,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,!SE ESSAYS HAVE BE5 COLLAT$ = A SPECIAL PURPOSE3 TO RECOV] ! V]Y IDEA ( A RADICAL CRITIQUE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,AT ! \TSET IT %\LD BE CLE> ?AT ?IS IS NO AB/RACT OR 9SIGNIFICANT TASK4 ,P]HAPS AT NO TIME 9 MOD]N HI/ORY HAS RADICAL ?\<T BE5 9 SU* GRAVE P]IL ( LOS+ ITS V]Y ID5TITY AS A CONSI/5T CRITIQUE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] & A COH]5T PROJECT = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,UNLESS WE >E PREP>$ TO RETREAT TO ! SECT>IAN POLITICS ( A BY-GONE ]A1 IT MU/ BE BLUNTLY ASS]T$ ?AT H>DLY ANY AU!NTIC REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION 
EXI/S 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE4 ,WORSE1 ! M]E NOTION ( :AT A REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION CONSI/S ( HAS ITSELF BECOME BLURR$ & DILUT$ TO ! PO9T ( %E] OPAQU5ESS4 ,IF ! <O/S ( ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY1 ,JACQUES ,DANTON1 ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,L\ISE ,MI*EL -- YES1 EV5 ,M>X1 ,LUXEMBURG1 & ,L59 -- OCCASIONALLY HAUNT US1 !Y HAVE BECOME SO SPECTRAL & 9*OATE ?AT WE CAN NO LONG] SEE OR HE> !M1 EV5 AS VOICES ( SOCIAL CONSCI5CE4 

,:AT WE N[ CALL 0RADICAL0 IS AN ODI\S MOCK]Y ( ?REE C5TURIES ( REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION1 SOCIAL AGITATION1 9TELLECTUAL 5LI<T5M5T1 & POPUL> 9SURG5CY4 ,RADICAL POLITICS 9 \R TIME HAS COME TO MEAN ! NUMB+ QUIETUDE ( ! POLL+ BOO?1 ! DEAD5+ PLATITUDES ( PETITION CAMPAIGNS1 C>-BUMP] SLOGANE]+1 ! CONTRADICTORY RHETORIC ( MANIPULATIVE POLITICIANS1 ! SPECTATOR SPORTS ( PUBLIC RALLIES1 & F9ALLY1 ! KNEE-B5T1 HUMBLE PLEAS = SMALL RE=MS -- 9 %ORT1 ! M]E %AD[S ( ! DIRECT ACTION1 EMBATTL$ COMMITM5T1 9SURG5T CONFLICTS1 & SOCIAL IDEALISM ?AT M>K$ EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT 9 HI/ORY4 ,NOT ?AT PETITIONS1 SLOGANS1 RALLIES1 & ! T$I\S WORK ( PUBLIC $UCATION HAVE NO PLACE 9 !SE PROJECTS4 ,BUT WE DO NOT HAVE TO HYPO/ASIZE ADV5TURI/IC ESCAPADES TO RECOGNIZE ! LOSS ( A BALANC$ REVOLUTION>Y /ANCE1 ONE ?AT HAS 5\< S5SE ( TIME & PLACE TO EVOKE ! APPROPRIATE MEANS TO A*IEVE APPROPRIATE GOALS4 ,MY PO9T IS ?AT ! V]Y GOALS ( CONTEMPOR>Y RADICALISM HAVE ALL ! FEATURES ( A MIDDLE-AG$ B\RGEOIS OPPORTUNISM -- ( 0TRADE(FS0 = SMALL GA9S1 ( RESPECTABILITY = 0MASS0 BUT MEAN+LESS CON/ITU5CIES1 ( A DEG5]ATIVE RETREAT 9TO ! POLITICS ( ! LESS] EVIL0 ?AT ITSELF G5]ATES A WORLD ( N>R[+ *OICES1 F9ALLY ( A SCL]OTIC OSSIFICATION ( SOCIAL IDEAS1 ORGANIZATIONAL HABITS1 & UTOPI/IC VISIONS4 

,:AT IS MO/ T]RIFY+ AB\T PRES5T-DAY RADICALISM IS ?AT ! PI]C+ CRY = 0AUDACITY0 -- @<@<,L'AUDACE6 ,L'AUDACE6 5CORE L'AUDACE6@>@> -- ?AT ,DANTON VOIC$ 9 #agic ON ! HI<TIDE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION W\LD SIMPLY BE PUZZL+ TO SELF-/YL$ RADICALS :O DEMURELY C>RY ATTA*E CASES ( MEMOR&A & GRANT REQUE/S 9TO !IR CONF]5CE ROOMS1 SUITCASES ( !IR BOOKS 9TO !IR LECTURE HALLS1 & BULL HORNS TO !IR RALLIES4 ,! ]A ( ! 0MANAG]IAL RADICAL0 7TO USE ,&REW ,KOPK9D S DAMN+ PHRASE7 HAS PU%$ RADICALISM ITSELF 9TO ! %AD[S ( HI/ORY4 ,:AT WE 5C\NT] TODAY IS ! UNIV]SAL BUREAUCRATIZATION & TE*NOCRATIZATION ( RADICALISM AS SU* NOT M]ELY 9 ! TRIUMPH ( ORGANIZATIONAL BUREAUCRACIES & C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IPS BUT 9 ! V]Y \TLOOK1 VISION1 & IDEAS ( ITS MO/ >TICULATE ACOLYTES4 ,! 0MANAG]IAL RADICAL0 IS ! PRACTITION] ( ORGANIZATIONAL TE*NIQUE1 ( EFFICI5T MANIPULATION1 ( MASS MOBILIZATION AS GOALS 9 !MSELVES4 ,TE*NIQUE HAS BECOME ! SUB/ITUTE = SOCIAL IDEALISM4 

,RADICAL !ORY1 9 TURN1 F>ES EV5 WORSE AS ! IDEOLOGY = ?IS HI/ORIC TURN 9 RADICAL POLITICS4 ,:]E SOCIALISM & EV5 AN>*ISM HAVE NOT BE5 R$UC$ TO DOGMATIC E*OES ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 !Y HAVE BECOME DISCIPL9ES )9 ! ACADEMY1 :]E !Y S]VE TO G>NI% 0MANAG]IAL RADICALISM0 ) !ORETICAL EXOTICA4 ,MU* ?AT N[ PASSES = 0RADICAL0 !ORY >E EI!R FOOTNOTES TO ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS OR 9TELLECTUAL OBSCURANTISM ?AT SUPPORTS ! PRAGMATIC OBSCURANTISM ( ! POLITICAL M>KETPLACE4 ,! T]M 0M>KETPLACE0 %\LD NOT BE TAK5 AS A METAPHOR4 ,! COLONIZATION ( SOCIETY BY A B\RGEOIS S5SIBILITY -- A RESULT ( ! COLONIZATION ( SOCIETY BY ! M>KET IS N[ COMPLETE4 ,= ! M>KET HAS ABSORB$ NOT ONLY EV]Y ASPECT ( PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 COMMUNITY LIFE1 & FAMILY TIES 9TO ! BUY]-SELL] NEXUS2 IT HAS P]MEAT$ ! OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM ) B\RGEOIS CUNN+1 COMPROMISE1 & C>E]ISM4 ,IT HAS DONE ?IS BY RE/AT+ ! V]Y MEAN+ ( OPPOSITION TO CON=M ) ! SY/EM'S [N P>AMET]S ( CRITIQUE & DISC\RSE4 

,9 ANY CASE IT IS NOT 0ANTI-9TELLECTUAL0 OR 0ANTI-!ORETICAL0 TO SLAP ACADEMIC SNOBB]Y 9 ! FACE BY DEM&+ ?AT RADICAL !ORY AT LEA/ PROVIDE SOME GUIDE TO RADICAL PRACTICE4 ,BUT IT IS SURELY T$I\S PUNDITRY TO SO COMPLETELY DIVORCE !ORY FROM PRACTICE ?AT IT CEASES TO HAVE ANY?+ BUT PR(ESSIONAL RELEVANCE TO 9TELLECTUAL C>E]I/S -- ! ACADEMY'S C\NT]P>T ( ! POLITICAL C>E]I/S 9 TODAY'S 0RADICAL0 MOVEM5TS4 

,IF MY REM>KS SEEM OV]LY CONT5TI\S1 IT IS BECAUSE ,I AM DEEPLY CONC]N$ ) ! 9TEGRITY ( NEW1 9H]5TLY RADICAL ISSUES ?AT HAVE EM]G$ 9 REC5T YE>S -- ISSUES ?AT POT5TIALLY AT LEA/ HAVE MORE F>-REA*+ EMANCIPATORY IMPLICATIONS ?AN ! RADICAL ONES ( ! PA/4 ,I REF] TO ECOLOGY1 FEM9ISM1 & COMMUNITY CONTROL -- A GR\P ( PROBLEMS ?AT REA*ES BEYOND ! L>GELY ECONOMI/IC CONFLICTS ( ! MOVEM5TS ( ! LA/ G5]ATION4 ,!SE NEW PROBLEMS RAISE EXPANSIVE NOTIONS ( FRE$OM & AN EMANCIPATORY MORAL S5SIBILITY1 NOT M]ELY ( JU/ICE & MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION4 ,:AT IS AT /AKE1 TODAY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! MOVEM5TS & T5D5CIES ?AT HAVE =M$ >\ND ECOLOGY1 FEM9ISM1 & COMMUNITY CONTROL IS ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y CAN BE FULLY ACTUALIZ$ AS LIB]ATORY =CES4 

