,*APT] #h 
,M>XISM AS ,B\RGEOIS ,SOCIOLOGY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,M>XISM AS ,B\RGEOIS ,SOCIOLOGY 

  

,M>X'S WORK1 P]HAPS ! MO/ REM>KABLE PROJECT TO DEMY/IFY B\RGEOIS SOCIAL RELATIONS1 HAS ITSELF BECOME ! MO/ SUBTLE MY/IFICATION ( CAPITALISM 9 \R ]A4 ,I REF] NOT TO ANY LAT5T 0POSITIVISM0 9 ! ,M>XIAN CORPUS OR TO ANY RETROSPECTIVE RECOGNITION ( ITS 0HI/ORICAL LIMITS40 ,A S]I\S CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM MU/ BEG9 ) ITS 9N]MO/ NATURE AS ! MO/ ADVANC$ PRODUCT -- 9DE$1 ! CULM9ATION -- ( ! B\RGEOIS ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,IT WILL NO LONG] SUFFICE TO SEE ,M>X'S WORK AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A NEW SOCIAL CRITIQUE1 TO ACCEPT ITS 0ME?OD0 AS VALID DESPITE ! LIMIT$ CONT5T IT YIELD$ 9 ITS DAY1 TO EXTOLL ITS GOALS AS LIB]ATORY AP>T FROM ITS MEANS1 TO VIEW ! PROJECT AS TA9T$ BY ITS DUBI\S HEIRS OR ADH]5TS4 

,9DE$1 ,M>X'S 0FAILURE0 TO DEVELOP A RADICAL CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & A REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE EM]GES NOT EV5 AS A FAILURE 9 ! S5SE ( AN 5T]PRISE ?AT REMA9S 9ADEQUATE TO ITS GOALS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,AT ITS BE/1 ,M>X'S WORK IS AN 9H]5T SELF-DECEPTION ?AT 9ADV]T5TLY ABSORBS ! MO/ QUE/IONABLE T5ETS ( ,5LI<T5M5T ?\<T 9TO ITS V]Y S5SIBILITY & REMA9S SURPRIS+LY VULN]ABLE TO !IR B\RGEOIS IMPLICATIONS4 ,AT ITS WOR/1 IT PROVIDES ! MO/ SUBTLE APOLOGIA = A NEW HI/ORIC ]A ?AT HAS WITNESS$ ! MELD+ ( ! 0FREE M>KET0 ) ECONOMIC PLANN+1 PRIVATE PROP]TY ) NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY1 COMPETITION ) ! OLIGOPOLI/IC MANIPULATION ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 ! ECONOMY ) ! /ATE -- 9 %ORT1 ! MOD]N EPO* ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! SURPRIS+ CONGRU5CE ( ,M>X'S 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 -- A SOCIALISM :I* RE>$ ! GOALS ( ECONOMIC RATIONALIZATION1 PLANN$ PRODUCTION1 & A 0PROLET>IAN /ATE0 AS ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT -- ) ! 9H]5T DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM T[>D MONOPOLY1 POLITICAL CONTROL1 & A SEEM+LY 0WELF>E /ATE HAS ALREADY BR\<T 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ,M>XIAN T5D5CIES SU* AS ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,EURO-,COMMUNISM 9TO OP5 COMPLICITY ) ! /ABILIZATION ( A HI<LY RATIONALIZ$ ]A ( CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 BY A SLI<T %IFT ( P]SPECTIVE1 WE CAN EASILY USE ,M>XIAN IDEOLOGY TO DESCRIBE ?IS /ATE CAPITALI/ ]A AS 0,SOCIALI/40 

,CAN SU* A %IFT ( P]SPECTIVE BE %RUGG$ (F AS A 0VULG>IZATION0 OR 0BETRAYAL0 ( ! ,M>XIAN PROJECT8 ,OR DOES IT COMPRISE ! V]Y REALIZATION ( ,M>XISM'S MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ASSUMPTIONS -- A LOGIC ?AT MAY HAVE EV5 BE5 HIDD5 TO ,M>X HIMSELF8 ,:5 ,L59 DESCRIBES SOCIALISM AS 0NO?+ BUT /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY MADE TO B5EFIT ! :OLE PEOPLE10 DOES HE VIOLATE ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,M>XIAN PROJECT ) HIS [N 0VULG>IZATIONS0 8 ,OR DOES HE REVEAL UND]LY+ PREMISES ( ,M>XIAN !ORY ?AT R5D] IT HI/ORICALLY 9TO ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ IDEOLOGY ( ADVANC$ CAPITALISM8 ,:AT IS BASICALLY AT /AKE 9 ASK+ !SE QUE/IONS IS :E!R !RE >E %>$ ASSUMPTIONS BETWE5 ALL ,M>XI/S ?AT PROVIDE REAL PREMISES = ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC & ,EURO-,COMMUNI/ PRACTICE & ,L59'S FUTURI/ICS4 ,A !ORY ?AT IS SO READILY 0VULG>IZ$10 0BETRAY$10 OR1 MORE S9I/]LY1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9TO BUREAUCRATIC P[] =MS BY NE>LY ALL ( ITS ADH]5TS MAY WELL BE ONE ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO SU* 0VULG>IZATIONS10 0BETRAYALS10 & BUREAUCRATIC =MS AS A NORMAL CONDITION ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,:AT MAY SEEM TO BE 0VULG>IZATIONS10 0BETRAYALS10 & BUREAUCRATIC MANIFE/ATIONS ( ITS T5ETS 9 ! HEAT$ LI<T ( DOCTR9AL DISPUTES MAY PROVE TO BE ! FULFILLM5T ( ITS T5ETS 9 ! COLD LI<T ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ALL ! HI/ORICAL ROLES1 TODAY1 SEEM TO HAVE BE5 TOTALLY MISCA/4 ,RA!R ?AN REFURBI%+ ,M>XISM SO ?AT IT CAN CAT* UP ) ! MANY ADVANC$ PHASES ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 IT MAY WELL BE ?AT MANY ADVANC$ PHASES ( MOD]N CAPITALISM 9 ! MORE TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS C\NTRIES HAVE YET TO CAT* UP ) ,M>XISM AS ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ IDEOLOGICAL ANTICIPATION ( ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,LET !RE BE NO MI/AKE ?AT ,I AM 5GAG$ 9 AN ACADEMIC PLAY ( WORDS4 ,REALITY EXHIBITS EV5 MORE COMPELL+ P>ADOXES ?AN !ORY4 ,! ,R$ ,FLAG FLIES OV] A WORLD ( ,SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES ?AT /& AT MUTUAL W> ) EA* O!R1 :ILE ,M>XIAN P>TIES \TSIDE !IR P]IMET] =M 9DISP5SABLE PROPS = AN 9CREAS+LY /ATE CAPITALI/ WORLD ?AT1 IRONICALLY 5\<1 >BITRATES BETWE5 -- OR ALIGNS ITSELF ) -- ITS CONT5D+ ,SOCIALI/ NEI<BORS4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 LIKE ITS PLEBIAN C\NT]P>T 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 %>ES ACTIVELY 9 A SY/EM ?AT SEES ITS GREATE/ ?REAT FROM A DIFFUSE POPULACE ( 9TELLECTUALS1 URBAN DWELL]S1 FEM9I/S1 GAYS1 5VIRONM5TALI/S -- 9 %ORT1 A TRANS-CLASS 0PEOPLE0 ?AT /ILL EXPRESSES ! UTOPIAN IDEALS ( DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS LONG PASS$4 ,TO SAY ?AT ,M>XISM M]ELY TAKES NO ACC\NT1 TODAY1 ( ?IS UTT]LY UN,M>XIAN CON/ELLATION IS TO BE EXCESSIVELY G5]\S T[>D AN IDEOLOGY ?AT HAS BECOME ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 P]SONA ( /ATE CAPITALI/ REACTION4 ,M>XISM IS EXQUISITELY CON/RUCT$ TO  
OBSCURE !SE NEW RELATION%IPS1 TO DI/ORT !IR MEAN+1 &1 :]E ALL ELSE FAILS1 TO R$UCE !M TO ITS ECONOMI/IC CATEGORIES4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES & MOVEM5TS1 9 TURN1 >E NO LESS 0SOCIALI/0 = !IR 0DI/ORTIONS0 ?AN = !IR PR(ESS$ 0A*IEVEM5TS40 ,9DE$1 !IR 0DI/ORTIONS0 ACQUIRE GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE ?AN !IR 0A*IEVEM5TS0 BECAUSE !Y REVEAL 9 COMPELL+ FA%ION ! IDEOLOGICAL APP>ATUS ?AT S]VES TO MY/IFY /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,H5CE1 MORE ?AN EV]1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ?IS APP>ATUS BE EXPLOR$1 ITS ROOTS UNE>!D1 ITS LOGIC REVEAL$1 & ITS SPIRIT EXORCIZ$ FROM ! MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,ONCE DRAWN 9TO ! CLE> LI<T ( CRITIQUE1 IT WILL BE SE5 = :AT IT TRULY IS -- NOT AS 09COMPLETE10 0VULG>IZ$0 OR 0BETRAY$0 BUT RA!R AS ! HI/ORIC ESS5CE ( C\NT]REVOLUTION1 9DE$1 ( C\NT]REVOLUTION ?AT HAS MORE EFFECTIVELY US$ EV]Y LIB]ATORY VISION AGA9/ LIB]ATION ?AN ANY HI/ORIC IDEOLOGY S9CE ,*RI/IANITY4 

