,T[>DS A HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ ANTI-IMP]IALISM 
,9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 ONLY ! WORK]S & PEASANTS WILL GO ALL ! WAY TO ! 5D 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT 

,TEXT 3 

,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS A LONG TRADITION ( FI<T+ IMP]IALISM4 ,?IS REA*ES BACK 9TO ! #a#h#fS1 & CONT9UES TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,FROM ,CUBA1 TO ,EGYPT1 TO ,IREL&1 TO ,MAC$ONIA1 TO ,KOREA1 TO ,ALG]IA & ,MOROCCO1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS PAID 9 BLOOD = ITS OPPOSITION TO IMP]IAL DOM9ATION & CONTROL4 

,H[EV]1 :IL/ AN>*I/S HAVE ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES1 !Y HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION & IMP]IALISM CAN ONLY BE TRULY A*IEV$ ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( BO? CAPITALISM & ! /ATE SY/EM1 & ! CREATION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL AN>*O-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,?IS IS NOT TO >GUE ?AT AN>*I/S ABS5T !MSELVES FROM NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES ?AT DO NOT HAVE SU* GOALS4 ,9/EAD1 AN>*I/S /& 9 SOLID>ITY ) /RUGGLES AGA9/ IMP]IALISM ON PR9CIPLE1 BUT SEEK TO RE%APE NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9TO SOCIAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS4 

,SU* MOVEM5TS W\LD BE BO? ANTI-CAPITALI/ & ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 W\LD BE BAS$ ON 9T]NATIONALISM RA!R ?AN N>R[ *AUV9ISM1 W\LD L9K /RUGGLES 9 ! IMP]IAL C5T]S DIRECTLY TO /RUGGLES 9 ! OPPRESS$ REGIONS1 & W\LD BE CONTROLL$ BY1 & REFLECT ! 9T]E/S (1 ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 WE /& 9 SOLID>ITY ) ANTI-IMP]IALI/ MOVEM5TS1 BUT CONDEMN ?OSE :O USE SU* MOVEM5TS TO ADVANCE REACTION>Y CULTURAL AG5DAS 7= EXAMPLE1 ?OSE :O OPPOSE WOM5'S RI<TS 9 ! NAME ( CULTURE7 & FI<T AGA9/ ATTEMPTS BY LOCAL CAPITALI/S & ! MIDDLE CLASS TO HIJACK !SE MOVEM5TS4 ,WE OPPOSE /ATE REPRESSION ( ANTI-IMP]IALI/ MOVEM5TS1 AS WE REJECT ! RI<T ( ! /ATE TO DECIDE :AT IS1 & :AT IS NOT1 LEGITIMATE PROTE/4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NO LIB]ATION IF ALL ?AT *ANGES IS ! COLOR OR ! LANGUAGE ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,AGA9/ ,NATIONALISM 

,?IS IS :]E WE DIFF] FROM ! POLITICAL CURR5T ?AT HAS DOM9AT$ NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS S9CE ! #a#i#dS3 ! IDEOLOGY ( NATIONALISM4 

,NATIONALISM IS A POLITICAL /RATEGY ?AT >GUES ?AT ! KEY TASK ( ! ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLE IS TO E/ABLI% AN 9DEP5D5T NATION-/ATE4 ,IT IS ?R\< !SE 9DEP5D5T /ATES1 NATIONALI/S >GUE1 ?AT ! NATION AS A :OLE WILL EX]CISE ITS G5]AL WILL4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,KWAME ,NKRUMAH1 :O SPE>HEAD$ ! =MATION ( ! 9DEP5D5T NATION-/ATE ( ,<ANA1 ! TASK WAS TO 0,SEEK YE FIR/ ! POLITICAL K+DOM1 & ALL ELSE %ALL BE GIV5 UNTO Y\40 

,9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL1 NATIONALI/S >GUE ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO UNITE ALL CLASSES )9 ! OPPRESS$ NATION AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/ OPPRESSOR4 ,NATIONALI/S T5D TO D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( CLASS DIFF]5CES )9 ! OPPRESS$ NATION1 >GU+ ?AT ! COMMON EXP]I5CE ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION MAKES CLASS DIVISIONS UNIMPORTANT1 OR ?AT CLASS IS A 0=EIGN0 CONCEPT ?AT IS IRRELEVANT4 

,?US NATIONALI/S SEEK TO HIDE CLASS DIFF]5CES 9 A QUE/ TO F\ND AN 9DEP5D5T NATION-/ATE4 

,! CLASS 9T]E/S ?AT HIDE BEH9D NATIONALISM >E OBVI\S4 ,NATIONALISM HAS1 HI/ORICALLY1 BE5 AN IDEOLOGY DEVELOP$ & *AMPION$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE & MIDDLE CLASS 9 ! OPPRESS$ NATION4 ,IT IS A =M ( ANTI-IMP]IALISM ?AT WI%ES TO REMOVE IMP]IALISM BUT RETA9 CAPITALISM1 A B\RGEOIS ANTI-IMP]IALISM ?AT WI%ES1 9 %ORT1 TO CREATE = ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE MORE SPACE1 MORE OPPORTUNITIES1 MORE AV5UES TO EXPLOIT ! LOCAL WORK+ CLASS & DEVELOP LOCAL CAPITALISM4 

,\R ROLE AS AN>*I/S 9 RELATION TO NATIONALI/S IS ?US CLE>3 WE MAY FI<T ALONGSIDE NATIONALI/S = LIMIT$ RE=MS & VICTORIES AGA9/ IMP]IALISM BUT WE FI<T AGA9/ ! /ATISM & CAPITALISM ( ! NATIONALI/S4 

,\R ROLE IS TO W9 MASS SUPPORT = ! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO IMP]IAL DOM9ATION1 TO W9 WORK]S & PEASANTS AWAY FROM NATIONALISM & TO AN 9T]NATIONALI/ WORK+ CLASS PROGRAM3 AN>*ISM4 ,?IS REQUIRES ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES BUT POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! NATIONALI/S4 ,NATIONAL LIB]ATION MU/ BE DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM NATIONALISM1 :I* IS ! CLASS PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 WE >E AGA9/ IMP]IALISM1 BUT ALSO1 AGA9/ NATIONALISM4 

,BAKUN9 & ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 

,SUPPORT = NATIONAL LIB]ATION FOLL[S DIRECTLY FROM AN>*ISM'S OPPOSITION TO HI]>*ICAL POLITICAL /RUCTURES & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 & ADVOCACY ( A FREELY CON/ITUT$ 9T]NATIONAL CONF$]ATION ( SELF-ADM9I/RAT+ COMMUNES & WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 AN>*ISM'S COMMITM5T TO A G5]AL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION MEANS ?AT AN>*ISM REJECTS /ATI/ SOLUTIONS TO NATIONAL OPPRESSION ?AT LEAVE CAPITALISM & GOV]NM5T 9 PLACE4 