,!SE MOVEM5TS & T5D5CIES >E N[ FAC$ ) A CRISIS ?AT ?REAT5S TO W>P !IR EMANCIPATORY LOGIC 9TO ABORT$1 SUBS]VI5T1 & CONV5TIONAL IDEOLOGIES ( ! /ATUS QUO4 ,!IR DE/9Y MAY WELL BE DET]M9$ BY \R ABILITY TO UNE>? ?AT EMANCIPATORY LOGIC1 TO REVEAL ITS REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T1 & TO EXPLORE ! NEW MEAN+ IT CAN GIVE TO ! WORD 0FRE$OM40 ,%\LD WE FAIL 9 ?IS MOM5T\S 5DEAVOR1 ! COLONIZATION ( SOCIETY BY A DEEPLY S$IM5T$ B\RGEOIS S5SIBILITY WILL BE COMPLETE -- P]HAPS SO COMPLETE ?AT IT IS D\BTFUL IF A REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION WILL EM]GE AGA9 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY4 

,! TRADITIONAL LOCUS ( MOD]N RADICALISM -- ! WORK]S MOVEM5T -- IS DEAD4 ,MY ESSAYS ON SOCIALISM & ,M>XISM 9 ?IS BOOK ELUCIDATE 9 DETAIL ! 9H]5T LIMITS & MY/IFI$ PREMISES ON :I* IT RE/$ HI/ORICALLY4 ,! ECOLOGY1 FEM9I/1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS ?AT HAVE EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#gS HAVE DEMON/RABLY %ATT]$ ! SIL5CE ?AT SOCIALISM HAS LEFT 9 ITS WAKE4 ,!Y >E VITAL1 REBELLI\S1 & RI*LY PROMIS+1 BUT ! CONFLICTS ?AT FACE !SE NEW MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 GROSSLY MISCA/4 ,! C5TRAL CONFLICT CONFRONT+ ! ECOLOGY1 FEM9I/1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS IS NOT M]ELY ) ?OSE :O WI% TO DESPOIL ! 5VIRONM5T OR ?OSE :O FO/] SEXISM OR ?OSE :O OPPOSE COMMUNITY CONTROL4 ,! DESPOIL]S1 SEXI/S1 & MUNICIPAL BUREAUCRATS WE> !IR ID5TITIES ON !IR SLEEVES4 ,!Y CAN BE S+L$ \T1 DISPUT$1 & REMOV$ FROM !IR POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY4 ,! C5TRAL CONFLICT CONFRONT+ ! ECOLOGY1 FEM9I/1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS LIES )9 ! MOVEM5TS !MSELVES4 ,H]E1 ! PROBLEM !Y FACE IS ! NE$ TO DISCOV] ! SWEEP+ IMPLICATIONS ( ! ISSUES !Y RAISE3 ! A*IEVEM5T ( A TOTALLY NEW1 NON-HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY 9 :I* ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE BY MAN1 ( WOMAN BY MAN1 & ( SOCIETY BY ! /ATE IS COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ -- TE*NOLOGICALLY1 9/ITUTIONALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & 9 ! V]Y RATIONALITY & S5SIBILITIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T NEV] RAIS$ !SE ISSUES CLE>LY 9 ! C5TURY ?AT IT FL\RI%$ BETWE5 #ahd & #a#i#d4 ,ITS PRIM>Y CONC]NS W]E ECONOMIC & TURN$ ON ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL1 ( ECONOMIC CLASSES & MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION4 ,?AT !SE CONC]NS REMA9 ) US TO ?IS DAY NE$ H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$ & !IR RESOLUTION MU/ BE A*IEV$ IF FRE$OM IS TO HAVE ANY SUB/ANTIVE MEAN+4 ,BUT !RE CAN BE A DECID$LY CLASSLESS1 EV5 A NON-EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY 9 ! ECONOMIC S5SE ?AT /ILL PRES]VES HI]>*ICAL RULE & DOM9ATION 9 ! SOCIAL S5SE -- :E!R !Y TAKE ! =M ( -- ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 DOM9ATION BY AGE & E?NIC GR\PS1 BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 IDEOLOGICAL MANIPULATION1 OR A PYRAMIDAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! SUCCESSIVE LAY]S ( ! HI]>*ICAL PYRAMID MAY CONF] NO MAT]IAL PRIVILEGES :ATEV] ON ?OSE :O COMM& & NO MAT]IAL R5UNCIATION BY ?OSE :O OBEY2 9DE$1 ! IDEOLOGICAL TRADITION ( DOM9ATION ?AT ASSOCIATES 0ORD]0 ) HI]>*Y1 ! PSY*IC PRIVILEGES ?AT CONF] PRE/IGE ON /ATUS1 ! HI/ORICAL 9]TIA ?AT C>RIES ! TRADITIONAL =MS & S5SIBILITIES ( ! PA/ 9TO ! PRES5T & FUTURE -- ALL ( !SE MAY PRES]VE HI]>*Y EV5 AFT] CLASSES HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,YET CLASSLESS OR NOT1 SOCIETY W\LD BE RIDDL$ BY DOM9ATION &1 ) DOM9ATION1 A G5]AL CONDITION ( COMM& & OB$I5CE1 ( UNFRE$OM & HUMILIATION1 & P]HAPS MO/ DECISIVELY1 AN ABORTION ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S POT5TIALITY = CONSCI\SNESS1 REASON1 SELFHOOD1 CREATIVITY1 & ! RI<T TO ASS]T FULL CONTROL OV] H] OR HIS DAILY LIFE4.<#a.> 

,! ECOLOGY1 FEM9I/1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS IMPLICITLY *ALL5GE ?IS W>P$ DE/9Y4 ,ECOLOGY RAISES1 ! ISSUE ?AT ! V]Y NOTION ( MAN'S DOM9ATION ( NATURE /EMS FROM MAN'S DOM9ATION ( MAN4 ,FEM9ISM REA*ES EV5 FUR!R & REVEALS ?AT ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN ACTUALLY ORIG9ATES 9 ! DOM9ATION ( WOMAN BY MAN4 ,COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS IMPLICITLY ASS]T ?AT 9 ORD] TO REPLACE SOCIAL DOM9ATION BY SELF-MANAGEM5T1 A NEW TYPE ( CIVIC SELF -- ! FREE1 SELF-GOV]N+ CITIZ5 -- MU/ BE RE/OR$ & GA!R$ 9TO NEW 9/ITUTIONAL =MS SU* AS POPUL> ASSEMBLIES TO *ALL5GE ! ALL-P]VASIVE /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,FOLL[$ ?R\< TO !IR LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 ALL ( !SE MOVEM5TS *ALL5GE NOT ONLY CLASS =MATIONS BUT HI]>*IES1 NOT ONLY MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION BUT DOM9ATION 9 EV]Y=M4 ,AL?\< HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES REA* 9TO ! MO/ 9TIMATE ASPECTS ( SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE1 ! SUPRACLASS PROBLEMS !Y RAISE NO:]E FALLS )9 ! LIMIT$ ORBIT ( ! SOCIALI/ & LABOR MOVEM5TS4 ,H5CE1 IF WE >E TO COMPLETE ! LOGIC ( ! ECOLOGY1 FEM9I/1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS1 WE MU/ EXT5D \R V]Y NOTION ( FRE$OM BEYOND ANY CONCEPT WE HAVE HELD ( ?IS NOTION 9 ! PA/4 

,BUT WILL !SE NEW MOVEM5TS BE P]MITT$ TO FOLL[ ! LOGIC ( !IR PREMISES1 TO COMPLETE !M 9 A CONSI/5T & COH]5T FA%ION8 

,IT IS >\ND ?IS CRUCIAL ISSUE ?AT WE 5C\NT] TWO MAJOR OB/ACLES3 ! ATTEMPT BY SOCIALI/S TO R$UCE !SE EXPANSIVE CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM TO ECONOMI/IC CATEGORIES & ! ATTEMPT BY ! 0MANAG]IAL RADICALS0 TO COMPROMISE !M4 ,( ! TWO1 ! SOCIALI/ VIEW T5DS TO BE ! MO/ DECEPTIVE4 ,SLOGANS LIKE O0POLLUTION IS PR(ITABLE10 0WAGES = H\SEWIVES10 & 0FI<T ! SLUMLORDS0 9VOLVE A SUBTLE D5ATUR+ ( ! MORE SWEEP+ REVOLUTION>Y DEM&S = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! ABOLITION ( DOM9ATION1 & ! RE/ORATION ( COMMUNITY CONTROL4 ,! REAL 0SLIME ( HI/ORY10 TO RE9T]PRET ,S>TRE'S PHRASE1 IS ! MUCK ( ! PA/ ?AT IS FLUNG UPON ! PRES5T TO RE-SCULPTURE IT 9TO =MS -- ?AT ACCORD ) AN >*AIC VISION ( SOCIAL REALITY4 ,A 0SOCIALI/0 ECOLOGY1 A 0SOCIALI/0 FEM9ISM1 & A 0SOCIALI/0 COMMUNITY MOVEM5T -- ) ITS R$ FLAGS1 CL5*$ FI/S1 & SECT>IAN V]BIAGE -- >E NOT ONLY CONTRADICTIONS 9 T]MS2 !Y 9FE/ ! NEWLY =M$1 LIV+ MOVEM5TS ( ! FUTURE ) ! MAGGOTS ( CADAV]S FROM ! PA/ & MU/ BE OPPOS$ UNREL5T+LY4 