,M>XISM & ,DOM9ATION 

  

,M>XISM CONV]GES ) ,5LI<T5M5T B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY AT A PO9T :]E BO? SEEM TO %>E A SCI5TI/IC CONCEPTION ( REALITY4 ,:AT USUALLY ELUDES MANY CRITICS ( ,M>X'S SCI5TISM1 H[EV]1 IS ! EXT5T TO :I* 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 OBJECTIFIES ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT & !REBY NECESS>ILY DIVE/S IT ( ALL E?ICAL CONT5T & GOALS4 ,REC5T ATTEMPTS BY NEO-,M>XI/S TO 9FUSE A PSY*OLOGICAL1 CULTURAL1 & L+UI/IC MEAN+ 9TO ,M>XISM *ALL5GE IT ON ITS [N T]MS )\T C&IDLY DEAL+ ) ITS 9N]MO/ NATURE4 ,:E!R CONSCI\SLY OR NOT1 !Y %>E 9 ! MY/IFY+ ROLE ( ,M>XISM1 H[EV] USEFUL !IR WORK MAY BE 9 /RICTLY !ORETICAL T]MS4 ,9 FACT1 AS TO ! MATT] ( SCI5TIFIC ME?ODOLOGY1 ,M>X CAN BE READ 9 MANY WAYS4 ,HIS FAM\S COMP>ISON 9 ! 0,PREFACE0 TO ,CAPITAL ( ! PHYSICI/ :O EXP]IM5TALLY REPRODUCES NATURAL PH5OM5A 9 !IR 0PURE /ATE0 & HIS [N *OICE ( ,5GL& AS ! 0LOCUS CLASSICUS0 ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 HIS [N DAY OBVI\SLY REVEALS A SCI5TI/IC BIAS ?AT IS ONLY RE9=C$ BY HIS CLAIM ?AT ,CAPITAL REVEALS ! 0NATURAL LAWS0 ( 0ECONOMIC MOVEM5T0 9 CAPITALISM 2 9DE$1 ?AT ! WORK TREATS 0! ECONOMIC =MATION ( SOCIETY 7NOT ONLY CAPITALISM -- ,M4,B47444 AS A PROCESS ( NATURAL HI/ORY4440 ,ON ! O!R H&1 SU* =MULATIONS CAN BE C\NT]BALANC$ BY ! DIALECTICAL *>ACT] ( ! ,GRUNDRISSE & (  
,CAPITAL ITSELF1 A DIALECTIC ?AT PROBES ! 9T]NAL TRANS=MATIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY FROM AN ORGANIC & IMMAN5T /&PO9T ?AT H>DLY ACCORDS ) ! PHYSICI/'S CONCEPTION ( REALITY4 

,:AT DECISIVELY UNITES BO? ! SCI5TISM ( PHYSICS & ! ,M>XIAN DIALECTIC1 H[EV]1 IS ! CONCEPT ( 0LAWFULNESS0 ITSELF -- ! PRECONCEPTION ?AT SOCIAL REALITY & ITS TRAJECTORY CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ?AT REMOVE HUMAN VISIONS1 CULTURAL 9FLU5CES1 & MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY1 E?ICAL GOALS FROM ! SOCIAL PROCESS4 ,9DE$1 ,M>XISM ELUCIDATES ! FUNCTION ( !SE CULTURAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & E?ICAL 0=CES0 9 T]MS ?AT MAKE !M CONT+5T ON 0LAWS0 :I* ACT BEH9D HUMAN WILLS4 ,HUMAN WILLS1 BY !IR MUTUAL 9T]ACTION & OB/RUCTION1 0CANCEL0 EA* O!R \T & LEAVE ! 0ECONOMIC FACTOR0 FREE TO DET]M9E HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,OR TO USE ,5GELS'S MONUM5TAL =MULATION1 !SE WILLS COMPRISE 09NUM]ABLE 9T]SECT+ =CES1 AN 9F9ITE S]IES ( P>ALLOGRAMS ( =CES :I* GIVE RISE TO ONE RESULTANT -- ! HI/ORIC EV5T40 ,H5CE1 9 ! LONG RUN1 0! ECONOMIC ONES >E ULTIMATELY DECISIVE40 7,LETT] TO ,J4 ,BLO*7 ,IT IS BY NO MEANS CLE> ?AT ,M>X1 :O ADDUCES ! PHYSICI/'S LABORATORY AS A P>ADIGM1 W\LD HAVE DISAGRE$ ) ,5GELS'S SOCIAL GEOMETRY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 :E!R SOCIAL 0LAWS0 >E DIALECTICAL OR NOT IS BESIDE ! PO9T4 ,! FACT IS ?AT !Y CON/ITUTE A CONSI/5TLY OBJECTIVE BASIS = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS UNIQUELY *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S APPROA* TO REALITY4 