,IF ANYONE CAN BE NAM$ ! F\ND] ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 IT IS ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 7#a#i#a#h-#a#h#g#f74 ,BAKUN9'S POLITICAL ROOTS LAY )9 ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 & HE RETA9$ A COMMITM5T TO :AT W\LD N[ADAYS BE CALL$ 'DECOLONIZATION' ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,:5 ,BAKUN9 MOV$ FROM PAN-,SLAVIC NATIONALISM T[>DS AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#h#fS1 FOLL[+ ! DISA/R\S #ahfc ,POLI% 9SURRECTION1 HE /ILL >GU$ 9 SUPPORT ( /RUGGLES = NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,HE D\BT$ :E!R 0IMP]IALI/ ,EUROPE0 C\LD KEEP ! COLONIAL C\NTRIES 9 BONDAGE3 0,TWO-?IRDS ( HUMANITY1 #h MILLION ,ASIATICS ASLEEP 9 !IR S]VITUDE WILL NECESS>ILY AWAK5 & BEG9 TO MOVE40.<#a.> ,BAKUN9 W5T ON TO DECL>E HIS 0/RONG SYMPA?Y = ANY NATIONAL UPRIS+ AGA9/ ANY =M ( OPPRESSION01 /AT+ ?AT EV]Y PEOPLE 0HAS ! RI<T TO BE ITSELF 4444 NO ONE IS 5TITL$ TO IMPOSE ITS CO/UME1 ITS CU/OMS1 ITS LANGUAGES & ITS LAWS40.<#b.> 

,EA/ ,EUROPE 

,! CRUCIAL ISSUE1 H[EV]109 :AT DIRECTION & TO :AT 5D0 WILL ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T MOVE8 ,= ,BAKUN91 NATIONAL LIB]ATION MU/ BE A*IEV$ 0AS MU* 9 ! ECONOMIC AS 9 ! POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES03 IF ! ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE IS C>RI$ \T ) 0AMBITI\S 9T5T TO SET UP A P[]FUL ,/ATE0 OR IF 0IT IS C>RI$ \T )\T ! PEOPLE0 & 0MU/ !RE=E DEP5D = SUCCESS ON A PRIVILEG$ CLASS10 IT WILL BECOME A 0RETROGRESSIVE1 DISA/R\S1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T40.<#c.> 

0,EV]Y EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL REVOLUTION -- BE IT 9 DEF5SE ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR = 9T]NAL *ANGE4444 -- ?AT DOES NOT AIM AT ! IMM$IATE & REAL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( PEOPLE WILL BE A FALSE REVOLUTION4 ,ITS OBJECTIVES WILL BE UNATTA9ABLE & ITS CONSEQU5CES REACTION>Y40 .<#d.> 

,SO1 IF NATIONAL LIB]ATION IS TO A*IEVE MORE ?AN SIMPLY ! REPLACEM5T ( =EIGN OPPRESSORS BY LOCAL OPPRESSORS1 ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T MU/ ?US BE M]G$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY AGA9/ BO? CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE4 ,)\T SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y GOALS1 NATIONAL LIB]ATION WILL SIMPLY BE A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY MU/ BE RESOLUTELY ANTI-/ATI/1 = ! ,/ATE WAS NECESS>ILY ! PRES]VE ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 & ! /ATE SY/EM W\LD CONT9UALLY RECREATE ! PROBLEM ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION3 0TO EXI/1 A /ATE MU/ BECOME AN 9VAD] ( O!R /ATES 4444 IT MU/ BE READY TO OCCUPY A =EIGN C\NTRY & HOLD MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 SUBJECTION40 

,! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE ( OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES MU/ BE 9T]NATIONALI/ 9 *>ACT] AS IT MU/ SUPPLANT OBSESSIONS ) CULTURAL DIFF]5CE ) UNIV]SAL IDEALS ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 IT MU/ ALIGN ITSELF ) ! 9T]NATIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE = 0POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION FROM ! YOKE ( ! ,/ATE0 & ! CLASSES IT REPRES5TS1 & IT MU/ TAKE PLACE1 ULTIMATELY1 AS P>T ( AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION3 0A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 4444 IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE 9T]NATIONAL 9 SCOPE0 & ! OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES 0MU/ !RE=E L9K !IR ASPIRATIONS & =CES ) ! ASPIRATIONS & =CES ( ALL O!R C\NTRIES40.<#e.> ,! 0/ATI/ PA? 9VOLV+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SEP>ATE 4444 ,/ATES0 IS 05TIRELY RU9\S = ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE0 BECAUSE IT DID NOT ABOLI% CLASS P[] BUT SIMPLY *ANG$ ! NATIONALITY ( ! RUL+ CLASS4.<#f.> ,9/EAD1 ! /ATE SY/EM MU/ BE ABOLI%$ & REPLAC$ ) A COALITION ( WORKPLACE & COMMUNITY /RUCTURES 0DIRECT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP 4444 ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( FREE F$]ATION40.<#g.> 

,!SE IDEAS W]E APPLI$ 9 ,EA/ ,EUROPE FROM ! #a#h#gS ONW>DS1 AS AN>*I/S PLAY$ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! 9 #ahgc UPRIS+S 9 ,BOSNIA & ,H]ZEGOV9A AGA9/ ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN IMP]IALISM4 ,AN>*I/S ALSO TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! 0,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T0 9 ,MAC$ONIA AGA9/ ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,AT LEA/ #f GAVE !IR LIVES 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! GREAT #aic REVOLT4 

,?IS TRADITION ( AN>*I/ ANTI-IMP]IALISM WAS CONT9U$ #ae YE>S LAT] 9 ! ,UKRA9E AS ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$ A TITANIC PEASANT REVOLT ?AT NOT ONLY SMA%$ ! ,G]MAN OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E1 & HELD (F ! 9VAD+ ,R$ & ,:ITE >MIES UNTIL #a#i#b#a1 BUT R$I/RIBUT$ L&1 E/ABLI%$ WORK]-PEASANT SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 MANY >EAS1 & CREAT$ A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY UND] WORK]-PEASANT CONTROL4 