,A SPECIAL ONUS MU/ BE BORNE BY IDEOLOGI/S :O P]PETUATE ! 9FE/ATION & EV5 CONCEAL IT ) !ORETICAL COSMETICS4 ,ONE ?9KS1 H]E1 ( ! ,&RE ,GORZS & ,H]B]T ,M>CUSES :O NOT ONLY WOR%IP AT ! MAUSOLEUM ( SOCIALISM BUT PROMOTE IT AS A VIABLE HABITAT = ! LIV+4 ,:AT UNIQUELY DI/+UI%ES !IR IDEOLOGICAL OBSCURANTISM FROM ?AT ( ! SOCIALI/ SECT>IANS IS !IR REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO RE=MULATE BO? SIDES ( ! ISSUE3 ! OLD SOCIALI/ CATEGORIES & ! NEW LIB]T>IAN ONES4 ,! RESULT _/ ?AT 9EVITABLY FOLL[S IS ?AT ! LOGIC ( EA* IS W>P$ & ITS 9H]5T OPPOSITION TO ! O!R IS BLURR$4 ,M>CUSE1 BY W$D+ ,FREUD TO ,M>X & AN>*ISM TO SOCIALISM 9 ! SIXTIES1 MUDDL$ ! MEAN+ ( ALL ! P>TN]S 9 !SE =C$ ALLIANCES4 ,:AT EM]G$ FROM WORKS LIKE ,]OS & ,CIVILIZATION & ,ONE-,DIM5SIONAL ,MAN WAS A MASS ( HALF-TRU?S & GROSS 9CONSI/5CIES4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 9 ,M>CUSE'S LATE/ WORKS1 IT WAS ,M>X :O TRIUMPH$ OV] ,FREUD1 SOCIALISM ?AT TRIUMPH$ OV] AN>*ISM -- & ,EUROCOMMUNISM ?AT TRIUMPH$ OV] EV]Y?+4 

,:AT IS AT LEA/ !ORETICAL PROB+ 9 ,M>CUSE IS FACILELY R$UC$ TO POP CULTURE 9 ,GORZ -- ) EV5 MORE TELL+ PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,HIS ,/RATEGY = ,LABOR1 BY MISCA/+ /UD5TS & 9TELLECTUALS AS A 0NEW PROLET>IAT10 DEFLECT$ ! GR[+ 9SI<T ( SIXTIES' RADICALS FROM CULTURAL MOVEM5TS 9TO CLASSICAL ECONOMI/IC ONES1 !REBY PRODUC+ MASSIVE CONFUSION 9 ! ,AM]ICAN /UD5T MOVEM5T ( ! TIME4 ,MORE ?AN ANY S+LE J\RNALI/IC WORK1 ?IS BOOK BR\<T ,M>XISM 9TO ! ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY1 PRODUC+ ! IDEOLOGICAL *AOS ?AT EV5TUALLY DE/ROY$ IT4 

,MU* ! SAME DANG] N[ FACES ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IF ,GORZ'S TREATM5T ( ! SUBJECT EX]CISES ANY APPRECIABLE 9FLU5CE4 ,HIS REC5T ,ECOLOGY & ,FRE$OM 7RETITL$ ,ECOLOGY AS ,POLITICS7 IS ESS5TIALLY ! ,NEW ,/RATEGY = ,LABOR WRIT 9 ECOLOGICAL V]BIAGE4 ,IT P]PETUATES ALL ! 9COMPATIBILITIES ( A MY?IC 0LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM0 ?AT SPR9KLES AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ( DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ) ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTS ( MASS POLITICAL P>TIES &1 MORE (F5SIVELY1 0RADICAL ECOLOGY0 ) ! OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICS ( CONV5TIONAL 5VIRONM5TALISM4 ,?US ,J]RY ,BR[N1 GOV]NOR ( ,CALI=NIA1 SITS SIDE-BY-SIDE ) ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 ,FRITZ ,S*UMA*]1 & ,BUDDHA AS EVID5CE ( 0LES NEO-AN>*I/ES0 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,IMP]TURBABLY1 ,GORZ DEGRADES EA* NEW CONCEPT RAIS$ BY ECOLOGICAL !ORY & ! PRACTICE ( AU!NTICALLY RADICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T 9TO HIS [N CURR5T V>IANT ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 

,NEI!R ,M>X NOR ECOLOGY EM]GE UNTA9T$ FROM ?IS CRUDE ECLECTICISM4 ,CL>ITY ( ?\<T1 COH]5CE ( VIEWS1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! FULL LOGIC ( ONE'S RADICAL PREMISES >E BLUNT$ BY AN IDEOLOGICAL DILETTANTISM ?AT LEAVES EV]Y CONCEPT UNF9I%$1 EV]Y P]SONALITY MISCA/1 & EV]Y PRACTICE COMPROMIS$ -- BE IT DIRECT ACTION OR ELECTORAL ACTION1 DEC5TRALIZATION OR C5TRALIZATION1 A ,J]RY ,BR[N OR A ,HO ,*I ,M9H4 ,! MELD+ ( ALL !SE CONTRADICTORY VIEWS BECOMES 9SUFF]ABLE NOT BECAUSE ECOLOGY IS DI/ORT$ 9TO ,M>XISM1 = ! EVID5CE ( DI/ORTION W\LD BE CLE> ON FIR/ 9SPECTION TO ANY KN[L$GEABLE READ]4 ,RA!R1 IT LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT ONE CAN RECOGNIZE NEI!R ,M>XISM  
NOR ECOLOGY & ! PROBLEMS !Y RAISE BECAUSE BO? >E EQUALLY DI/ORT$ 9 ORD] TO RECONCILE UTT]LY ALI5 PREMISES ?AT LEAD TO COMPLETELY CONFLICT+ CONCLUSIONS4 ,WE MU/ EI!R *OOSE BETWE5 ECOLOGY1 ) ITS NATURALISM1 ITS AN>*I/IC LOGIC ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 ITS EMPHASIS ON HUMANLY SCAL$ ALT]NATE TE*NOLOGIES1 & ITS NON-HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 OR SOCIALISM1 ) ITS TYPICALLY ,M>XIAN ANTI-NATURALISM1 ITS POLITICAL LOGIC ( C5TRALIZATION1 ITS EMPHASIS ON HI< TE*NOLOGY1 & ITS BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,GORZ GIVES US NEI!R ALT]NATIVE 9 ! NAME ( BO? & P]PETUATES A CONFUSION ?AT HAS ALREADY PRODUC$ AN 9T]NAL CRISIS 9 EV]Y ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 

,I HAVE S+L$ \T ,GORZ PRIM>ILY BECAUSE ( HIS REC5T 9T]E/ 9 ECOLOGICAL ISSUES4 ,:AT ,I HAVE SAID AB\T HIS HYBRIDIZATION ( IDEAS C\LD APPLY EQUALLY TO ,JULIET ,MIT*EL,PS TREATM5T ( FEM9I/ ISSUES OR ,DAVID ,H>VEY'S TREATM5T ( URBAN COMMUNITY ISSUES4 ,!SE NAMES1 9 FACT1 >E M]E METAPHORS = A L>GE NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGI/S :O HAVE MADE ECLECTICISM FA%IONABLE AS A SUB/ITUTE = PROB+ !ORETICAL EXPLORATION4 ,! ISSUES ?AT DIVIDE ECOLOGY1 FEM9I/1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS >E BASICALLY SIMIL>4 ,FEM9ISM IS R$UC$ TO A MATT] ( CLASS OPPRESSION1 COMMUNITY ISSUES TO A MATT] ( ECONOMIC OPPRESSION4 ,BEYOND !SE CATEGORIES -- C]TA9LY TRUE AS F> AS !Y GO -- ! 9TELLECTUAL HORIZON ( ! SOCIALI/ ECLECTICS T5DS TO BECOME OPAQUE4 ,BROAD] PROBLEMS ( FRE$OM1 HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 CITIZ5%IP1 & SELF-ACTIVITY SEEM MI/Y1 9EFFABLE1 AT TIMES EV5 0'9COMPREH5SIBLE10 BESIDE ! 0NUTS-&-BOLTS0 ISSUES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,OR*E/RAT$ BY AN ALL-P]VASIVE T5D5CY T[>D ECONOMIC R$UCTIONISM1 HOMO COLLECTIVICUS IS CONSI/5TLY R$UC$ TO HOMO ECONOMICUS & ,BRE*T'S NOTORI\S MAXIM1 ,FE$ ! FACE1 !N GIVE ! MORAL10 BECOMES A /RATEGY = POLITICAL IMMORALITY & SOCIALI/ APOLOGETICS4 ,AS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ 9 MY ESSAYS ON ,M>X1 ?IS MAY BE 0H>D0 SOCIOLOGY1 BAS$ ON ! 0MAT]IAL FACTS ( LIFE10 BUT IT IS B\RGEOIS TO ! CORE4 