,WE MU/ PAUSE TO WEI< ! FULL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS TURN 9 :AT C\LD BE CALL$ ,M>X'S 0!ORY ( KN[L$GE40 ,GREEK ?\<T ALSO HAD A NOTION ( LAW1 BUT ONE ?AT WAS GUID$ MORE BY A CONCEPT ( 0DE/9Y0 OR ,MOIRA ?AN 0NECESSITY0 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,MOIRA EMBODI$ ! CONCEPT ( 0NECESSITY0 GOV]N$ BY MEAN+1 BY AN E?ICALLY CONDITION$ GOAL FIX$ BY 0DE/9Y40 ,! ACTUAL REALIZATION ( 0DE/9Y0 WAS GOV]N$ BY JU/ICE OR ,DIKE :I* PRES]V$ ! WORLD ORD] BY KEEP+ EA* ( ! COSMIC ELEM5TS )9 !IR APPO9T$ B\NDS4 ,! MY?IC NATURE ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( 0LAW0 %\LD NOT CLOSE \R EYES TO ITS HI<LY E?ICAL CONT5T4 0,NECESSITY0 WAS NOT M]ELY COMPULSION BUT MORAL COMPULSION ?AT HAD MEAN+ & PURPOSE4 ,9S(> AS HUMAN KN[L$GE HAS A RI<T TO ASSUME ?AT ! WORLD IS AN ORD]LY ONE -- AN ASSUMPTION ?AT MOD]N SCI5CE %>ES ) MY?IC COSMOLOGIES IF ONLY TO MAKE KN[L$GE POSSIBLE -- IT HAS A RI<T TO ASSUME ?AT ?IS ORD] HAS 9TELLIGIBILITY OR MEAN+4 ,IT CAN BE TRANSLAT$ BY HUMAN ?\<T 9TO A PURPOSIVE CON/ELLATION ( RELATIONS4 ,FROM ! IMPLICIT CONCEPT ( GOAL ?AT IS 9H]5T 9 ANY NOTION ( AN ORD]LY UNIV]SE1 ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY C\LD CLAIM ! RI<T TO SPEAK ( 0JU/ICE0 & 0/RIFE0 9 ! COSMIC ORD]1 ( 0ATTRACTION0 & 0REPULSION10 ( 09JU/ICE0 & 0RETRIBUTION40 ,GIV5 ! EV5TUAL NE$ = A NATURE PHILOSOPHY ?AT WILL GUIDE US T[>D A DEEP] S5SE ( ECOLOGICAL 9SI<T 9TO \R W>P$ RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 WE >E BY NO MEANS FREE ( A LESS MY?IC NE$ TO RE/ORE ?IS ,HELL5IC S5SIBILITY4 

,! ,5LI<T5M5T1 BY DIVE/+ LAW ( ALL E?ICAL CONT5T1 PRODUC$ AN OBJECTIVE COSMOS ?AT HAD ORD] )\T MEAN+4 ,LAPLACE1 ITS GREATE/ A/RONOM]1 REMOV$ NOT ONLY GOD FROM HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! COSMOS 9 HIS FAM\S REPLY TO ,NAPOLEON1 BUT ALSO ! CLASSICAL E?OS ?AT GUID$ ! UNIV]SE4 ,BUT ! ,ELI<T5M5T LEFT ONE >5A OP5 TO ?IS E?OS -- ! SOCIAL >5A1 ONE 9 :I* ORD] /ILL HAD MEAN+ & *ANGE /ILL HAD PURPOSE4 ,5LI<T5M5T ?\<T RETA9$ ! E?ICAL VISION ( A MORAL HUMANITY ?AT C\LD BE $UCAT$ TO LIVE 9 A MORAL SOCIETY4 ,?IS VISION1 ) ITS G5]\S COMMITM5T TO FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & RATIONALITY WAS TO BE ! WELL-SPR+ ( UTOPIAN SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM 9 ! C5TURY TO FOLL[4 

,IRONICALLY1 ,M>X COMPLET$ ,5LI<T5M5T ?\<T BY BR++ ! ,LAPLACIAN COSMOS 9TO SOCIETY -- NOT1 TO BE SURE1 AS A CRUDE ME*ANI/ BUT C]TA9LY AS A SCI5TI/ 9 H>% OPPOSITION TO ANY =M ( SOCIAL UTOPIANISM4 ,F> MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN ,M>X'S BELIEF ?AT HE HAD ROOT$ SOCIALISM 9 SCI5CE IS ! FACT ?AT HE HAD ROOT$ ! 0DE/9Y0 ( SOCIETY 9 SCI5CE4 ,H5CE=?1 0M50 W]E TO BE SE5 7TO USE ,M>X'S [N WORDS 9 ! 0,PREFACE0 TO  
,CAPITAL7 AS ! 0P]SONIFICATION ( ECONOMIC CATEGORIES1 ! BE>] ( P>TICUL> CLASS 9T]E/10 NOT AS 9DIVIDUALS POSSESS$ ( VOLITION & ( E?ICAL PURPOSE4 ,!Y W]E TURN$ 9TO ! OBJECTS ( SOCIAL LAW1 A LAW AS DIVE/$ ( MORAL MEAN+ AS ,LAPLACE'S COSMIC LAW4 ,SCI5CE HAD NOT M]ELY BECOME A MEANS = DESCRIB+ SOCIETY BUT HAD BECOME ITS FATE4 

,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT 9 ?IS SUBV]SION ( ! E?ICAL CONT5T ( LAW -- 9DE$1 ?IS SUBV]SION ( DIALECTIC -- IS ! WAY 9 :I* DOM9ATION IS ELEVAT$ TO ! /ATUS ( A NATURAL FACT4 ,DOM9ATION IS ANNEX$ TO LIB]ATION AS A PRECONDITION = SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 ,M>X1 :ILE HE MAY HAVE JO9$ ,HEGEL 9 A COMMITM5T TO CONSCI\SNESS & FRE$OM AS ! REALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES1 HAS NO 9H]5T MORAL OR SPIRITUAL CRIT]ION = AFFIRM+ ?IS DE/9Y4 ,! 5TIRE !ORY IS CAPTIVE TO ITS [N R$UCTION ( E?ICS TO LAW1 SUBJECTIVITY TO OBJECTIVITY1 FRE$OM TO NECESSITY4 ,DOM9ATION N[ BECOMES ADMISSIBLE AS A 0PRECONDITION0 = LIB]ATION1 CAPITALISM AS A 0PRECONDITION0 = SOCIALISM1 C5TRALIZATION AS A 0PRECONDITION0 = DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! /ATE AS A 0PRECONDITION0 = COMMUNISM4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 5\< TO SAY ?AT MAT]IAL & TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T >E PRECONDITIONS = FRE$OM1 BUT ,M>X1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 SAYS CONSID]ABLY MORE & 9 WAYS ?AT HAVE S9I/] IMPLICATIONS = ! REALIZATION ( FRE$OM4 ,! CON/RA9TS1 :I* UTOPIAN ?\<T AT ITS BE/ PLAC$ ON ANY TRANSGRESSION ( ! MORAL B\ND>IES ( ACTION >E DISMISS$ AS 0IDEOLOGY40 ,NOT ?AT ,M>X W\LD HAVE ACCEPT$ A TOTALIT>IAN SOCIETY AS ANY?+ BUT A VICI\S AFFRONT TO HIS \TLOOK1 BUT !RE >E NO 9H]5T E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS 9 HIS !ORETICAL APP>ATUS TO EXCLUDE DOM9ATION FROM HIS SOCIAL ANALYSIS4 ,)9 A ,M>XIAN FRAMEWORK1 SU* AN EXCLUSION W\LD HAVE TO BE ! RESULT ( OBJECTIVE SOCIAL LAW -- ! PROCESS ( 0NATURAL HI/ORY0 -- & ?AT LAW IS MORALLY NEUTRAL4 ,H5CE1 DOM9ATION CAN BE *ALL5G$ NOT 9 T]MS ( AN E?ICS ?AT HAS AN 9H]5T CLAIM TO JU/ICE & FRE$OM2 IT CAN BE *ALL5G$ -- OR VALIDAT$ -- ONLY BY OBJECTIVE LAWS ?AT HAVE A VALIDITY ( !IR [N1 ?AT EXI/ BEH9D ! BACKS ( 0M50 & BEYOND ! REA* ( 0IDEOLOGY40 ,?IS FLAW1 :I* GOES BEYOND ! QUE/ION ( ,M>X'S 0SCI5TISM10 IS A FATAL ONE1 = IT OP5S ! DOOR TO DOM9ATION AS ! HIDD5 9CUBUS ( ! ,M>XIAN PROJECT 9 ALL ITS =MS & LAT] DEVELOPM5TS4 