,EGYPT & ,ALG]IA 

,9 ! #a#h#gS1 TOO1 ! AN>*I/S BEGAN TO ORGANIZE ,EGYPT1 NOTABLY 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 :]E A LOCAL AN>*I/ J\RNAL APPE>$ 9 #a#h#g#g1.<#h.> & AN>*I/ GR\P FROM ,EGYPT WAS REPRES5T$ AT ! ,SEPTEMB] #ahgg ,CONGRESS ( ! 0,SA9T-,IMI] ,9T]NATIONAL0 7! AN>*I/ FACTION ( ! PO/-#a#h#g#b ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL74.<#i.> ,AN 0,EGYPTIAN ,F$]ATION0 WAS REPRES5T$ AT ! #ahha ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CONGRESS BY WELL-KN[N ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ?IS TIME 9CLUD+ 0BODIES FROM ,CON/ANT9OPLE & ,ALEX&RIA40.<#a.> ,MALATE/A1 :O LIV$ 9 ,EGYPT AS A POLITICAL REFUGEE ,EGYPT 9 #ah< & #a#h#h#b1.<#a#a.> BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! #ahhb 0,PA%A ,REVOLT0 ?AT FOLL[$ ! #ahgf TAKE-OV] ( ,EGYPTIAN F9ANCES BY AN ,ANGLO-,FR5* COMMISSION REPRES5T+ 9T]NATIONAL CR$ITORS4 ,HE >RIV$ SPECIFICALLY TO PURSUE 0A REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSE CONNECT$ TO ! NATIVES' REVOLT 9 ! DAYS ( ,>ABI ,PA%A10 .<#a#b.> & 0F\<T ) ! ,EGYPTIANS AGA9/ ! ,BRITI% COLONIALI/S40.<#a#c.> 

,9 ,ALG]IA1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T EM]G$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T-,S,R7 HAD A SECTION 9 ,ALG]IA4 ,LIKE O!R AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,C,G,T-,S,R OPPOS$ ,FR5* COLONIALISM1 & 9 A JO9T /ATEM5T BY ! ,AN>*I/ ,UNION1 ! ,C,G,T-,S,R1 & ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATIONS ON ! C5T5>Y ( ! ,FR5* OCCUPATION ( ,ALG]IA 9 #a#i#c1 >GU$3 0,CIVILIZATION8 ,PROGRESS8 ,WE SAY3 MURD]604.<#a#d.> 

,A PROM95T MILITANT 9 ! ,C,G,T-,S,R'S ,ALG]IAN SECTION1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,AN>*I/ ,UNION & ! ,AN>*I/ ,GR\P ( ! ,9DIG5\S ,ALG]IANS1 WAS ,SAIL ,MOHAM$ 7#a#h#i#d-#a#i#e#c71 AN ,ALG]IAN AN>*I/ ACTIVE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FROM ! #a#i#aS UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#e#c4 ,SAIL ,MOHAM$ WAS A F\ND] ( ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,ASSOCIATION = ! ,RI<TS ( ! ,9DIG5\S ,ALG]IANS & ! ,AN>*I/ ,GR\P ( ! ,9DIG5\S ,ALG]IANS4 ,9 #aibi HE WAS SECRET>Y ( ! 0,COMMITTEE = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,ALG]IANS AGA9/ ! ,PROVOCATIONS ( ! ,C5T5>Y40 ,SAIL ,MOHAM$ WAS ALSO $ITOR ( ! ,NOR? ,AFRICAN $ITION ( ! AN>*I/ P]IODICAL ,T]RE ,LIBRE1 & A REGUL> CONTRIBUTOR TO AN>*I/ J\RNALS ON ! ,ALG]IAN QUE/ION4.<#a#e.> 

,EUROPE & ,MOROCCO 

,OPPOSITION TO IMP]IALISM WAS A CRUCIAL P>T ( AN>*I/ ANTI-MILIT>I/ CAMPAIGNS 9 ! IMP]IALI/ C5T]S1 :I* /RESS$ ?AT COLONIAL W>S DID NOT S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( WORK]S BUT RA!R ! PURPOSES ( CAPITALISM4 

,! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 9 ,FRANCE1 = EXAMPLE1 DEVOT$ A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ITS PRESS TO EXPOS+ ! ROLE ( ,FR5* CAPITALI/S 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,LA ,BATAILLE ,SYNDICALI/E1 :I* APPE>$ ON ! #bg ,APRIL #a#i#a#a1 EXPOS$ ! 0,MOROCCAN SYNDICATE03 ! 0VEIL$ M50 :O DICTAT$ TO ! M9I/]S & DIPLOMATS & S\<T A W> ?AT W\LD BOO/ DEM& = >MS1 L&S1 & RAIL & LEAD TO ! IMPOSITION ( TAX ON ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLE4.<#a#f.> 

,9 ,SPA91 ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 BEGAN ON ,MONDAY #bf ,JULY #aii :5 ! UNION1 ,SOLID>AD ,OBR]O1 :I* WAS L$ BY A COMMITTEE ( AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S1 CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ ! CALL-UP ( ! MA9LY WORK+ CLASS >MY RES]VI/S = ! COLONIAL W> 9 ,MOROCCO4.<#a#g.> ,BY ,TUESDAY1 WORK]S W]E 9 CONTROL ( ,B>CELONA1 ! 0FI]Y ROSE ( AN>*ISM10 TROOP TRA9S HAD BE5 HALT$1 TRAMS OV]TURN$1 COMMUNICATIONS CUT & B>RICADES ]ECT$4 ,BY ,?URSDAY1 FI<T+ BROKE \T ) GOV]NM5T =CES1 & OV] #ae WORK]S W]E KILL$ 9 ! /REET FI<T+4 

,! RES]VI/S W]E EMBITT]$ BY DISA/R\S PREVI\S COLONIAL CAMPAIGNS 9 ,CUBA1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 & ,PU]TO ,RICO1.<#a#h.> BUT ! ,TRAGIC ,WEEK MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS AN ANTI-IMP]IALI/ UPRIS+ SITUAT$ )9 A LONG TRADITION ( AN>*I/ ANTI-IMP]IALISM 9 ,SPA94 ,! 0REFUSAL ( ! ,CATALONIAN RES]VI/S TO S]VE 9 ! W> AGA9/ ! ,RIFF M\NTA9E]S ( ,MOROCCO10 0ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT0 EV5TS ( MOD]N TIMES1.<#a#i.> REFLECT$ ! COMMON P]CEPTION ?AT ! W> WAS F\<T PURELY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,RIFF M9E-[N]S1.<#b.> & ?AT CONSCRIPTION WAS 0A DELIB]ATE ACT ( CLASS W>F>E & EXPLOITATION FROM ! C5T]40.<#b#a.> 

,9 #a#i#a#a1 ! NEWLY F\ND$1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T71 SUCCESSOR TO ,SOLID>AD ,OBR]O1 M>K$ ITS BIR? ) A G5]AL /RIKE ON ! #af ,SEPTEMB] 9 SUPPORT ( TWO DEM&S3 DEF5SE ( ! /RIK]S AT ,BILBAO & OPPOSITION TO ! W> 9 ,MOROCCO4.<#b#b.> ,AGA91 9 #a#i#b#b1 FOLL[+ A DISA/R\S BATTLE AGA9/ ! =CES ( ,ABD EL-,KRIM 9 ,MOROCCO 9 ,AUGU/1 A BATTLE 9 :I* AT LEA/ #a1 ,SPANI% TROOPS DI$1 0! ,SPANI% PEOPLE W]E FULL ( 9DIGNATION & DEM&$ NOT ONLY AN 5D TO ! W> BUT ALSO ?AT ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ! MASSACRE & ! POLITICIANS :O FAVOR$ ! OP]ATION 9 ,AFRICA BE BR\<T TO TRIAL01 EXPRESS+ !IR ANG] 9 RIOTS1 & 9 /RIKES 9 ! 9DU/RIAL REGIONS4.<#b#c.> 