,NO LESS DISQUIET+ ?AN ! SOCIALI/S :O HAVE BE5 TRACK+ ! ECOLOGY1 FEM9I/1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS >E ! TE*NOCRATS FROM )9 :O HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO DEGRADE !M = OPPORTUNI/IC 5DS4 ,H]E1 IGNORANCE IS FETI%IZ$ OV] KN[L$GE & ACTION OV] !ORY 9 ! NAME ( ACQUIR+ L>GE CON/ITU5CIES1 PRACTICAL RESULTS1 &1 ( C\RSE1 P]SONAL P[]4 ,IF ! ,GORZS1 ,MIT*ELLS1 & ,H>VEYS DI/ORT ! PREMISES & LOGIC ( ! ISSUES ?AT CONC]N !M1 ! 0MANAG]IAL RADICAL0 IGNORES !M :5 POSSIBLE OR CONCEALS !M :5 NECESS>Y4 ,TE*NIQUE T5DS TO TAKE ! PLACE ( PR9CIPLES2 J\RNALISM1 ! PLACE ( $UCATION2 SPECTACLES1 ! PLACE ( S]I\S ACTION2 FLOAT+ CON/ITU5CIES ?AT CAN BE MOBILIZ$ & DEMOBILIZ$1 7HE PLACE ( LA/+ ORGANIZATIONS2 ELITES1 ! PLACE ( GRASS-ROOTS &4 AUTONOM\S MOVEM5TS4 ,?IS IS ! /OCK-9-TRADE ( ! SOCIAL 5G9E]1 NOT ! COMMITT$ IDEALI/4 ,IT IS SELF-S]V+ & ,/]ILE1 :5 IT IS NOT SIMPLY ODI\S & TREA*]\S4 

,:AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE = ?IS NEW CLASS ( MANAG]S TO APPE> RADICAL8 ,P>TLY1 IT IS ! RESULT ( A LACK ( !ORETICAL 9SI<T BY !IR [N FOLL[]S4 ,! 0MANAG]IAL RADICAL0 CAPITALIZES ON A *RONIC ,AM]ICAN SYNDROME3 ! PRAGMATIC HYPO/ASIZATION ( ACTION1 ( QUICK RESULTS & IMM$IATE SUCCESS4 ,FA/ FOOD IS NOT ! ONLY ATTRIBUTE ( ! ,AM]ICAN SPIRIT2 ITS IDEOLOGICAL C\NT]P>T IS FA/ POLITICS1 9DE$1 FA/ RADICALISM4 ,! SIXTIES W]E PLAGU$ BY FEV]I% TURNS 9 IDEOLOGICAL FADS & CULTURAL FA%IONS ?AT SWEPT ?R\< ! ,NEW ,LEFT & ! C\NT]CULTURE )4DAZZL+ RAPIDITY4 ,MOVEM5TS LEAP-FROGG$ OV] 5TIRE ]AS ( HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE & !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ) AN >ROGANT 9DIFF]5CE = ! LABORS ( ! PA/1 AB&ON+ AN>*ISM = ,M>XISM1 MA*ISMO MILITANCY = FEM9ISM1 COMMUNAL LIV+ = PRIVATISM1 SEXUAL PROMISCUITY = MONOGAMY1 ROCK MUSIC = DISCO1 ONLY TO REV]T AGA9 TO NEW LIB]T>IAN FADS1 SADO-MASO*ISM1 S+LES B>S1 PUNK ROCK 9 CRISS-CROSS+ PATT]NS ?AT MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE ! SCRAWL ( AN 9FANT ?AN ! DECIPH]ABLE MESSAGES ( MATUR+ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?AT Y\NG M5 & WOM5 CAN WRITE M>KETABLE1 (T5 SALACI\S 0BIOGRAPHIES AT ! AGE ( ?IRTY OR LESS IS NOT SURPRIS+2 !RE IS DETAIL APL5TY TO 5T]TA9 ! READ] -- BUT NO?+ ( SIGNIFICANCE LO COMMUNICATE4 

,:AT C\NTS IS ! EXT5T TO :I* APPE>ANCE CAN SO EASILY REPLACE REALITY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN M9D4 ,REBELLION1 TOO1 CAN BECOME M]E !AT] :5 IT LACKS ! SUB/ANCE ( KN[L$GE1 !ORY1 & WISDOM4 ,9DE$1 ! MY? ?AT 0DO+0 IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN 0?9K+10 ?AT 0CON/RUCTIVE ACTION0 IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN RATIONAL CRITIQUE -- !SE >E ACTUALLY MY/IFI$ =MS ( !ORY1 CRITIQUE1 & RATIONALISM4 ,! TRADITIONAL ,AM]ICAN MAXIM ?AT 0PHILOSOPHY IS BUNK0 HAS ALWAYS BE5 A PHILOSOPHICAL JUDGM5T 9 ITS [N RI<T1 A /ATEM5T ( EMPIRICAL PHILOSOPHY AS AGA9/ SPECULATIVE1 ( S5SU\S KN[L$GE AS AGA9/ 9TEL- TECTUAL4 ,! GRUFF ATTACK UPON !ORY & REASON DOES NOT ANNUL 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY4 0,COMMON S5SE0 IS M]ELY 0S5SE0 ?AT IS COMMON1 ?AT IS1 UNTUTOR$1 UN9=M$1 & RIDDL$ BY ACQUIR$ BIASES4 ,IT M]ELY REPLACES ! PRESUPPOSITIONS ( SELF-CONSCI\S WISDOM BY ! PRESUPPOSITIONS ( UNCONSCI\S PREJUDICE4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 PRESUPPOSITIONS >E ALWAYS BE+ MADE & !REBY 9VOLVE !ORY1 PHILOSOPHY1 & M5TALITY 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 

,! 0MANAG]IAL RADICAL0 CAPITALIZES UPON ?IS ANTI-!ORETICAL SYNDROME1 P>TICUL>LY ON ITS MY? ( FA/ SUCCESS4 ,IMM$IACY ( REW>D1 A PSY*OLOGICALLY =MATIVE TE*NIQUE1 FO/]S ! 9FANTILE DEM& = IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION & ! 9FANTILISM ( ! MANAG]'S CON/ITU5CY4 ,RADICALISM ?US CEASES TO BE A BODY ( !ORY & 9=M$ PRACTICE2 IT BECOMES ! FA/E/ R\TE TO ! MO/ IMM$IATE GOALS4 ,! NOTION ?AT BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE MAY REQUIRE ! LABORS & D$ICATION ( A LIFETIME -- A NOTION SO BASIC TO REVOLUTION>Y IDEALISM -- HAS NO PLACE 9 ?IS TE*NOCRATIC CON/ELLATION4 ,RADICALISM ?US BECOMES ME?ODOLOGY RA!R ?AN MORALITY1 FA/ SUCCESS RA!R ?AN PATI5T /RUGGLE1 A S]IES ( MANIC RESPONSES RA!R ?AN LA/+ COMMITM5T4 ,A SUP]FICIAL 0EXTREMISM10 :I* ! 0MANAG]IAL RADICAL0 (T5 OR*E/RATES ) ! HIDD5 COOP]ATION ( ! V]Y AU?ORITIES %E OR1 HE PR(ESSES TO OPPOSE1 TURNS \T TO BE M]ELY ANO!R DEVICE TO BR+ AN ALI5AT$ CON/ITU5CY 9TO COMPLICITY ) ITS [N OPPRESSORS4 

,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 EV5 MORE ?AN ! FEM9I/ & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS1 ?RIVES 9 ?IS HI<LY *>G$1 (T5 CONTRIV$ AMBIANCE ( OPPOSITION4 0,ANTI-NUKE0 GR\PS & ALLIANCES RISE & FALL AT A METABOLIC RATE ?AT EXCLUDES S]I\S REFLECTION ON !IR ME?ODS & GOALS4 ,TO 0,/OP ,NUKES0 HAS F>- REA*+ SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS ?AT GO BEYOND ! PROBLEMS ( ADEQUATE 5]GY RES\RCES & RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION4 ,! DEM& POSES SU* QUE/IONS AS H[ %\LD WE TRY TO 0,/OP ,NUKES0 -- BY DIRECT ACTION OR POLITICAL ACTION8 ,H[ %\LD WE  
ORGANIZE TO 0,/OP ,NUKES0 -- BY DEC5TRALIZ$ =MS ( AUTONOM\S AFF9ITY GR\PS OR NATIONAL MOBILIZATIONS & P]HAPS C5TRALIZ$ P>TIES8 ,:AT WILL REPLACE NUKES -- HUGE HI< TE*NOLOGY SOL> 9/ALLATIONS MANAG$ BY CONV5TIONAL P[] UTILITIES OR SIMPLE1 (T5 H&-CRAFT$ POPUL> TE*NOLOGIES ?AT CAN BE CON/RUCT$ & MANAG$ BY A MOD]ATE-SIZ$ COMMUNITY8 ,!SE QUE/IONS ALONE1 NOT TO SPEAK ( 9NUM]ABLE ISSUES ?AT RANGE >\ND NOTIONS (' ! COMMUNAL [N]%IP & MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY'S RES\RCES1 NON-HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & *ANGES 9 HUMAN S5SIBILITY1 REA* F> BEYOND ! MORE LIMIT$ ISSUE ( NUCLE> P[]4 0,NO ,NUKES0 IS NOT 5\< -- AT LEA/ IF WE WI% TO REMOVE ! DEEP-SEAT$ SOCIAL =CES ?AT PRODUC$ NUCLE> P[] 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