,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,NATURE 

  

,! IMPACT ( ?IS FLAW BECOMES EVID5T ONCE WE EXAM9E ! PREMISES ( ! ,M>XIAN PROJECT AT !IR MO/ BASIC LEVEL1 = AT ?IS LEVEL WE F9D ?AT DOM9ATION LIT]ALLY 0ORD]S0 ! PROJECT & GIVES IT 9TELLIGIBILITY4 ,F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AS ! 0HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE0 IS HIS DRAMA ( ! EXTRICATION ( HUMANITY FROM ANIMALITY 9TO SOCIETY1 ! 0DISEMB$D$NESS0 ( HUMANITY FROM ! CYCLIC 0ET]NALITY0 ( NATURE 9TO ! L9E> TEMPORALITY ( HI/ORY4 ,TO ,M>X1 HUMANITY IS SOCIALIZ$ ONLY TO ! DEGREE ?AT 0M50 ACQUIRE ! TE*NICAL EQUIPM5T & 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES TO A*IEVE ! 0CONQUE/0 ( NATURE1 A 0CONQUE/0 ?AT 9VOLVES ! SUB/ITUTION ( 0UNIV]SAL0 MANK9D = ! P>O*IAL TRIBE1 ECONOMIC RELATIONS = K9%IP RELATIONS1 AB/RACT LABOR = CONCRETE LABOR1 SOCIAL HI/ORY = NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,H]E9 LIES ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ROLE ( CAPITALISM AS A SOCIAL ]A4 0,! B\RGEOIS P]IOD ( HI/ORY HAS TO CREATE ! MAT]IAL BASIS ( ! NEW WORLD -- ON ! ONE H& ! UNIV]SAL 9T]C\RSE F\ND$ UPON ! MUTUAL DEP5D5CY ( MANK9D1 & ! MEANS ( ?AT 9T]C\RSE2 ON ! O!R H& ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( MAN & ! TRANS=MATION ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9TO A SCI5TIFIC DOM9ATION ( NATURAL AG5CIES10 ,M>X WRITES 9 ,! ,FUTURE ,RESULTS ( ,BRITI% ,RULE 9 ,9DIA 7,JULY1 #a#h#e#c74 0,B\RGEOIS 9DU/RY & COMM]CE CREATE !SE MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( A NEW WORLD 9 ! SAME WAY AS GEOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS HAVE CREAT$ ! SURFACE ( ! E>?4 ,:5 A GREAT SOCIAL REVOLUTION %ALL HAVE MA/]$ ! RESULTS ( ! B\RGEOIS EPO*1 ! M>KET ( ! WORLD & ! MOD]N P[]S ( PRODUCTION1 & SUBJECT$ !M TO ! COMMON CONTROL ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ PEOPLES1 !N ONLY WILL HUMAN PROGRESS CEASE TO RESEMBLE ?AT HIDE\S PAGAN IDOL1 :O W\LD NOT DR9K ! NECT> BUT FROM ! SKULLS ( ! SLA940 

,! COMPELL+ NATURE ( ,M>X'S =MULATIONS -- !IR EVOLUTION>Y S*EMA1 !IR USE ( GEOLOGICAL ANALOGIES TO EXPLA9 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 !IR CRASSLY SCI5TI/IC TREATM5T ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 !IR OBJECTIVIZATION ( HUMAN ACTION AS A SPH]E BEYOND E?ICAL EVALUATION & ! EX]CISE ( HUMAN WILL -- >E ALL ! MORE /RIK+ BECAUSE ( ! P]IOD 9 :I* ! L9ES W]E WRITT5 7,M>X'S ,GRUNDRISSE 0P]IOD074 ,!Y >E ALSO /RIK+ BECAUSE ( ! HI/ORIC 0MISSION0 ,M>X IMP>T$ TO ,5GLI% RULE 9 ,9DIA3 ! 0DE/RUCTION0 ( ANCI5T ,9DIAN LIFEWAYS 70! ANNIHILATION ( OLD ,ASIATIC SOCIETY07 & ! 0REG5]ATION0 ( ,9DIA AS A B\RGEOIS NATION 70! LAY+ ( ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS ( ,WE/]N SOCIETY 9 ,ASIA074 ,M>X'S CONSI/5CY 9 ALL ( !SE >EAS DES]VES RESPECT1 NOT A TA/ELESS REFURBI%+ ( CLASSIC IDEAS ) ECLECTICAL EXEGESIS & A !ORETICAL ADORN+ OR 0UPDAT+0 ( ,M>X ) PAT*WORK CONCLUSIONS ?AT >E BORR[$ FROM UTT]LY ALI5 BODIES ( IDEAS4 ,M>X IS MORE RIGOR\S 9 HIS NOTION ( HI/ORIC PROGRESS AS ! CONQUE/ ( NATURE ?AN HIS LAT] ACOLYTES &1 MORE REC5TLY1 NEO-,M>XIANS4 ,NE>LY FIVE YE>S LAT]1 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE1 HE WAS TO DEPICT ! 0GREAT CIVILIZ+ 9FLU5CE ( CAPITAL0 9 A MANN] ?AT ACCORDS COMPLETELY ) HIS NOTION ( ! ,BRITI% 0MISSION0 9 ,9DIA3 0! PRODUCTION 7BY CAPITAL7 ( A /AGE ( SOCIETY COMP>$ ) :I* ALL E>LI] /AGES APPE> TO BE M]ELY LOCAL PROGRESS & IDOLATRY ( NATURE4 ,NATURE BECOMES = ! FIR/ TIME SIMPLY AN OBJECT = MANK9D1 PURELY A MATT] ( UTILITY2 IT CEASES TO BE RECOGNIZ$ AS A P[] 9 ITS [N RI<T2 & ! !ORETICAL KN[L$GE ( ITS 9DEP5D5T LAWS APPE>S ONLY AS A /RATEGEM DESIGN$ TO SUBDUE IT TO HUMAN REQUIREM5TS1 :E!R AS ! OBJECT ( CONSUMPTION OR AS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,PURSU+ ?IS T5D5CY1 CAPITAL HAS PU%$ BEYOND NATIONAL B\ND>IES & PREJUDICES1 BEYOND ! DEIFICATION ( NATURE & ! 9H]IT$1 SELF-SUFFICI5T SATISFACTION ( EXI/+ NE$S CONF9$ )9 WELL-DEF9$ B\NDS1 & ! REPRODUCTION ( ! TRADITIONAL WAY ( LIFE4 ,IT IS DE/RUCTIVE ( ALL ?IS1 & P]MAN5TLY REVOLUTION>Y1 TE>+ D[N ALL OB/ACLES ?AT IMP$E ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 ! EXPANSION ( NE$S1 ! DIV]SITY ( PRODUCTION & ! EXPLOITATION & EX*ANGE ( NATURAL & 9TELLECTUAL =CES40 