,CUBA 

,9 ! ,CUBAN COLONIAL W> 7#a#h#i#e-#a#i#d71 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S & !IR UNIONS JO9$ ! SEP>ATI/ >M$ =CES1 & MADE PROPAG&A AMONG ! ,SPANI% TROOPS4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 LIKEWISE1 CAMPAIGN$ AGA9/ ! ,CUBAN W> AMONG PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 & SOLDI]S 9 !IR [N C\NTRY4-.<#b#d.> 0,ALL ,SPANI% AN>*I/S DISAPPROV$ ( ! W> & CALL$ ON WORK]S TO DISOBEY MILIT>Y AU?ORITY & REFUSE TO FI<T 9 ,CUBA10 LEAD+ TO SEV]AL MUT9IES AMONG DRAFTEES4.<#b#e.> ,OPPOS+ B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM & /ATISM1 ! AN>*I/S S\<T TO GIVE ! COLONIAL REVOLT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]4 ,AT ITS #ahib CONGRESS 9 ,CUBA1 ! AN>*I/ ,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE RECOMM5D$ ?AT ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS JO9 ! RANKS ( 0REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM0 & TAKE ! PA? ( 9DEP5D5CE1 NOT+ ?AT 

04444IT W\LD BE ABSURD = ONE :O ASPIRES TO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM TO OPPOSE ! COLLECTIVE FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE44440.<#b#f.> 

,:5 ! AN>*I/ ,MI*ELE ,ANGIOLILLO ASSASS9AT$ ! ,SPANI% ,PRESID5T ,CANOVAS 9 #ahig HE DECL>$ ?AT HIS ACT BO? 9 REV5GE = ! REPRESSION ( AN>*I/S 9 ,SPA9 & RETRIBUTION = ,SPA9'S ATROCITIES 9 ITS COLONIAL W>S4.<#b#g.> 

,9 ADDITION TO ITS ROLE 9 ! ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE1 ! AN>*I/-L$ ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 OV]COM+ DIVISIONS BETWE5 BLACK1 :ITE ,CUBAN1 & ,SPANI%-BORN WORK]S4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 0SUCCESSFULLY 9CORPORAT$ MANY NON:ITES 9TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & MIX$ ,CUBANS & ,SPANI>DS 9 IT01 0FO/]+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & HELP+ TO ]ADICATE ! CLEAVAGES ( RACE & E?NICITY AMONG WORK]S40.<#b#h.> 

,! ,WORK]S ,ALLIANCE 0]OD$ RACIAL B>RI]S AS NO UNION HAD DONE BE=E 9 ,CUBA0 9 ITS EF=TS TO MOBILIZE ! 0:OLE POPUL> SECTOR TO SU/A9 /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS40.<#b#i.> ,NOT ONLY DID BLACKS JO9 ! UNION 9 0SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S10 BUT ! UNION ALSO UND]TOOK A FI<T AGA9/ RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION 9 ! WORKPLACE4 ,! FIR/ /RIKE ( #a#h#h#i1 = EXAMPLE1 9CLUD$ ! DEM& ?AT 09DIVIDUALS ( ! COLOR$ RACE ABLE TO WORK !RE40.<#c.> ,?IS DEM& REAPPE>$ 9 SUBSEQU5T YE>S1 AS DID ! DEM& ?AT BLACKS & :ITES HAVE ! RI<T TO 0SIT 9 ! SAME CAFES10 RAIS$ AT ! #ahi ,MAY ,DAY RALLY 9 ,HAVANA4.<#c#a.> 

,! AN>*I/ P]IODICAL ,EL ,PRODUCT]1 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#h#g1 D5\NC$ 0DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ ,AFRO-,CUBANS BY EMPLOY]S1 %OP [N]S & ! ADM9I/RATION SPECIFICALLY40 ,& ?R\< CAMPAIGNS & /RIKES 9VOLV+ ! 0MASS MOBILIZATION ( PEOPLE ( DIV]SE RACE & E?NICITY10 AN>*I/ LABOR 9 ,CUBA WAS ABLE TO ELIM9ATE 0MO/ ( ! RESIDUAL ME?ODS ( DISCIPL9+ LABOR FROM ! SLAV]Y ]A0 SU* AS 0RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ NON-:ITES & ! PHYSICAL PUNI%M5T ( APPR5TICES & DEP5DI5TES40 .<#c#b.> 

,MEXICO1 ,NIC>AGUA & ,AUGU/9O ,S&9O 

,9 ,MEXICO1 AN>*I/S L$ ,9DIAN PEASANT RIS+S SU* AS ! REVOLTS ( ,*AVEZ ,LOPEZ 9 #ahfi & ,FRANCISCO ,ZALACO/A 9 ! #a#h#gS4 ,LAT] MANIFE/ATIONS ( ,MEXICAN AN>*ISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 SU* AS ! ,MEXICAN ,LIB]AL ,P>TY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ 0,H\SE ( ! ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD0 7,C,O,M7 & ! ,MEXICAN SECTION ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W71 ,MEXICAN AN>*ISM & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM CONT9UALLY *ALL5G$ ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DOM9ANCE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & OPPOS$ RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ ,MEXICAN WORK]S 9 =EIGN-[N$ 5T]PRISES1 AS WELL AS )9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4.<#c#c.> 

,9 ! #a#i#aS1 ! LOCAL ,I,W,W'S FOCUS ON 0'BREAD & BUTT]' ISSUES COMB9$ ) ! PROMISE ( FUTURE WORK]S' CONTROL /RUCK A RESPONSIVE *ORD AMONG WORK]S CAU<T UP 9 A NATIONALI/ REVOLUTION ?AT S\<T TO REGA9 CONTROL FROM =EIGN]S ! NATION'S NATURAL RES\RCES1 PRODUCTIVE SY/EMS & ECONOMIC 9FRA/RUCTURE04.<#c#d.> 

,9 ,NIC>AGUA1 ,AUGU/9O ,CES> ,S&9O 7#a#h#i#e-#a#i#c#d71 ! LEAD] ( ! ,NIC>AGUAN GU]RILLA W> AGA9/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' OCCUPATION BETWE5 #a#i#b#g-#c#c1 REMA9S A NATIONAL ICON4 ,S&9O'S >MY'S 0R$ & BLACK FLAG HAD AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORIG91 HAV+ BE5 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,MEXICO BY ,SPANI% IMMIGRANTS40 .<#c#e.> 