0,MANAG]IAL RADICALISM0 FO/]S A PREOCCUPATION ) ME?OD RA!R ?AN AN EXPLORATION ( GOALS4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT SURPRIS+LY FEW LEAD]S ( ! ANTI-NUKE MOVEM5T HAVE TRI$ TO $UCATE !IR FOLL[]S 7ASSUM+ !Y >E !MSELVES 9=M$7 AS TO ! IMPLICATIONS ( A S]I\S OPPOSITION TO NUCLE> P[]4 ,!Y HAVE PROVID$ NO !ORETICAL TRANSITION FROM ! CON/RUCTION & OP]ATION ( NUCLE> P[] PLANTS TO ! SOCIAL =CES ?AT PROMOTE !M4 ,! GOAL T5DS TO REMA9 FIX$3 0,NO ,NUKES60 ,!IR PR9CIPAL CONC]NS HAVE BE5 ) ! 0/RATEGIES0 & 0TACTICS0 ?AT WILL A*IEVE ?IS 5D3 A MOBILIZATION ( DOCILE CON/ITU5CIES ?AT CAN BE ASSEMBL$ & CONV5I5TLY DISASSEMBL$ AT NUCLE> REACTOR SITES1 9 DEMON/RATIONS1 & MORE REC5TLY1 AT POLL+ BOO?S4 

0,MANAG]IAL RADICALISM0 EXHIBITS NO REAL CONC]N OV] ! NATURE ( !SE CON/ITU5CIES OR !IR QUALITIES AS $UCAT$1 SOCIALLY COMMITT$1 & ACTIVE P]SONALITIES4 0,MASS ACTIONS0 \TWEI< SELF-ACTION2 NUMB]S \TWEI< IDEALS2 QUANTITY \TWEI<S QUALITY4 ,! CONCEPT ( DIRECT ACTION1 A CONCEPT ?AT WAS MEANT TO DEVELOP ACTIVE P]SONALITIES :O AS 9DIVIDUALS & 9DIVIDUAT$ COMMUNITIES C\LD TAKE ! SOCIAL REALM DIRECTLY 
9TO !IR [N H&S -- AN AU!NTIC PUBLIC GUID$ BY E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS RA!R ?AN LEGISLATIVE $ICTS -- IS ODI\SLY DEGRAD$ 9TO A M]E MATT] ( 0TACTICS0 RA!R ?AN SELF-ACTIVITY1 SELF-DEVELOPM5T1 & SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AFF9ITY GR\PS1 AN AN>*I/ NOTION ( ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS MEANT TO PROVIDE ! 9TIMATE1 HUMAN-SCAL$1 DEC5TRALIZ$ =MS TO FO/] ! NEW SELVES & S5SIBILITIES = A TRULY FREE SOCIETY1 >E SE5 M]ELY AS 0TASK =CES0 ?AT QUICKLY ASSEMBLE & DISP]SE TO P]=M V]Y LIMIT$ & CONCRETE ACTIONS4 0,MANAG]IAL RADICALISM10 9 %ORT1 IS PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) MANAG+ RA!R ?AN RADICALIZ+4 ,& 9 ! PROCESS ( CULTIVAT+ ! MANIPULATION ( ITS MASS FOLL[+1 IT GROSSLY D5ATURES EV]Y LIB]T>IAN CONCEPT ( \R TIMES1 (T5 AT A HI/ORIC CO/ ?AT YIELDS A REPELL5T C>E]ISM )9 ITS SELF-APPO9T$ ELITE & CYNICISM )9 ITS NAIVE FOLL[+4 

,! ESSAYS1 >TICLES1 & PAP]S ?AT COMPRISE ?IS VOLUME HAVE BE5 SELECT$ PRECISELY = !IR CRITICAL ?RU/ 9 ! HOPE ?AT WE MAY YET RECA/ ! ECOLOGICAL1 COMMUNITY1 & !ORETICAL ISSUES ( \R TIME 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION4 ,MY OMISSION ( DISCUSSIONS ON FEM9ISM & ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T IS M]ELY A P]SONAL RECOGNITION ?AT ! BE/ CRITIQUES & RECON/RUCTIVE NOTIONS 9 ?IS >EA HAVE ALREADY COME FROM WOM51 AS 9DE$ ! BE/ S*OL>%IP 9 AN?ROPOLOGY & SOCIAL !ORY4 ,! WORKS :I* FOLL[ W]E WRITT5 5TIRELY DUR+ ! SEV5TIES &1 ALMO/ )\T EXCEPTION1 >E FREE ( ! PROCLIVITIES ( SOCIALI/S & 0MANAG]IAL RADICALS0 TO FOLL[ TR5DY ISSUES4 ,IF C]TA9 CONCEPTS & T]MS 9 ?IS BOOK N[ SEEM FAMILI>1 IT IS (T5 BECAUSE !Y W]E PICK$ UP LAT] BY ELEM5TS 9 ! ,LEFT :O F\ND ONE OR ANO!R SIZABLE CON/ITU5CY TO EXPLOIT = !IR [N DOGMATIC 5DS4 ,?US !SE WRIT+S CAN JU/IFIABLY CLAIM TO 0LEAD0 9TELLECTUALLY3 C]TA9LY1 !Y DO NOT FOLL[ -- NOR DO !Y ADAPT NEW PROBLEMS TO %OPWORN CAUSES4 

,?AT MY WRIT+S 9 ECOLOGY URBANISM1 & TE*NICS HAVE NOT ALWAYS BE5 CELEBRAT$ BY MY COLLEAGUES ON ! ,LEFT CAN1 9 MY VIEW1 BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ONE REASON3 MY COMMITM5T TO AN>*ISM4 ,I HOLD ?IS COMMITM5T ) PRIDE1 = IF NO?+ ELSE IT HAS BE5 AN 9VISIBLE MORAL B\ND>Y ?AT HAS KEPT ME FROM OOZ+ OV] TO NEO-,M>XISM1 ACADEMICISM1 & ULTIMATELY RE=MISM4 ,I HAVE NOT TRI$ TO MIX CONTRADICTIONS & 9COMPATIBILITIES 9 ORD] TO GA9 ! APPROVAL ( MY PE]S4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y E?ICAL OPPOSITION HAS SEEM$ TO ME TO BE A MU* BETT] DE/9Y ?AN ! SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE ( ?OSE EM95TLY PRACTICAL 0RADICALS0 :O BASICALY DESPISE ! 0MASSES0 & 9 TIME GR[ TO DESPISE !MSELVES4 ,H5CE ! READ] WILL F9D NO CONV5I5T 0UNC]TA9TIES10 NO RECIPIES = 0SUCCESS10 NO %IFTS ( FOCUS TO SUIT A NEW 0LESS] EVIL0 >\ND :I* TO EMBRACE AN EV5 WORSE EVIL 9 ! LONG RUN4 

,A SECOND OBS]VATION ,I W\LD LIKE TO MAKE IS ?AT ?IS COLLECTION DOES NOT /& 9 ANY CONTRADICTION TO MY E>LI] SIXTIES COLLECTION ( ESSAYS1 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT L>GELY ELABORATES PROBLEMS 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME )9 ! *ANG+ CONTEXT ( ! SEV5TIES4 ,! C\NT]CULTURE1 9 MY VIEW1 IS NOT 0DEAD02 IT WAS ABORT$ BY MANY FACTORS &1 IF ANY?+1 AWAITS A RI*]1 MORE P]CEPTIVE1 & MORE CONSCI\S DEVELOPM5T4 ,! IDEALS IT RAIS$ ( COMMUNAL LIV+1 OP5NESS ( RELATIONS1 LOVE1 SEXUAL FRE$OM1 S5SU\SNESS ( DRESS & MANN] >E ! ABID+ GOALS ( UTOPIAN ?\<T AT ITS BE/4 ,TO DISMISS ! SIXTIES AS A 0PHASE0 IS TO DISMISS UTOPIANISM AS A 0DREAM0 -- TO D5Y ! RELEVANCE ( A ,*>LES ,F\RI] & A ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS TO \R TIMES -- & TO RE/RICT ! CONCEPT ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO AN APP>ATUS1 D5Y+ ITS SIGNIFICANCE AS A CULTURE4 ,SU* REJECTIONS ( GOALS & TRADITIONS W\LD BE NO?+ LESS ?AN AN ACQUIES5CE TO ! /ATUS QUO4 ,:AT IS REM>KABLE AB\T ! SIXTIES C\NT]CULTURE IS NOT ?AT IT HAS BE5 ABORT$2 ?IS C\LD HAVE BE5 ANTICIPAT$ 9 ! ABS5CE ( A !ORETICAL >MAM5T>IUM SUITABLE TO ITS NE$S4 ,:AT IS REM>KABLE IS ?AT ! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! SIXTIES EM]G$ AT ALL 9 ! FACE ( A MIDDLE- AG$1 SMUG1 & MIDDLE-CLASS 5VIRONM5T OR ?AT IT SURVIV$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS DESPITE ! HUCK/]S :O PREY$ UPON IT1 BE !Y ! M$IA-ORI5T$ CANAILLE :O BECAME ITS 0SPOKESM50 & CL[NS & ! LEE*ES ( ! DOGMATIC ,LEFT :O P>ASITIZ$ IT4 

,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS A/ONI%+ CULTURAL PH5OM5ON -- SO ALI5 TO ! ADULTS ( ! ,EIS5H[] ]A -- & TO (F] IT A P]SPECTIVE4 ,?AT MY ESSAYS ADVANC$ ECOLOGICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 ORGANIZATIONAL1 & !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVES ?AT >E /ILL VIABLE TODAY ATTE/S TO ! RELEVANCE ( ! BOOK AS A :OLE4 

