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,T[>D A ,VISION ( ! ,URBAN ,FUTURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,T[>D A ,VISION ( ! ,URBAN ,FUTURE 

  

0,)\T TE/AM5T10 OBS]V$ ,HANNAH ,>5DT 9 ,BETWE5 ,PA/ & ,FUTURE1 0444 )\T TRADITION -- :I* SELECTS & NAMES1 :I* H&S D[N & PRES]VES1 :I* 9DICATES :]E ! TREASURES >E & :AT !IR WOR? IS -- !RE SEEMS TO BE NO WILL$ CONT9UITY 9 TIME & H5CE1 HUMANLY SPEAK+1 NEI!R PA/ NOR FUTURE1 ONLY SEMPIT]NAL *ANGE ( ! WORLD & ! BIOLOGICAL CYCLE ( CREATURES 9 IT40.<#e#g.> 

,IF ! CITY CAN BE ADD$ TO ! LO/ TREASURES :I* ,>5DT LAM5TS 9 H] DEEPLY S5SITIVE ESSAYS1 ?IS LOSS IS DUE 9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ! MOD]N /ANCE ( 0CONTEMPORANEITY10 A /ANCE :I* VIRTUALLY D5IES AN URBAN PA/ 9 ITS DEAD5+ CLAIM TO SEMPIT]NAL *ANGE1 TO AN ET]NALITY ( PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE NEI!R ! RETROSPECT ( UNIQU5ESS NOR ! PROSPECT ( VISION>Y SOLUTIONS4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! V]Y WORD 0CITY0 IS /ILL APPLI$ TO ! =MLESS URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS ?AT BLOT ! HUMAN L&SCAPE1 WE LIVE ) ! %ALL[ MY? ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( ! CIVIC PRES5T >E EQUATABLE ) ?OSE ( ! CIVIC PA/ -- & H5CE1 9 A S9I/] S5SE1 ) ! CIVIC FUTURE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WE KN[ NEI!R PA/ NOR FUTURE BUT ONLY A PRES5T ?AT LACKS EV5 ! SELF- CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS SOCIAL PRECONDITIONS1 LIMITATIONS1 & HI/ORIC FRAGILITY4 

,\R V]Y LANGUAGE BETRAYS ! LIMITATIONS )9 :I* WE OP]ATE -- MORE PRECISELY1 ! PRECONCEPTIONS ) :I* WE DEF9E ! FUNCTIONS ( ! MOD]N CITY & \R 0SOLUTIONS0 TO ITS PROBLEMS4 ,H[EV] OP]ATIONAL IT MAY BE1 ! MO/ UNSPOK5 PRECONCEPTION ?AT GUIDES \R VIEW ( ! MOD]N CITY IS AN 5TIRELY 5TREPR5EURIAL ONE4 ,9DE$1 ALL %ABBY MORAL PLATITUDES ASIDE1 WE SIMPLY VIEW ! CITY AS A BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE4 ,\R UND]LY+ URBAN PROBLEMS >E COMMONLY DESCRIB$ 9 FISCAL T]MS & (T5 ATTRIBUT$ TO 0POOR MANAGEM5T10 0F9ANCIAL IRRESPONSIBILITY10 & 0IMBALANC$ BUDGETS40 ,JUDG+ FROM ?IS T]M9OLOGY1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT A 0GOOD CITY0 IS A FISCALLY SECURE CITY1 & ! JOB ( CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS IS TO MANAGE ! CITY AS A 0S\ND BUS9ESS40 ,PRESUMABLY1 ! 0BE/ CITY0 IS NOT ONLY ONE ?AT BALANCES ITS BUDGET & IS SELF-F9ANC+ BUT EV5 E>NS A SIZABLE PR(IT4 

,TO ANYONE :O HAS EV5 A GLANC+ ACQUA9TANCE ) URBAN HI/ORY1 ?IS IS A BREA?TAK+ NOTION ( ! CITY1 9DE$1 A NOTION ?AT C\LD >ISE ONLY 9 ! MO/ UNADORN$ & M$IOCRE ( B\RGEOIS EPO*S4 ,YET LACK+ A S5SE ( BO? PA/ & FUTURE1 WE W\LD DO WELL TO RECALL ?AT ! CITY HAS V>I\SLY BE5 SE5 AS A C]EMONIAL C5T] 7! TEMPLE CITY71 AN ADM9I/RATIVE C5T] 7! PALACE CITY71 A CIVIC FRAT]NITY 7! POLIS71 & A GUILD CITY 7! M$IEVAL COMMUNE74 ,HEAV5LY OR SECUL>1 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 UNIQUELY A SOCIAL SPACE1 ! T]RA9 9 :I* ! SUSPECT 0/RANG]0 BECAME TRANS=M$ 9TO ! CITIZ5 -- ?IS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! BIOLOGICAL P>O*IALISM ( ! CLAN & TRIBE ) ITS ROOTS 9 BLOOD TIES1 ! SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & AGE GR\PS4 ,AS ! ,GREEKS SO WELL KNEW1 ! 0GOOD CITY0 REPRES5T$ ! TRIUMPH ( SOCIETY OV] BIOLOGY1 ( REASON OV] IMPULSE1 ( HUMANITY OV] FOLKDOM4 ,?AT CAPITALISM ) ITS PR9CIPLE ( UNLIMIT$ GR[? & ITS [N ECONOMIC EMPHASIS ON 0SEMPIT]NAL *ANGE0 BEGAN TO EXP& ! M$IEVAL M>KETPLACE BEYOND ANY COMPREH5SIBLE HUMAN SCALE IS A PROBLEM ?AT HAS BE5 MORE ?AN ADEQUATELY EXPLOR$2 BUT :]E ?IS T5D5CY W\LD TAKE US WAS /ILL CONJECTURAL4.<#e#h.> ,! LA/ C5TURY SAW ! CITY DEF] TO -- & EV5 MODEL ITSELF -- ON ! FACTORY4.<#e#i.> ,! OP5+ YE>S ( ! PRES5T C5TURY WITNESS$ ! CONCEPTUAL R$UCTION ( ! CITY TO A 0MA*9E10 A NOTION :I* WAS ACCEPT$ BY SU* PRESUMABLY DISP>ATE >*ITECTS & PLANN]S AS ,LE ,CORBUSI] & ,FRANK ,LLOYD ,WRI<T4 ,MC,LUHAN BR\<T US 9TO ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATE WORLD ) HIS CAT*Y PHRASE 0! GLOBAL VILLAGE10 & ,DOXIADES PRESUMABLY AF=D$ US ! 0MULTIDISCIPL9>Y0 TOOLS = MAK+ ! MULT9ATIONAL CITY SEEM LIKE AN 9T]NATIONAL ONE4.<#f.> 

,IF ! S*EMES ( ,LE ,CORBUSI]1 ,WRI<T1 ,MC,LUHAN1 & ,DOXIADES SEEM REMOTE AT PRES5T1 IF !Y HAVE BE5 PREEMPT$ BY ! BOOKKEEP+ ( ,ABE ,BEAME1 ! %IFT IS NOT )\T ITS IRONY4 ,BEAME PLODD$ HIS WAY TO ! C5T] ( ,NEW ,YORK POLITICS AS A COMPTROLL]1 NOT AS A SOCIAL RE=M] OR CITY PLANN]4 ,HIS CONCEPT ( COMMUNITY IS PROBABLY EXHAU/$ BY ! ,NEW ,YORK ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY'S HEADQU>T]S & BACKROOMS4 ,HE LACKS EV5 ! ,DICK5SIAN ECC5TRICITIES ( A ,SCROOGE4 ,ONLY HIS GRAY HAIR1 AG+ FACE1 & DIM9UTIVE /ATURE RESCUE HIM FROM APPE>+ AS A CORPORATE TE*NOCRAT4 ,HE IS1 ODDLY 5\<1 A MAN ( ! ,LA,GU>DIA G5]ATION :O1 LIKE ! ,ABBE ,SIEYES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 C\LD CLAIM A SUPREME CR$5TIAL = HAV+ LIV$ 9 A COLORFUL1 DRAMATIC1 & DYNAMIC ]A3 HE MANAG$ TO SURVIVE4 ,BY VIRTUE ( HIS V]Y APPE>ANCE & PR(ESSIONAL BACKGR\ND1 ,BEAME P]SONIFIES ! TRANS=MATION ( ,NEW ,YORK'S URBAN PROBLEMS FROM ?OSE ( SOCIAL RE=M 9TO ?OSE ( FISCAL MANIPULATION4 