,S&9O'S ECLECTIC POLITICS W]E FRAM$ BY A 0PECULI> BR& ( AN>*O-COMMUNISM10.<#c#f.> A 0RADICAL AN>*I/ COMMUNISM0.<#c#g.> 0ASSIMILAT$ 4444 9 ,MEXICO DUR+ ! ,MEXICAN REVOLUTION0 :]E HE RECEIV$ 0A POLITICAL $UCATION 9 SYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY1 ALSO KN[N AS AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 OR RATIONAL COMMUNISM40.<#c#h.> 

,DESPITE POLITICAL WEAKNESSES1 ,S&9O'S MOVEM5T1 ! ,$,S,N,N1 MOV$ /EADILY LEFTW>DS AS ,S&9O REALIZ$ ?AT 0ONLY ! WORK]S & ! PEASANTS WILL GO ALL ! WAY TO ! 5D0 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,!RE WAS ?US 9CREAS+ EMPHASIS ON ORGANIZ+ PEASANT CO-OP]ATIVES 9 ! LIB]AT$ T]RITORIES4 ,! ,U,S =CES W]E )DRAWN 9 #aicc & ! ,$,S,N,N L>GELY DEMOBILIZ$4 ,9 #aicd ,S&9O WAS MURD]$ & ! COLLECTIVES SMA%$ ON ! ORD]S ( ,G5]AL ,SOMOZA1 ! NEW1 PRO-,U,S RUL]4 

,LIBYA & ,]ITREA 

,9 ,ITALY 9 ! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS 0AN>*I/S & =M] AN>*I/S0 0W]E SOME ( ! MO/ \TSPOK5 OPPON5TS ( ,ITALIAN MILIT>Y ADV5TURES 9 ,]ITREA & ,ABYSS9IA40.<#c#i.> ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FOLL[$ !SE /RUGGLES ) A SIGNIFICANT ANTI-MILIT>I/ CAMPAIGN 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :I* SOON FOCUS$ ON ! ,ITALIAN 9VASION ( ,LIBYA ON #ai ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#a4 

,AUGU/O ,MASETTI1 AN AN>*I/ SOLDI] :O %OT A COLONEL ADDRESS+ TROOPS DEP>T+ = ,LIBYA :IL/ %\T+ 0,D[N ) ! ,W>6 ,LONG ,LIVE ,AN>*Y60 BECAME A POPUL> SYMBOL ( ! CAMPAIGN2 A SPECIAL ISSUE ( ! AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,L',AGITATORE SUPPORT+ HIS ACTION1 & PROCLAIM+1 0,AN>*I/ REVOLT %9ES ?R\< ! VIOL5CE ( W>10 L$ TO A R\NDUP ( AN>*I/S4 ,:IL/ ! MAJORITY ( ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY DEPUTIES VOT$ = ANNEXATION1.<#d.> ! AN>*I/S HELP$ ORGANIZE DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! W> & A P>TIAL G5]AL /RIKE & 0TRI$ TO PREV5T TROOP TRA9S LEAV+ ! ,M>*ES & ,LIGURIA = !IR EMB>KATION PO9TS40.<#d#a.> 

,! CAMPAIGN WAS IMM5SELY POPUL> AMONG ! PEASANTRY & WORK+ CLASS.<#d#b.> & BY #a#i#a#d1 ! AN>*I/-DOM9AT$ FRONT ( ANTI-MILIT>I/ GR\PS -- OP5 TO ALL REVOLUTION>IES -- HAD #b1 MEMB]S1 & WORK$ CLOSELY ) ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\?4.<#d#c.> 

,:5 ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,ANTONIO ,SAL&RA S5T TROOPS AGA9/ AN>*I/-L$ DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ MILIT>ISM1 AGA9/ SPECIAL PUNI%M5T BATTALIONS 9 ! >MY1 & = ! RELEASE ( ,MASETTI ON ! #g ,JUNE #a#i#a#d1.<#d#d.> HE SP>K$ (F ! 0,R$ ,WEEK0 ( ,JUNE #a#i#a#d1.<#d#e.> A MASS UPRIS+ U%]$ 9 BY A G5]AL /RIKE L$ BY AN>*I/S & ! ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION 7,U,S,I74 ,ANCONA WAS HELD BY REBELS = T5 DAYS1 B>RICADES W5T UP 9 ALL ! BIG CITIES1 SMALL T[NS 9 ! ,M>*ES DECL>$ !MSELVES SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNES1 & EV]Y:]E ! REVOLT TOOK PLACE 0R$ FLAGS W]E RAIS$1 *UR*ES ATTACK$1 RAILWAYS TORN UP1 VILLAS SACK$1 TAXES ABOLI%$ & PRICES R$UC$40.<#d#f.> ,! MOVEM5T COLLAPS$ AFT] ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY'S UNION W+ CALL$ (F ! /RIKE1 BUT IT TOOK T5 ?\S& TROOPS TO REGA9 CONTROL ( ,ANCONA4.<#d#g.> ,AFT] ,ITALY 5T]$ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> 9 ,MAY #a#i#a#e1 ! ,U,S,I & ! AN>*I/S MA9TA9$ A CONSI/5TLY ANTI-W>1 ANTI-IMP]IALI/ POSITION1 CONT9U+ 9TO #a#i#b1 :5 !Y LAUN*$ A MASS CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,ITALIAN 9VASION ( ,ALBANIA & AGA9/ IMP]IALI/ 9T]V5TION AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4.<#d#h.> 

,IREL& & ,JAMES ,CONNOLLY 

,9 ,IREL&1 TO CITE ANO!R CASE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S ,JAMES ,CONNOLLY & ,JIM ,L>K9 S\<T TO UNITE WORK]S ACROSS SECT>IAN RELIGI\S DIVIDES 9 ! #a#i#aS1 AIM+ AT TRANS=M+ ! ,IRI% ,TRANSPORT & ,G5]AL ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 :I* !Y L$1 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y 0,ONE ,BIG ,UNION40.<#d#i.> ,SOCIALISM WAS TO BE BR\<T AB\T ?R\< A REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE3 0!Y :O >E BUILD+ UP 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS = ! PRACTICAL PURPOSES ( TO-DAY >E AT ! SAME TIME PREP>+ ! FRAMEWORK ( ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE 4444 ! PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL WILL OP]ATE ?R\< ! WORK]S CORRECTLY ORGANIZ$ 9 4444 ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONS1 & ! 4444 ! POLITICAL1 T]RITORIAL /ATE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WILL HAVE NO PLACE OR FUNCTION44440.<#e.> 