,! T]M 0PO/-SC>CITY10 H[EV]1 HAS 5C\NT]$ CURI\S DIFFICULTIES ?AT REQUIRE SOME DISCUSSION4 0,SC>CITY0 IS NOT A MY/ICAL OR ABSOLUTE CONDITION1 A FLOAT+ S5SE ( 0NE$0 ?AT IS AUTONOM\S 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,IT IS A RELATIVE T]M :OSE MEAN+ HAS *ANG$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( NEW NE$S & WANTS4 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S HAS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT TE*NICALLY PRIMITIVE HUNT+ B&S LACK ! MOD]N BODY ( NE$S ?AT C5T] >\ND SOPHI/ICAT$ 5]GY S\RCES1 DWELL+S1 VEHICLES1 5T]TA9M5T1 & ! /EADY DIET ( FOOD ?AT ,EURO-,AM]ICANS TAKE = GRANT$4 ,!IR0TOOL KIT0 IS1 9 FACT1 SO UTT]LY PRIMITIVE & !IR NE$S SO LIMIT$ ?AT !Y LACK A S5SE ( 0SC>CITY0 ?AT RIDDLES \R [N COMP>ATIVELY OPUL5T SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !Y >E SEEM+LY 0PO/-SC>CITY0 COMMUNITIES OR1 TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 0NONSC>CITY0 COMMUNITIES4 

,?IS L9E ( REASON+ IS (T5 CONV9C+ 5\< TO SUGGE/ ?AT A MOD]N SOCIETY BAS$ ON 0VOLUNT>Y SIMPLICITY0 -- TO USE A NEW TR5DY T]M -- MI<T ALSO BECOME A 0PO/-SC>CITY0 SOCIETY IF IT IMPOS$ 0LIMITS TO GR[?0 & 0VOLUNT>Y LIMITS0 ON NE$S4 ,9DE$1 ! IMPLICATION ( ,SAHL9S'S VIEWS HAVE BE5 US$ ) TELL+ EFFECT TO DEM& A MORE AU/]E1 LABOR-9T5SIVE1 RELATIVELY SELF-SUFFICI5T SOCIETY -- PRESUMABLY ONE :OSE NE$S W]E 9 FACT SO LIMIT$ ?AT \R SEEM+ 5]GY PROBLEMS & RAW MAT]IALS %ORTAGES W\LD BE REMOV$4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY HAS BE5 PLAC$ AGA9 9 ! S]VICE ( ! /ATUS QUO -- MOT TO REMOVE MAT]IAL WANT BUT TO VALIDATE IT4 

,:AT ?IS L9E ( REASON+ IGNORES IS ! CONSID]ABLE LOSSES A DRA/IC R$UCTION ( NE$S W\LD CREATE -- LOSSES 9 9TELLECTUAL1 CULTURAL1 & PSY*OLOGICAL COMPLEXITY & ULTIMATELY A WEAL? ( SELFHOOD & P]SONALITY4 ,H[EV] MU* A HUNT+ B& MAY BE 9 EQUIPOISE ) ITS PRIMITIVE TOOL-KIT & ITS LIMIT$ NE$S1 IT REMA9S PRIMITIVE & LIMIT$ NEV]!LESS4 ,EV5 IF ONE ASSUMES ?AT ! 0NOBLE SAVAGE0 IS NOT A MY?1 IT IS A CONDITION ( 0SAVAG]Y0 AS WELL AS NOBILITY -- ONE ?AT IS ROOT$' 9 ! LIMITATIONS ( ! BLOOD TIE RA!R ?AN CITIZ5%IP1 TRIBAL P>O*IALISM RA!R ?AN HUMANITAS1 A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR RA!R ?AN A PR(ESSIONAL ONE1 REV5GE RA!R ?AN JU/ICE1 9 %ORT CU/OM RA!R ?AN REASON & BIOLOGICAL 9FLEXIBILITY 9/EAD ( SOCIAL MALLEABILITY4 ,IT LIES )9 HUMAN POT5TIALITIES TO BE MORE ?AN A 0NOBLE SAVAGE10 A PRODUCT ( NATURAL HI/ORY ALONE4 ,TO LEAVE HUMANITY'S LAT5T CAPACITY = ACTUALIZ+ ! FULLNESS ( REASON1 CREATIVITY1 FRE$OM1 P]SONALITY & A SOPHI/ICAT$ CULTURE ONLY P>TIALLY OR ONE-SID$LY FULFILL$ IS TO D5Y ! RI* DIALECTIC ( ! HUMAN CONDITION 9 ITS FULL /ATE ( REALIZATION & EV5 ( NATURE AS LIFE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S4 

,H5CE EV5 W]E A 0NON-SC>CITY0 SOCIETY TO EXI/1 HUMANITY W\LD /ILL SUFF] ! SAME PRIVATION ( =M & DEVELOPM5T ?AT EXI/S 9 A 0SC>CITY0 SOCIETY4 0,PO/-SC>CITY0 DOES NOT D5OTE AN AFFLU5CE ?AT W\LD /IFLE ! FULFILLM5T ( ! HUMAN CONDITION2 9DE$1 AN ABUNDANCE ( NE$S ?AT CAN BE FULFILL$ IS MORE LIKELY TO P]PETUATE UNFRE$OM ?AN ! 0NON-SC>CITY0 CONDITION ( A HUNT+ B&4 0,PO/-SC>CITY0 D5OTES A FREE SOCIETY ?AT CAN  
REJECT FALSE1 DEHUMANIZ+ NE$S PRECISELY BECAUSE IT CAN BE 
SUB/ANTIALLY FREE ( NE$ ITSELF4 ,IT CAN DECIDE TO ADOPT A SIMPL] WAY ( MAT]IAL LIFE BECAUSE !RE IS 5\< AVAILABLE = EV]YONE TO ACCEPT OR REJECT4 ,?AT IT CAN EV5 MAKE SU* A DECISION REFLECTS A HI< DEGREE ( SOCIAL FRE$OM 9 ITSELF1 A NEW SY/EM ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & VALUES ?AT R5D]S LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL JUDGM5TS POSSIBLE4 ,GAUG$ M]ELY BY \R CURR5T AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL \TPUT1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS & ,EUROPEANS CLE>LY HAVE !  
MAT]IAL MEANS = MAK+ SU* A JUDGM5T2 GAUG$ BY \R SOCIAL RELATIONS 1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE LACK ! FRE$OM1 VALUES1 & S5SIBILITY TO DO SO4 ,H5CE \R AFFLU5T SOCIETY -- ALL MY?S ( DEPLET$ OR %R9K+ RES\RCES NOT)/&+ TO ! CONTR>Y -- IS AS GRIPP$ BY SC>CITY AS \R M$IEVAL ANCE/ORS C5TURIES E>LI]4 ,A 0PO/-SC>CITY0 SOCIETY1 9 EFFECT1 W\LD HAVE TO BE A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ?AT POSSESS$ 5\< MAT]IAL RES\RCES TO LIMIT GR[? & NE$S AS A MATT] ( *OICE1 NOT AS A MATT] ( NE$ -- = IF ITS LIMITS W]E DET]M9$ BY NE$S ?AT EM]GE FROM SC>CITY1 IT W\LD /ILL BE LIMIT$ BY NE$ & SC>CITY :E!R RES\RCES W]E 9 %ORT SUPPLY OR NOT4 ,! NE$ TO DIM9I% NE$ W\LD MAT]IALLY PROVIDE ! BASIS1 IF NOT ! CAUSE1 ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE4 

,M>X HYPO/ASIZ$ ! PROBLEM ( NE$S AS ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY10 A CONCEPT ?AT REA*ES BACK TO ,>I/OTLE1 & !REBY ABSOLUTIZ$ IT 9 A WAY ?AT OBSCUR$ ! HI/ORICAL =MATION ( NE$S4 ,H[ NE$S >E =M$ -- ?IS1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ACCEPTANCE ( NE$S AS !Y EXI/ -- REPRES5TS A COMPLEX PROBLEM :I* ,I %ALL NOT ATTEMPT TO EXPLORE H]E4 ,IT SUFFICES TO PO9T \T ?AT ! =MATION ( ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY10 ) ! H>% SPLIT BETWE5 ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 & ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM10 IS NOT A NATURAL FACT ?AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ) \R SPECIES OR MU/ ALWAYS EXI/ ) IT 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 IS A DI/9CTLY HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON4 ,9 MY VIEW IT EM]G$ :5 PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES CEAS$ TO VIEW NATURE AS A CO-EXI/5T PH5OM5ON TO BE ACCEPT$ OR REV]$ &1 TO USE ,M>X'S SIMPLI/IC METAPHORS1 HAD TO 0WRE/LE ) NATURE0 AS AN 0O!R0 ULTIMATELY TO BE 0DOM9AT$40 ,ONCE E>LY HUMANITY'S MUTUAL RECIPROCITY ) ! NATURAL WORLD DISSOLV$ 9TO ANTAGONISM & ITS ON5ESS 9TO DUALITY1 ! PROCESS ( RECOV]+ A NEW LEVEL ( RECIPROCITY & ON5ESS D\BTLESS 9CLUDES ! SC>S ( MILL5IA- LONG /RUGGLES TO MA/] ! 0=CES0 ( NATURE4 ,I %>E ! ,HEGELIAN VIEW ?AT HUMANITY HAD TO BE EXPELL$ FROM ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 TO ATTA9 ! FULLNESS ( ITS HUMANNESS4 ,BUT ,I EMPHATICALLY D5Y ?AT ?IS EXILE NECESS>ILY TA9TS UTOPIA ) ! BLOOD & TOIL ( HI/ORY2 ?AT ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 MU/ ALWAYS BE ! 0BASIS0 OR PRECONDITION = ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM40 ,IT REMA9S ,F\RI]'S LA/+ CONTRIBUTION ?AT ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 CAN BE COLONIZ$ BY ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM10 ! REALM ( TOIL BY ! REALM ( WORK1 ! REALM ( TE*NICS BY ! REALM ( PLAY1 FANTASY1 & IMAG9ATION4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 CAN NEV] BE VIEW$ AS A  
PASSIVE 0BASIS02 IT MU/ ALWAYS 9FILTRATE & MAL=M ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 UNTIL ,F\RI]'S IDEAL BECOMES A CONSCI\S REALITY4 ,M>X'S TRAGIC FATE CAN BE RESOLV$ 9TO ! FACT ?AT1 9TEGRAL TO HIS 5TIRE !ORETICAL $IFICE1 HE COLONIZES ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 BY ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY AS ITS BASIS40 ,! FULL WEI<T ( ?IS !ORETICAL APPROA*1 ) ITS CONSEQU5T R$UCTION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS TO ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ( CREATIVE TO 0UNALI5AT$ LABOR10 ( SOCIETY TO 0ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S10 ( 9DIVIDUALITY TO EMBODI$ 0NE$S10 & ( FRE$OM TO ! 0%ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY0 HAS YET TO BE GRASP$ 9 ALL ITS REGRESSIVE CONT5T4 