,LE/ ?IS TRANS=MATION BE TAK5 TOO MU* = GRANT$1 IT HAS IMPLICATIONS ?AT GO F> BEYOND ANY M]E HEADL9ES4 ,! *ANGE MEANS ?AT \R MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS NOT ONLY SUBV]T$ ! CITY S HI/ORIC ROLE AS A M$IUM = SOCIALIZ+ P>O*IAL FOLD 9TO WORLDLY HUMANS2 IT HAS COMPLETELY DEGRAD$ ! CITY 9TO A M]E BUS9ESS V5TURE TO BE GAUG$ BY MONET>Y RA!R ?AN SOCIAL OR CULTURAL CRIT]IA4 ,IT HAS1 9 EFFECT1 ADD$ A VULG> DIM5SION TO ,>5DT'S WOR/ FE>S ( 0SEMPIT]NAL *ANGE0 BY REMOV+ ! CITY FROM ! HI/ORY BOOKS & PLAC+ IT 9 ACC\NT BOOKS4 ,! CITY HAS BECOME A PROBLEM NOT 9 SOCIAL !ORY1 COMMUNITY1 OR PSY*OLOGY BUT 9 BOOKKEEP+4 ,IT HAS CEAS$ TO BE A HUMAN CREATION & HAS BECOME A COMMODITY4 ,ITS A*IEVEM5T IS TO BE JUDG$ NOT BY >*ITECTURAL BEAUTY1 CULTURAL 9SPIRATION1 & HUMAN ASSOCIATION BUT BY ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY1 TAXABLE RES\RCES1 & FISCAL SUCCESS4 ,! MO/ />TL+ ASPECT ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T-LONG 9 ! MAK+ :5 ! CITY WAS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! FACTORY & TO COMM]CE -- IS ?AT URBAN !ORY MU/ CEASE TO PRET5D ?AT ITS REV]$ SOCIAL & CULTURAL CRIT]IA APPLY TO ! MOD]N CITY4 ,>*ITECTURE1 SOCIOLOGY AN?ROPOLOGY1 PLANN+1 & CULTURAL HI/ORY TELL US NO?+ AB\T ! CITY AS IT EXI/S TODAY4 ,URBAN IDEOLOGY IS BUS9ESS IDEOLOGY1 TS TOOLS >E NOT ,DOXIADES' EKI/ICS BUT D\BLE-5TRY BOOKKEEP+4 

,! EXT5T TO :I* WE HAVE REMOV$ ! CITY FROM ! HI/ORY BOOKS & PLAC$ IT 9 ! ACC\NT BOOKS IS EVID5C$ NOT ONLY BY ! DECL9+ 9+ CITIES ( ! NOR!A/ BUT BY ! BURGEON+ CITIES ( ! SUNBELT4 ,SUCCESS1 H]E1 IS A QUIXOTIC =M ( FAILURE -- = ! HI/ORIC URBAN TR5D ( \R DAY HAS NOT BE5 T[>D CITIES BUT RA!R A CURI\S =M ( URBANIZATION )\T CITIES4 ,! DEVOLUTION ( ! SUNBELT CITIES ALMO/ 5TIRELY 9TO 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL 0M\SETRAPS0 7TO QUOTE A ,=TUNE J\RNALI/7 HAS YIELD$ A DEVA/AT+ =M ( 0SUCCESS40 ,BUS9ESS HAS BECOME A CULT2 GR[?1 A DEITY2 MONEY1 A TALISMAN4 ,! MY?IC HAS REAPPE>$ 9 ITS MO/ MUNDANE QUANTIFI$ =M TO CREATE ONE ( ! MO/ DEHUMANIZ+ IDEOLOGIES 9 URBAN HI/ORY4 ,9 ! PLA/IC1 UNADORN$ SUBDIVISIONS1 HI<-RISES1 & SLAB (FICE BUILD+S ( ,LOS ,ANGELES1 ,PH5IX1 ,DALLAS1 & ,H\/ON EA/W>D TO ,TAMPA & ,MIAMI1 LIFE & CULTURE HAVE BE5 SACRIFIC$ TO ! MO/ ROBOTIZ$ =MS ( MASS PRODUCTION1 MASS M]*&IZ+1 & MASS CULTURE4 ,! FACELESS /RUCTURES ?AT SPRAWL ACROSS ! 0S\!RN RIM0 LACK ! SEASON+ ( HI/ORY1 ( AU!NTIC CULTURAL 9T]C\RSE1 ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T & C5T]+4 ,! CITIES !MSELVES HAVE MOV$1 = ! MO/ P>T1 BY HUGE LEAPS1 NOT BY EVOLUTION1 & ! PROPELL+ =CE ( ! LEAPS HAS BE5 SOME SORT ( 0RES\RCE10 BE IT COPP] OR PETROLEUM1 A]OSPACE OR ELECTRONICS1 RANGE EMPIRES OR AGRIBUS9ESS4 ,! 0GOLD FEV]0 HAS NEV] LEFT ! SUNBELT2 IT HAS M]ELY PRODUC$ GOLD 9 DIFF]5T1 (T5 MORE FEV]I% WAYS4 ,IF ! ,AM]ICAN EMPIRE F\ND ITS ORIG9AL COLONIES ON ! WE/]N FRONTI]1 ! SUNBELT CITIES HAVE BE5 ITS TRADITIONAL \TPO/S & PROVID$ ! NODAL PO9TS = ITS MO/ AGGRESSIVE DOME/IC IMPULSES4 

,ACCORD+LY1 !SE NODAL PO9TS -- N[1 SPRAWL+ ,/&>D ,METROPOLITAN ,/ATI/IC ,>EAS -- >E ECONOMICALLY 0RELEVANT40 ,!Y =M ! C5T]S ( ! 0NEW0 9DU/RIES SPAWN$ BY ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ( 9T5SIVELY WORK$ FACTORY 0F>MS10 ( FUELS = HI<- TE*NOLOGY1 ( %OPP+ MALLS & RETAIL EMPORIUMS4 ,BIG GOV]NM5T1 P>TICUL>Y ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 OCCUPIES EV]Y NI*E ?AT HAS NOT BE5 FILL$ BY BIG BUS9ESS & ! TWO 9EVITABLY 9T]L9K TO =M BIG BUREAUCRACY4 ,MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY HAS R>ELY BE5 A /RATEGIC CONCEPT 9 ! ,S,M,S,A'S ( ! SUNBELT4 ,! E>LIE/ CITIES W]E (T5 CAVALRY =TRESSES1 NOT ! NEW 0,J]USALEMS0 E/ABLI%$ BY RADICAL1 (T5 AN>*I/IC RELIGI\S & POLITICAL DISS5T]S4 ,AL?\< ! FRONTI] N\RI%$ ! MY? ( RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM1 COMMUNITY1 & VIGILANTISM1 ITS DAILY LIFE & T5ACI\S GRE$ N\RI%$ SELF-9T]E/ & PRIVATISM4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 REGIONAL ADM9I/RATION T5DS TO SUPPLANT MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATION1 DIGE/+ NOT ONLY NEI<BORHOODS BUT 5TIRE CITIES 9 ! 5TRAILS ( HUGE ADM9I/RATIVE BUREAUCRACIES4 ,CITIZ5%IP1 9 TURN1 T5DS TO BE GAUG$ MORE BY ! CAPACITY TO ATTRACT 9VE/M5T1 MAKE MONEY1 & 5GAGE 9 BIG-SP5D+ ?AN BY CIVIC ACTIVISM & SOCIAL RE=M4 

,! NOR!A/]N CITIES >E SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T4 ,NEW ,YORK1 :OSE URBAN AGONY HAS MADE IT P>ADIGMATIC = ! CITIES ( ! 5TIRE REGION1 WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T ( 5TRY = IMMIGRANTS 9TO ! CONT95T & !IR FIR/ PO9T ( CONTACT ) ! REALITIES ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM40 ,! CITY A*IEV$ ITS ELEVAT$ /ATUS NOT M]ELY AS A MAJOR PORT & F9ANCIAL C5T]1 BUT AS ! CRUCIBLE 9 :I* ! POLYGLOT IMMIGRANTS ( ,EUROPE W]E MELD$ 9TO A USABLE LABOR =CE4 ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESS ITSELF ACCORD$ ! CITY A SPECIAL /ATUS1 H[EV] RES5TFULLY & BOORI%LY4 ,:E!R BY VIRTUE ( HI< 9VE/M5TS1 POLITICAL PRIVILEGES OR1 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 SOCIAL RE=MS1 ! CITY HAD TO BE SUPPORT$ AS ! DEMOGRAPHIC & CULTURAL PLAC5TA TO ,EUROPE4 ,MORE COSMOPOLITAN ?AN ANY O!R CITY 9 ! L&1 IT =M$ A LIFEL9E TO ! OLD WORLD ) ITS MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL RI*ES4 ,IF A S+LE P>T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS ! ,AM]ICAN 0MELT+ POT10 IT WAS ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 & IF ,AM]ICA NE$$ A SPACE TO A*IEVE A MEASURE ( DEMOGRAPHIC & CULTURAL HOMOG5EITY FROM :I* TO DRAW ,EUROPE'S LABOR & SKILLS1 IT WAS ?R\< ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 

