GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRATS1 L&LORDS & BANK+ 9T]E/S1 BUT RA!R FLIPPANTLY TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC4 ,PEOPLE1 WE >E TOLD1 DO NOT C>E 5\< AB\T !IR URBAN 5VIRONM5T TO DO ANY?+ = IT4 ,AN AB/RACT 0WE0 IS DI/ILL$ FROM ! M$LEY ( CONFLICT+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 A T>GET ( 9SIDI\S PROPAG&A ?AT DEM&S CONC]N1 BUT D5IES ! P[] ( ACTION TO ?OSE :O >E MO/ CONC]N$ -- ! ORD9>Y URBAN DWELL]S :O MU/ 5DURE ! MEGALOPOLIS NOT ONLY AS A PLACE ( WORK BUT ALSO AS A WAY ( LIFE4 ,9 CITY PLANN+ ! C\NT]P>T ( ?IS AB/RACT 0WE0 IS ! AB/RACT DESIGN3 ! >*ITECTURAL SKET* ?AT WILL RESOLVE ! GRAVE/ URBAN PROBLEMS ) ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ KNO:[40 0,ONE QUE/ION AB\T CITY PLANN+10 OBS]VES ,FRANK ,FI%]1 0MU/ HAVE COME TO ! M9D ( ANYONE :O HAS F+]$ ! MAGNIFIC5T VOLUMES 9 :I* ! PROPOSALS ( PLANN]S >E G5]ALLY PRES5T$4 ,:Y DO ?OSE GRE5 SPACES1 ?OSE C>EFULLY PLAC$ SKYSCRAP]S1 ?OSE PLEASANT RESID5TIAL DI/RICTS1 & EQUALLY PLEASANT FACTORY & WORK+ >EAS1 /ILL REMA9 DREAMS = ! MO/ P>T8 ,:Y >E \R CITIES H>DLY ANY LESS UGLY & UNPLEASANT ?AN !Y W]E AT ! HEI ,FI%]'S QUE/IONS1 QUITE HUMANE 9 !MSELVES1 >E NEV]!LESS LOAD$ ) PRESUPPOSITIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( RESID5CE1 WORK1 ! RELATION%IP ( T[N TO C\NTRY1 & /RUCTURAL SIZE ?AT REQUIRE CRITICAL EXAM9ATION BE=E 0! MAGNIFIC5T VOLUMES0 CAN BE COMPIL$4 ,= ! PURPOSES ( \R DISCUSSION1 H[EV]1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE PRESUPPOSITIONS IS ?AT A RATIONAL CITY IS PRIM>ILY A PRODUCT ( GOOD DESIGN+ -- ?AT 0GRE5 SPACES10 0PLEASANT RESID5TIAL DI/RICTS10 0EQUALLY PLEASANT FACTORY & WORK+ >EAS10 NOT TO SPEAK ( 0C>EFULLY PLAC$ SKYSCRAP]S10 9 !MSELVES PRODUCE HUMAN1 RATIONAL1 OR EV5 VIABLE CITIES4 ,! PRIORITY ?AT CITY PLANN+ ASSIGNS TO /RUCTURAL DESIGN REPRES5TS A FAIRLY REC5T DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE/]N NOTIONS ( ! CITY1 C]TA9LY AS WE KN[ !M FROM E>LI] VISION>IES ( URBAN RECON/RUCTION1 W]E CLE>LY L9K$ TO A L>G]1 (T5 %>PLY CRITICAL1 CONCEPTION ( ! NATURE ( SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC ADVANCES A NOTION ( ! POLIS NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( :AT IT \E SE5 AS A FUNCTION ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,H[EV] UNPALATABLE ! HI]>*ICAL BIAS ( ! DIALOGUE MAY BE1 ,PLATO FOLL[S A TRADITION ?AT DISCUSSES ! CITY AS ! RESULT ( A DI/9CTIVE SOCIAL CONFIGURATION1 NOT AS AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY ?AT CAN BE ISOLAT$ & RES]V$ = ANALYSIS & DESIGN ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,?IS TRADITION IS P]PETUAT$ BY ,>I/OTLE1 ,MORE1 ,CAMPANELLA1 ,&REAE1 9DE$1 BY VIRTUALLY ALL ! VISION>IES ( ! CITY WELL 9TO ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,A HI< PO9T IS REA*$ 9 ! WORKS ( ,F\RI]1 :O COMB9ES SOCIAL CRITIQUE & RECON/RUCTION 9 A /RIK+LY REVOLUTION>Y MANN]4 ,9 CONTRA/ EV5 TO ,[51 ! ,5GLI% UTOPIAN1 ,F\RI] CONCEIVES ( ! PHALAN/]Y NOT M]ELY AS A SOB] COMMUNITY ( LABOR1 BUT A %ELT] ( S5SU\S PLEASURE4 ,A DELID$ H$ONISM P]VADES HIS NOTIONS ( WORK1 ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SEXES1 ( FOOD & ADORNM5T1 EV5 ( ! DESIGN ( ! PHALAN/]Y ITSELF :I* WILL PROVIDE 0ELEGANT COMMUNICATION ) ALL P>TS ( ! BUILD+ & ITS DEP5D5CIES40.<#c#i.> ,H]E1 ,RABELAIS' ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME IS ?OR\GLY DEMOCRATIZ$4 ,! RIGE4 ,! NOTION ?AT DESIGN DICTATES URBAN CONDITIONS ( LIFE BECOMES DOM9ANT 9 AN AMBIANCE ( SOCIAL PROTE/1 :5 CITIES 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA HAD UND]GONE APPALL+ DECAY UND] ! IMPACT ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ! EM]G5CE ( ! MOD]N CITY PLANN+ MOVEM5T IS USUALLY DAT$ ) ! PUBLICATION 9 #a#h#i#h( ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D'S ,TOMORR[3 ,A ,PEACEFUL ,PA? TO ,REAL ,RE=M 7LAT] RETITL$ ,G>D5 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[71 ,H[>D'S EF=TS HAD BE5 PREC$$ BY ,L',5FANT'S PLAN = ! CITY ( ,WA%+TON &1 9 ! CASE ( A MORE S9I/] 5T]PRISE1 BY ,HAUSSMAN'S REMODEL+ ( ,P>IS1 AN IMM5SE EF=T VISIBLY DESIGN$ TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY ) ! 9SURRECTIONS ?AT HAD PLAGU$ ! ,FR5* RUL+ CLASSES4 ,NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! MIDDLE YE>S ( ! C5TURY W]E M>K$ BY LEGISLATION & REGULATIONS TO COPE ) ! DISA/R\S HYGI5IC CONDITIONS ( ! TIME4 ,MAJOR *OL]A EPIDEMICS ?REAT5$ NOT ONLY ! POOR] QU>T]S ( ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN CITIES BUT ALSO ! WEAL?Y ONES1 & !SE C\LD BE BR\IAT ON ITS H&S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! MIDDLE P>T ( ! C5TURY OP5$ A P]IOD ( B\RGEOIS PAT]NALISM T[>D WORK+-CLASS DWELL+S1 AS WITNESS$ BY ! CON/RUCTION ( ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON'S CITES \URI]ES1 /ATE-SUBSIDIZ$ 0MODEL VILLAGES0 = ,5GLI% WORK]S1 & ! ,KRUPP SETTLEM5TS 9 ! ,RUHR4 ,ON ! :OLE1 H[EV]1 !SE PROGRAMS DID NOT APPRECIABLY AFFECT ! E/ABLI%$ CITIES1 NOR DID !Y GREATLY ALT] ! URBAN L&SCAPE ( ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,AS TO ! LATT] C\NTRY1 ,MEL ,SCOTT NOT UNJU/LY OBS]VES ?AT AS LATE AS 0?AT PA9FUL DECADE N[ IRONICALLY CALL$ ! ,GAY ,N9ETIES !RE W]E FEW URBAN ,AM]ICANS :O W\LD HAVE SUBSCRIB$ TO ! BELIEF1 OR HOPE1 ?AT 5TIRE CITIES & METROPOLITAN REGIONS CAN BE DEVELOP$ & R5EW$ BY A CONT9U\S PROCESS ( DECISION-MAK+ BAS$ ON LONG-RANGE PLANN+40.<#d.