,T[>DS ! ,E/ABLI%M5T ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ,ITALY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA ,TEXT 3 ,T[>DS ! ,E/ABLI%M5T ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ,ITALY ,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,IL ,SOVIET1 ,VOL4 ,I,I,I1 ,NOS4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #g2 ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#a1 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #h1 #bb #a#i#b2 ,S\RCE3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4GEOCITIES4COM_/,CAPITOL,HILL_/,LOBBY_/#c#i#i_/BORDIGA4HTML2 ,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,&Y ,BLUND5 #b#c4 ,I ,WE HAVE N[ COLLECT$ QUITE A LOT ( MAT]IAL CONC]N$ ) PROPOSALS & 9ITIATIVES = E/ABLI%+ ,SOVIETS 9 ,ITALY1 & WE RES]VE TO \RSELVES ! RIGUM5T /EP BY /EP4 ,AT ?IS /AGE WE WI% TO MAKE A FEW PRELIM9>Y OBS]VATIONS ( A G5]AL NATURE1 TO :I* WE HAVE ALREADY REF]R$ 9 \R MO/ REC5T ISSUES4 ,! SY/EM ( PROLET>IAN REPRES5TATION ?AT HAS BE5 9TRODUC$ = ! FIR/ TIME EV] 9 ,RUSSIA HAS A TW(OLD *>ACT]3 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC4 ,ITS POLITICAL ROLE IS TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE UNTIL ! LATT] HAS BE5 TOTALLY ]ADICAT$4 ,ITS ECONOMIC ROLE IS TO CREATE ! :OLE NOVEL ME*ANISM ( COMMUNI/ PRODUCTION4 ,AS ! REVOLUTION UNFOLDS & ! P>ASITIC CLASSES >E GRADUALLY ELIM9AT$1 ! POLITICAL FUNCTIONS BECOME LESS & LESS IMPORTANT 9 COMP>ISON ) !IR ECONOMIC C\NT]P>TS3 BUT 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 & ABOVE ALL :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( /RUGGL+ AGA9/ B\RGEOIS P[]1 POLITICAL ACTIVITY MU/ COME FIR/4 ,! AU!NTIC 9/RUM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION1 & ABOVE ALL ( ITS CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 IS ! COMMUNI/ CLASS P>TY4 ,UND] ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ! 5G9E ( ! REVOLUTION1 NE$S ORGANS 9 :I* IT CAN OP]ATE2 !SE ORGANS >E ! WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,TO DECL>E ?AT !Y >E ! PROLET>IAT'S ORGANS ( LIB]ATION1 )\T M5TION+ ! ROLE ( ! P>TY1 AFT] ! FA%ION ( ! PROGRAM ADOPT$ AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,BOLOGNA1 SEEMS MI/AK5 9 \R VIEW4 ,TO MA9TA91 AFT] ! FA%ION ( ! ,TUR9 ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO COMRADES1 ?AT EV5 BE=E ! COLLAPSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE ! WORK]S' C\NCILS >E ORGANS1 NOT ONLY ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 BUT ( TE*NICO-ECONOMIC TRA9+ 9 ! COMMUNI/ SY/EM1 CAN ONLY BE SE5 AS A RETURN TO SOCIALI/ GRADUALISM4 ,?IS LATT]1 :E!R IT IS CALL$ RE=MISM OR SYNDICALISM1 IS DEF9$ BY ! MI/AK5 BELIEF ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN A*IEVE EMANCIPATION BY MAK+ ADVANCES 9 ECONOMIC RELATIONS :ILE CAPITALISM /ILL HOLDS POLITICAL P[] ?R\< ! ,/ATE4 ,WE %ALL N[ EXP& ON ! CRITICISM ( ! TWO CONCEPTS WE HAVE M5TION$4 ,! SY/EM ( PROLET>IAN REPRES5TATION MU/ BE ROOT$ 9 ! :OLE ( ! TE*NICAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS A P]FECTLY VALID PR9CIPLE1 BUT IT CORRESPONDS TO ! /AGE :5 ! PROLET>IAT IS ORGANIZ+ ! NEW ECONOMY AFT] ITS SEIZURE ( P[]4 ,APPLY IT )\T MODIFICATION TO ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 & Y\ ACCOMPLI% NO?