,! PRES5T 0FISCAL CRISIS0 9 ,NEW ,YORK MEANS1 QUITE FRANKLY1 ?AT ! CITY HAS BE5 AB&ON$4 ,ITS TRADITIONAL FUNCTION IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y4 ,TODAY1 ,NEW ,YORK DOES NOT RECEIVE ! BULK ( ITS IMMIGRANTS FROM ,EUROPE BUT FROM )9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS ,HISPANIC 0POSESSIONS40 ,AT A TIME :5 TE*NOLOGY REQUIRES LESS MUSCLE & MORE SKILL1 ,NEW ,YORK HAS CEAS$ TO BE AN HI/ORIC PORT ( 5TRY = NE$$ 0HUMAN RES\RCES0 & HAS BECOME ! DUMP+ GR\ND = SUP]FLU\S 0HUMAN WA/E40 ,! ,/ATUE ( ,LIB]TY EXHIBITS ITS BACKSIDE TO DOME/IC REFUGEES FROM RELIGI\S & POLITICAL P]SECUTION4 ,) ITS GR[+ PROPORTION ( BLACKS1 ,HISPANICS1 & AG$1 ! CITY HAS TURN$ 9TO AN ECONOMIC ANA*RONISM & A POLITICAL M5ACE4 ,ITS 0M9ORITIES10 :O N[ COMPRISE RESID5TIAL MAJORITIES 9 MANY P>TS ( ! CITY1 >E SE5 AS IMP$IM5TS TO A HI<LY CORPORATE1 ME*ANIZ$1 & PLANN$ ECONOMY4 ,LIKE ! 0MA/]LESS M50 :O APPE>$ ALL OV] ,EUROPE DUR+ ! DECL9E ( FEUDALISM1 !SE M9ORITIES HAVE BECOME M>G9AL PEOPLE 9 AN ]A ( TE*NOCRATIC /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,FROM ! BAD CONSCI5CE ( ! SY/EM1 ! CITY RE>S ITSELF UP AS A SPECT] FROM ! PA/ ?AT MU/ BE EXORCIZ$4 ,PHYSICALLY IT MU/ BE SET ADRIFT1 AB&ON$ TO ITS SQUALOR1 >*AISMS1 & LEPR\S PROCESS ( DECAY4 

,IT IS NOT A SATISFACTORY >GUM5T TO RAKE UP ! TRITE EXPLANATIONS1 SU* AS 0FISCAL MISMANAGEM5T0 & AN 0]OD+ TAX BASE10 ?AT ,WA%+TON HAS FLUNG AT ,NEW ,YORK TO JU/IFY ITS NEGLECT ( ! CITY4 ,ONE C\LD REASONABLY ASK IF ,WA%+TON ITSELF HAS A MORE S\ND FISCAL OR ECONOMIC BASE ?AN ! COSMOPOLIS TO ! NOR?4 ,?AT ,WA%+TON IS L>GELY A SUBSIDIZ$ CITY1 9DE$ SUBSIDIZ$ P>TLY BY ! MASSIVE TAXES IT DRA9S FROM ,NEW ,YORK1 SUGGE/S ?AT ! VIABILITY ( ANY CITY 9 AN ]A ( OLIGOPOLY & /ATE CONTROLS CAN NO LONG] BE EXPLA9$ BY ! PRECEPTS ( 0FREE 5T]PRISE0 ECONOMICS4 ,WA%+TON IS >TIFICIALLY SU/A9$ BECAUSE IT IS NE$$ AS A NATIONAL ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ANY CITY IS A HEAVY RECEPI5T ( DIRECT OR 9DIRECT ,F$]AL FUNDS1 EXORBITANT REV5UES FROM OLIGOPOLI/IC PRACTICES1 OR LOOT DRA9$ BY LEISUR$ HI<-9COME C\NTIES FROM EXPLOIT$ L[-9COME ONES1 IT IS >TIFICIALLY SU/A9$ BY ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,WA%+TON LIVES ON TAX REV5UES REQUISITION$ ON A NATIONAL SCALE1 ! SUNBELT CITIES ON A]ONAUTIC1 & MILIT>Y SUBSIDIES1 OIL MONEY1 & REAL-E/ATE HU/LES1 ! WEAL?Y COMMUNITIES ( S\!RN ,CALI=NIA ON RI*ES PLUND]$ FROM ! POOR] C\NTRIES ( ! NOR? & EA/1 ! ,IMP]IAL ,VALLEY ON >TIFICALLY 9FLAT$ FOOD PRICES BY :I* ,NEW ,YORK]S1 ,BO/ONIANS1 & ,*ICAGOANS >E BL$ DAILY4 ,?AT ,NEW ,YORK HAS BE5 ! OBJECT ( OPPROBRIUM RA!R ?AN SUPPORT AT ALL LEVELS ( ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T & ! F9ANCIAL WORLD IS EVID5CE NOT SO MU* ( ITS 0FISCAL MISMANAGEM5T0 BUT ITS LACK ( ECONOMIC RELEVANCY4 ,ITS EM95CE AS A C5T] ( IMMIGRANT LABOR HAS WAN$ & ! IMMIGRANTS IT CURR5TLY RECEIVES >E VIEW$ AS DESPIS$ SOCIAL FLOTSAM4 

,P]HAPS NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! CITY HAS BECOME POLITICALLY DANG]\S4 ,ONE C\LD EASILY VISUALIZE ?AT ,NEW ,YORK1 :I* ONCE PROVID$ ! SPACE = MELD+ NE$$ IMMIGRANT LABOR1 C\LD AGA9 BE FAVOR$ AS A SPACE 9 :I* 0DISP5SABLE0 SECTORS ( ! POPULATION C\LD BE DUMP$4 ,IT MI<T SEEM PLAUSIBLE ?AT1 AS 0FRI5DLY FASCISM0 OOZES OV] ! SOCIAL L&SCAPE1 IT MI<T LEAVE OASES 9 :I* ! E?NICALLY ABUS$1 ! 9DIG5T1 EV5 ! ECC5TRICS1 MI<T F9D A HOME 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIAL PACIFICATION4 ,! MO/ S9I/] FEATURE ( ! TR5D T[>D CORPORATE & /ATE CAPITALISM IS ?AT SU* OASES >E BASICALLY 9COMPATIBLE ) A TOTALIT>IAN TR5D1 EV5 ( ! 0FRI5DLY0 V>IETY4 ,! SIXTIES HAVE VIVIDLY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT 0AFFLU5CE0 DOES NOT PLACATE ! RE/LESS BUT AWAK5S !M4 ,9 ! LANGUAGE ( MOD]N SOCIOL- OGESE1 IMPROV$ MAT]IAL CONDITIONS >\SE 0HI< EXPECTATIONS0 & ULTIMATELY A REBELLI\S AMBIANCE ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,VIEW$ FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 CURR5T ATTEMPTS TO SUBV]T ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S TRADITIONAL RE=MI/IC POLICIES >E NOT )\T POLITICAL CUNN+4 ,! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE'S GR[+ POLICE FUNCTIONS & ITS 9CREAS+ MANIPULATION ( ! ECONOMY HAVE BE5 FOLL[$ BY ITS GR[+ CONTROL OV] LOCAL ADM9I/RATIVE AU?ORITY4 ,NEW ,YORK'S LOSS ( MUNICIPAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T C\LD PORT5D A F>-REA*+ DE/RUCTION ( MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS EV]Y:]E4 ,RE>+ UP BE=E US W\LD BE AN IMM5SE POLITICAL BEHEMO? ?AT C\LD 5GULF ! LA/ ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURES ( ,AM]ICAN T[NS & CITIES4 