> ,H[>D'S IMPACT ON ?IS /ATE ( M9D1 BO? BY MEANS ( HIS BOOK & HIS PRACTICAL 5DEAVORS 9 CREAT+ ! FIR/ 0G>D5 CITY0 ( ,LET*WOR?1 IS ALMO/ LEG5D>Y4 0,G>D5 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[10 ,MUM=D RI ID ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 IT ORIG9AT$ ?IS MOVEM5T1 = ! IDEA ?AT T[N PLANN+ %\LD BE A CAUSE1 AN IDEAL >\ND :I* TO MOBILIZE POPUL> 9T]E/1 /ATE RES\RCES1 & SOCIAL OP9ION1 MU/ BE ASCRIB$ MORE TO ,H[>D ?AN TO ANY ( HIS PR$ECESSORS & SUCCESSORS4 ,YET ,H[>D CAN ALSO BE REG>D$ AS FA!R+1 H[EV] UN9T5TIONALLY1 ! MY? ?AT /RUCTURAL DESIGN IS EQUATABLE ) SOCIAL RATIONALITY4 ,AL?\< DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,H5RY ,GEORGE & ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,H[>D'S SOCIAL IDEALS >E REPEAT$LY VITIAT$ BY ! EXIG5CIES ( DESIGN & BY A ,BRITI% PROCLIVITY = A COMPROMIS+ 0REALISM40 ,AS ,F4 ,J4 ,OSBORN1 ONE ( HIS CLOSE/ ASSOCIATES1 EMPHASIZES1 ,H[>D 0WAS NOT A POLITICAL !ORI/1 NOT A DREAM]1 BUT AN 9V5TOR4 ,! CURI\S JUXTAPOSITION ( !SE WORDS & ! PRAGMATIC1 9DE$ TE*NICAL BIAS IT REVEALS TELLS US MU* AB\T ! 0G>D5 CITY0 MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,AS ,OSBORN EXPLA9S3 0,! 9V5TOR PROCE$S BY FIR/ CONCEIV+ AN IDEA ( A POSSIBLE NEW PRODUCT OR 9/RUM5T1 NEXT BY EVOLV+ A DESIGN ON PAP] ) PATI5T ?\ ,?IS CRUDELY ,BACONIAN M5TALITY P]VADES MOD]N CITY PLANN+4 ,TO ,>I/OTLE1 ! CITY WAS A WAY ( LIFE3 ITS A*IEVEM5T WAS GAUG$ NOT BY ITS SIZE1 POPULATION1 OR LOGI/ICAL EFFICI5CY1 BUT BY ! EXT5T TO :I* IT 5ABL$ ITS CITIZ5S 0TO LIVE TEMP]ATELY & LIB]ALLY 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( LEISURE40.<#d#c.> ,TO ,LE ,CORBUSI]1 BY CONTRA/1 ! CITY IS A 0TOOL10 A LOGI/ICAL DEVICE4.<#d#d.> ,EV5 ,FRANK ,LLOYD ,WRI ,?IS ME*ANI/IC ORI5TATION HAS ITS CONCEPTUAL ANTEC$5TS 9 ! FUNCTIONALI/ !ORIES ( ! B\RGEOIS ,5LI*ITECTS -- FIGURES SU* AS ,LODOLI1 :O PROVOCATIVELY EXPRESS$ A GREAT] ADMIRATION = ! SEW]S ( ,ROME ?AN ! SACRI/Y ( ,/4 ,PET]'S4 ,SPECULATIVE ?\*ITECTURE CONSID]$ ! DESIGN ( A BUILD+ TO BE DET]M9$ BY A SET ( 9DEP5D5T OBJECTIVES1 :E!R ! ,VITRUVIAN TRIAD 7',ACCOMODATION1 ,H&SOM5ESS & ,LA/+NESS7 OR ,P]RAULT S DI*OTOMY BETWE5 ',POSITIVE' & ',>BITR>Y'VALUES40.<#d#f.> ,MOD]N CITY PLANN+ IS ! /EP*ILD ( ?IS DEGRAD$ RATIONALISM & FUNCTIONALISM4 ,9SPIR$ AS ,H[>D'S 9T5TIONS MAY BE1 HE ASSIGNS TO DESIGN ! TASK ( A*IEV+ GOALS ?AT 9VOLVE SWEEP+ REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL FABRIC ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,COMP>$ TO ! MEGALOPOLIS1 ,H[>D'S G>D5 CITY IS ATTRACTIVE 5\<3 A COMPACT URBAN 5TITY ( SOME ?IRTY ?\S& PEOPLE1 SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS1 & SURR\ND$ BY A GRE5 BELT TO LIMIT GR[? & PROVIDE OP5 L& = RECREATIONAL & AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES4 ,SUITABLE >EAS ( ! GRE5 BELT >E TO BE OCCUPI$ BY F>M]S 7,H[>D LIMIT$ ?IS AGRICULTURAL POPULATION TO TWO ?\S&72 ! L>G] URBAN POPULATION ( ?IRTY ?\S& IS TO 5GAGE 9 MANUFACTUR+1 COMM]CE1 & S]VICES4 ,ALL L& IS TO BE HELD 9 TRU/ & LEAS$ TO OCCUPANTS ON A R5TAL BASIS4 ,H[>D SPELL$ \T MANY DESIGN & FISCAL DETAILS ( ?IS PROPOSAL1 BUT HE WAS C>EFUL TO EMPHASIZE AT ! V]Y \TSET ( HIS BOOK ?AT !SE W]E 0M]ELY SUGGE/IVE1 & WILL PROBABLY BE MU* DEP>T$ FROM40.<#d#g.> ,BUT EV5 ! MO/ G5]\S MODIFICATIONS ( ,H[>D'S G>D5 CITY DO NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ! PROJECT IS A /RUCTURAL DESIGN -- &1 AS SU*1 NEI!R MORE NOR LESS ?AN :AT SU* A DESIGN CAN P]=M4 ,! DESIGN MAY PROVIDE ! BASIS = GREAT] HUMAN CONTIGUITY1 ! /RUCTURAL 9/RUM5TS = COMMUNITY1 & EASY COMMUNICATION ) PLACES ( WORK1 ) %OPP+ C5T]S1 & ) S]VICE 5T]PRISES4 ,NEV]!LESS IT LEAVES UNDEF9$ ! NATURE ( HUMAN CONTIGUITY1 COMMUNITY1 & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! URBAN DWELL] & ! RURAL 5VIRONS4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 IT LEAVES UNDEF9$ ! NATURE ( WORK 9 G>D5 CITY1 ! CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! PROBLEM ( DI/RIBUT+ GOODS & S]VICES EQUITABLY1 & IT LEAVES UNANALYZ$ ! CONFLICT+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S ?AT COLLECT >\ND !SE ISSUES4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,H[>D'S 09V5TION0 DOES PROVIDE AN ORI5TATION T[>D ALL ( !SE PROBLEMS -- NAMELY1 A SY/EM ( B5EVOL5T CAPITALISM ?AT PRESUMABLY AVOIDS ! 0EXTREMES0 ( 0COMMUNISM0 & 09DIVIDUALISM40.<#d#h.> ,H[>D'S ,G>D5 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[ IS P]MEAT$ BY AN UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION ?AT A COMPROMISE CAN BE /RUCK BETWE5 AN 9H]5TLY IRRATIONAL SOCIAL REALITY & A MORAL IDEOLOGY ( HI<-M9D$ CONCILIATION4 ,YET ! (FICES1 9DU/RIAL FACTORIES1 & %OPP+ C5T]S ?AT >E 9T5D$ TO PROVIDE G>D5 CITY ) ! MEANS ( LIFE >E !MSELVES BATTLEGR\NDS ( CONFLICT+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S4 ,)9 !SE 5TITIES WE F9D ! S\RCES ( ALI5AT$ LABOR1 ( 9COME DIFF]5TIALS1 & ( DISP>ITIES BETWE5 WORK TIME & FREE TIME4 ,BY ITSELF1 NO /RUCTURAL DESIGN CAN RECONCILE ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S & SOCIAL DIFF]5CES ?AT GA!R B5EA? ! SURFACE ( G>D5 CITY4 ,!SE 9T]E/S & DIFF]5CES MU/ BE DEALT ) L>GELY ON !IR [N T]MS -- BY F>-REA*+ *ANGES 9 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT A SOCIAL RESOLUTION ( ! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS FACTORY1 (FICE1 & %OPP+ C5T] OBVIATES ! NE$ = A /RUCTURAL DESIGN ?AT WILL PROMOTE COMMUNITY & A BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY2 RA!R ?AT ONE )\T ! O!R IS A TRUNCAT$ SOLUTION1 & H5CE1 NO SOLUTION AT ALL4 ,H[>D'S G>D5 CITY1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 FALLS F> %ORT ( ! HILI] UTOPIAS & HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES 9 DEAL+ ) PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T & MODES ( WORK4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,GREEK POLIS1 :I* ADM9I/]$ ITS AFFAIRS ON ! BASIS ( A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 ,H[>D M]ELY PROPOSES A ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL & A DEP>TM5TAL /RUCTURE BAS$ ON ELECTIONS4 ,G>D5 CITY HAS NONE ( ! RECALL ME*ANISMS ?AT W]E E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,UNLIKE ,MORE'S ,UTOPIA1 !RE IS NO PROPOSAL = ROTAT+ AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL WORK4 ,9 G>D5 CITY1 ! MODE ( SOCIAL LABOR IS DECID$ SIMPLY BY ! NE$S ( CAPITAL4 ,9ASMU* AS ,H[>D'S ECONOMIC HORIZON IS NOT SUB/ANTIALLY BROAD] ?AN ?AT ( ANY B5EVOL5T B\RGEOIS ( HIS DAY1 NOTIONS ( 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T >E SIMPLY ABS5T FROM HIS WORK4 ,! 9TR9SIC LIMITS ( ,H[>D'S G>D5 CITY1 9DE$1 ( ! ?IRTY-ODD 0NEW T[NS0 ?AT HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ 9 ,5GL& & ?OSE ?AT >E ABORN+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 >E ?AT !SE COMMUNITIES DO NOT 5COMPASS ANY:]E NE> ! FULL RANGE & POSSIBILITIES ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,NEIKS = ! H>MONIZATION ( HUMANITY ) NATURE2 ! PROXIMITY ( WORK PLACES = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW MEAN+ = WORK & ITS 9TEGRATION ) PLAY2 AN ECLECTIC MIX ( RAN*-H\SES1 SLAB-LIKE AP>TM5T BUILD+S1 & BA*ELOR-TYPE FLATS = SPONTANE\S >*ITECTURAL V>IETY2 %OPP+-M>T PLAZAS & A VA/ EXPANSE ( LAWN = ! AGORA2 LECTURE HALLS = CULTURAL C5T]S2 HOBBY CLASSES = VOCATIONAL V>IETY2 B5EVOL5T TRU/S OR MUNICIPAL C\NCILS = SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,ONE CAN ADD 5DLESSLY TO ?IS LI/ ( W>P$ CRIT]IA ?AT S]VE TO OBFUSCATE RA!R ?AN CL>IFY ! HI< ATTA9M5TS ( ! URBAN TRADITION4 ,AL?\< PEOPLE MAY E>N !IR 9COME )\T LEAV+ !SE COMMUNITIES -- & A SUB/ANTIAL PORTION MU/ TRAVEL = CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCES TO ! C5TRAL CITY TO DO SO -- ! NATURE ( !IR WORK & ! 9COME- DIFF]5TIALS ?AT GR\P !M 9TO ALI5 SOCIAL CLASSES >E NOT A MATT] ( COMMUNITY CONC]N4 ,A CRUCIAL >EA ( LIFE IS ?US REMOV$ FROM ! COMMUNITY & DELIV]$ TO A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT EXI/S AP>T FROM IT EV5 AS IT EXI/S )9 IT4 ,9DE$1 ! APPE>ANCE ( COMMUNITY S]VES ! IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION ( CONCEAL+ ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( AN 9TIMATE & %>$ SOCIAL LIFE4 ,KEY ELEM5TS ( ! SELF >E =M$ \TSIDE ! P>AMET]S ( ! DESIGN BY =CES ?AT /EM FROM ECONOMIC COMPETITION1 CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 SOCIAL HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,AL?\< PEOPLE >E BR\D5 CITIES & 0NEW T[NS0 AS !Y W]E 9 ! MEGALOPOLIS1 ) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT 9 ! BIG CITIES ! />K REALITY ( URBAN DECAY REMOVES ANY VEIL ( APPE>ANCES FROM ! 9COMPLET5ESS & CONTRADICTIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,!SE 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS HAVE NOT BE5 FAC$ ) C&OR BY EI!R ! SUPPORT]S OR OPPON5TS ( ! G>D5 CITY CONCEPT4 ,?AT ! 0NEW T[NS0 ( ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & O!R C\NTRIES MODEL$ ON ! G>D5 CITY DESIGN HAVE NOT AWAK5$ 0! S(T NOTES ( BRO!RL9ESS & GOODWILL0 ,H[>D DESCRIB$ AS !IR ESS5TIAL GOAL2 ?AT !Y HAVE NOT PLAC$ 09 /RONG H&S IMPLEM5TS ( PEACE & CON/RUCTION1 SO ?AT IMPLEM5TS ( W> & DE/RUCTION MAY DROP USELESSLY D[N0 -- ALL ( ?IS IS PA9FULLY OBVI\S FACT4.<#d#i.> ,NOR HAS !RE BE5 ANY PROMISE ?AT !Y WILL REMOTELY APPROXIMATE SU* F>-REA*+ GOALS4 ,9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 ! NEW T[NS DIFF] FROM ! SUBURBS BY VIRTUE ( ! EASE ) :I* PEOPLE CAN REA* !IR WORK PLACES & ACQUIRE S]VICES )9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 ! WOR/ ( CASES1 !SE COMMUNITIES >E LITTLE MORE ?AN B$ROOM SUBURBS ( ! BIG CITIES & ADD 5ORM\SLY TO !IR CONGE/ION DUR+ WORK+ H\RS4 ,NOR HAS REALITY BE5 ANY K9D] TO ! DEVOTEES ( ! METROPOLIS4 ,! OLD CITIES KEEP GR[+ EV5 AS ! NUMB] ( 0NEW T[NS0 MULTIPLY1 EA* URBAN =M SL[LY 5CROA*+ ON ! O!R & CREAT+ URBAN BELTS ?AT ?REAT5 TO UND]M9E ! 9TEGRITY ( BO?4 ,JANE ,JACOB'S SPIRIT$ DEF5SE ( TRADITIONAL NEITAKES ( ALL ! ILLUSIONS ?AT M> ,FR$]IC ,J4 ,OSBORN'S DEF5SE ( ,H[>D'S VISION4 ,CULTURALLY1 ?IS NEIE DELIV]+ ! SMALL %OP OV] TO ! SUP]M>KET & ! OLD T5EM5T COMPLEX TO ! ASEPTIC HI<-RISE SUP]BLOCK4 ,COLORFUL 5CLAVES ( NEIY C\NT]P>TS ( ! EXI/+ M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE T[NS ?AT ATTRACT T\RI/S TO ,EUROPE = VISUAL RESPITE FROM ! URBAN MONOTONY ?AT IS RAPIDLY PREVAIL+ 9 MO/ CITIES ( ! WORLD4 ,TO ! DEGREEE ?AT ! URBAN DWELL] BECOMES DIS5*ANT$ ) AN UNDISGUIS$LY FUNCTIONAL DESIGN RATIONALITY1 CITY PLANN+ BEG9S TO FLIRT ) A DESIGN EXOTICA ?AT REHABILITATES ?IS V]Y RATIONALITY 9 A MY/IFI$ =M4 ,A POP IDEOLOGY ( URBANISM -- HALF SCI5CE FICTION1 HALF FRAUD -- T5DS TO DEFUZE ! URBAN DWELL]'S FRU/RATION BY EVOK+ DESIGN ELEM5TS ?AT >E UNIQUE ONLY 9 ! NII% DIM5SIONS !Y ADD TO PREVAIL+ MODES ( CITY PLANN+4 ,9 ,BUCKM9/] ,FULL]1 ,PAOLI ,SOL]I1 ,CON/ANT9OS ,DOXIADES1 ,YONA ,FRI$MAN1 ,NICOLAS ,S*(F]1 & A B\QUET ( NEWLY >RIV$ ,JAPANESE DESIGN]S1 ! SY/EM TRIES TO RECOV] ITS SOCIAL CR$IBILITY ) ! %AMANI/IC & OCCULT4 ,FULL]1 TO EXAM9E ! MO/ PROM95T ( !SE %AMANS1 F9DS NO 9CONSI/5CY 9 TRY+ TO RECONCILE AN APPEAL = 9DIVIDUAL SPONTANEITY ) A SUPRAHUMAN TETRAH$RONAL /RUCTURE ?AT WILL H\SE A MILLION PEOPLE4 ,P]HAPS MORE ABSURDLY1 HE TRIES TO COMB9E AN ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE ) AN AIR-CONDITION$ DOME OV] ,MANHATTAN ,ISL&4 ,FULL]1 9 FACT1 IS AN >TI/ 9 ADVANC+ AN \TLOOK SO 0COSMIC0 9 ITS 9S5SIBILITY TO QUALITATIVE DI/9CTIONS ?AT 9DIVIDUALITY & COMMUNITY DISSOLVE 9TO M]E DIGITS 9 A COMPUT]IZ$ 0WORLD GAME40 ,HIS 9FLAT$1 OV]SIZE VISION LACKS NOT ONLY HUMAN SCALE BUT EV5 NATURAL SCALE4 ,YET ONCE WE /RIP AWAY ! 