,A FIRM ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 ,CONNOLLY OPPOS$ ! NATIONALI/ DICTUM ?AT 0LABOR MU/ WAIT10 & ?AT 9DEP5D5T ,IREL& MU/ BE CAPITALI/3 :AT W\LD BE ! DIFF]5CE 9 PRACTICE1 HE WROTE1 IF ! UNEMPLOY$ W]E R\ND$ UP = ! 0TO ! TUNE ( ',/4 ,PATRICK'S ,DAY'0 :IL/ ! BAILIFFS WORE WE> 0GRE5 UNI=MS & ! ,H>P )\T ! ,CR[N1 & ! W>RANT TURN+ Y\ \T ON ! ROAD WILL BE /AMP$ ) ! >MS ( ! ,IRI% ,REPUBLIC08.<#e#a.> ,9 ! 5D1 HE 9SI/$1 0! ,IRI% QUE/ION IS A SOCIAL QUE/ION1 ! :OLE AGE-LONG FI<T ( ! ,IRI% PEOPLE AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS RESOLVES ITSELF1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS 9TO A FI<T = ! MA/]Y ( ! MEANS ( LIFE1 ! S\RCES ( PRODUCTION1 9 ,IREL&40.<#e#b.> 

,CONNOLLY WAS SKEPTICAL ( ! V]Y ABILITY ( ! NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE TO CONSI/5TLY FI<T AGA9/ IMP]IALISM1 WRIT+ IT (F AS A S5TIM5TAL1 C[>DLY1 & ANTI-LABOR BLOC1 & HE OPPOS$ ANY ALLIANCE ) ?IS LAY]3 ! ONCE-RADICAL MIDDLE CLASS HAVE 0B[$ ! KNEE TO ,BAAL1 & HAVE A ?\S& ECONOMIC /R+S 4444 B9D+ !M TO ,5GLI% CAPITALISM AS AGA9/ EV]Y S5TIM5TAL OR HI/ORIC ATTA*M5T DRAW+ !M T[>D ,IRI% PATRIOTISM10 & SO1 0ONLY ! ,IRI% WORK+ CLASS REMA9 AS ! 9CORRUPTIBLE 9H]ITORS ( ! FI<T = FRE$OM 9 ,IREL&40.<#e#c.> ,CONNOLLY WAS EXECUT$ 9 #aiaf FOLL[+ HIS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,EA/] ,RIS+1 :I* HELP$ SP>K ! ,IRI% ,W> ( ,9DEP5D5CE ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#b1 ONE ( ! FIR/ SUCCESSFUL SECESSIONS FROM ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE4 

,AN>*I/ ,REVOLUTION 9 ,KOREA 

,A F9AL EXAMPLE BE>S M5TION+4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T EM]G$ 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :]E IT EX]T$ A SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE 9 ,*9A1 ,JAPAN & ,KOREA4 ,) ! ,JAPANESE ANNEXATION ( ,KOREA 9 #a#i#a1 OPPOSITION TO ! OCCUPATION DEVELOP$ 9 BO? ,JAPAN & 9 ,KOREA1 & SPILL$ OV] 9TO ,*9A4 ,9 ,JAPAN1 ! PROM95T AN>*I/ ,KOTOKU ,%USUI WAS FRAM$ & EXECUT$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#a1 9 P>T BECAUSE HIS ,COMMON]'S ,NEWSPAP] CAMPAIGN$ AGA9/ ,JAPANESE EXPANSIONISM4.<#e#d.> 

,= ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ! /RUGGLE = DECOLONIZATION ASSUM$ C5T]-/AGE 9 !IR POLITICAL ACTIVITY3 !Y PLAY$ A PROM95T P>T 9 ! #aiai RIS+ AGA9/ ,JAPANESE OCCUPATION1 & 9 #aibd =M$ ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ON ! BASIS ( ! 0,KOREAN ,REVOLUTION ,MANIFE/O0 :I* /AT$ ?AT 

0WE DECL>E ?AT ! BURGL> POLITICS ( ,JAPAN IS ! 5EMY = \R NATION'S EXI/5CE & ?AT IT IS \R PROP] RI<T TO OV]?R[ ! IMP]IALI/ ,JAPAN BY A REVOLUTION>Y MEANS04.<#e#e.> 

,! ,MANIFE/O MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! SOLUTION TO ?IS NATIONAL QUE/ION WAS NOT ! CREATION ( A 0SOV]EIGN NATIONAL ,/ATE0 BUT 9 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY ! PEASANTS & ! POOR AGA9/ BO? ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T & ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE4 

,FUR!R1 ! /RUGGLE WAS SE5 9 9T]NATIONALI/ T]MS BY ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION1 :I* W5T ON TO F\ND AN ,EA/]N ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 9 #a#i#b#h1 SPANN+ ,*9A1 ,JAPAN1 ,TAIWAN1 ,VIETNAM & O!R C\NTRIES1 & :I* CALL$ UPON 0! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD1 ESPECIALLY ! EA/]N COLONIES0 TO UNITE AGA9/ 09T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/IC IMP]IALISM04 ,)9 ,KOREA ITSELF1 ! AN>*I/S ORGANIZ$ AN UND]GR\ND NETWORK1 ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION1 TO 5GAGE 9 GU]RILLA ACTIVITY1 PROPAG&A WORK & TRADE UNION ORGANIZ+4.<#e#f.> 

,9 #a#i#b#i1 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S F\ND$ AN >M$ LIB]AT$ ZONE1 ! ,KOREAN ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ,MAN*URIA1 :I* BR\<T TOGE!R TWO MILLION GU]RILLAS & ,KOREAN PEASANTS ON ! BASIS ( VOLUNT>Y F>M+ CO-OP]ATIVES4 ,! ,KOREAN ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ,MAN*URIA WAS ABLE TO )/& SEV]AL YE>S ( ATTACKS BY ,JAPANESE =CES & ,KOREAN ,/AL9I/S BACK$ BY ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BE=E BE+ =C$ UND]GR\ND4.<#e#g.> ,RESI/ANCE CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS DESPITE 9T5SE REPRESSION1 & A NUMB] ( JO9T ,S9O-,KOREAN OP]ATIONS W]E ORGANIZ$ AFT] ! ,JAPANESE 9VASION ( ,*9A 9 #a#i#c#g4.<#e#h.> 

,9 ,CONCLUSION3 ,T[>DS ! ,DE/RUCTION ( ,IMP]IALISM 

,AN>*I/S CANNOT BE 'NEUTRAL' 9 ANY FI<T AGA9/ IMP]IALISM4 ,:E!R IT IS ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ?IRD WORLD DEBT1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,ISRAELI OCCUPATION ( ,PALE/9E1 OR OPPOSITION TO ,U,S MILIT>Y ATTACKS ON ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 WE >E NOT NEUTRAL1 WE CAN NEV] BE NEUTRAL4 ,WE >E AGA9/ IMP]IALISM4 

,BUT WE >E NOT NATIONALI/S4 ,WE RECOGNIZE ?AT IMP]IALISM IS ITSELF ROOT$ 9 CAPITALISM1 & WE RECOGNIZE ?AT SIMPLY REPLAC+ =EIGN ELITES ) LOCAL ELITES WILL NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM 9 A WAY ?AT IS FUNDAM5TALLY B5EFICIAL = ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 