,9 ! SUNBELT CITIES1 ! EM]G5CE ( SU* A BEHEMO? ALREADY HAS ACQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE REALITY4 ,! TREM5D\S WEI<T ?AT IS GIV5 TO ECONOMIC EXPANSION1 TO BUS9ESS OP]ATIONS1 TO GOV]NM5TALLY FO/]$ PROJECTS HAS S]V$ NOT ONLY TO PROMOTE M9DLESS URBAN EXPANSION BUT AN APPALL+ DEGREE ( CIVIC PASSIVITY4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* !SE CITIES HAVE SURR5D]$ TO 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 & GOV]NM5TAL OP]ATIONS IS COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! SQUALID DECAY ( CITIES DUR+ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS SURR5D] CAN BE EXPRESS$ AS A =M ( MUNICIPAL GR[? ?AT OCCURS 9 9V]SE PROPORTION TO CIVIC ATTRITION -- CIVIC 9 ! S5SE ?AT ?AT CITY ONCE COMPRIS$ A VITAL BODY POLITIC4 ,HOMOG5EITY HAS EFFAC$ NEI<BORHOODS1 REGIONALIZATION HAS EFFAC$ MUNICIPALITIES1 & IMM5SE 5T]PRISES1 F$ BY ! BEQUE/S ( BIG GOV]NM5T1 HAVE EFFAC$ ! EXI/5CE ( A SOCIALLY ACTIVE CITIZ5RY4 ,! BASIC CONC]NS ( ! SUNBELT CITIES >E GR[?1 NOT RE=M2 ! BASIC CONC]NS ( ITS CITIZ5S >E S]VICES1 NOT SOCIAL P>TICIPATION4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! RESID5TS ( ! SUNBELT CITIES CON/ITUTE A CLI5T POPULATION1 B]EFT ( CITIZ5%IP & SOCIAL ACTIVISM BY ! V]Y SUCCESS ( !IR ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT MEAN+FUL POLITICS IS PRACTIC$ 9 !SE CITIES1 IT IS BUREAUCRATICALLY OR*E/RAT$ BY BUS9ESS & GOV]NM5T4 

,IF ! GREAT ,HELL5IC /&>DS ( URBANISM HAVE MEAN+ ANY LONG] = /UD5TS ( ! CITY & ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( AN ACTIVE BODY POLITIC1 ( AN AU!NTIC1 SOCIALLY 9VOLV$ CITIZ5RY IS EQUIVAL5T TO ! DEA? ( ! CITY ITSELF4 ,GREEK SOCIAL ?\<T VIEW$ ! CITY AS A PUBLIC >5A1 A REALM ( DISC\RSE & RATIONAL ADM9I/RATION ?AT PRESUPPOS$ A PUBLIC OP9ION1 PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS1 & A PUBLIC MAN4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( SU* A PUBLIC1 !RE WAS NO POLIS1 NO CITIZ5S1 NO COMMUNITY4 ,! SUNBELT CITIES HAVE REPLAC$ PUBLIC LIFE BY PUBLICITY1 BY A SPECTACUL>1 TYPICALLY ,AM]ICAN =M ( 0DIALOGUE0 ?AT 9VOLVES ! PROMOTION ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 5TITIES4 ,9 ! SPECTAC- UL>IZ$ WORLD ( PUBLICITY1 EV5 ! CLASSICAL M>KET ( FREE 5TREPR5EURS IS CONV]T$ 9TO OLIGOPOLI/ICALLY MANAG$ %OPP+ MALLS1 DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS 9TO APPO9T$ BUREAUCRACIES1 & CITIZ5S 9TO TAXPAY]S4 ,:AT REMA9S ( ! CITY IS M]ELY ITS HI< RESID5TIAL D5SITY1 NOT ITS URBANE POPULACE4 

,IF ! MUNICIPAL SUCCESS ( ! SUNBELT CITIES IS M>K$ BY CIVIC FAILURE1 ! MUNICIPAL FAILURES ( ! OLD] CITIES HAVE BE5 M>K$ BY A C]TA9 DEGREE ( CIVIC SUCCESS4 ,[+ TO ! DECL9E ( MUNICIPAL S]VICES 9 ! OLD] CITIES ( ! NOR!A/1 A VACUUM IS DEVELOP+ BETWE5 ! TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MANAG$ ! CITY & ! URBAN POPULATION ITSELF4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS1 9 EFFECT1 HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO SURR5D] A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ( !IR AU?ORITY TO ! CITIZ5RY4 ,UND]/AFF$ MUNICIPAL AG5CIES CAN NO LONG] PRET5D TO ADEQUATELY MEET SU* BASIC NE$S AS SANITATION1 $UCATION1 HEAL?1 & PUBLIC SAFETY4 ,AN E]IE MUNICIPAL 0NO-MAN'S-L&0 IS EM]G+ BETWE5 ! 9/ITUTIONAL APP>ATUS ( ! OLD] CITIES & ! PEOPLE IT PR(ESSES TO S]VICE4 ,?IS 0NO-MAN'S-L&0 -- ?IS URBAN VACUUM1 TO BE MORE PRECISE -- IS SL[LY BE+ FILL$ BY ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,F> MORE /RIK+ ?AN ,NEW ,YORK'S FISCAL CRISIS IS ! PUBLIC RESPONSE IT HAS EVOK$4 ,LIBR>IES1 S*OOLS1 EV5 HOSPITALS & FIRE H\SES1 HAVE BE5 OCCUPI$ BY >\S$ CITIZ5S1 A TR5D ?AT IS SIGNIFICANT NOT BECAUSE AMATEURS CAN (T5 EXHIBIT A TE*NICAL CAPACITY TO REPLACE ! S]VICES ( PR(ESSIONALS BUT RA!R ! HI< DEGREE ( SOCIAL ACTIVISM ?AT ! CRISIS HAS >\S$ AT A GRASS ROOTS LEVEL4 ,FROM ! SEEM+ DECL9E ( ! OLD] CITIES1 TAXPAY]S >E SL[LY BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO CITIZ5S1 PRIVATIZ$ DI/RICTS 9TO AU!NTIC NEI<BORHOODS1 & A PASSIVE POPULACE 9TO AN ACTIVE PUBLIC4 

,IF W\LD BE NAIVE TO OV]/ATE ?IS TR5D & VIEW IT AS A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO ! CRISES ?AT BELEAGU] ! NOR!A/]N CITIES4 ,! AWAK5+ ( PUBLIC LIFE 9 !SE CITIES WILL NOT 5D ! ]OSION ( !IR ECONOMIC & FISCAL BASES4 ,IF ! DE/9Y ( ! ,AM]ICAN CITY IS TO BE DET]M9$ L>GELY BY ITS 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL 0GR[? POT5TIAL10 ?IS V]Y CRIT]ION IMPLIES A R$EF9ITION ( ! CITY AS A BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE1 NOT A SOCIAL & CULTURAL SPACE4 ,SO CONCEIV$1 ! CITY WILL HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/ PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS /RICTLY ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS & ITS /&>DS ( SUCCESSFUL P]=MANCE4 

,IF ! REAL HI/ORIC BASIS ( ! CITY1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS SE5 TO BE AN ACTIVE BODY POLITIC & A SPIRIT$ PUBLIC LIFE1 !N ,NEW ,YORK IS MORE SUCCESSFUL AS AN AU!NTIC MUNICIPALITY ?AN ,DALLAS OR ,H\/ON4 ,! EVID5CE = ?IS REAWAK5+ ( CITIZ5 ACTIVITY AMID URBAN DECAY IS (T5 COMPELL+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A CONVOCATION LA/ YE> ( BLOCK-ASSOCIATION REPRES5TATIVES BY ! ,CITIZ5S ,COMMITTEE = ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,CITYWIDE ,BLOCK ,ASSOCIATIONS1 YIELD$ #a1#c ACTIVI/S :O1 ACCORD+ TO A ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES REPORT1 0DEBAT$ COMMUNITY ) ! ZE/1 & FREQU5TLY ! CONT5TI\SNESS1 ( AN ELECTION-YE> POLITICAL CONV5TION40 ,! REPORT NOTES ?AT ! 0NEI<BORHOOD ACTIVI/S0 W]E GUID$ BY ! 0CONVICTION ?AT CIVIC BETT]M5T />TS ON ! BLOCK :]E ON LIVES40 ,H[EV] OPPRESSIVE ! PROBLEMS DISCUSS$ -- 0CRIME1 SANITATION1 H\S+ IMPROVEM5TS1 FUND-RAIS+1 RECYCL+1 DAY C>E & 'FI<T+ ,CITY ,HALL'0 -- ! MOOD ( ! ACTIVI/S 0WAS ANY?+ BUT GRIM4 ,!RE WAS ALMO/ AN EVANGELICAL1 UPBEAT SPIRIT AS BLOCK LEAD]S TOLD ( WAYS !Y HAD SUCCESSFULLY DEALT ) SAFETY PROBLEMS OR F\ND NEW TE*NIQUES ( RAIS+ MONEY = TREE PLANT+40 