+ 9 REVOLUTION>Y T]MS4 ,EV5 AT ! /AGE :I* ,RUSSIA HAS REA*$1 ,SOVIET-TYPE POLITICAL REPRES5TATION -- I4E4 ! LADD] ?AT CULM9ATES 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE'S COMMISS>S -- DOES NOT />T ) WORK-CREWS OR FACTORY %OPS1 BUT FROM ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATIVE ,SOVIET1 ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! WORK]S 7GR\P$ IF POSSIBLE 9 !IR RESPECTIVE WORKPLACES74 ,TO BE SPECIFIC1 ! ,MOSC[ ,SOVIET IS ELECT$ BY ! ,MOSC[ PROLET>IAT 9 ! RATIO ( ONE DELEGATE TO EV]Y #a1 WORK]S4 ,BETWE5 ! DELEGATES & ! ELECTORS !RE IS NO 9T]M$I>Y ORGAN4 ,?IS FIR/ LEVEL !N LEADS TO HI<] LEVELS1 TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE1 & F9ALLY ! GOV]NM5T ( COMMISS>S4 ,! FACTORY C\NCIL PLAYS ITS P>T 9 QUITE A DIFF]5T NETWORK1 ?AT ( WORK]S' CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! FACTORY C\NCIL1 MADE UP ( ONE REPRES5TATIVE = EV]Y WORK%OP1 DOES NOT NOM9ATE ! FACTORY'S REPRES5TATIVE 9 ! LOCAL POLITICAL-ADM9I/RATIVE ,SOVIET3 ?IS REPRES5TATIVE IS ELECT$ DIRECTLY & 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS >C ! BASIC UNIT ( ANO!R SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION 7ITSELF SUBORD9ATE ( C\RSE TO ! POLITICAL NETWORK ( ,SOVIETS73 ! SY/EM ( WORK]S' CONTROL & ! PEOPLE'S ECONOMY4 ,CONTROL )9 ! FACTORY HAS A REVOLUTION>Y & EXPROPRIATIVE SIGNIFICANCE ONLY AFT] C5TRAL P[] HAS PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,:ILE ! FACTORY IS /ILL PROTECT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 ! FACTORY C\NCIL CONTROLS NO?+4 ,! FEW FUNCTIONS IT FULFILLS >E ! RESULT ( ! TRADITIONAL PRACTICE (3 #a4 P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MISM2 #b4 TRADE-UNION RESI/ANCE1 :I* DOES NOT CEASE TO BE A RE=MI/ WAY ( ADVANC+4 ,TO CONCLUDE3 WE DO NOT OPPOSE ! SETT+ UP ( 9T]NAL FACTORY C\NCILS IF ! WORK]S !MSELVES OR !IR ORGANIZATIONS DEM& !M4 ,BUT WE 9SI/ ?AT ! COMMUNI/ P>TY'S ACTIVITY MU/ BE BAS$ ON ANO!R T]RA91 NAMELY ! /RUGGLE = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,?IS /RUGGLE MAY WELL BE ADVANC$ FRUITFULLY BY ! SETT+ UP ( WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVE BODIES -- BUT !SE MU/ BE URBAN OR RURAL WORK]S' C\NCILS ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! 