0MEGA0- V]BIAGE HE BORR[S FROM CYB]NETICS1 SY/EMS ANALYSIS1 & ! A]OSPACE 9DU/RY1 :AT REMA9S ( HIS ?9K+ IS A ME*ANI/IC R$UCTIONISM EMBODY+ ! CRUDE/ FEATURES ( ! PREVAIL+ FUNCTIONAL RATIONALITY4 0,! 5VIRONM5T10 WE >E TOLD1 0ALWAYS CONSI/S ( 5]GY -- 5]GY AS MATT]1 5]GY AS RADIATION1 5]GY AS GRAVITY & 5]GY AS 'EV5TS4'0 ,AN 5VIRONM5T SO DIVE/$ ( QUALITATIVE DI/9CTIONS BEGG>S EV5 ! MA*9E-LIKE ,C>TESIAN WORLD ( M]E MATT] & MOTION4 ,9 ?IS UNIV]SE1 EV]Y?+ IS 9T]*ANGEABLE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,FULL] ADDS3 0,H\S+ IS AN 5]GETIC 5VIRONM5T-CONTROLL+ ME*ANISM4 ,?9K+ CORRECTLY ( ALL H\S+ AS MA*9]Y 7ONE IS TEMPT$ TO ASK1 NOT AS HOME OR COMMUNITY8 -- ,M4,B47 WE BEG9 TO REALIZE ! COMPLETE CONT9UITY ( 9T]RELATION%IP ( SU* TE*NOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AS ?AT ( ! HOME B$ROOM 9TO ! RAILWAY SLEEP+ C>1 9TO ! AUTOMOBILE ) SEAT-TO-B$ CONV]SIONS1 9TO ! FILL+-/ATION TOILETS1 :I* >E ACCESSORIES ( ! P>LOR-ON :EELS2 ! TRAIL]1 ! MOTELS1 HOTELS1 & OCEAN L9]S40.<#e.> ,PORTABILITY REPLACES COMMUNITY & MOBILITY A S5SE ( ROOT$NESS & PLACE4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL BECOMES A CAMP] :O BELONGS EV]Y:]E -- & NO:]E4 ,P]HAPS MORE APPROPRIATELY1 ,FUL- L]IAN SOCIAL !ORY 5VISIONS ! 9DIVIDUAL AS AN A/RONAUT :O PILOTS ! E>? AS A ME*ANICAL SPACE%IP4 ,H]E1 HYPO/ASIZ$ DESIGN LEAVES EV5 ! MUNDANE WORLD ( CONV5TIONAL PLANN+ = ! 9T]/ELL> SPACE ( ,KUBRICK'S #b#a4 ,?IS MAGIC IS ESS5TIALLY C9EMATIC -- AS SYN!TIC AS ! FILM ON :I* IT UNFOLDS4 ,?AT ,FULL]'S WORK >\SES POPUL> 9T]E/ CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY DEFAULT -- ?AT IS1 AS A RESULT ( ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! ABS5CE ( A SE>*+ RADICAL !ORY ( ! CITY & COMMUNITY4 ,:Y1 IT MAY BE ASK$1 DID ,F\RI]'S 9T]PRETATIONS ( COMMUNITY FAIL TO ACQUIRE RELEVANCE = SO MANY ( ! G5]ATIONS ?AT FOLL[$ HIS [N8 ,AT :AT PO9T -- & = :AT REASONS -- DID ! G5]\S UTOPIAN VISIONS ?AT SURFAC$ 9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY LOSE CONT9UITY ) LAT] P]IODS ?AT SO DESP]ATELY REQUIR$ !IR ELABORATION & FULFILLM5T8 ,! RUPTURE CAN BE DAT$ FROM ! ASC5DANCY ( ,M>XISM AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 ,L>GELY UND] ! IMPETUS ( ,M>X'S CLASS !ORY1 ! CITY CEAS$ TO BE A MATT] ( S]I\S CONC]N TO RADICAL ANALY/S & ! NOTION ( COMMUNITY A GOAL 9 SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,RADICALISM F\ND AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVE LOCUS 9 ! FACTORY & PROLET>IAT4 ,JU/ AS B\RGEOIS URBAN SOCIOLOGY NEGLECT$ ! WORK PLACE = ! CITY1 SO RADICAL SOCIAL !ORY NEGLECT$ ! CITY = ! WORK PLACE4 ,?AT ! TWO >5AS C\LD HAVE BE5 9TEGRAT$ AS A UNIFI$ REALM ( CRITIQUE & RECON/RUCTION OCCURR$ TO ONLY A FEW RADICAL !ORI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 NOTABLY ,KROPOTK9 & ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS4 ,YET EV5 ! WORK] DOES NOT EXI/ M]ELY 9 A FACTORY MILIEU & H] OR HIS SOCIAL EXP]I5CES >E NOT EXHAU/$ AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! PROLET>IAN IS NOT ONLY A CLASS BE+ BUT ALSO AN URBAN BE+4 ,CAPITALISM G5]ATES A BROAD SOCIAL CRISIS ?AT (T5 MAKES WORK]S MORE ACCESSIBLE TO REVOLUTION>Y VISIONS AS URBAN DWELL]S -- AS VICTIMS ( POLLUTION1 CONGE/ION1 ISOLATION1 REAL E/ATE EXTORTION1 NEIX & ,5GELS W]E F> LESS OBLIVI\S TO ?IS FACT ?AN ! EPIGONES :O W]E TO SPEAK 9 !IR NAMES4 ,9 ,! ,H\S+ ,QUE/ION1 WRITT5 9 #a#h#g#b1 ,5GELS CR$ITABLY L9KS HIS VIEWS ) ! MO/ VITAL CONCEPTS ( ,[5 & ,F\RI]2 TO RESOLVE ! H\S+ PROBLEM -- &1 ONE MAY ADD1 ! URBAN PROBLEM AS A :OLE -- ,5GELS >GUES ?AT ! BIG CITIES MU/ BE DEC5TRALIZ$ & ! ANTI!SIS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY OV]COME4 ,! SAME !ME IS TAK5 UP #ac YE>S LAT] 9 ,5GELS' HIIZATION ( ,M>XISM & ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO A P[]FUL POLITICAL IDEOLOGY1 ?IS TRADITION REC$$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,! NOTION ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 FO/]$ A DI/9CT BIAS AGA9/ ,M>X'S UTOPIAN PR$ECESSORS & ! COMMUNIT>IAN VISIONS ?AT P]MEAT$ !IR WORKS4 ,BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 URBAN PROBLEMS CEAS$ TO BE AN ISSUE ( ANY REAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,EV5 ! NOTION ( DEC5TRALIZATION WAS AIRILY DISMISS$ AS A 0UTOPIAN0 ABSURDITY4 ,NOT UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#fS DO WE BEG9 TO SEE DESIGN EM]GE AS A FUNCTION ( AN 5TIRELY NEW WAY ( LIFE4 ,?AT ?IS APPROA* HAD ITS ISOLAT$ DEVOTEES 9 ! LONG 9T]IM BETWE5 ,F\RI]'S DAY & \R [N IS EVID5T 5\< FROM ANY READ+ ( URBAN HI/ORY4 ,! ,SIXTIES >E UNIQUE1 H[EV]1 9 ?AT ! CONCEPT ( COMMUNITY BEGAN TO DEVELOP ON A BROAD POPUL> SCALE -- 9DE$1 A L>GELY G5]ATIONAL SCALE -- :5 Y\NG PEOPLE 9 CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S1 DIS5*ANT$ ) ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY1 REORI5T$ !MSELVES T[>D RECON/RUCTIVE UTOPI/IC PROJECTS ( !IR [N4 ,NEW VALUES W]E =MULAT$ ?AT (T5 9VOLV$ A TOTAL BREAK ) ! COMMODITY SY/EM AS A :OLE & *>T$ ! WAY TO NEW =MS ( SOCIATION4 ,! Y\NG PEOPLE :O BEGAN TO =MULATE !SE NEW VALUES & =MS ( SOCIATION -- VALUES & =MS ?AT HAVE S9CE BE5 GR\P$ UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0! C\NT]CULTURE0 -- UNQUE/IONABLY COMPRIS$ A PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL /RATUM4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 !Y CAME FROM ! AFFLU5T1 :ITE1 MIDDLE-CLASS SUBURBS & ! BETT] UNIV]SITIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! 