,IT MATT]S LITTLE ?AT ! ISSUES RAIS$ MAY (T5 BE TRIVIAL & 9CONSEQU5TIAL4 ,:AT IS F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! AG5DA ( SU* =MS IS ! EXTRAP>LIAM5T>Y NATURE ( ! =M ITSELF & ! P>TICIPATORY FEATURES ( ! ASSOCIATION4 ,CONVOCATIONS ( MOLECUL> CIVIC GR\PS LIKE 0BLOCK ASSOCIATIONS0 ?AT RESEMBLE A 0POLITICAL CONV5TION0 9 A NORMAL YE> M>K A RUPTURE ) 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ GOV]NM5TAL PROCESSES4 ,!Y COMPRISE1 9 ,M>T9 ,BUB]'S S5SE1 SOCIAL /RUCTURES AS DI/+UI%$ FROM POLITICAL ONES4 ,P[] ACQUIRES A PUBLIC1 9DE$ A P]SONAL1 *>ACT] :I*1 TO ! BUREAUCRAT1 IS A K9D ( SOCIAL 0VIGILANTISM0 & 0AN>*Y0 & TO ! P>TICIPANT IS A 0T[N MEET+40 ,! 5]GY ?AT BUOYS UP ! CONVOCATION1 ! ANTI- HI]>*ICAL *>ACT] ?AT (T5 M>KS ITS ORGANIZATION1 & ! V]VE ( ITS P>TICIPANTS IMPLIES A R5EW$ S5SE ( P[] AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! P[]LESSNESS ?AT CON/ITUTES ! SOCIAL MALAISE ( \R TIMES4 

,! TRIVIALITIES ( ! AG5DA %\LD NOT BL9D US TO ! HI/ORIC IMPORTANCE ( MUNICIPAL REAWAK5+S AT ?IS LEVEL ( ACTION4 ,! ROLE ( CIVIC ACTIVISM AS MEANS = F>-REA*+ SOCIAL *ANGE DATES BACK TO ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS1 & =M$ ! BASIS = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,9 REVOLUTION>Y ,AM]ICA1 0! NATURE ( CITY GOV]NM5T CAME 9 = HEAT$ DISCUSSION10 OBS]VES ,M]RIL ,J5S5 9 A FASC9AT+ DISCUSSION ( ! P]IOD4 ,T[N MEET+S1 :E!R LEGAL OR 9=MAL1 0HAD BE5 A FOCAL PO9T ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY40 ,! ANTIDEMOCRATIC REACTION ?AT SET 9 AFT] ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION WAS M>K$ BY EF=TS TO DO AWAY ) T[N MEET+ GOV]NM5TS ?AT HAD SPREAD WELL BEYOND ,NEW ,5GL& TO ! MID-,ATLANTIC & ,S\!RN /ATES4 ,ATTEMPTS BY CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS W]E MADE TO E/ABLI% A 0CORPORATE =M 7( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T7 :]EBY ! T[NS C\LD BE GOV]NM5T BY MAYORS & C\NCILS0 ELECT$ FROM URBAN W>DS4 ,JUDG+ FROM ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ! M]*ANTS 0BACK$ 9CORPORATION CONSI/5TLY 9 ! EF=TS TO ESCAPE T[N MEET+S40 ,SU* EF=TS W]E SUCCESSFUL NOT ONLY 9 CITIES & T[NS ( ?AT /ATE BUT ALSO 9 ,*>LE/ON1 ,NEW ,HAV51 & EV5TUALLY EV5 ,BO/ON4 ,J5S51 ADDRESS+ HIMSELF TO ! 9CORPORAT$ =M ( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T & RE/RICT$ SUFFRAGE ?AT REPLAC$ ! MORE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLY =M ( ! REVOLUTION>IES ( #aggf 9 ,PHILADELPHIA1 EXPRESSES A JUDGM5T ?AT C\LD APPLY TO ALL ! SUCCESSFUL EF=TS ON BEHALF ( MUNICIPAL 9CORPORATION FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION3 0,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,PHILADELPHIA WAS COMPLETE40 

,A DECADE LAT]1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES FAC$ MU* ! SAME PROBLEM :5 ! SANS CULOTTES & 5RAGES TRI$ TO AFFIRM ! P[] ( ! ,P>ISIAN LOCAL POPUL> ASSEMBLIES OR 0SECTIONS0 OV] ! C5TRALIZ$ ,CONV5TION & ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY CONTROLL$ BY ,ROBESPI]RI/S4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! F9AL VICTORY ( ! ,CONV5TION OV] ! SECTIONS WAS TO CO/ ,ROBESPI]RE HIS LIFE & 5D ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,JACOB9S OV] SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! MUNICIPAL MOVEM5T1 9DE$ A RI* CLASSICAL H]ITAGE ( ! CITY AS COMMUNITY ?AT HAD N\RI%$ ! SOCIAL \TLOOK ( ,G]MAN IDEALISM & LAT] UTOPIAN SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ !ORIES1 DROPP$ FROM SI<T ) ! EM]G5CE ( ,M>XISM & ITS N>R[ 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 ( HI/ORY4 ,YET IT CAN H>DLY BE IGNOR$ ?AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :I* PROVID$ ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM ) ITS E>LIE/ MODELS ( A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY1 WAS PRECISELY A REVOLUTION>Y MUNICIPAL MOVEM5T :OSE GOAL ( A 0SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ )9 A CONF$]ALI/ FRAMEWORK ( FREE MUNICIPALITIES OR 0COMMUNES40 

,AL?\< ! OLD] NOR!A/]N CITIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES H>DLY BE> COMP>ISON ) !IR [N ANCE/RAL COMMUNITIES ( TWO C5TURIES AGO1 MU* LESS REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS1 IT W\LD BE MYOPIC TO IGNORE C]TA9 FASC9AT+ SIMIL>ITIES4 ,! BLOCK COMMITTEES ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY >E NOT ! T[N MEET+S ( ,BO/ON OR ! SECTIONS ( ,P>IS2 !Y DO NOT PR(ESS ANY HI/ORIC GOALS = ! MO/ P>T NOR HAVE !Y ADVANC$ ANY PROGRAMMATIC EXPRESSION 9 SUPPORT ( MAJOR SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BUT !Y CLE>LY SCORE A NEW ADVANCE 9 ! DEM&S ( !IR P>TICIPANTS -- PRIM>ILY1 A CLAIM TO GOV]NANCE 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( !IR 0BLOCKS10 A PROCLIVITY = F$]ATION1 & 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 AN EM]G+ BODY POLITIC4 ,! CITY ITSELF IS RIDDL$ BY T5ANTS ASSOCIATIONS1 AD HOC COMMITTEES & C\NCILS TO A*IEVE SPECIFIC NEI<BORHOOD GOALS1 A /ABLE ,NEI<BORHOOD ,H\S+ ,MOVEM5T1 & BROAD-SPECTRUM ORGANIZATIONS ?AT PROP\ND AN IDEOLOGY ( 0NEI<BORHOOD GOV]NM5T40 ,!SE GR\PS1 (T5 NETWORKS1 ?AT ADVANCE A CONCEPT ( DEC5TRALIZ$ SELF-MANAGEM5T1 H[EV] 9TUITIVE !IR VIEWS1 /& \T 9 REFRE%+ RELIEF AGA9/ A DECADES-LONG HI/ORY ( MUNICIPAL C5TRALIZATION & NEI<BORHOOD ]OSION4 ,EV5 DEM&S ( 0MUNICIPAL LIB]TY0 >E BE+ HE>D 9 T]MS ?AT >E MORE SUGGE/IVE ( AN E>LI] CIVIC RADICALISM ?AN ITS PROPON5TS >E PREP>$ TO ADMIT4 