,E/ABLI%+ NEW NATION-/ATES MEANS1 9 EFFECT1 E/ABLI%+ NEW CAPITALI/ /ATES ?AT1 9 TURN1 S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! LOCAL ELITE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,?US1 MO/ NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT HAVE A*IEV$ !IR GOALS HAVE TURN$ ON ! WORK+ CLASS ONCE 9 P[]1 CRU%+ LEFTI/S & TRADE UNIONI/S ) VIGOR4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9T]NAL OPPRESSION CONT9UES 9 NEW =MS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 IMP]IALISM CANNOT BE DE/ROY$ BY ! =MATION ( NEW NATION-/ATES4 ,EV5 9DEP5D5T NATION-/ATES >E P>T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL /ATE SY/EM1 & ! 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 A SY/EM 9 :I* ! P[] ( IMP]IALI/ /ATES CONT9UES TO SET ! RULES ( ! GAME4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 EXT]NAL REPRESSION CONT9UES 9 NEW =MS4 

,?IS MEANS ?AT ! NEW /ATES -- & ! LOCAL CAPITALI/S ?AT CONTROL !M -- SOON F9D !MSELVES UNABLE TO FUNDAM5TALLY *ALL5GE IMP]IALI/ CONTROL & 9/EAD SET AB\T TRY+ TO ADVANCE !IR 9T]E/S )9 ! OV]ALL FRAMEWORK ( IMP]IALISM4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT !Y MA9TA9 CLOSE ECONOMIC TIES ) ! WE/]N C5T]S1 :IL/ US+ !IR [N /ATE P[] TO BUILD UP !IR [N /R5G?1 HOP+1 EV5TUALLY1 TO GRADUATE TO IMP]IALI/ /ATUS !MSELVES4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY = ! LOCAL RUL+ CLASSES TO DEVELOP LOCAL CAPITALISM IS TO CRU% LABOR & SMALL F>M]S 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO SELL *EAP RAW MAT]IALS & MANUFACTUR$ GOODS ON ! WORLD M>KET4 

,?IS IS NO SOLUTION4 ,WE NE$ TO ABOLI% IMP]IALISM1 SO CREAT+ CONDITIONS = ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ALL PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD4 ,BUT ?IS REQUIRES ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE SY/EM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 \R /RUGGLE IS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASSES )9 ! ?IRD WORLD3 LOCAL OPPRESSION IS NO SOLUTION4 ,! LOCAL ELITES >E AN 5EMY BO? )9 NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS & EV5 MORE SO AFT] ! =MATION ( NEW NATION-/ATES4 ,IT IS ONLY ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY :O CAN DE/ROY IMP]IALISM & CAPITALISM1 REPLAC+ DOM9ATION BY BO? LOCAL & =EIGN ELITES ) SELF-MANAGEM5T & SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 

,H5CE1 WE >E = WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY & UNITY & SOLID>ITY ACROSS C\NTRIES1 ACROSS CONT95TS1 & = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN 9T]NATIONAL AN>*O-COMMUNI/ SY/EM ?R\< ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! GLOBAL WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,AS ,S&9O SAID1 0,9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 ONLY ! WORK]S & PEASANTS WILL GO ALL ! WAY TO ! 5D40 

  

,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT IS AN AN>*I/ ACTIVI/ BAS$ 9 ,JOHANNESBURG1 & 9VOLV$ 9 /RUGGLES & MOVEM5TS AGA9/ PRIVATIZATION1 NEO-LIB]ALISM & RACISM4 ,CONTACT HIM ?R\< ! BIKI%A@aMAIL4COM 7,BIKI%A ,M$IA ,COLLECTIVE1 ,S\? ,AFRICA7 ADDRESS IF Y\ >E 9T]E/$ 9 REPR9T+ ?IS TEXT4 

,?IS >TICLE WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5* AS ,P\R UNE HI/OIRE DE L'ANTI-IMP]IALISME AN>*I/E 

,DANS CETTE LUTTE1 SEULS LES \VRI]S ET LES PAYSANS IRONT JUSQU'AU B\T4 

  

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,CIT$ 9 ,D4 ,GEUR91 #a#i#g1 ,AN>*ISM1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW1 P4 #fh 

.<#b.> IBID4 

.<#c.> ,GEUR91 #a#i#g1 OP CIT41 P4 #fh 

.<#d.> ,M4 ,BAKUN91 .<#a#h#f#f.> 0,NATIONAL ,CATE*ISM10 9 ,S4 ,DOLG(F 7$ITOR71 #a#i#g#a1 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 ,GEORGE ,ALL5 & ,UNW91 ,LONDON1 P4 #i#i4 

.<#e.> ,BAKUN91 .<#a#h#g#c.>1 0,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y10 9 ,S4 ,DOLG(F 7$ITOR71 #a#i#g#a1 OP CIT41 PP4 #c#d#a-#c 

.<#f.> IBID4 

.<#g.> ,CIT$ 9 ,S4 ,CIPKO1 #a#i#i1 0,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION10 9 ,! ,RAV51 #i1 7#a#i#i71 P4 #c P4 #a#a4 

.<#h.> MEMB]S4TRIPOD4COM 

.<#i.> ,G4 ,WOODCOCK1 #a#i#g#e1 ,AN>*ISM3 A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS4 ,P5GU91 PP4 #b#c#f-#h 

.<#a.> ,H4 ,OLIV]1 #a#i#h#c1 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T 9 ,LATE ,VICTORIAN ,LONDON1 ,CROOM ,HELM1 ,LONDON_/ ,R[MAN & ,LITTLEFIELD1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 P4 #ae 

.<#a#a.> ,V4 ,RI*>DS1 #a#i#i#c1 ,MALATE/A3 ,LIFE & ,IDEAS1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 P4 #bbi 

.<#a#b.> ,IBID42 ,P4 ,M>%ALL1 #a#i#i#d1 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 A HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM1 ,FONTANA1 P4 #cdg 

.<#a#c.> ,D4 ,POOLE1 #a#i#h#a1 0,APP5DIX3 ,AB\T ,MALATE/A01 9 ,E4 ,MALATE/A1 ,FRA ,CONTAD9I3 A ,DIALOGUE ON ,AN>*Y1 ,BRATA* ,DUBH ,$ITIONS1 ,AN>*I/ ,PAMPHLETS NO4 #f1 ,LONDON1 P4 #db 

.<#a#d.> ,FROM ,SAIL ,MAHOM$1 #a#i#i#d1 ,APPELS ,AUX ,TRAVAILLEURS ,ALG]I5S1 ,VOLONTE ,AN>*I/E_/ ,$ITION ,DU ,GR\PE ,FRESNES ,ANTONY1 ,P>IS 7,$IT$ BY ,SYLVA9 ,B\L\QUE74 