,!SE WORDS C\LD BE DRAWN ALMO/ DIRECTLY FROM ,D',HOLBA*'S VISION ( NATURE AS AN 0IMM5SE LABORATORY10 FROM ,D',ALEMB]T'S PEANS TO A NEW SCI5CE ?AT SWEEPS 0EV]Y?+ BE=E IT444 LIKE A RIV] :I* HAS BUR/ ITS DAM10 FROM ,DID]OT'S HYPO/ASIZATION ( TE*NICS 9 HUMAN PROGRESS1 FROM ,MONTESQIEU'S APPROV+ IMAGE ( A RAVI%$ NATURE -- AN IMAGE ?AT1 JUDICI\SLY MIX$ ) ,WILLIAM ,PETTY'S METAPHOR ( NATURE AS ! 0MO!R0 & LABOR AS ! 0FA!R0 ( ALL COMMODITIES1 CLE>LY REVEAL ! ,5LI<T5M5T MATRIX ( ,M>X'S \TLOOK4 ,AS ,]N/ ,CASSIR] WAS TO CONCLUDE 9 AN ASSESSM5T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T M9D3 0,! :OLE EI<TE5? C5TURY IS P]MEAT$ BY ?IS CONVICTION1 NAMELY1 ?AT 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY ! TIME HAD COME TO DEPRIVE NATURE ( ITS C>EFULLY GU>D$ SECRETS1 TO LEAVE IT NO LONG] 9 ! D>K TO BE M>VEL$ AT AS AN 9COMPREH5SIBLE MY/]Y BUT TO BR+ IT UND] ! BRI<T LI<T ( REASON & ANALYZE IT ) ALL ITS FUNDAM5TAL =CES40 7,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T7 

,! ,5LI<T5M5T ROOTS ( ,M>XISM ASIDE1 ! NOTION ?AT NATURE IS 0OBJECT0 TO BE US$ BY 0MAN0 LEADS NOT ONLY TO ! TOTAL DESPIRITIZATION ( NATURE BUT ! TOTAL DESPIRITIZATION ( 0MAN40 ,9DE$1 TO A GREAT] EXT5T ?AN ,M>X WAS PREP>$ TO ADMIT1 HI/ORIC PROCESSES MOVE AS BL9DLY AS NATURAL ONES 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y LACK CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! SOCIAL ORD] DEVELOPS UND] ! COMPULSION ( LAWS ?AT >E AS SUPRAHUMAN AS ! NATURAL ORD]4 ,M>XIAN !ORY SEES 0MAN0 AS ! EMBODIM5T ( TWO ASPECTS ( MAT]IAL REALITY3 FIR/LY1 AS A PRODUC] :O DEF9ES HIMSELF BY LABOR2 SECONDLY1 AS A SOCIAL BE+ :OSE FUNCTIONS >E PRIM>ILY ECONOMIC4 ,:5 ,M>X DECL>ES ?AT 0,M5 MAY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ANIMALS BY CONSCI\SNESS1 BY RELIGION OR ANY?+ ELSE Y\ LIKE 7BUT !Y7 BEG9 TO DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM ANIMALS AS SOON AS !Y BEG9 TO PRODUCE !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE10 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY71 HE ESS5TIALLY DEALS ) HUMANITY AS A 0=CE0 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ?AT DIFF]S FROM O!R MAT]IAL 0=CES0 ONLY TO ! DEGREE ?AT 0MAN0 CAN CONCEPTUALIZE PRODUCTIVE OP]ATIONS ?AT ANIMALS P]=M 9/9CTIVELY4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO REALIZE H[ DECISIVELY ?IS NOTION ( HUMANITY BREAKS ) ! CLASSICAL CONCEPT4 ,TO ,>I/OTLE1 0M50 FULFILL$ !IR HUMANITY TO ! DEGREE ?AT !Y C\LD LIVE 9 A POLIS & A*IEVE ! 0GOOD LIFE40 ,HELL5IC ?\<T AS A :OLE DI/+UI%$ 0M50 FROM ANIMALS BY VIRTUE ( !IR RATIONAL CAPACITIES4 ,IF A 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 IS NOT SIMPLY TO BE REG>D$ AS A MEANS ( SURVIVAL BUT A 0DEF9ITE MODE ( LIFE0 SU* ?AT 0M50 >E 0:AT !Y PRODUCE & H[ !Y PRODUCE0 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY71 HUMANITY1 9 EFFECT1 CAN BE REG>D$ AS AN 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 0DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN0 IS PRIM>ILY A TE*NICAL PH5OM5ON RA!R ?AN AN E?ICAL ONE4 ,)9 ?IS 9CR$IBLY R$UCTIONI/ FRAMEWORK1 :E!R IT IS VALID = 0MAN0 TO DOM9ATE 0MAN0 IS TO BE JUDG$ MA9LY 9 T]MS ( TE*NICAL NE$S & POSSIBILITIES1 H[EV] DI/A/EFUL SU* A CRIT]ION MAY SEEM TO ,M>X HIMSELF HAD HE FAC$ IT 9 ALL ITS BRUTE CL>ITY4 ,DOM9ATION1 TOO1 AS WE %ALL SEE ) ,5GELS' ESSAY 0,ON ,AU?ORITY10 BECOMES A TE*NICAL PH5OM5ON ?AT UND]P9S ! REALM ( FRE$OM4 

,SOCIETY1 9 TURN1 BECOMES A MODE ( LABOR ?AT IS TO BE JUDG$ BY ITS CAPACITY TO MEET MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,CLASS SOCIETY REMA9S UNAVOIDABLE AS LONG AS ! 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 FAILS TO PROVIDE ! FREE TIME & MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE = HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,UNTIL ! APPROPRIATE TE*NICAL LEVEL IS A*IEV$1 0MAN'S0 EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T REMA9S 9COMPLETE4 ,9DE$1 POPUL> COMMUNI/IC VISIONS ( E>LI] ]AS >E M]E IDEOLOGY BECAUSE 0ONLY WANT IS MADE G5]AL0 BY PREMATURE ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 0& ) WANT ! /RUGGLE = NECESSITIES & ALL ! OLD %IT W\LD NECESS>ILY BE REPRODUC$40 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY74 