,9 A NUMB] ( 9/ANCES1 SU* 0BLOCK0 & NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS HAVE GONE BEYOND ! PROPRIETIES ( CONVOCATIONS1 FUNDRAIS+1 SANITATION1 PUBLIC SAFETY1 & EV5 DEMON/RATIONS TO TAKE OV] UNUS$ OR AB&ON$ PROP]TY & /AKE \T A MORAL RI<T TO COOP]ATIVE [N]%IP4 ,AP>T FROM EPISODIC OCCUPATIONS ( CLOS$ LIBR>IES1 S*OOLS1 & A 0PEOPLES0 FIREH\SE1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE OCCUPATIONS HAVE BE5 NEGLECT$ OR UNHABITABLE BUILD+S4 ,ONE SU* ACTION1 N[ CALL$ ! 0,EA/ ,ELEV5? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T0 HAS A*IEV$ A NATIONAL REPUTATION4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! ,MOVEM5T WAS A ,PU]TO ,RICAN NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATION1 ONE ( SEV]AL 9 ! ,L[] ,EA/SIDE ( ,MANHATTAN1 :I* =M$ AN ALLIANCE ) SOME Y\NG RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS TO REHABILITATE AN AB&ON$ T5EM5T ?AT HAD BE5 GUTT$ COMPLETELY BY FIRE4 ,! BLOCK ITSELF1 ONE ( ! WOR/ 9 ! ,HISPANIC <ETTO1 HAD BECOME A HANG\T = DRUG ADDICTS1 C>-/RIPP]S1 MUGG]S1 & >SONI/S4 ,UNLIKE MO/ BUILD+S :I* >E TAK5 OV] BY SQUATT]S1 #eai ,EA/ #aa ,/4 WAS A CITY-ACQUIR$ RU91 A M]E %ELL ( A /RUCTURE ?AT HAD BE5 BO>D$ UP AFT] IT HAD BE5 TOTALLY DE/ROY$ BY FIRE4 ,?IS BUILD+ WAS TO BE TOTALLY REBUILT BY COOP]S1 COMPOS$ = ! MO/ P>T ( ,PU]TO ,RICANS & SOME :ITES1 BY FUNDS ACQUIR$ FROM A CITY 0PROGRAM0 ?AT ACCEPTS LABOR AS EQUITY = LOANS -- ! N[ FAM\S 0SWEAT EQUITY PROGRAM40 ,! ,MOVEM5T'S ATTEMPTS TO ACQUIRE ! BUILD+1 TO FUND IT1 TO EXP& ITS ACTIVITIES TO O!R AB&ON$ /RUCTURES W]E TO BECOME A CAUSE CELEBRE ?AT HAS S9CE 9SPIR$ SIMIL> EF=TS BO? 9 ! ,L[] ,EA/SIDE & O!R <ETTO >EAS4 ,TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 ! BUILD+ WAS TAK5 OV] BE=E 0SWEAT EQUITY0 NEGOTIATIONS ) ! CITY HAD BE5 COMPLET$4 ,! CITY WAS PAT5TLY RELUCTANT TO ASSI/ ! CO-OP]S & APP>5TLY YIELD$ TO /RONG LOCAL PRESSURE BE=E SUPPLY+ AID4 ,! BUILD+ ITSELF WAS NOT ONLY REBUILT BUT ALSO 0RETR(ITT$0 ) 5]GY-SAV+ DEVICES1 9SULATION1 SOL> PANELS = PREHEAT+ WAT] & A ,JACOBS W9D G5]ATOR = SOME ( ITS ELECTRIC P[]4 ,AN ACC\NT ( ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! 0,EA/ ,ELEV5? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T10 ! CITY BUREAUCRACY1 & F9ALLY ,CONSOLIDAT$ ,$ISION W\LD COMPRISE A SIZABLE >TICLE 9 ITSELF4 ,:AT IS P]HAPS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT FEATURE ( ! PROJECT IS ITS LIB]T>IAN AMBIANCE4 ,! PROJECT WAS NOT ONLY A FASC9AT+ /RUCTURAL 5T]PRISE2 IT WAS AN EXTRAORD9>Y COOP]ATIVE EF=T 9 EV]Y S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! ,MOVEM5T WAS 0FI<T+ ,CITY ,HALL0 -- & IT DID SO ) AN AW>5ESS ?AT IT WAS PROMOT+ DEC5TRALIZ$ LOCAL RI<TS OV] BIG MUNICIPAL AS WELL AS BIG ,/ATE & ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 IT WAS FI<T+ ! F9ANCIAL E/ABLI%M5T BY ADVANC+ A CONCEPT ( LABOR -- 0SWEAT EQUITY0 -- OV] ! USUAL CAPITAL & MONET>Y PREMISES ( 9VE/M5T4 ,SOCIALLY1 IT WAS FI<T+ ! PREEM95CE :I* BUREAURACY HAS CLAIM$ OV] ! COMMUNITY BY 9T]V5+ & (T5 DISRUPT+ ! MADD5+ REGULATORY MA*9]Y ?AT HAS SO (T51 9 ITSELF1 DEFEAT$ ALMO/ EV]Y GRASS-ROOTS MOVEM5T = /RUCTURAL & NEI<BORHOOD REHABILITATION4 

,ALL ( !SE CONFLICTS W]E CONDUCT$ ) A M9IMAL DEGREE ( HI]>*Y & A /RONG EMPHASIS ON EGALIT>IAN ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 ,P>TICIPANTS W]E 5C\RAG$ TO VOICE !IR VIEWS & FREELY ASSUME RESPONSABILITY = ! BUILD+ ITSELF & ! GR\P'S CONFLICTS ) MUNICIPAL AG5CIES & UTILITIES4 ,?IS ORGANIZATIONAL =M HAS BE5 PRES]V$ AFT] ! REBUILD+ ( #eai ,EA/ #aa ,/REET WAS COMPLET$ & OCCUPI$4 ,! 5TIRE BLOCK WAS -- &1 9 P>T1 REMA9S -- 9VOLV$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREEES ) ! GR\P'S ACTIVITIES & ITS EF=TS TO RECLAIM O!R BUILD+S 9 ! >EA4 ,MANY P>TICIPANTS HAVE ACQUIR$ A HEI<T5$ S5SE ( SOCIAL AW>5ESS AS A RESULT ( !IR [N EF=TS TO A*IEVE A DEGREE ( 0MUNICIPAL LIB]TY10 IF ONLY = !IR [N PHYSICAL SPACE & NE>BY BLOCKS4 ,ACTIVI/S :O REMA9 9VOLV$ ) ! L>G] ASPECTS ( ! PROJECT -- ITS EXPLOSIVE POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS -- HAVE A RADICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR GOALS4 ,:AT BEGAN AS A DESP]ATE EF=T ( H\S+ CO-OP]S TO RESCUE !IR [N HOMES1 9 EFFECT1 HAS BECOME A SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,SU* MOVEM5TS1 9 SOME CASES 9VOLV+ 0ILLEGAL0 SEIZURES ( AB&ON$ BUILD+S1 >E GR[+ 9 NUMB] 9 ,NEW ,YORK & O!R OLD] CITIES4 ,AL?\< !Y HAVE NOT ALWAYS EXHIBIT$ ! /AY+ P[] & LIB]T>IAN AMBIANCE ( ! 0,EA/ ,ELEV5? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T10 !Y MU/ BE SE5 9 T]MS ( ! CONTEXT !Y HAVE !MSELVES CREAT$4 0,MUNICIPAL LIB]TY0 9 ! OLD] CITIES1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT MEAN ! 0LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY0 :I* ! MORE RADICAL ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS TRI$ TO FO/]2 NOR DOES IT HAVE ! MOBILIZ+ & SOLID>IZ+ QUALITIES ( ! MORE RADICAL ,AM]ICAN T[N MEET+S4 ,! PROJECTS ?AN CAN BE RELAT$ TO ?IS NEW CIVIC TR5D -- BE !Y H\S+ CO-OP]S1 0SWEAT EQUITY0 PROGRAMS1 BLOCK COMMITTEES1 T5ANTS GR\PS1 NEI<BORHOOD 0ALLIANCES1 OR COOP]ATIVE DAYC>E1 $UCATIONAL1 CULTURAL1 & EV5 FOOD PROJECTS -- V>Y 5ORM\SLY 9 !IR LONGEVITY1 /ABILITY1 SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 & SCOPE4 ,9 SOME CASES1 !Y >E BLAT5TLY ELITI/ & CIVICALLY EXCLUSION>Y4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 !Y =M A CON/ELLATION ( NEW SUBCULTURES ?AT HAVE EVOLV$ FROM ! BROAD] C\NT]CULTURAL MOVEM5T ( ! SIXTIES1 A CON/ELLATION ?AT HAS BE5 GREATLY MODIFI$ BY E?NIC DISP>ATIES1 URBAN DIS>RAY1 A BROAD DIS5GAGEM5T ( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T FROM ITS [N CON/ITU5CY1 AN EM]G+ 0FREE SPACE0 = POPUL>1 (T5 LIB]T>IAN1 CIVIC 5TITIES1 & ! CIVIC BASES = A NEW BODY POLITIC4 

,BUT A LIV+ TR5D !Y REMA9 -- & ! MO/ IMPORTANT TR5D TO EM]GE 9 ,AM]ICAN CITIES TODAY4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! BUREAUCRATICALLY MANAG$ & MUNICIPALLY REGIM5T$ SUNBELT CITIES1 !Y REPRES5T A L>GELY REGIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 FUEL$ BY URBAN DECAY CONCEALS !IR SIGNIFICANCE AS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT TR5D 9 G5]ATIONS TO RECLAIM ! CITY AS ! PUBLIC SPACE = AN AU!NTIC CITIZ5RY4 ,IF !Y >E NOT A 0VISION0 ( ! FUTURE1 !Y MAY WELL BE ONE ( ITS H>B+]S4 ,C]TA9LY !Y >E ONE ( ! MO/ EXCIT+ L9KS ,AM]ICAN CITIES HAVE YET PRODUC$ BETWE5 ! URBAN PA/ & ! URBAN FUTURE -- A NEW 0TREASURE10 AS ,>5DT MI<T HAVE PUT IT1 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN COMMUNITY & ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 