,! OP5+ ESSAYS 9 ?IS COMPILATION >E UNIT$ BY ! EMPHASIS ,I PLACE ON ! SYN!SIZ+ ROLE ( ECOLOGY' -- A T]M ,I %>PLY DI/+UI% 9 MY V]Y FIR/ ESSAY FROM 05VIRONM5TALISM40 ,I CLAIM ?AT1 HAV+ DIVID$ HUMANITY FROM NATURE MANY MILL5NIA AGO1 WE MU/ N[ RETURN TO A NEW UNITY BETWE5 ! SOCIAL & ! NATURAL ?AT PRES]VES ! GA9S A*IEV$ BY SOCIAL & NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,?US ! REAL HI/ORY ( HUMANITY 7:I* ,M>X CONTRA/$ TO ! IRRATIONAL 0PREHI/ORY0 PRIOR TO A COMMUNI/IC FUTURE7 MU/ BE W$D$ TO NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,P]HAPS !SE >E NO LONG] ! BRAVE WORDS !Y SEEM$ TO BE :5 ,I ADVANC$ !M SIXTE5 YE>S AGO 9 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 BUT !IR IMPLICATIONS HAVE NOT BE5 FULLY DEVELOP$ BY ! SO-CALL$ 0RADICAL0 MOVEM5T TODAY4 ,! SEP>ATION ( HUMANITY FROM NATURE1 ITS SWEEP+ SOCIAL TRAJECTORY 9TO A HI/ORY ?AT PRODUC$ A RI* WEAL? ( M9D1 P]SONALITY1 TE*NICAL 9SI<T1 CULTURE1 & SELF-REFLECTIVE ?\<T1 M>KS ! POT5TIAL = M9D 9 NATURE ITSELF1 ! LAT5T SPIRIT 9 SUB/ANCE ?AT COMES TO CONSCI\SNESS 9 A HUMANITY ?AT MELDS ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! TIME HAS COME TO 9TEGRATE AN ECOLOGICAL NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ) AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY BAS$ ON FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS1 A GOAL ?AT HAS HAUNT$ WE/]N PHILOSOPHY FROM ! PRE-,SOCRATICS ONW>D4 

,D\BTLESS1 ! PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS GOAL >E P>AM\NT4 ,IF WE >E TO SURVIVE ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE1 WE MU/ DEC5TRALIZE1 RE/ORE BIOREGIONAL =MS ( PRODUCTION & FOOD CULTIVATION1 DIV]SIFY \R TE*NOLOGIES1 SCALE !M TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS1 & E/ABLI% FACE-TO-FACE =MS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ,I AGREE ) 9NUM]ABLE 5VIRONM5TALI/S SU* AS ,B>RY ,COMMON] :O >GUE1 P]HAPS A BIT BELAT$LY1 = DEC5TRALIZATION & 0APPROPRIATE0 TE*NOLOGIES ON GR\NDS ( PRAGMATISM & EFFICI5CY4 ,BUT MY CONC]NS GO MU* FUR!R4 ,I AM OCCUPI$ ) ! VALUE ( ALT]NATE TE*NOLOGIES NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y >E MORE EFFICI5T & RE/ ON R5EWABLE RES\RCES2 ,I AM EV5 MORE CONC]N$ ) !IR CAPACITY TO RE/ORE HUMANITY'S CONTACT ) SOIL1 PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE1 SUN & W9D1 9 %ORT1 ) FO/]+ A NEW S5SIBILITY T[>D ! BIOSPH]E4 ,I AM EQUALLY CONC]N$ ) ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CAPACITY TO UND]/& ! OP]ATIONS ( !SE NEW TE*NOLOGIES SO ?AT P]SONALITY ITSELF CAN BE 5RI*$ BY A NEW S5SE ( SELF-ASSURANCE & AUTONOMY OV] ! MAT]IAL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 ,H5CE MY EMPHASIS ON SIMPL] =MS -- MORE 0PASSIVE' #e =MS1 TO USE ! V]NACUL> ( ALT]NATE TE*NOLOGY -- ( SOL> COLLECTORS1 W9D MA*9ES1 ORGANIC G>D5S & ! LIKE4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ,I AM OCCUPI$ ) DEC5TRALIZATION NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT R5D]S !SE TE*NOLOGIES MORE FEASIBLE & MORE ADAPTABLE TO ! BIO-REGIONS 9 :I* !Y >E EMPLOY$2 ,I AM EV5 MORE CONC]N$ ) DEC5TRALIZATION AS A MEANS ( RE/OR+ P[] TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES & TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 TO GIVE G5U9E MEAN+ TO ! LIB]T>IAN VISION ( FRE$OM AS A SY/EM ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,SMALL1 9 MY VIEW1 IS NOT M]ELY 0BEAUTIFUL02 IT IS ALSO ECOLOGICAL1 HUMANI/IC1 & ABOVE ALL1 EMANCIPATORY4 

,?US1 ! AGES-OLD DESID]ATUM ( ! 0GOOD LIFE0 CONV]GES 9 ECOLOGY 7AS ,I W\LD DEF9E ! T]M7 ) ! ?RU/ ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,FR5* /UD5TS ( #aifh 9SCRIB$ ! SLOGAN 0,BE PRACTICAL1 DO ! IMPOSSIBLE0 ON ! WALLS ( ,P>IS2 TO ?IS SLOGAN1 ,I HAVE ADD$1 0,IF WE DO NOT DO ! IMPOSSIBLE1 WE WILL BE FAC$ ) ! UN?9KABLE40 ,UTOPIA1 :I* WAS ONCE A M]E DREAM 9 ! PRE9DU/RIAL WORLD1 9CREAS+LY BECAME A POSSIBILITY ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY4 ,TODAY1 ,I W\LD 9SI/ IT HAS BECOME A NECESSITY -- ?AT IS1 IF WE >E TO SURVIVE ! RAVAGES ( A TOTALLY IRRATIONAL SOCIETY ?AT ?REAT5S TO UND]M9E ! FUNDAM5TS ( LIFE ON ?IS PLANET4 

,BUT ABOVE ALL1 MY EMPHASIS ON A*IEV+ A NEW TOTALITY BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE IS P>T ( A L>G] 5DEAVOR TO TRANSC5D ALL ! DIVISIONS ON :I* HI]>*Y HAS BE5 RE>$ = C5TURIES -- ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 & ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM10 BETWE5 WORK & PLAY1 T[N & C\NTRY1 M9D & BODY1 BETWE5 ! SEXES1 AGE GR\PS1 E?NIC GR\PS & NATIONALITIES4 ,H5CE1 ! HOLI/IC \TLOOK ?AT P]VADES ?IS BOOK1 A DI/9CTLY ECOLOGICAL1 9DE$1 DIALECTICAL \TLOOK1 LEADS TO AN EXAM9ATION ( COMMUNITY PROBLEMS 9 !IR URBAN =M1 TO ,M>XISM1 & TO ! PROBLEMS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?AT ,I HAVE COMPIL$ MY >TICLES NOT ONLY ON ECOLOGY & ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 BUT ON CITY PLANN+1 ! URBAN FUTURE1 ,M>XISM1 %\LD BE SE5 AS A MEAN+FUL & LOGICAL SEQU5CE4 ,! MOD]N URBAN CRISIS L>GELY REFLECTS ! DIVISIONS ?AT CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE4 0,SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM10 9 TURN1 REFLECTS !SE DIVISIONS IDEOLOGICALLY 9 ,M>X'S [N DUALISM BETWE5 0NECESSITY0 & 0FRE$OM40 ,MY ESSAYS ON SPONTANEITY & ORGANIZATION ESS5TIALLY DEAL ) ECOLOGICAL 0POLITICS0 )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P>ADIGMS & ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES =MULAT$ BY ! PA/ C5TURY ( RADICAL PRACTICE4 