,F9ALLY1 EV5 :]E TE*NICS REA*ES A RELATIVELY HI< LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T1 0! REALM ( FRE$OM DOES NOT COMM5CE UNTIL ! PO9T IS PASS$ :]E LABOR UND] ! COMPULSION ( NECESSITY & ( EXT]NAL UTILITY IS REQUIR$4 ,9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S IT LIES BEYOND ! SPH]E ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9 ! /RICT MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 ,JU/ AS ! SAVAGE MU/ WRE/LE ) NATURE1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY HIS WANTS1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 HIS LIFE & REPRODUCE IT1 SO CIVILIZ$ MAN HAS TO DO IT1 & HE MU/ DO IT 9 ALL =MS ( SOCIETY & UND] ALL POSSIBLE MODES ( PRODUCTION4 ,) HIS DEVELOPM5T ! REALM ( NATURAL NECESSITY EXP&S1 BECAUSE HIS WANTS 9CREASE2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! =CES ( PRODUCTION 9CREASE1 BY :I* !SE WANTS >E SATISFI$4 ,! FRE$OM 9 ?IS FIELD CANNOT CONSI/ ( ANY?+ ELSE BUT ( ! FACT ?AT SOCIALIZ$ MAN1 ! ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S1 REGULATE !IR 9T]*ANGE ) NATURE RATIONALLY1 BR+ IT UND] !IR COMMON CONTROL1 9/EAD ( BE+ RUL$ BY IT AS BY SOME BL9D P[]2 ?AT !Y ACCOMPLI% !IR TASK ) ! LEA/ EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY & UND] CONDITIONS MO/ ADEQUATE TO !IR HUMAN NATURE & MO/ WOR?Y ( IT4 ,BUT IT ALWAYS REMA9S A REALM ( NECESSITY4 ,BEYOND IT BEG9S ?AT DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN P[]1 :I* IS ITS [N 5D1 ! TRUE REALM ( FRE$OM1 :I*1 H[EV]1 CAN FL\RI% ONLY UPON ?AT REALM ( NECESSITY AS ITS BASIS4 ,! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY IS ITS FUNDAM5TAL PREMISE40 7,CAPITAL1 ,VOL4 ,ILL7 ,! B\RGEOIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK REA*ES ITS APOGEE1 H]E 9 IMAGES ( ! 0SAVAGE :O MU/ WRE/LE ) NATURE10 ! UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION ( NE$S ?AT /&S OPPOS$ TO 0IDEOLOGICAL0 LIMITS TO NE$ 7I4E41 ! ,HELL5IC CONCEPTS ( MEASURE1 BALANCE1 & SELF-SUFFICI5CY71 ! RATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & LABOR AS DESID]ATA 9 !MSELVES ( A /RICTLY TE*NICAL NATURE1 ! %>P DI*OTOMY BETWE5 FRE$OM & NECESSITY1 & ! CONFLICT ) NATURE AS A CONDITION ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 ALL ITS =MS -- CLASS OR CLASSLESS1 PROP]TI$ OR COMMUNI/IC4 

,ACCORD+LY1 SOCIALISM N[ MOVES )9 AN ORBIT 9 :I*1 TO USE ,MAX ,HORKHEIM]'S =MULATION1 0,DOM9ATION ( NATURE 9VOLVES DOM9ATION ( MAN0 -- NOT ONLY 0! SUBJUGATION ( EXT]NAL NATURE1 HUMAN & NONHUMAN0 BUT HUMAN NATURE4 7,! ,ECLIPSE ( ,REASON7 ,FOLL[+ HIS SPLIT FROM ! NATURAL WORLD1 0MAN0 CAN HOPE = NO R$EMPTION FROM CLASS SOCIETY & EXPLOITATION UNTIL HE1 AS A TE*NICAL =CE AMONG ! TE*NICS CREAT$ BY HIS [N +5UITY1 CAN TRANSC5D HIS OBJECTIFICATION4 ,! PRECONDITION = ?IS TRANSC5D5CE IS QUANTITATIVELY MEASURABLE 3 ! 0%ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY IS ITS FUNDAM5TAL PREMISE40 ,UNTIL !SE PRECONDITIONS >E A*IEV$1 0MAN0 REMA9S UND] ! TYRANNY ( SOCIAL LAW1 ! COMPULSION ( NE$ & SURVIVAL4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 NO LESS ?AN ANY O!R CLASS 9 HI/ORY1 IS CAPTIVE TO ! IMP]SONAL PROCESSES ( HI/ORY4 ,9DE$1 AS ! CLASS ?AT IS MO/ COMPLETELY DEHUMANIZ$ BY B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS1 IT CAN ONLY TRANSC5D ITS OBJECTIFI$ /ATUS ?R\< 0URG5T1 NO LONG] DISGUISABLE1 ABSOLUTELY IMP]ATIVE NE$4440 ,= ,M>X1 0,! QUE/ION IS NOT :AT ?IS OR ?AT PROLET>IAN1 OR EV5 ! :OLE PROLET>IAT AT ! MOM5T1 CONSID]S AS ITS AIM4 ,! QUE/ION IS :AT ! PROLET>IAT IS1 & :AT1 CONSEQU5T ON ?AT BE+1 IT WILL BE COMPELL$ TO DO40 7,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY7 ,ITS 0BE+10 H]E1 IS ?AT ( OBJECT & SOCIAL LAW FUNCTIONS AS COMPULSION1 NOT AS 0DE/9Y40 ,! SUBJECTIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT REMA9S A PRODUCT ( ITS OBJECTIVITY -- IRONICALLY1 A NOTION ?AT F9DS A C]TA9 DEGREE ( TRU? 9 ! FACT ?AT ANY RADICAL APPEAL M]ELY TO ! OBJECTIVE FACTORS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! =M+ ( A 0PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS0 OR CLASS CONSCI\SNESS /RIKE BACK LIKE A :IPLA% AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM 9 ! =M ( A WORK+ CLASS ?AT HAS 0B\<T 9TO CAPITALISM10 ?AT SEEKS ITS %>E 9 ! AFFLU5CE PROVID$ BY ! SY/EM4 ,?US :]E REACTION IS ! REAL BASIS ( ACTION & NE$ IS ! BASIS ( MOTIVATION1 ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT BECOMES ! 0WORLD SPIRIT0 ( ,M>XISM4 