,A VISION ( ! URBAN FUTURE -- IF IT IS TO BE CONCEIV$ AS A CITY & NOT A SPRAWL+ AGGLOM]ATION ( MAN-MADE /RUCTURES -- IS HAUNT$ BY ! PA/4 ,! ASSUMPTION ?AT WE CANNOT 0RETURN0 TO ! PA/ CAN BECOME A TRITE EXCUSE = IGNORANCE ( ?AT V]Y PA/ OR AN UNCONDITIONAL R5UNCIATION ( :AT WE CAN LE>N FROM IT4 ,TO ! S]I\S /UD5T ( URBAN LIFE1 ! MO/ FASC9AT+ PO9T ( DEP>TURE = RELAT+ PA/ TO FUTURE IS ! ,HELL5IC POLIS4 ,?AT WE LIVE 9 A WORLD ( NATION-/ATES & MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS IS NO EXCUSE TO CONT9UE DO SO4 ,! URBAN FUTURE MU/ BE VIEW$ FROM A /&PO9T ?AT MAY %>PLY CONTRADICT ! IMM$IATE FUTURE ( \R PRES5T ,S,M,S,AS1 A FUTURE ?AT SEEMS TO CONSI/ ( MORE BUS9ESS1 MORE /RUCTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC GR[?1 & MORE C5TRALIZATION1 :E!R 9 ! NAME ( 0REGIONALIZATION0 OR 0F$]ALISM40 ,?AT FUTURE MU/ BE ABOVE ALL A NEW CONCEPTION ( ! 0CITY ( MAN0 ?AT FULFILLS \R MO/ ADVANC$ CONCEPTS ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES3 FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 ! TWO T]MS ?AT =M ! HI/ORIC MESSAGE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION4 

,SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 IMPLIES A NEW SELF3 A SELF ?AT CAN BE CONSCI\S4 ,CONSCI\SNESS1 C]TA9LY 9 ! FULLNESS ( ITS TRU?1 PRESUPPOSES AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN CONCEPTUALLY GRASP ! CONDITIONS ?AT 9FLU5CE HIS OR H] LIFE & EX]CISE CONTROL OV] !M4 ,9DE$1 9S(> AS AN 9DIVIDUAL LACKS !SE DUAL ELEM5TS ( CONSCI\SNESS1 HE OR %E IS NEI!R FREE NOR FULLY HUMAN 9 ! SELF-ACTUALIZ$ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,D5I$ 9TELLECTUAL & 9/ITUTIONAL ACCESS TO ! ECONOMIC RES\RCES ?AT SU/A9 US1 TO ! CULTURE ?AT N\RI%ES \R M5TAL & SPIRITUAL GR[?1 & TO ! SOCIAL =MS ?AT FRAME \R BEHAVIOR AS CIVILIZ$ BE+S1 WE >E NOT ONLY D5I$ \R FRE$OM & \R ABILITY TO FUNCTION RATIONALLY BUT \R V]Y SELFHOOD4 ,! GREAT CULTURAL CRITICS ( SOCIETY HAVE VOIC$ ?IS CONCLUSION = C5TURIES4 ,?IS CONCLUSION HAS EV5 MORE RELEVANCE TODAY -- AN ]A ( SOCIAL DECAY ?AT SEEMS ALMO/ COSMIC 9 ITS SCALE -- ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ! PA/4 

,9 T]MS ( ! CITY1 SU* A CONCLUSION MEANS ?AT A VISION ( ! URBAN FUTURE CAN BE REG>D$ AS RATIONAL & HUMANLY VIABLE ONLY 9S(> AS ! CITY L5DS ITSELF TO 9DIVIDUAL COMPREH5SION -- NOTABLY1 ?AT IT IS AN 5TITY ?AT CAN BE UND]/OOD BY ! 9DIVIDUAL & MODIFI$ BY 9DIVIDUAL ACTION4 ,?AT ! CITY :OSE POPULATION 0CAN BE TAK5 9 AT A S+LE VIEW0 7,>I/OTLE7 -- ?AT IS1 SCAL$ PHYSICALLY & NUM]ICALLY TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS -- REMA9$ ESS5TIAL TO ! ,HELL5IC IDEAL ( ! POLIS IS M]ELY ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ ?AT A CITY )\T A CITIZ5RY1 AN ACTIVE BODY POLITIC1 IS NOT A CITY1 9DE$ UNWOR?Y ( ANY?+ BUT B>B>IANS4 ,HUMAN SCALE IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = HUMAN SELF-FULFILLM5T & SOCIAL FULFILLM5T4 ,A HUMANI/IC VISION ( ! FUTURE CITY MU/ RE/ ON ! PREMISE ?AT ! AU!NTIC 0CITY ( MAN0 IS COMPREH5SIBLE TO ITS CITIZ5S OR ELSE !Y WILL CEASE TO BE CITIZ5S & PUBLIC LIFE ITSELF WILL DISAPPE>4 ,A VISION ( ! URBAN FUTURE IS ?US MEAN+LESS IF IT DOES NOT 9CLUDE FROM ITS V]Y \TSET ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! GREAT ,S,M,S,AS1 ! RE/ORATION ( CITY LIFE AS A COMPREH5SIBLE =M ( PUBLIC LIFE4 

,/ILL ANO!R VISION ( ! FUTURE MU/ 9CLUDE ! RECOV]Y ( FACE-TO-FACE =M ( CIVIC MANAGEM5T -- A SELFHOOD ?AT IS =M$ BY SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ASSEMBLIES1 COMMITTEES1 & C\NCILS4 ,WE CAN NEV] 0\TGR[0 ! ,HELL5IC ECCLESIA OR ! ,AM]ICAN T[N MEET+ )\T DEBAS+ ! WORD 0GR[?0 TO MEAN M]E *ANGE RA!R ?AN DEVELOPM5T4 ,! EXI/5CE ( AN AU!NTIC PUBLIC PRESUPPOSES ! MO/ DIRECT SY/EM ( COMMUNICATION WE CAN POSSIBLY A*IEVE1 NOTABLY1 FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNICATION4 ,AGA91 ANO!R ( ,>I/OTLE'S CAVEATS IS APPROPRIATE H]E3 0444 9 ORD] TO DECIDE QUE/IONS ( JU/ICE & 9 ORD] TO DI/RIBUTE ! (FICES ACCORD+ TO M]IT IT IS NECESS>Y = ! CITIZ5S TO KN[ EA* O!R'S P]SONAL *>ACT]S1 S9CE :]E ?IS DOES NOT HAPP5 TO BE ! CASE1 ! BUS9ESS ( ELECT+ (FICIALS & TRY+ LAW-SUITS IS B\ND TO GO BADLY2 HAPHAZ>D DECISION IS UNJU/ 9 BO? MATT]S1 & ?IS MU/ OBVI\SLY PREVAIL 9 AN EXCESSIVELY NUM]\S COMMUNITY40 ,IT NE$ H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ,>I/OTLE W\LD HAVE BE5 APPALL$ AS MU* BY ! TELECOMMUNICATIONS ( A 0GLOBAL VILLAGE 0 AS HE W\LD HAVE BE5 BY ! V]Y CONCEPT ( ! WORLD AS A HUGE CITY OR VILLAGE4 ,HUMAN SCALE ?US MEANS HUMAN CONTACT1 NOT ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & 9/ITUTIONAL COMPREH5SIBILITY ALONE4 ,NOT ONLY %\LD ! ?+S1 =MS & ORGANIZATIONS ?AT MAKE UP A COMMUNITY BE COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! CITIZ51 BUT ! V]Y 9DIVIDUALS -- !IR 0P]SONAL *>ACT]S0 -- :O =M ! CITIZ5 BODY4 ,! T]MS 0CITIZ5 BODY10 9 ?IS S5SE1 ASSUME MORE ?AN AN 9/ITUTIONAL CONCEPT2 !Y TAKE ON A PHYSICAL1 EXI/5TIAL1 S5SORY1 9DE$ PROTOPLASMIC1 QUALITY4 

,?US F>1 ,I HAVE BE5 C>EFUL TO /RESS ! CONDITIONS ?AT FO/] PUBLIC LIFE RA!R ?AN ! ?+S ?AT MAKE = ! 0GOOD LIFE0 MAT]IALLY4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION & HUMAN SCALE HAVE BE5 EMPHASIZ$ AS ! BASES = A NEW CIVIC >5A4 ,:E!R !Y >E MORE 0EFFICI5T0 SY/EMS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OR MORE 0ECOLOGICAL0 TYPES ( ASSOCIATION1 AS SOME WRIT]S HAVE >GU$1 HAS NOT BE5 EMPHASIZ$4 ,?AT A CITY1 L&SCAP$ 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 WILL PROMOTE A NEW L& E?IC & AF=D ITS CITIZ5S GREAT] ACCESS TO NATURE -- P]HAPS EV5 RE/ORE ! URBANIZ$ F>M] SO PRIZ$ BY ! ,A!NIAN POLIS & REPUBLICAN ,ROME -- ADDS TO ! CASE = PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT ULTIMATELY IT IS ! V]Y NE$ = A REACTIVAT$ CITIZ5RY ?AT MU/ BE /RESS$ OV] EFFICI5CY1 ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS1 & VOCATIONAL R\ND$NESS4 ,)\T ?AT CITIZ5RY WE N[ FACE ! LOSS NOT ONLY ( \R CITIES1 BUT ( CIVILIZATION ITSELF4 