.<#a#e.> ,FROM ,SYLVA9 ,B\L\QUE1 #a#i#i#d1 0,SAIL ,MOHAM$3 \ LA VIE ET LA REVOLTE D'UN AN>*I/E ,ALG]I50 9 ,MAHOM$1 #a#i#i#d1 OP CIT4 

.<#a#f.> ,F4,D41 #bg ,APRIL #a#i#a#a1 0,LE ,SYNDICAIT ,M>OCA910 9 ,LE ,BATAILLE ,SYNDICALI/E1 NUMB] #a 

.<#a#g.> ,R4 ,K$W>D1 #a#i#g#b1 ,! ,AN>*I/S3 ! M5 :O %OCK$ AN ]A1 ,LIBR>Y ( ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 P4 #fg 

.<#a#h.> ,K$W>D #a#i#g#a1 OP CIT41 P4 #fg 

.<#a#i.> ,NEV9SON WAS AN ,5GLI% CRITIC ( IMP]IALISM2 ! QUOTE IS FROM #a#i#i4 ,CIT$ 9 ,P4 ,TRE:ELA1 #a#i#h#h1 0,GEORGE ,PADMORE3 A CRITIQUE1 09 ,SE>*LI<T ,S\? ,AFRICA1 VOLUME #a1 NUMB] #a1 P4 #e 

.<#b.> ,B1 ,TU*MAN1 CIT$ 9 ,TRE:ELA1 #a#i#h#h1 OP CIT41 P4 #e4 

.<#b#a.> ,K$W>D #a#i#g#a1 OP CIT41 P4 #fg 

.<#b#b.> ,M4 ,BOOK*91 #a#i#g#g1 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S3 ! H]OIC YE>S #a#h#f#h-#a#i#c#f 7,H>P] ,COLOPHON ,BOOKS3 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,HAG]/[N1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#g1 P4 #afc 

.<#b#c.> ,A4 ,PAZ1 #a#i#h#g1 ,DURRUTI3 ! ,PEOPLE ,>M$1 ,BLACK ,ROSE1 ,MONTREAL1 P4#c#i 

.<#b#d.> ,J4 ,CASANOVAS1 #a#i#i#d1 ,LABOR & ,COLONIALISM 9 ,CUBA 9 ! ,SECOND ,HALF ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,PH4,D4 !SIS1 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK AT ,/ONY ,BROOK 

.<#b#e.> IBID41 P4 #d#c#f4 

.<#b#f.> ,F4 ,F]N&EZ1 #a#i#h#i1 ,CUBA3 ! AN>*I/S & LIB]TY1 ,A,S,P1 ,LONDON1 P4 #b4 

.<#b#g.> ,CASANOVAS1 #a#i#i#d1 OP CIT41 P4 #dcf 

.<#b#h.> ,CASANOVAS1 #a#i#i#d1 OP CIT41 P4 #h 

.<#b#i.> IBID41 P4 #c#f#f4 

.<#c.> IBID41 P4 #c#f#g4 

.<#c#a.> IBID41 PP4 #c#h#a1 #c#i#c-#d4 

.<#c#b.> ,J4 ,CASANOVAS1 #a#i#i#e1 0,SLAV]Y1 ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T & ,SPANI% ,COLONIALISM 9 ,CUBA1 #a#h#e-#a#h#i01 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY1 NUMB] #d1 PP4 #c#h#a-#b4 ,!SE /RUGGLES >E DETAIL$ 9 ,CASANOVAS1 #a#i#i#d1 OP CIT41 *APT]S #h & #i4 

.<#c#c.> ,SEE1 9T] ALIA1 ,N4 ,CAULFIELD1 #a#i#i#e1 0,WOBBLIES & ,MEXICAN ,WORK]S 9 ,PETROLEUM1 #a#i#e-#a#i#b#d01 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY1 NUMB] #d1 P4 #e#b1 & ,N4 ,CAULFIELD1 0,SYNDICALISM & ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,CULTURE ( ,MEXICO0 7PAP] PRES5T$ AT ,SYNDICALISM3 ,SW$I% & ,9T]NATIONAL ,HI/ORICAL ,EXP]I5CES1 ,/OCKHOLM ,UNIV]SITY3 ,SW$51 ,M>* #a#c-#d1 #a#i#i#h72 ,J4 ,H>T1 #a#i#g#h1 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,MEXICAN ,WORK+ ,CLASS1 #a#h#f-#a#i#c#a1 ,TEXAS ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 

.<#c#d.> ,CAULFIELD1 #a#i#i#e1 OP CIT42 ,CAULFIELD1 #a#i#i#h1 OP CIT4 

.<#c#e.> ,D4,C4 ,HODGES1 ,! ,9TELLECTUAL ,F\NDATIONS ( ! ,NIC>AGUAN ,REVOLUTION1 CIT$ 9 ,APP5DIX1 0,! ,SYMBOLS ( ,AN>*Y01 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q1 FLAG4BLACK5$4NET4 

.<#c#f.> IBID4 

.<#c#g.> ,SEE ,NAV>RO-,G5IE1 ,S9 ,S&9O ,NO ,HAY ,S&9ISMO3 LO QUE ,B5DANA PRET5DE 7UNPUBLI%$ MIMEO3 N4D474 

.<#c#h.> ,A4 ,B5DANA1 #a#i#i#e1 ,A ,S&9I/A ,COMMEMORATION ( ! ,S&9O ,C5T5NIAL 7SPEE* GIV5 ON ! #fa ANNIV]S>Y ( ! DEA? ( ,G5]AL ,S&9O1 HELD 9 ,MANAGUA'S ,OLAF ,PALME ,CONV5TION ,C5T]1 DI/RIBUT$ BY ,C5T] = ,9T]NATIONAL ,/UDIES1 ,MANAGUA7 

.<#c#i.> ,C4 ,LEVY1 #a#i#h#i1 0,ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM1 #a#h#g-#a#i#b#f01 9 ,D4 ,GOODWAY 7$ITOR71 ,= ,AN>*ISM3 HI/ORY1 !ORY & PRACTICE1 ,R\TL$GE1 ,LONDON_/ ,NEW ,YORK1 P4 #e#f4 

.<#d.> ,G4 ,WILLIAMS1 #a#i#g#e1 ,A ,PROLET>IAN ,ORD]3 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 FACTORY C\NCILS & ! ORIG9S ( ,ITALIAN COMMUNISM #a#i#a#a-#b#a1 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 PP4 #c#f-#g 

.<#d#a.> ,LEVY1 #a#i#h#i1 OP CIT41 P4 #e#f2 ,WILLIAMS1 #a#i#g#e1 OP CIT41 P4 #cg 

.<#d#b.> IBID4 P4 #ce 

.<#d#c.> ,LEVY1 #a#i#h#i1 OP CIT41 P4 #ef 

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