,! DIS5*ANTM5T ( NATURE YIELDS ! DIS5*ANTM5T ( HUMANITY4 0,MAN0 APPE>S AS A COMPLEX ( 9T]E/S & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS AS ! G5]ALIZATION ( !SE 9T]E/S TO ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! CLASSICAL VIEW ( SELF- REALIZATION ?R\< ! POLIS REC$ES BE=E ! ,M>XIAN VIEW ( SELF-PRES]VATION ?R\< ,SOCIALISM1 ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT ACQUIRES A DEGREE ( SOPHI/ICATION ?AT MAKES ITS E>LI] SPOKESM5 7,HOBBES1 ,LOCKE7 SEEM NAIVE4 ,! 9CUBUS ( DOM9ATION N[ FULLY REVEALS ITS AU?ORIT>IAN LOGIC4 ,JU/ AS NECESSITY BECOMES ! BASIS ( FRE$OM1 AU?ORITY BECOMES ! BASIS ( RATIONAL COORD9ATION4 ,?IS NOTION1 ALREADY IMPLICIT 9 ,M>X'S H>% SEP>ATION ( ! REALMS ( NECESSITY & FRE$OM -- A SEP>ATION ,F\RI] WAS TO %>PLY *ALL5GE -- IS MADE EXPLICIT 9 ,5GELS'S ESSAY 0,ON ,AU?ORITY40 ,TO ,5GELS1 ! FACTORY IS A NATURAL FACT ( TE*NICS1 NOT A SPECIFICALLY B\RGEOIS MODE ( RATIONALIZ+ LABOR 2 H5CE IT WILL EXI/ UND] COMMUNISM AS WELL AS CAPITALISM4 ,IT WILL P]SI/ 09DEP5D5TLY ( ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION40 ,TO COORD9ATE A FACTORY'S OP]ATIONS REQUIRES 0IMP]I\S OB$I5CE10 9 :I* FACTORY H&S LACK ALL 0AUTONOMY40 ,CLASS SOCIETY OR CLASSLESS1 ! REALM ( NECESSITY IS ALSO A REALM ( COMM& & OB$I5CE1 ( RUL] & RUL$4 ,9 A FA%ION TOTALLY CONGRU5T ) ALL CLASS IDEOLOGI/S FROM ! 9CEPTION ( CLASS SOCIETY1 ,5GELS W$S ,SOCIALISM TO COMM& & RULE AS A NATURAL FACT4 ,DOM9ATION IS REWORK$ FROM A SOCIAL ATTRIBUTE 9TO A PRECONDITION = SELF-PRES]VATION 9 A TE*NICALLY ADVANC$ SOCIETY4 

,HI]>*Y & ,DOM9ATION 

  

,TO /RUCTURE A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT >\ND 0SOCIAL LAW0 ?AT LACKS E?ICAL CONT5T1 ORD] ?AT LACKS MEAN+1 A H>% OPPOSITION BETWE5 0MAN0 & NATURE1 COMPULSION RA!R ?AN CONSCI\SNESS -- ALL ( !SE1 TAK5 TOGE!R ) DOM9ATION AS A PRECONDITION = FRE$OM1 DEBASE ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM & ASSIMILATE IT TO ITS OPPOSITE1 CO]CION4 ,CONSCI\SNESS BECOMES ! RECOGNITION ( ITS LACK ( AUTONOMY JU/ AS FRE$OM BECOMES ! RECOGNITION ( NECESSITY4 ,A POLITICS ( 0LIB]ATION0 EM]GES ?AT REFLECTS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO NATIONALIZ$ PRODUCTION1 PLANN+1 C5TRALIZATION1 ! RATIONALIZ$ CONTROL ( NATURE -- & ! RATIONALIZ$ CONTROL ( 0M540 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT COMPREH5D ITS [N 0DE/9Y0 BY ITSELF1 A P>TY ?AT SPEAKS 9 ITS NAME BECOMES JU/IFI$ AS ! AU!NTIC EXPRESSION ( ?AT CONSCI\SNESS1 EV5 IF IT /&S OPPOS$ TO ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,IF CAPITALISM IS ! HI/ORIC MEANS :]EBY HUMANITY A*IEVES ! CONQUE/ ( NATURE1 ! TE*NIQUES ( B\RGEOIS 9DU/RY NE$ M]ELY BE REORGANIZ$ TO S]VE ! GOALS ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,IF E?ICS >E M]ELY IDEOLOGY1 ,SOCIALI/ GOALS >E ! PRODUCT ( HI/ORY RA!R ?AN REFLECTION & IT IS BY CRIT]IA M&AT$ BY HI/ORY ?AT WE >E TO DET]M9E ! PROBLEMS ( 5DS & MEANS1 NOT BY REASON & DISPUTATION4 

,!RE SEEM TO BE FRAGM5TS 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S ?AT C\LD BE C\NT]POS$ TO ?IS GRIM PICTURE ( ,M>XIAN ,SOCIALISM4 ,M>X'S 0,SPEE* AT ! ,ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,PAP]0 7,APRIL1 #a#h#e#f71 = EXAMPLE1 DESCRIBES ! 5SLAVEM5T ( 0MAN0 BY 0MAN0 9 ! ATTEMPT TO MA/] NATURE AS AN 09FAMY40 ,! 0PURE LI<T ( SCI5CE SEEMS UNABLE TO %9E BUT ON A D>K BACKGR\ND ( IGNORANCE0 & \R TE*NICAL A*IEVEM5TS 0SEEM TO RESULT 9 5D[+ MAT]IAL =CES ) 9TELLECTUAL LIFE1 & 9 /ULTIFY+ HUMAN LIFE 9TO A MAT]IAL =CE40 ,?IS MORAL EVALUATION RECURS 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S MORE AS EXPLANATIONS ( HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ?AN JU/IFICATIONS ?AT GIVE IT MEAN+4 ,BUT ,ALFR$ ,S*MIDT1 :O QUOTES !M AT L5G? 9 ,M>X'S ,CONCEPT ( ,NATURE1 NEGLECTS TO TELL US ?AT ,M>X (T5 VIEW$ SU* MORAL EVALUATIONS AS EVID5CE ( IMMATURE S5TIM5TALITY4 ,! 0SPEE*0 MOCKS ?OSE :O 0WAIL0 OV] ! MIS]Y ?AT TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC ADVANCES YIELD4 0,ON \R P>T10 ,M>X DECL>ES1 0WE DO NOT MI/AKE ! %APE ( ! %REWD SPIRIT 7ONE MAY JU/IFIABLY TRANSLATE 0%REWD SPIRIT0 TO READ 0CUNN+ ( REASON0 -- ,M4,B47 ?AT CONT9UES TO M>K ALL !SE CONTRADICTIONS4 ,WE KN[ ?AT TO WORK WELL ! NEW-FANGL$ =CES ( SOCIETY1 !Y ONLY WANT TO BE MA/]$ BY NEW-FANGL$ M5 -- & SU* >E ! WORK+ M540 ,! SPEE*1 9 FACT1 5DS ) A TRIBUTE TO MOD]N 9DU/RY & P>TICUL>LY TO ! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT AS ! 0FIR/ BORN SONS ( MOD]N 9DU/RY40 

,EV5 IF ONE VIEWS ,M>X'S E?ICAL PROCLIVITIES AS AU!NTIC1 !Y >E M>G9AL TO ! CORE ( HIS WRIT+S4 ,! ATTEMPTS TO R$EEM ,M>X & FRAGM5TS ( HIS WRIT+S FROM ! LOGIC ( HIS ?\<T & WORK BECOMES IDEOLOGICAL BECAUSE IT OBFUSCATES A ?OR\< EXPLORATION ( ! MEAN+ ( ,M>XISM AS A PRACTICE & ! EXT5T TO :I* A 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 CAN REVEAL ! S\RCES ( HUMAN OPPRESSION4 ,WE COME1 H]E1 TO A FUNDAM5TAL SPLIT )9 ,SOCIALISM AS A :OLE3 ! LIMITS ( A CLASS ANALYSIS1 ! ABILITY ( A !ORY BAS$ ON CLASS RELATIONS & PROP]TY RELATIONS TO EXPLA9 HI/ORY & ! MOD]N CRISIS4 