,F9ALLY1 ! RECOV]Y ( A BODY POLITIC & A CIVIC COMMUNITY CAN SC>CELY BE IMAG9$ )\T ! COMMUT>IAN %>+ ( ! MEANS ( LIFE -- ! MAT]IAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL COMMUNIZ+ ?AT AU!NTIC COMMUNITY PRESUPPOSES4 ,9 A TE*NOLOGICAL WORLD :]E ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E TOO P[]FUL TO BE DEPLOY$ ANY LONG] = MEANS ( DOM9ATION1 IT IS D\BTFUL IF SOCIETY1 MU* LESS ! CITY1 CAN SURVIVE A PRIVATELY [N$ ECONOMY RIDDL$ BY SELF-9T]E/ & AN 9SATIABLE NE$ = GR[?4 ,MORE ?AN ! 0GOOD LIFE10 MAT]IALLY SPEAK+1 IS 9VOLV$ 9 A COMMUNIT>IAN SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION2 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A COH]5T COMMUNITY 9T]E/ IS N[ AT ISSUE4 ,H]E1 TOO1 ,HELL5IC CULTURE HAS MU* TO TEA* US AB\T ! FUTURE4 ,PRIVATE 9T]E/ CAN NOT BE SO DOM9ANT A MOTIVE 9 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?AT IT SUBV]TS ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 ,IF PRIVATE PROP]TY ONCE =M$ AN UND]P9N+ ( 9DIVIDUALISM 9 ! CORPORATIZ$ CITIES ( ! PA/ SU* AS ! GUILD-DIRECT$ M$IEVEL T[NS1 TODAY1 9 ! 0FREE M>KET0 ( GIANT OLIGOPOLIES IT HAS BECOME ! UND]P9N+ ( NAK$ EGOTISM1 9DE$1 ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ EXPRESSION ( ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR ( ! MO/ RU?LESS K9D4 ,IF ! CITY IS TO BECOME A PUBLIC BODY ( ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 IT MU/ EXT5D ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ TO ! MAT]IAL AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONAL & CULTURAL ELEM5TS ( CIVIC LIFE4 

,H]E WE CAN P>T COMPANY ) ! ,HELL5IC \TLOOK & VIEW ! FUTURE AS MORE ?AN A RECOV]Y ( ! PA/4 ,MOD]N TE*NOLOGY -- 0H>D10 0S(T10 0APPROPRIATE10 OR AS ,I W\LD PREF] TO CALL IT1 LIB]ATORY -- HAS F9ALLY MADE IT POSSIBLE = US TO ELIM9ATE ! FE>S :I* /ALK$ ,>I/OTLE3 0AN OV]POPUL\S  
POLIS _/ ( _/ =EIGN]S & METICS _/ :O _/ WILL READILY ACQUIRE ! RI<TS ( CITIZ5S4440 ,TO !SE POT5TIAL UP/>TS1 ONE MI<T ALSO ADD SLAVES & WOM54 ,! LEISURE OR S*OLE -- ! FRE$OM FROM LABOR -- ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = ,A!NIAN CITIZ5S TO DEVOTE !IR TIME TO PUBLIC LIFE IS NO LONG] A BIR?RI<T CONF]R$ BY SLAV]Y ON AN E?NIC ELITE BUT ONE CONF]R$ BY TE*NOLOGY ON HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,?AT WE MAY FEEL FREE TO REJECT ?AT BIR?RI<T = A 0SIMPL]10 0LABOR 9T5SIVE0 WAY ( LIFE IS A HI/ORIC PRIVILEGE ?AT ITSELF IS CONF]R$ BY ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,AL?\< A 0GLOBAL VILLAGE0 CREAT$ BY TELECOMMUNICATIONS W\LD BE AN ABOM9ABLE NEGATION ( ! CITY AS A CITIZ5 BODY1 0GLOBAL CITIZ5%IP0 9 CLE>LY DEF9$ CITIES W\LD CON/ITUTE ITS HI<E/ ACTUALIZATION -- ! CIVIC SOCIALIZATION ( P>O*IAL FOLK 9TO A UNIV]SAL HUMANITY4 

,?IS VISION ( ! URBAN FUTURE MU/ N[ /& AS IT IS -- VAGUE1 P]HAPS1 & BROAD BUT HOPEFUL4 ,ANY ADDITIONS OR DETAILS W\LD BE UTOPIAN 9 ! WOR/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,!Y W\LD =M A 0BLUEPR9T0 ?AT SEEKS TO DESIGN )\T DISCUSSION & IMPOSE )\T CONS5T4 ,A LIB]T>IAN VISION %\LD BE A V5TURE 9 SPECULATIVE P>TICIPATION4 ,HALF-F9I%$ IDEAS %\LD BE PR(]R$ DELIB]ATELY1 NOT BECAUSE F9I%$ ONES >E DIFFICULT TO =MULATE BUT RA!R BECAUSE COMPLET5ESS TO ! PO9T ( DETAILS W\LD SUBV]T DIALOGUE -- & IT IS DIALOGUE ITSELF ?AT IS ESS5TIAL TO CIVIC RELATIONS1 JU/ AS IT IS LOGOS ?AT =MS ! BASIS ( SOCIETY4  
  

,DECEMB] #ai< 

,REF]5CES 

  
  

,>,5,D,T1 ,H4 7#a#i#e#d74 ,BETWE5 PA/ & FUTURE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VIK+4 

,>,I,/,O,T,L,E 7#a#i#d#c74 ,POLITICS 7,B4 ,J[ETT1 TRANS474 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MOD]N ,LIBR>Y4 

,B,O,O,K,*,91 ,M4 7#a#i#g#c74 ,! LIMITS ( ! CITY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] & ,R[4 -- 7=?COM+74 ,URBANIZATION )\T CITIES4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,SI]RA ,CLUB4 

,C,>,O1 ,R4,A4 7#a#i#g#d74 ,! P[] BROK]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,KNOPF4 

,D,O,X,I,A,D,E,S1 ,C4,A41 & ,D,\,G,L,A,S1 ,T4,B4 7#a#i#f#e74 ,! NEW WORLD ( URBAN MAN4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P5NSYLVANIA ,PRESS4 

,J,5,S,51 ,M4 7#a#i#e74 ,! NEW NATION3 ,A HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DUR+ ! CONF$]ATION1 #a#g#h#a-#a#g#h#i4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,KNOPF4 

,K,O,T,L,]1 ,M4 7#a#i#f#i74 ,NEI<BORHOOD GOV]NM5T4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,BOBBS-,M]RILL4 -- 7#a#i#g#e74 0,NEI<BORHOOD GOV]NM5T40 ,LIB]ATION1 #ai 7#h & #i73 #a#a#i-#a#b#e4 

,LE ,C,O,R,B,U,S,I,] 7#a#i#g#a74 ,! CITY ( TOMORR[4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,M4,I4,T4 ,PRESS4 

,MC,L,U,H,A,N1 ,M41 & ,F,I,O,R,E1 ,Q4 7#a#i#f#h74 ,W> & PEACE 9 ! GLOBAL VILLAGE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,BANTAM4 

,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 7#a#i#g#f74 ,M>* #b#f4 

,S,*,U,M,A,*,]1 ,F4,S4 7#a#i#g#c74 ,SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL4 ,LONDON3 ,BLOND & ,BRIGGS4 

,W,R,I,<,T1 ,F4,L4 7#a#i#f#d74 0,! CITY AS A MA*9E40 ,PP4 #i#a-#i#d 9 ,C4,E4 ,ELIAS1 ,JR4 ET AL4 7$S471 ,METROPOLIS3 ,VALUES 9 CONFLICT1 ,BELMONT1 ,CALIPH43 ,WADSWOR?4 

0,T[>D A ,VISION ( ! ,URBAN ,FUTURE0 BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 IS REPR9T$ FROM ,! ,RISE ( ! ,SUNBELT ,CITIES 7,U,R,B,A,N ,A,F,F,A,I,R,S ,A,N,N,U,A,L ,R,E,V,I,E,W,S1 ,VOL4 #a#d7 ,DAVID ,C4 ,P]RY & ,ALFR$ ,J4 ,WATK9S1 ,$ITORS1 COPYRI<T #aigg PP4 #b#e#i-#b#g#f BY P]MISSION ( ! ,PUBLI%]1 ,SAGE ,PUBLICATIONS 7,BEV]LY ,HILLS_/,LONDON7 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,UPDAT$4 

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