5CLAVES & TRA9+ GR\NDS ( ! NEW ,AM]ICAN TE*NOCRACY4 ,TO ADDUCE !IR PRIVILEG$ /ATUS AS EVID5CE = ! TRIFL+ NATURE ( ! MOVEM5T ITSELF SIDE/EPS A KEY QUE/ION3 :Y DID PRIVILEGE LEAD TO A REJECTION ( ! SOCIAL & MAT]IAL VALUES ?AT HAD SPAWN$ !SE V]Y PRIVILEGES 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,:Y1 9 FACT1 DIDN'T !SE Y\NG PEOPLE1 LIKE SO MANY BE=E !M 9 PREVI\S G5]ATIONS1 TAKE UP ! BASIC VALUES ( !IR P>5TS & EXP& ! >5A ( PRIVILEGE !Y HAD 9H]IT$8 ,!SE QUE/IONS REVEAL AN HI/ORIC *ANGE 9 ! MAT]IAL PREMISES = ! RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,BY ! ,SIXTIES1 ! SO-CALL$ 0,FIR/ ,WORLD HAD UND]GONE UNPREC$5T$ TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES4 ,TE*NOLOGY HAD ADVANC$ TO A PO9T :]E ! VALUES SPAWN$ BY MAT]IAL SC>CITY1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE VALUES FO/]$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ]A1 NO LONG] SEEM$ MORALLY OR CULTURALLY RELEVANT4 ,! WORK E?IC1 ! MORAL AU?ORITY IMPUT$ TO MAT]IAL D5IAL1 P>SIMONY1 & S5SUAL R5UNCIATION1 ! HI< SOCIAL VALUATION PLAC$ ON COMPETITION & 0FREE 5T]PRISE10 ! EMPHASIS ON PRIVATIZATION & 9DIVIDUATION BAS$ ON EGOTISM1 SEEM$ OBSOLETE 9 ! LIY ALT]NATIVES -- FRE$OM FROM A LIFETIME ( TOIL & A MAT]IALLY SECURE SOCIAL DISPOSITION ORI5T$ T[>D COMMUNITY & ! FULL EXPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN P[]S4 ,! NEW ALT]NATIVES OP5$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES MADE ! *]I%$ VALUES ( ! PA/ SEEM NOT ONLY OBSOLETE BUT ODI\S4 ,!RE IS NO P>ADOX 9 ! FACT ?AT ! WEAKE/ L9K 9 ! OLD SOCIETY TURN$ \T TO BE ?AT V]Y /RATUM :I* 5JOY$ ! REAL PRIVILEGE ( REJECT+ FALSE PRIVILEGE4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! TE*NOLOGICAL CONTEXT ( ! C\NT]CULTURE WAS CONSCI\SLY GRASP$ & ELABORAT$ 9TO A COH]5T P]SPECTIVE = SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9DE$1 ! \TLOOK ( MO/ MIDDLE-CLASS DROP\T Y\? & /UD5TS REMA9$ L>GELY 9TUITIVE & (T5 FELL EASY PREY TO ! FADDISM NURTUR$ BY ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY4 ,! ]RATIC FEATURES ( ! NEW MOVEM5T1 ITS FEV]I% & ITS QUIXOTIC OSCILLATIONS1 CAN BE P>TLY EXPLA9$ BY ?IS LACK ( ADEQUATE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,(T51 Y\NG PEOPLE W]E EASILY VICTIMIZ$ & CRUDELY EXPLOIT$ BY COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S ?AT %REWDLY P&]$ TO ! MORE SUP]FICIAL ASPECTS ( ! NEW CULTURE4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( ?IS DROP\T Y\?1 EXULTANT 9 !IR NEWLY DISCOV]$ S5SE ( LIB]ATION1 LACK$ AN AW>5ESS ( ! H>% FACT ?AT COMPLETE FRE$OM IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 A PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( UNFRE$OM4 ,9S(> AS !Y HOP$ RAPIDLY TO REPLACE ! DOM9ANT CULTURE BY !IR [N M]ELY ON ! /R5G? ( EXAMPLE & MORAL SUASION1 !Y FAIL$4 ,BUT 9S(> AS !Y BEGAN TO SEE !MSELVES AS ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTOR ( A L>G] MOVEM5T TO REVOLUTIONIZE SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 !IR CULTURE HAS A COMPELL+ RELEVANCE AS P>T ( AN HI/ORIC 5LI LESS HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! EXT5T TO :I* ECOLOGICALLY M9D$ Y\NG PEOPLE BEGAN TO SUBJECT CITY PLANN+ TO A DEVA/AT+ CRITIQUE1 (T5 ADVANC+ ALT]NATIVE PROPOSALS TO DEHUMANIZ+ URBAN 0REVITALIZATION0 & 0REHABILITATION0 PROJECTS4 ,G5]ALLY1 !SE ALT]NATIVES /EMM$ FROM A P]SPECTIVE T[>D DESIGN ?AT WAS RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( CONV5TIONAL CITY PLANN]S4 ,= ! C\NT]CULTURAL PLANN]S1 ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ANY DESIGN WAS NOT ! EXT5T TO :I* ! CITY EXP$ITES TRAFFIC1 COMMUNICATIONS1 & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES4 ,RA!R1 !Y W]E PRIM>ILY OCCUPI$ ) ! RELATION%IP ( DESIGN TO ! FO/]+ ( P]SONAL 9TIMACY1 MANY-SID$ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 NONHI]>*ICAL MODES ( ORGANIZATION1 COMMUNI/IC LIV+ >RANGEM5TS1 & MAT]IAL 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,DESIGN1 H]E1 TOOK ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE NOT FROM AB/RACT CONCEPTS ( SPACE & EFFICI5CY1 BUT FROM AN EXPLICIT CRITIQUE ( ! /ATUS QUO & A CONCEPTION1 ROOT$ 9 DEVELOP+ LIFE-/YLES1 ( ! FREE HUMAN RELATION%IPS ?AT W]E TO REPLACE IT4 ,! DESIGN ELEM5TS ( ! PLAN FOLL[$ FROM RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES ?AT W]E ALREADY BE+ PRACTIC$ AS SUBCULTURES 9 MANY COMMUNITIES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,TO USE AN EXPRESSION ?AT WAS V]Y MU* 9 ! AIR3 ! ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO REPLACE HI]>*ICAL SPACE BY LIB]AT$ SPACE4 ,AMONG ! MANY PLANS ( ?IS K9D TO BE DEVELOP$ 9 ! LATE ,SIXTIES & E>LY ,SEV5TIES1 P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPRESSIVE WAS =MULAT$ 9 ,B]KELEY BY AN AD HOC GR\P FROM ,PEOPLE'S ,>*ITECTURE1 ! LOCAL ,T5ANT'S ,UNION1 & MEMB]S ( ! LOCAL FOOD COOP]ATIVE4 ,! PLAN %[S A REM>KABLY HI< DEGREE ( RADICAL SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT DRAWS ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,P>K0 EPISODE 9 ,MAY #a#i#f#i1 :5 DROP\T Y\?1 /UD5TS1 & LAT] ORD9>Y CITIZ5S ( ,B]KELEY F\K & PLAYGR\ND :I* !Y HAD SPONTANE\SLY CREAT$ \T ( A NEGLECT$1 G>BAGE-/REWN LOT [N$ BY ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,! P>K1 EV5TUALLY RECLAIM$ BY ITS UNIV]SITY PROPRIETORS AT ! CO/ ( A Y\NG MAN'S LIFE1 MANY SEV]E 9JURIES1 & MASSIVE >RE/S1 IS AT ?IS WRIT+ A P>K+ LOT & PAV$ SOCC] FIELD4 ,BUT ! MEMORY ( ! EPISODE HAS WAN$ SL[LY4 ,TO ! Y\NG ,B]KELEY PLANN]S1 0,PEOPLE'S ,P>K WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T0 -- A MOVEM5T1 UN=TUNATELY1 ?AT HAS YET TO LIVE UP TO !SE HI< HOPES4 ,! ?RU/ ( ! PLAN1 5TITL$ ,BLUEPR9T = A ,COMMUNAL ,5VIRONM5T 1 IS RADICALLY C\NT]CULTURAL4 0,! REVOLUTION>Y CULTURE10 DECL>E ! WRIT]S 1( ! ,BLUEPR9T1 0GIVES US NEW COMMUNAL1 ECO-VIABLE WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ \R LIVES1 :ILE PEOPLE'S POLITICS GIVES US ! MEANS TO RESI/ ! ,SY/EM40.