,F9ALLY1 ?IS BOOK AS A :OLE IS GUID$ BY ITS EMPHASIS ON HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION AS ! AU!NTIC 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 -- ?IS AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! ECONOMI/S QUE/ION ( CLASS & ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR4 ,! IRR$UCIBLE 0PROBLEM >EAS0 ( SOCIETY LIE NOT ONLY 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL 9 ! FACTORY2 !Y LIE 9 ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 AGE-GR\PS & SEXES )9 ! FAMILY1 HI]>*ICAL MODES ( 9/RUCTION 9 ! S*OOLS1 ! BUREAUCRATIC USURPATION ( P[] )9 ! CITY1 & E?NIC DIVISIONS )9 SOCIETY4 ,ULTIMATELY1 !Y /EM FROM A HI]>*ICAL S5SIBILITY ( COMM& & OB$I5CE ?AT BEG9S ) ! FAMILY & M]ELY REA*ES ITS MO/ VISIBLE SOCIAL =M 9 ! FACTORY1 BUREAUCRACY & MILIT>Y4 ,I CANNOT EMPHASIZE TOO /RONGLY ?AT !SE PROBLEMS EM]G$ LONG BE=E CAPITALISM4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IRONICALLY CONCEAL$ !SE PROBLEMS = C5TURIES BY GIV+ !M AN ECONOMI/IC =M4 ,M>X WAS TO FALL VICTIM TO ?IS HI/ORIC SUBT]FUGE BY IGNOR+ ! SUBSURFACE MODES ( OB$I5CE & COMM& ?AT LIE 9 ! FAMILY1 S*OOL1 BUREAUCRACY1 & AGE /RUCTURE1 OR MORE PRECISELY1 BY ID5TIFY+ ! 0SOCIAL PROBLEM0 ) CLASS RELATIONS AT ! EXP5SE ( A SE>*+ 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS ?AT PRODUC$ CLASS =MS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,9DE$1 ,M>XISM MAY WELL BE ! IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM P> EXCELL5CE PRECISELY BECAUSE ! ESS5TIALS ( ITS CRITIQUE HAVE FOCUS$ ON CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION )\T *ALL5G+ ! UND]LY+ CULTURAL S5SIBILITIES ?AT SU/A9 IT4 ,MY 9SI/5CE ?AT EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ BE A CULTURAL ONE AS WELL AS A SOCIAL ONE IS NOT SIMPLY ! PRODUCT ( AN EXAGG]AT$ AV]SION = MASS CULTURE2 IT HAS DEEP] ROOTS 9 MY CONVICTION ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT REMA9S 9COMPLETE IF IT FAILS TO REA* 9TO ! PROBLEMS ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION AS SU* -- 9 %ORT1 IF IT FAILS TO SEEK ! SUB/ITUTION ( AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY = A HI]>*ICAL ONE4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ?IS BOOK IS M>K$ BY A HO/ ( CONTRA/S ?AT ORD9>ILY REMA9 UN/AT$ OR BLURR$ 9 ! RADICAL & 5VIRONM5TAL LIT]ATURE ,I HAVE 5C\NT]$4 ,IT CONTRA/S ECOLOGY ) 5VIRONM5TALISM1 HI]>*Y ) CLASS1 DOM9ATION ) EXPLOITATION1 A PEOPLE'S TE*NOLOGY ) AN 0APPROPRIATE0 TE*NOLOGY1 SELF-MANAGEM5T ) 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY10 CULTURAL MOVEM5TS ) ECONOMI/IC P>TIES1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY ) REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 UTOPIA ) FUTURISM4 ,I HAVE NOT TRI$ TO DEVELOP ALL ( !SE CONTRA/S 9 !SE 9TRODUCTORY REM>KS4 ,! READ] MU/ TURN TO ! BOOK = A CLE>] ELUCIDATION ( !M4 ,LET ME M]ELY VOICE ONE CAVEAT4 ,I NO:]E CLAIM ?AT A HI]>*ICAL ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY 9VOLVES A D5IAL ( A CLASS ANALYSIS & ITS SIGNIFICANCE4 ,OBVI\SLY ! =M] 9CLUDES ! LATT]4 ,I AM C]TA9 ?AT ?IS CAVEAT WILL BE MAGNIFIC5TLY IGNOR$ BY SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/-ORI5T$ LIB]T>IANS ALIKE4 ,LET IT M]ELY BE /AT$ SO ?AT ! READ] HAS BE5 AL]T$ TO 0CRITICISMS0 ?AT MORE (T5 9VOLVES BIAS RA!R ?AN ANALYSIS4 

,TO RETURN TO MY OP5+ REM>KS1 ?IS BOOK IS PRIM>ILY 9T5D$ TO GIVE VOICE TO A REVOLUTION>Y IDEA ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 T]MS ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE EM]G$ ) ! DECL9E ( ! TRADITIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,[+ TO ! GR[+ S5SE ( P[]LESSNESS ?AT FREEZES US 9TO ADAPTIVE /RATEGIES = SURVIVAL1 AN ALL-P]VASIVE PRAGMATIC M5TALITY N[ 9VADES \R ?9K+4 ,WE LIVE 9 A SOCIETY ( 0TRADE(FS0 :I* >E ROOT$ 9 A PSEUDO-E?ICS ( 0B5EFITS V]SUS RISKS40 ,AN 0E?ICS0 ( 0TRADE(FS0 9VOLVES A *OICE BETWE5 LESS] EVILS ?AT 9CREAS+LY C>RIES US TO ! BR9K ( ! WOR/ EVILS CONCEIVABLE4 ,SU*1 9 FACT1 WAS ! DE/9Y ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT1 :I* *OSE RI<T-W+ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS RA!R ?AN CONS]VATIVE C5T] P>TIES1 ONLY TO BE FAC$ ) REACTION>IES :O OPPOS$ FASCI/S1 F9ALLY TO *OOSE A ,H9D5BURG AGA9/ A ,HITL] :O !N PROCE$$ TO MAKE ,HITL] *ANCELLOR ( ! ,REI*4 ,\R MOD]N 0E?ICS0 ( 0TRADE(FS0 & LESS] EVILS1 AN 0E?ICS0 ROOT$ 9 ADAPTATION1 PRAGMATISM1 & C>E]ISM /&S 9 HI/ORIC CONTRA/ TO ! E?ICS ( PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,EV5 TO SU* CONS]VATIVE ?9K]S AS ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE1 POLITICS -- A REALM ?AT C\LD NEV] BE DISASSOCIAT$ FROM E?ICS -- D5OT$ ! A*IEVEM5T ( VIRTUE 9 ! =M ( JU/ICE & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,H5CE1 AU!NTIC POLITICS /OOD OPPOS$ TO EVIL & CALL$ = ITS COMPLETE NEGATION BY ! GOOD4 ,!RE >E NO 0TRADE(FS0 9 ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC OR 9 ,>I/OTLE'S ,POLITICS4 ,! ULTIMATE GOALS ( !SE WORKS >E TO ASSURE ! SUCCESS ( VIRTUE OV] EVIL ( REASON OV] SUP]/ITION & CU/OM4 

,MOD]N POLITICS1 BY CONTRA/1 HAS DECISIVELY SEP>AT$ ITSELF FROM ?IS TRADITION4 ,NOT ONLY HAVE WE DISASSOCIAT$ POLITICS FROM E?ICS1 DEAL+ ) ! =M] /RICTLY AS A PRAGMATIC BODY ( TE*NIQUES & ! LATT] AS A CORPUS ( RELATIVI/IC VALUES BAS$ ON P]SONAL TA/E & OP9IONS2 WE HAVE EV5 TURN$ ! PRAGMATIC TE*NIQUES ( POLITICS 9TO A *OICE BETWE5 LESS] EVILS1 ( TRADE(FS10 ?AT !REBY REPLACE VIRTUE BY EVIL AS ! ESS5CE ( POLITICAL NORMS4.<#b.> 

,POLITICS HAS N[ BECOME A WORLD ( EVIL RA!R ?AN VIRTUE ( 9JU/ICE RA!R ?AN JU/ICE1 A WORLD ?AT IS M$IAT$ BY 0LESS]0 V]SUS 0GREAT]0 TRANSGRESSIONS ( 0! GOOD10 0! RI<T10 & 0! JU/40 ,WE NO LONG] SPEAK ( :AT IS 0RI<T0 OR 0GOOD0 OR 0JU/0 AS SU* BUT :AT IS IESS OR MORE EVIL 9 T]MS ( ! B5EFITS WE D]IVE1 OR MORE PROP]LY1 ! PRIVATIONS & DANG]S TO :I* WE >E EXPOS$4 ,ONLY ! G5]AL IGNORANCE ( CULTURE ?AT IS SL[LY GA!R+ LIKE A D>K5+ CL\D OV] ! PRES5T SOCIETY HAS MADE IT DIFFICULT = SOCIAL !ORI/S TO UND]/& ! DECISIVE NATURE ( ?IS %IFT 9 ! HI/ORICAL NORMS ( HUMANITY4 ,?IS %IFT IS UTT]LY SUBV]SIVE ( ANY SIGNIFICANT RECON/RUCTION ( ! BODY POLITIC AS AN AG5T = A*IEV+ ! HI/ORIC GOAL ( ! GOOD LIFE1 NOT M]ELY AS A PRACTICAL IDEAL BUT AS AN E?ICAL & SPIRITUAL ONE4 

,TO REV]SE ?IS D5OM9ATION ( POLITICS BY A LEPR\S S]IES O TRADE(FS1 TO PROVIDE AN E?ICAL HOLISM ROOT$ 9 ! OBJECTIVE VALUES ?AT EM]GE FROM ECOLOGY & AN>*ISM1 IS FUNDAM5TAL TO ?IS BOOK4 ,= ?IS OBJECTIVE TO BE LO/ TO ! READ] IS TO IGNORE ! V]Y MEAN+ ( ! ESSAYS 9 ?IS COMPILATION4 ,IT IS ON ?IS CLASSICAL E?ICS ?AT ALL ELSE RE/S 9 ! PAGES ?AT FOLL[4  
  

,AUGU/ #aigi  

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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