,BASIC TO ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ,SOCIALISM -- SPECIFICALLY1 TO ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM -- IS ! NOTION ?AT HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION CANNOT BE SUBSUM$ BY CLASS RULE & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 9DE$1 ?AT !Y >E MORE FUNDAM5TAL TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,BE=E 0MAN0 BEGAN TO EXPLOIT 0MAN10 HE BEGAN TO DOM9ATE WOMAN2 EV5 E>LI] -- IF WE >E TO ACCEPT ,PAUL ,RAD9'S VIEW -- ! OLD BEGAN TO DOM9ATE ! Y\NG ?R\< A HI]>*Y ( AGE-GR\PS1 G]ONTOCRACIES1 & ANCE/OR-WOR%IP4 ,P[] ( HUMAN OV] HUMAN LONG ANT$ATES ! V]Y =MATION ( CLASSES & ECONOMIC MODES ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,IF 0,! HI/ORY ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ SOCIETY IS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES10 ?IS ORD] ( HI/ORY IS PREC$$ BY AN E>LI]1 MORE FUNDAM5TAL CONFLICT3 SOCIAL DOM9ATION BY G]ONTOCRACIES1 PATRI>*Y1 & EV5 BUREAUCRACY4 ,TO EXPLORE ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION IS OBVI\SLY BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS WORK4 ,I HAVE DEALT ) IT 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL 9 MY =?COM+ BOOK1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,SU* AN EXPLORATION W\LD C>RY US BEYOND POLITICAL ECONOMY 9TO ! REALM ( ! DOME/IC ECONOMY1 ! CIVIL REALM 9TO ! FAMILY REALM1 ! CLASS REALM 9TO ! SEXUAL REALM4 ,IT W\LD PROVIDE US ) AN 5TIRELY NEW PSY*OSOCIAL SET ( F\NDATIONS FROM :I* TO READ ! NATURE ( HUMAN OPPRESSION & OP5 AN 5TIRELY NEW HORIZON FROM :I* TO GAUGE ! TRUE MEAN+ ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,WE W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE TO %$ ! FUNCTION ,M>X IMP>TS TO 9T]E/ & TE*NICS AS SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS -- :I* IS NOT TO D5Y !IR ROLE HI/ORICALLY1 BUT TO SE>* 9TO ! CLAIMS ( NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS SU* AS /ATUS1 ORD]1 RECOGNITION1 9DE$1 9TO RI<TS & DUTIES :I* MAY EV5 BE MAT]IALLY BURD5SOME TO COMM&+ /RATA ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 IT WILL NO LONG] DO TO 9SI/ ?AT A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 FRE$ ( MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION1 WILL NECESS>ILY BE A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ! SOCIAL FUTURE TO SUGGE/ ?AT BUREAUCRACY IS 9COMPATIBLE ) A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 ! DOM9ATION ( WOM51 ! Y\NG1 E?NIC GR\PS OR EV5 PR(ESSIONAL /RATA4 

,!SE NOTIONS REVEAL ! LIMITS ( ,M>X'S [N WORK1 HIS 9ABILITY TO GRASP A REALM ( HI/ORY ?AT IS VITAL TO UND]/&+ FRE$OM ITSELF4 ,SO BL9D IS ,M>X TO AU?ORITY AS SU* ?AT IT BECOMES A M]E TE*NICAL FEATURE ( PRODUCTION1 A 0NATURAL FACT0 9 0MAN'S0 METABOLISM ) NATURE4 ,WOMAN1 TOO1 BECOMES AN EXPLOIT$ BE+ NOT BECAUSE %E IS R5D]$ DOCILE BY MAN 7OR 0WEAK0 TO USE A T]M ?AT ,M>X REG>D$ AS H] MO/ 5DE>+ TRAIT7 BUT BECAUSE H] LABOR IS 5SLAV$ TO MAN4 ,*ILDR5 REMA9 M]ELY 0*ILDI%10 ! EXPRESSION ( UNTAM$ & UNDISCIPL9$ 0HUMAN NATURE40 ,NATURE1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 REMA9S M]E OBJECT ( UTILITY1 ITS LAWS TO BE MA/]$ & COMM&$ 9 AN 5T]PRISE ( CONQUE/4 ,!RE CAN BE NO ,M>XIAN !ORY ( ! FAMILY1 ( FEM9ISM1 OR ( ECOLOGY BECAUSE ,M>X NEGATES ! ISSUES !Y RAISE OR WORSE1 TRANSMUTES !M 9TO ECONOMIC ONES4 ,H5CE1 ATTEMPTS TO =MULATE A ,M>XIAN FEM9ISM T5D TO DEG5]ATE 9TO 0WAGES = H\SEWIVES10 A ,M>XIAN PSY*OLOGY 9TO A ,M>CUSAN READ+ ( ,FREUD1 & A ,M>XIAN ECOLOGY 9TO 0POLLUTION IS PR(ITABLE40 ,F> FROM CL>IFY+ ! ISSUES ?AT MAY HELP DEF9E ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 !SE EF=TS AT HYBRIDIZATION CONCEAL !M BY MAK+ IT DIFFICULT TO SEE ?AT 0RUL+ CLASS0 WOM5 >E RUL$ BY 0RUL+ CLASS0 M51 ?AT ,FREUD IS M]ELY ! ALT] EGO ( ,M>X1 ?AT ECOLOGICAL BALANCE PRESUPPOSES A NEW S5SIBILITY & E?ICS ?AT >E NOT ONLY DIFF]5T FROM ,M>XISM BUT 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO IT4 

,M>X'S WORK IS NOT ONLY ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ IDEOLOGY ( /ATE CAPITALISM BUT IT IMP$ES A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM4 ,IT ALT]S \R P]CEPTION ( SOCIAL ISSUES 9 SU* A WAY ?AT WE CANNOT RELEVANTLY AN*OR ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT 9 SEXUAL RELATIONS1 ! FAMILY1 COMMUNITY1 $UCATION1 & ! FO/]+ ( A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y S5SIBILITY & E?ICS4 ,AT EV]Y PO9T 9 ?IS 5T]PRISE1 WE >E IMP$$ BY ECONOMI/IC CATEGORIES ?AT CLAIM A MORE FUNDAM5TAL PRIORITY & !REBY 9VALIDATE ! 5T]PRISE AT ITS \TSET4 ,M]ELY TO AM5D !SE ECONOMI/IC CATEGORIES OR TO MODIFY !M IS TO ACKN[L$GE !IR SOV]EIGNTY OV] REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS 9 ALT]$ =M1 NOT TO QUE/ION !IR RELATION%IP TO MORE FUNDAM5TAL ONES4 ,IT IS TO BUILD OBSCURANTISM 9TO ! 5T]PRISE FROM ! \TSET ( \R 9VE/IGATION4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT MU/  
BEG9 BY %$D+ ! ,M>XIAN CATEGORIES FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 TO FIX ON MORE BASIC CATEGORIES CREAT$ BY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY FROM ITS 9CEPTION ALL ! MORE TO PLACE ! ECONOMIC ONES 9 !IR PROP] CONTEXT4 ,IT IS NO LONG] SIMPLY CAPITALISM WE WI% TO DEMOLI%2 IT IS AN OLD] & MORE >*AIC WORLD ?AT LIVES ON 9 ! PRES5T ONE -- ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 ! RATIONALE ( HI]>*Y AS SU*4  
  

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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/