<#e#a.> ,! ,BLUEPR9T IS A PROJECT NOT ONLY = RECON/RUCTION BUT ALSO = /RUGGLE ON A WIDE SOCIAL T]RA9 AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 ,?IS DOCUM5T ( ! ,B]KELEY PLANN]S AIMS AT MORE ?AN ! /RUCTURAL R$ESIGN+ ( AN EXI/+ COMMUNTY2 IT AV[S & EXPLORES A NEW WAY ( LIFE AT ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y LEVEL ( HUMAN 9T]C\RSE4 ,! NEW WAY ( LIFE IS COMMUNAL & SEEKS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO DIVORCE ITSELF FROM COMMODITY RELATION%IPS4 ,! GOAL ( ! DESIGN IS 0,COMMUNAL WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ \R LIVES 7TO7 HELP TO CUT D[N ON CONSUMPTION1 TO PROVIDE = BASIC HUMAN NE$S MORE EFFICI5TLY1 TO RESI/ ! SY/EM1 TO SUPPORT \RSELVES & OV]COME ! MIS]Y ( ATOMIZ$ LIV+40 ,! SOCIAL & PRIVATE >E ?OR\ ,%ELT] IS R$ESIGN$ TO 0OV]COME ! FRAGM5TATION ( \R LIVES444 TO 5C\RAGE COMMUNICATION & BREAK D[N PRIVA TIZATION40 ,! PLAN'S AU?ORS OBS]VE ?AT ) 0WOM5'S LIB]ATION1 & A NEW COMMUNAL MORALITY1 ! NUCLE> FAMILY IS BECOM+ OBSOLETE40 ,ACCORD+LY1 FLOOR PLANS >E PROPOS$ :I* ALL[ = L>G] MULTI-PURPOSE ROOMS :I* PROMOTE MORE 9T]ACTION1 'SU* AS COMMUNAL D9+ ROOMS1 MEET+ SPACES & WORK >EAS40 ,ME?ODS >E SUGGE/$ = CREAT+ RO( OP5+S & CONV]T+ EXT]IOR UPP] WALLS 9TO COMMUNICAT+ L9KS ) NEI 0,ALL L& 9 ,B]KELEY IS TREAT$ AS A M>KETABLE COMMODITY0 OBS]VE ! Y\NG PLANN]S4 0,SPACE IS P>CEL$ 9TO NEAT CONSUM] PACKAGES4 ,9 BETWE5 R[S ( L& P>CELS >E TRANSPORTATION 'CORRIDORS' TO KEEP PEOPLE FL[+ FROM WORKPLACE TO M>KET40 ,! ,BLUEPR9T PROPOSES ! DISMANTL+ ( BACKY>D & SIDEY>D F5CES TO OP5 L& AS 9T]IOR P>KS & G>D5S4 ,PLAT=M 0BRIDGEWAYS0 BETWE5 H\SES >E SUGGE/$ TO BREAK D[N ! /RICT DIVISION BETWE5 9DOOR & \TDOOR SPACE4 ,! PURPOSE ( !SE SUGGE/IONS IS NOT M]ELY TO RE/ORE NATURE TO ! URBAN DWELL]'S WORLD1 BUT TO OP5 AV5UES ( 9TIMATE COMMUNICATION4 ,! PLAN FOCUSES NOT M]ELY ON PUBLIC PLAZAS & P>KS1 BUT ! IMM$IATE NEI ,HALF ! /REETS ( ,B]KELEY1 ! PLAN NOTES1 C\LD EASILY BE CLOS$ (F TO /IMULATE COLLECTIVE TRANSPORTATION EXP]IM5TS & R$UCE TRAFFIC CONGE/ION 9 RESID5TIAL >EAS4 ,?IS W\LD 0FREE T5 TIMES MORE L& >EA = PUBLIC USE ?AN WE N[ HAVE 9 P>K ACREAGE4 ,9T]SECTIONS C\LD BECOME P>KS1 G>D5S1 PLAZAS1 ) PAV+ MAT]IAL RECOV]$ & US$ TO MAKE >TIFICIAL HILLS40 ,! PLAN RECOMM5DS ?AT ,B]KELEY RESID5TS %\LD WALK OR BICYCLE TO PLACES :5EV] FEASIBLE4 ,IF MOTOR VEHICLES MU/ BE US$1 !Y %\LD BE POOL$ & MA9TA9$ ON A COMMUNAL BASIS4 ,PEOPLE %\LD DRIVE TOGE!R TO COMMON DE/9ATIONS 9 ORD] TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( VEHICLES 9 USE & TO %>E ! HUMAN EXP]I5CE ( COMMON TRAVEL4 ,COMMUNITY S]VICES WILL MAKE A 0QUANTUM LEAP10 OBS]VE ! PLANN]S1 :5 0SMALL GR\PS ( NEIE ( BUS9ESS 7FROM *ILD C>E TO $UCATION7 ON A LOCAL LEVEL & 9 AN 9TEGRAT$ WAY40 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ! ,BLUEPR9T SUGGE/S ?AT M5 & WOM5 %\LD ROTATE ! USE ( !IR HOMES = *ILDC>E C5T]S4 ,FIR/-AID SKILLS & KN[L$GE ( MORE ADVANC$ M$ICAL TE*NIQUES %\LD BE MOBILIZ$ ON A NEI ,! ,BLUEPR9T ADVANCES A REFRE%+LY IMAG9ATIVE PROGRAM = RURALIZ+ ! CITY & FO/]+ ! MAT]IAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ITS 9HABITANTS4 ,IT SUGGE/S COMMUNALLY WORK$ BACKY>D G>D5S = ! CULTIVATION ( ORGANIC FOOD1 EV5 5T]+ 9TO ! SPECIFICS ( COMPO/+1 MUL*+1 & ! PREP>ATION ( SE$L+S4 ,IT PROPOSES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A 0,PEOPLE'S ,M>KET444 :I* WILL RECEIVE ! ORGANIC PRODUCTS ( RURAL COMMUNES & SMALL F>M]S1 & DI/RIBUTE !M TO ! NEIKET PLACE WILL HAVE O!R USES CRAFTSPEOPLE CAN SELL !IR W>ES !RE40 ,! 0,PEOPLE'S ,M>KET IS VISUALIZ$ AS A 0SOLID EXAMPLE ( CREATIVE ?9K+ AB\T COMMUNAL USE ( SPACE4 ,ITS /RUCTURE WILL BE PORTABLE1 & WILL BE BUILT 9 SU* A WAY AS TO S]VE NEIKET DAYS40.<#e#f.> ,! ,BLUEPR9T LEAVES NO ILLUSION ?AT ?IS 5SEMBLE ( RECON/RUCTIVE IDEAS WILL 0LIB]ATE0 ,B]KELEY OR O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,IT SEES ! REALIZATION ( !SE CONCEPTS AS ! FIR/ /EPS T[>D REORI5T+ ! 9DIVIDUAL SELF FROM A PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE ( ISOLATION & DEP5D5CE ON BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS TO POPUL> 9ITIATIVES ?AT WILL RECREATE COMMUNAL CONTACTS & FACE-TO-FACE NETWORKS ( MUTUAL AID4 ,ULTIMATELY1 SOCIETY AS A :OLE WILL HAVE TO BE REORGANIZ$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY :O >E N[ =C$ 9TO HI]>*ICAL SUBS]VI5CE TO ! FEW4 ,YET UNTIL !SE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES >E A*IEV$1 A NEW /ATE ( M9D1 N\RI%$ BY WORK+ COMMUNITY TIES1 MU/ BE FA%ION$ SO ?AT PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO FUZE !IR DEEPE/ P]SONAL NE$S ) BROAD] SOCIAL IDEALS4 ,9DE$1 UNLESS ?IS FUSION IS A*IEV$1 !SE V]Y IDEALS WILL REMA9 AB/RACTIONS & WILL NOT BE REALIZ$ AT ALL4 ,MANY ( ! ,BLUEPR9T'S /RUCTURAL SUGGE/IONS >E NOT NEW4 ,! IDEA ( US+ RO( OP5+S TO L9K H\SES IS OBVI\SLY BORR[$ FROM ,PUEBLO ,9DIAN VILLAGES1 ! URBAN G>D5S FROM M$IEVAL COMMUNES & PRECAPITALI/ T[NS G5]ALLY1 ! P$E/RIAN /REETS & PLAZAS FROM ! ,R5AISSANCE CITIES & E>LI] URBAN =MS4 ,:AT MAKES ! PLAN UNIQUE1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT IT D]IVES ITS DESIGN CONCEPTS FROM RADICALLY NEW LIFE-/YLES ?AT >E ANTI!TICAL TO AN 9CREAS+LY BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,D\BTLESS1 EA* ( ITS DESIGN ELEM5TS C\LD BE ASSIMILAT$ 9 PIECEMEAL FA%ION TO CONV5TIONAL WAYS ( LIFE AS HAS BE5 ! CASE ) SO MANY RADICAL IDEAS 9 ! PA/4 ,! PLAN IS S5SITIVE TO ?IS POSSIBILITY4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 IT ADOPTS A REVOLUTION>Y /ANCE4 ,ITS PREMISE 9 ADVANCE ( ANY DESIGN IS A CULTURE ?AT IS C\NT] TO ! PREVAIL+ ONE -- ONE ?AT EMPHASIZES COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ISOLATION1 ! %>+ ( RES\RCES & SKILLS RA!R ?AN !IR PRIVATIZ$ POSSESSION1 9DEP5D5CE FROM RA!R ?AN DEP5D5CE ON ! B\RGEOIS M>KET PLACE1 LOV+ RELATIONS & MUTUAL AID RA!R ?AN EGOTISM & COMPETITION4 ,! ,BLUEPR9T CLE>LY >TICULATES ! SOCIAL PRECONDITIONS = A FREE COMMUNITY ?AT O!R1 O/5SIBLY RADICAL1 PLANS LEAVE UNEXAM9$4 ,IT IS HUMANI/IC1 NOT 0ICONOCLA/IC02 IT IS RADICAL1 NOT 0ORIG9AL40 ,& :E!R OR NOT ! PLANN]S W]E FULLY CONSCI\S ( !IR HI/ORIC ANTEC$5TS1 !Y W]E PRES5T+ A ,HELL5IC VISION ( URBAN LIFE4 ,! TRULY HUMAN CITY1 TO !M1 IS A WAY ( LIFE 7NOT A M]E 0DESIGN07 ?AT FO/]S ! 9TEGRATION ( 9DIVIDUAL ) SOCIETY1 ( T[N ) C\NTRY1 ( P]SONAL NE$S ) SOCIAL ONES )\T D5Y+ ! 9TEGRITY ( EA*4 ,! ,SIXTIES HAVE PASS$ -- & ) !M MANY ( ! HI< HOPES RAIS$ BY DROP\T Y\? & RADICAL /UD5TS4 ,AN 9SECURE1 SO-CALL$ 0MIDDLE ,AM]ICAN0 ADULT PUBLIC1 SEEK+ RESPITE FROM *ALL5GES TO TRADITIONAL VALUES1 IS TRY+ TO 5TR5* ITSELF 9 ! /ATUS QUO1 9DE$1 TO EVOKE AN 09NOC5CE0 IMPUT$ TO ! PA/ ?AT IS APOCRYPHAL 9 ANY CASE4 ,:]E ! C\NT]CULTURE HAS MANAG$ TO HOLD ITS [N AGA9/ OV]TLY HO/ILE =CES1 IT HAS HAD TO CONT5D ) A POLITICAL MODE ( DOPE-P$DL+ 9 ! =M ( SECT>IAN ,M>XISM & 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 VOYEURISM4 ,H]E1 >*AIC IDEOLOGIES & MODES ( ORGANIZATION ASSUME ! SEMBLANCE ( 0RADICALISM0 &1 LIKE TOXIC G]MS1 FE/] 9 ! W\NDS OP5$ BY PUBLIC MALAISE & POLITICAL REPRESSION4 ,YET EV5 ?IS EBB+ PHASE ( :AT IS SURELY A MU* L>G] CULTURAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T C\LD BE VALUABLE AS A SOB]+ P]IOD ( MATURATION4 ,A NEW WORLD WILL NOT BE GA9$ M]ELY BY /REW+ ! PA?WAY TO ! FUTURE ) FL[]S4 ,! L>GELY 9TUITIVE IMPULSES ?AT EXPLOD$ ) SU* NAIVE 5?USIASM 9 ! ,SIXTIES1 ONLY TO BECOME BITT]1 H>%1 & DEHUMANIZ+ 9 ! PSEUDO-RADICALISM ?AT CLOS$ ! DECADE1 W]E NEV] ADEQUATE TO ! LONG-RANGE HI/ORIC PROJECT ( DEVELOP+ A WID] PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS ( ! NE$ = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BY ! LATE ,SIXTIES1 ! C\NT]CULTURE CEAS$ TO SPEAK TO ,AM]ICA ) UND]/&+ & 9 RELEVANT T]MS4 ,ITS POLITICIZATION TOOK ! WOR/ =M POSSIBLE -- >ROGANCE & A S5SELESSLY VIOL5T RHETORIC4 ,F> MORE ?AN ! FL[]S ( ! MID-,SIXTIES1 ! ANGRY CL5*$ FI/S ( ! LATE ,SIXTIES S]V$ TO AL>M & UTT]LY ALI5ATE AN UNCOMPREH5D+ PUBLIC4 ,YET MANY ( ! DEM&S RAIS$ BY ?IS MOVEM5T ( Y\NG PEOPLE >E IMP]I%ABLE4 ,NO MATT] H[ F> ! MOVEM5T MAY REC$E FROM ITS E>LI] EM95CE1 !SE DEM&S MU/ 9EVITABLY BE RECOV]$ & ADVANC$ IF !RE IS TO BE ANY SOCIAL FUTURE4 ,9 CALL+ = A MELD+ ( ! MORE AB/RACT IDEALS ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION ) P]SONAL LIB]ATION1 9 SEEK+ TO =M ! NUCLE> LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/IC RELATION%IPS SO NECESS>Y TO ! RE>+ ( A TRULY EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY1 9 TRY+ TO SUBV]T ! 9FLU5CE ( ! COMMODITY NEXUS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL SELF & ITS RELATION%IP ) O!R SELVES1 9 EMPHASIZ+ ! NE$ = A SPONTANE\S EXPRESSION ( S5SUALITY & A HUMANI/IC S5SIBILITY1 9 *ALL5G+ HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION 9 ALL ITS =MS & MANIFE/ATIONS1 9 TRY+ TO SYN!SIZE NEW DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON AN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE ) ! NATURAL WORLD -- 9 RAIS+ ALL ( !SE DEM&S AS A S+LE 5SEMBLE1 ! C\NT]CULTURE GAVE A MOD]N EXPRESSION TO A LONG HI/ORIC MA9/REAM ( HUMAN DREAMS & ASPIRATIONS4 ,& H[EV] 9TUITIVELY1 IT DID SO ON ! BASIS ( ! HI/ORIC *ALL5GE POS$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES UNPREC$5T$ 9 HI/ORY4 ,!SE DEM&S CAN NEV] BE FULLY SUBM]G$ BY POLITICAL REPRESSION2 !Y HAVE BECOME ! VOICE ( AN 9CREAS+LY SELF-CONSCI\S REASON ?AT IS S$IM5T$ 9TO ! V]Y P]SPECTIVE ( HUMANITY T[>D ITS FUTURE4 ,:AT W]E ONLY REC5TLY ! HOTLY DEBAT$ VIEWS ( A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! Y\NG >E ALMO/ UNCONSCI\SLY ACCEPT$ BY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 ALL AGE GR\PS4 ,:AT /RONGLY FAVORS ! GR[? ( !SE DEM&S IS ! H>% FACT ?AT SOCIETY IS LEFT ) V]Y FEW *OICES TODAY4 ,! CITY HAS COMPLET$ ITS HI/ORIC EVOLUTION4 ,ITS DIALECTIC FROM ! VILLAGE1 TEMPLE >EA1 =TRESS1 OR ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]1 EA* DOM9AT$ BY AGR>IAN 9T]E/S1 TO ! MEGALOPOLIS :I* COMPLETELY DOM9ATES ! C\NTRYSIDE1 M>KS ! ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( ! CITY AS WE HAVE KN[N IT 9 HI/ORY4 ,) ! MOD]N CITY1 WE CAN NO LONG] SPEAK ( A CLE>LY DEF9$ URBAN 5TITY ) A COLLECTIVE URBAN 9T]E/ ( ITS [N4 ,JU/ AS EA* PHASE OR 0MOM5T0 ( ! CITY 9 HI/ORY IS M>K$ BY ITS [N 9T]NAL LIMITS1 SO ! MEGALOPOLIS REPRES5TS ! LIMITS ( ! CITY AS SU* -- ( CIVITAS AS DI/+UI%$ FROM COMMUNITAS4 ,! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE 9 ! =M ( ! /ATE DISSOLVES ALL ! ELEM5TS ( ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE1 REPLAC+ COMMUNITY TIES BY BUREAUCRATIC ONES4 ,P]SONIFI$ SPACE DISSOLVES 9TO 9/ITUTIONAL SPACE -- & ) ! VIOL5T ,NEWMAN CRASSLY DESCRIBES AS 0DEF5SIBLE SPACE40 ,! HUMAN SCALE IS 5VELOP$ BY URBAN GIGANTISM4 ,?IS 0ANTI-CITY10 NEI!R URBAN NOR RURAL1 AF=DS NO >5A = ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMMUNITY OR EV5 HUMANI/IC SOCIATION4 ,AT MO/1 ! MEGALOPOLIS IS PIEC$ TOGE!R BY MUTUALLY HO/ILE 5CLAVES EA* ( :I* IS 9T]NALLY 0UNIT$0 BY ITS HO/ILITY TO ! /RANG] ON ! P]IMET]4 ,AT ITS WOR/1 ?IS URBAN CANC] IS 9 PHYSICAL1 MORAL & LOGI/ICAL DECAY4 ,IT CEASES EV5 TO FUNCTION ON ITS [N T]MS1 AS AN EFFICI5T >5A = ! PRODUCTION & M>KET+ ( COMMODITIES4 ,CITY PLANN+ VALIDATES ! URBAN CRISIS BY DEAL+ ) IT AS A PROBLEM ( LOGI/ICS & DESIGN4 ,! CONV5TIONAL PLANN]'S CONC]N = EFFICI5T MOVEM5T 9VOLVES ! R$UCTION ( HUMAN BE+S TO LITTLE MORE ?AN COMMODITIES ?AT CIRCULATE ?R\< ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS EX*ANGE VALUES4 ,! TRIUMPH ( COMPUT]-SIMULATION TE*NIQUES 9 CITY PLANN+ REFLECTS ! DEGRADATION ( ! URBAN DWELL] FROM ! /ATUS ( 0BRO!R0 9 ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE TO ?AT ( 0CITIZ50 9 ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS CITY & ULTIMATELY TO ?AT ( A M]E DIGIT 9 ! MEGALOPOLIS4 ,IF ! TRADITIONAL CITY EMANCIPAT$ HUMAN SOCIATION FROM BLOOD TIES1 ! MEGALOPOLIS DISSOLVES SOCIATION AS SU* & R$UCES IT TO DIGITAL AGGREGATION4 ,CITY PLANN+ PRES5TS ?IS DISSOLUTION AS IDEOLOGY4 ,9 ! DYNAMIC DESIGN1 PEOPLE BECOME 0POPULATION0 & !IR RELATIONS M]E MOVEM5T GUID$ BY ! NE$S & CON/RA9TS ( ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM4 ,WE SEE1 H]E1 ! PR(\ND DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! S5SIBILITY ( ! Y\NG ,B]KELEY PLANN]S & !IR CONV5TIONAL C\NT]P>TS4 ,! ,B]KELEY PLANN]S />T FROM ! PREMISE ?AT URBANITY DOES NOT EMANCIPATE HUMAN SOCIATION FROM ! BLOOD TIE M]ELY TO DELIV] ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! ALI5AT$ & PRIVATIZ$ WORLD ( ! B\RGEOIS M>KET PLACE4 ,9 ! ,BLUEPR9T1 SOCIATION IS RECOV]$ 9 ! COMMUNE1 9 TIES FREELY =M$ BY HUMAN AFF9ITY RA!R ?AN ANCE/RAL L9EAGE4 ,URBANITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS FULFILL$ AS A COMMUNE COMPOS$ ( COMMUNES4 ,CONV5TIONAL CITY PLANN+1 BY ACCEPT+ ! CITY AS IT IS1 PREV5TS US FROM UND]/&+ :AT HUMANIZ$ T]RITORY C\LD BE -- NAMELY1 A NEW POLIS ?AT W\LD BE A COMMUNE MADE UP ( COMMUNES1 ( NUCLE> GR\PS UNIT$ BY *OICE & SELECTIVE AFF9ITY1 NOT SIMPLY BY K9%IP & BLOOD TIES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 JU/ AS PEOPLE BECOME M]E 0POPULATION10 T]RITO- RIALISM BECOMES M]E 0SPACE0 ?R\< :I* PEOPLE1 VEHICLES1 & COMMODITIES FL[4 ,CITY PLANN+ BECOMES ! ME*ANICAL ORGANIZATION ( SPACE BY DESIGN1 NOT ! ECOLOGICAL COLONIZATION ( T]RITORY BY PEOPLE4 ,CIVITAS COMPLETELY ASSIMILATES COMMUNITAS2 ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1 ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE4 ,TO RE/ORE URBANITY AS A HUMANIZ$ T]RA9 = SOCIATION1 ! MEGALOPOLIS MU/ BE RU?LESSLY DISSOLV$ & ITS PLACE TAK5 BY NEW DEC5TRALIZ$ ECOCOMMUNITIES1 EA* C>EFULLY TAILOR$ TO ! C>RY+ CAPACITY ( ! NATURAL ECOSY/EM 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$4 ,ONE MIT ( ALL ASPECTS ( ! HUMAN EXP]I5CE1 FROM WORK TO PLAY4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN ! NE$S ( ! NATURAL WORLD BECOME 9TEGRAT$ ) ?OSE ( ! SOCIAL TO YIELD AN AU!NTIC ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT TRANSC5DS ! 9/RUM5TALI/ 05VIRONM5TAL0 M5TALITY ( ! SANIT>Y 5G9E]4 ,\R PLACE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CITY IS UNIQUE4 ,PRECAPITALI/ CITIES1 [+ TO AN 9COMPLETE TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT P]PETUAT$ MAT]IAL SC>CITY1 EI!R /AGNAT$ )9 !IR LIMITS OR EXPLOD$ DE/RUCTIVELY BEYOND !M1 ONLY TO FALL BACK AGA9 TO !IR ORIG9AL DIM5SIONS OR DISAPPE> 5TIRELY4 ,:]E ! CITY WAS NOT FROZ5 7AS 9 ,ASIA & ! ,NE> ,EA/7 BY H]$IT>Y CA/ES & AGR>IAN HI]>*IES1 ITS UNITY WAS DISSOLV$ BY ! COMMODITY SY/EM & M>KET PLACE4 ,?IS WAS ! FATE ( ! POLIS4 ,MOD]N TE*NOLOGY HAS N[ REA*$ SO ADVANC$ A LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT IT P]MITS HUMANITY TO RECON/RUCT URBAN LIFE ALONG L9ES ?AT C\LD FO/] A BALANC$1 WELL-R\ND$1 & H>MONI\S COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S & BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?IS ECOCOMMUNITY W\LD BE MORE ?AN :AT WE HAVE ALWAYS MEANT BY A CITY2 IT W\LD BE A SOCIAL WORK ( >T1 A COMMUNITY FA%ION$ BY HUMAN CREATIVITY1 REASON1 & ECOLOGICAL 9SIE CONFRONT$ BY AN URBAN DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS ALMO/ C]TA9 TO DIS9TEGRATE 9TO BUREAUCRATIC MOBILIZATION1 *RONIC SOCIAL W>1 & A CONDITION ( P]MAN5T VIOL5CE4 ,IF ! E>LIE/ HI]OGLYPH ( ! CITY WAS A WALL 9T]SECT$ BY TWO ROADS1 ! SYMBOL ( ! MEGALOPOLIS MAY WELL BECOME A POLICE BADGE ON :I* A GUN IS SUP]IMPOS$4 ,9 ?IS K9D ( 0CITY10 ! REV5GE ( SOCIAL IRRATIONALITY WILL CLAIM ITS TOLL 9 ! =M ( AN ABSOLUTE DIVISION ( HUMAN FROM HUMAN4 ,?IS IS ! V]Y NEGATION ( URBANITY4 ,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! LIMITS ( ! MEGALOPOLIS CAN BE =MULAT$ AS NO?+ LESS ?AN ! LIMITS ( SOCIETY ITSELF AS AN 9/RUM5T ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,LEFT TO ITS [N DEVELOPM5T1 ! MEGALOPOLIS SPELLS ! DOOM NOT ONLY ( ! CITY AS SU* BUT ( HUMAN SOCIATION4 ,= 9 SU* AN URBAN WORLD1 TE*NOLOGY1 SUBS]V$ TO IRRATIONAL & DEMONIC =CES1 BECOMES NOT ! 9/RUM5T ( H>MONY & SECURITY1 BUT ! MEANS = SY/EMATICALLY PLUND]+ ! HUMAN SPIRIT & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,MAY #aigc ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/