'NAMES1 WAIT+ TO TAKE ! PLACE ( MUNICIPAL C\NCILS & LOCAL ORGANS ( ,/ATE P[] AT ! MOM5T ! B\RGEOIS =CES COLLAPSE4 ,HAV+ ?US ADVANC$ \R !SIS1 WE PROMISE TO GIVE IT AMPLE DOCUM5TATION & FACTUAL SUPPORT1 & TO PRES5T \R WORK 9 A REPORT TO ! NEXT MEET+ ( ! COMMUNI/ FRACTION4 ,I,I ,PRIOR TO GETT+ D[N TO DISCUSS+ ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( SETT+ UP WORK]S'1 PEASANTS' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS 9 ,ITALY1 & BE>+ 9 M9D ! G5]AL CONSID]ATIONS CONTA9$ 9 ! >TICLE WE PUBLI%$ 9 \R LA/ ISSUE1 WE WI% TO EXAM9E ! PROGRAMMATIC GUIDEL9ES OR ! ,SOVIET SY/EM AS !Y >E DEVELOP$ 9 ! DOCUM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & 9 ! DECL>ATIONS ( PR9CIPLE ISSU$ BY SOME OR ! ,ITALIAN MAXIMALI/ CURR5TS1 SU* AS ! PROGRAM ADOPT$ BY ! ,BOLOGNA ,CONGRESS1 ! MOTION PROPOS$ BY ,LEONE & O!R COMRADES TO ! SAME CONGRESS2 & ! WRIT+S ( ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO ON ! ,TUR9 FACTORY C\NCIL MOVEM5T4 ,! ,C\NCILS & ! ,BOL%EVIK ,PROGRAM ,9 ! DOCUM5TS ( ! ,I,I,IRD ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 ! MA/]LY REPORTS ( ?OSE =MIDABLE EXPON5TS ( DOCTR9E1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T -- ,L591 ,Z9OVIEV1 ,RADEK1 ,BUKH>9 -- !RE RECURS AT FREQU5T 9T]VALS ! IDEA ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION DID NOT 9V5T NEW & UN=ESE5 /RUCTURES1 BUT M]ELY CONFIRM$ ! PR$ICTIONS ( ,M>XI/ !ORY CONC]N+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,! CORE ( ! IMPOS+ PH5OM5ON ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( !IR DICTATOR%IP1 AS ! RESULT ( AN AU!NTIC CLASS W>4 ,! ,SOVIETS -- & IT IS WELL TO RECALL ?AT ! WORD SOVIET SIMPLY MEANS C\NCIL1 & CAN BE EMPLOY$ TO DESCRIBE ANY SORT ( REPRES5TATIVE BODY -- ! ,SOVIETS1 AS F> AS HI/ORY IS CONC]N$1 >E ! SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION EMPLOY$ BY ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ONCE IT HAS TAK5 P[]4 ,! ,SOVIETS >E ! ORGANS ?AT TAKE ! PLACE ( P>LIAM5T & ! B\RGEOIS ADM9I/RATIVE ASSEMBLIES & GRADUALLY REPLACE ALL ! O!R RAMIFICATIONS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,TO PUT IT 9 ! WORDS ( ! MO/ REC5T CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN COMMUNI/S1 AS QUOT$ BY ,COMRADE ,Z9OVIEV1 0! ,SOVIETS >E ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S & POOR PEASANTS2 !Y EX]CISE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT DUR+ ! /AGE :5 ALL PREVI\S =MS ( ! ,/ATE >E BE+ EXT+UI%$4 ,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ?IS SY/EM ( ,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS GIVES REPRES5TATION TO ALL PRODUC]S 9 !IR CAPACITY AS MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & NOT AS MEMB]S ( A P>TICUL> TRADE OR 9DU/RIAL SECTOR4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! LATE/ MANIFE/O ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,SOVIETS REPRES5T 0A NEW TYPE ( MASS ORGANIZATION1 ONE :I* EMBRACES ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 IRRESPECTIVE ( 9DIVIDUAL TRADES OR LEVELS ( POLITICAL MATURITY04 ,! BASIC UNITS ( ! ,SOVIET ADM9I/RATIVE NETWORK >E ! URBAN & RURAL C\NCILS2 ! NETWORK CULM9ATES 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( COMMISS>S4 ,& YET IT IS TRUE ?AT DUR+ ! PHASE ( ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION1 O!R ORGANS >E EM]G+ P>ALLEL TO ?IS SY/EM1 SU* AS ! SY/EM ( WORK]S' CONTROL & ! PEOPLE'S ECONOMY4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE1 AS WE HAVE /RESS$ MANY TIMES1 ?AT ?IS ECONOMIC SY/EM WILL GRADUALLY ABSORB ! POLITICAL SY/EM1 ONCE ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS COMPLET$ & !RE IS NO FUR!R NE$ = A C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,BUT ! ESS5TIAL PROBLEM DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 AS EM]GES CLE>LY FROM ALL ! ,RUSSIAN DOCUM5TS1 IS ?AT ( KEEP+ ! V>I\S LOCAL & SECTIONAL DEM&S & 9T]E/S SUBORD9ATE TO ! G5]AL 9T]E/ 79 SPACE & TIME7 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,NOT UNTIL ! TWO SETS ( ORGANS >E M]G$ WILL ! NETWORK ( PRODUCTION BE ?OR\TY IS ACTIVE4 ,WE %ALL COME BACK TO ?IS QUE/ION1 & DEMON/RATE H[ ! DESIRE TO OV]-CONCRETIZE & TE*NICALLY DET]M9E ! ,SOVIET SY/EM1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! B\RGEOISIE IS /ILL 9 P[]1 PUTS ! C>T BE=E ! HORSE & LAPSES 9TO ! OLD ]RORS ( SYNDICALISM & RE=MISM4 ,= ! MOM5T WE QUOTE !SE NON-AMBIGU\S WORDS ( ,Z9OVIEV3 0,! COMMUNI/ P>TY UNIFIES ?AT VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* IS /RUGGL+1 9 CONSCI\S FA%ION1 TO PUT ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM 9TO EFFECT4 .TICUL> IT IS /RIV+ TO 9TRODUCE ITS PROGRAM 9TO ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,SOVIETS1 & TO A*IEVE COMPLETE DOM9ANCE )9 !M4 ,TO CONCLUDE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC IS L$ BY ! ,SOVIETS1 :I* REPRES5T T5 MILLION WORK]S \T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( AB\T EIE SETTL$ 9 ! SECTIONS & CONGRESSES ( ! GREAT ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :I* HAS MA/]Y OV] ! ,SOVIETS4 ,?IS CORRESPONDS TO ! /IRR+ DEF5SE BY ,RADEK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( M9ORITIES4 ,IT W\LD BE AS WELL NOT TO CREATE A MAJORIT>IAN-WORK]I/ FETI%ISM :I* C\LD ONLY BE TO ! ADVANTAGE ( RE=MISM & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! P>TY IS 9 ! FRONT L9E ( ! REVOLUTION 9 SO F> AS IT IS POT5TIALLY COMPOS$ ( M5 :O ?9K & ACT LIKE MEMB]S ( ! FUTURE WORK+ HUMANITY 9 :I* ALL WILL BE PRODUC]S H>MONI\SLY 9S]T$ 9TO A M>VEL\S ME*ANISM ( FUNCTIONS & REPRES5TATION4 ,! ,BOLOGNA ,PROGRAM & ! ,C\NCILS ,IT IS TO BE DEPLOR$ ?AT 9 ! ,P>TY'S CURR5T PROGRAM !RE IS NO TRACE ( ! ,M>XI/ PROPOSITION ?AT ! CLASS P>TY IS ! 9/RUM5T ( PROLET>IAN EMANCIPATION2 !RE IS JU/ ! ANODYNE CODICIL3 0DECIDES 7,:O DECIDES8 ,EV5 GRAMM> WAS SACRIFIC$ 9 ! HA/E TO DECIDE -- 9 FAVOR ( ELECTIONS47 TO BASE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ON ! ABOVE-M5TION$ PR9CIPLES04 ,AS REG>DS ! P>AGRAPH :I* D5IES ! TRANS=MATION ( ANY ,/ATE ORGAN 9TO AN ORGAN ( /RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !RE >E C]TA9 PO9TS TO BE MADE -- BUT IT WILL HAVE TO BE DONE ON ANO!R OCCASION1 AFT] AN 9DISP5SABLE PREVI\S CL>IFICATION ( T]MS4 ,BUT WE DISS5T /ILL MORE /RONGLY FROM ! PROGRAM :]E IT /ATES ?AT ! NEW PROLET>IAN ORGANS WILL FUNCTION 9ITIALLY1 UND] ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 AS 9/RUM5TS ( ! VIOL5T /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION1 & WILL SUBSEQU5TLY BECOME ORGANS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION2 = AMONG ! ORGANS M5TION$ >E NOT ONLY WORK]S'1 PEASANTS' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 BUT ALSO C\NCILS ( ! PUBLIC ECONOMY1 :I* >E 9CONCEIVABLE UND] A B\RGEOIS REGIME4 ,EV5 ! WORK]S' POLITICAL C\NCILS %\LD BE SE5 PRIM>ILY AS VEHICLES = ! COMMUNI/S' ACTIVITY ( LIB]AT+ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,EV5 QUITE REC5TLY ,COMRADE ,S]RATI1 9 FLAGRANT OPPOSITION TO ,M>X & ,L591 HAS UND]VALU$ ! ROLE ( ! CLASS P>TY 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,AS ,L59 SAYS3 0,TOGE!R ) ! WORK+ MASSES1 ! ,M>XI/1 C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL P>TY1 ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WILL LEAD ! PEOPLE ALONG ! RIDS ! VICTORI\S DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 T[>DS PROLET>IAN NOT B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 T[>DS ,SOVIET P[] & ! SOCIALI/ ORD]40 ,! ,P>TY'S CURR5T PROGRAM SMACKS ( LIB]T>IAN SCRUPLES & A LACK ( !ORETICAL PREP>ATION4 ,! ,C\NCILS & ! ,LEONE ,MOTION ,?IS MOTION WAS SUMM>IZ$ 9 F\R PO9TS EXP\ND$ 9 ! AU?OR'S EVOCATIVE /YLE4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE PO9TS F9DS MIRACUL\S 9SPIRATION 9 ! /ATEM5T ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS ! REAL 5G9E ( HI/ORY & ?AT IT HAS SMA%$ SOCIAL-NATIONAL UNIONS4 ,BUT !N ! MOTION PROCE$S TO EXALT ! ,SOVIETS AS ! ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y SYN!SIS1 :I* !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO BR+ AB\T VIRTUALLY ?R\< ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( !IR BE+ CREAT$2 IT /ATES ?AT ONLY ,SOVIETS1 RA!R ?AN S*OOLS1 P>TIES OR CORPORATIONS1 CAN BR+ ! GREAT HI/ORICAL 9ITIATIVES TO A TRIUMPHANT CONCLUSION4 ,?IS IDEA ( ,LEONE'S1 & ( ! MANY COMRADES :O SIGN$ HIS MOTION1 IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM \R [N1 :I* WE HAVE D$UC$ FROM ,M>XISM & FROM ! LESSONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,:AT !Y >E DO+ IS OV]-EMPHASIZ+ A =M 9 PLACE ( A =CE1 JU/ AS ! SYNDICALI/S DID 9 ! CASE ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 ATTRIBUT+ TO !IR M9IMALI/ PRACTICE ! MAGICAL VIRTUE ( BE+ ABLE TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,JU/ AS SYNDICALISM WAS DEMOLI%$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BY ! CRITICISM ( TRUE ,M>XI/S1 & SUBSEQU5TLY BY ! EXP]I5CE ( ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS :I* ALL OV] ! WORLD HAVE COLLABORAT$ ) ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 PROVID+ IT ) ELEM5TS = ITS PRES]VATION1 SO ,LEONE'S IDEA COLLAPSES BE=E ! EXP]I5CE ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC WORK]S' C\NCILS1 :I* >E PRECISELY ?OSE :I* HAVE NOT BE5 P5ETRAT$ SUCCESSFULLY BY ! COMMUNI/ POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,ONLY ! P>TY CAN EMBODY ! DYNAMIC REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES ( ! CLASS4 ,IT W\LD BE TRIVIAL TO OBJECT ?AT SOCIALI/ P>TIES TOO HAVE COMPROMIS$1 S9CE WE >E NOT EXALT+ ! VIRTUES ( ! P>TY =M1 BUT ?OSE ( ! DYNAMIC CONT5T :I* IS TO BE F\ND ONLY 9 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,EV]Y P>TY DEF9ES ITSELF ON ! BASIS ( ITS [N PROGRAM1 & ITS FUNCTIONS CANNOT BE COMP>$ ) ?OSE ( O!R P>TIES1 :]EAS ( NECESSITY ALL ! TRADE UNIONS & EV51 9 A TE*NICAL S5SE1 ALL ! WORK]S' C\NCILS HAVE FUNCTIONS 9 COMMON ) ONE ANO!R4 ,! %ORTCOM+ ( ! SOCIAL-RE=MI/ P>TIES WAS NOT ?AT !Y W]E P>TIES1 BUT ?AT !Y W]E NOT COMMUNI/ & REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES4 ,!SE P>TIES L$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 :]EAS ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 9 OPPOSITION TO !M1 L$ & N\RI%$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,?US !RE >E NO ORGANS :I* >E REVOLUTION>Y BY VIRTUE ( !IR =M2 !RE >E ONLY SOCIAL =CES ?AT >E REVOLUTION>Y ON ACC\NT ( !IR ORI5TATION4 ,!SE =CES TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO A P>TY ?AT GOES 9TO BATTLE ) A PROGRAM4 ,! ,C\NCILS & ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO 9 ,TUR9 ,9 \R VIEW1 ! COMRADES >\ND ! NEWSPAP] ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO GO EV5 FUR!R ?AN ?IS4 ,!Y >E NOT EV5 HAPPY ) ! WORD+ ( ! ,P>TY'S PROGRAM1 BECAUSE !Y CLAIM ?AT ! ,SOVIETS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( A TE*NICAL-ECONOMIC *>ACT] 7! FACTORY C\NCILS71 NOT ONLY >E ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE & FUNCTION+ AS ORGANS ( ! PROLET>IAN LIB]ATION /RUGGLE UND] ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 BUT HAVE ALREADY BECOME ORGANS = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! COMMUNI/ ECONOMY4 ,9 FACT !Y PUBLI% 9 !IR NEWSPAP] ! SECTION ( ! ,P>TY'S PROGRAM ?AT WE QUOT$ ABOVE1 LEAV+ \T A FEW WORDS SO AS TO TRANS=M ITS MEAN+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N PO9T ( VIEW3 0,!Y WILL HAVE TO BE OPPOS$ BY NEW PROLET>IAN ORGANS 7WORK]S'1 PEASANTS' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 C\NCILS ( ! PUBLIC ECONOMY1 ETC47 -- 444 ORGANS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION & = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! NEW COMMUNI/ ORD]40 ,BUT ?IS >TICLE IS ALREADY A LONG ONE1 SO WE PO/PONE TO \R NEXT ISSUE ! EXPOSITION ( \R PR(\ND DISS5SION FROM ?IS PR9CIPLE2 9 \R VIEW1 IT RUNS ! RISK ( 5D+ UP AS A PURELY RE=MI/ EXP]IM5T 9VOLV+ MODIFICATION ( C]TA9 FUNCTIONS ( ! TRADE UNIONS & P]HAPS ! PROMULGATION ( A B\RGEOIS LAW ON WORK]S' C\NCILS40 ,I,I,I ,AT ! 5D ( \R SECOND >TICLE ON ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,SOVIETS 9 ,ITALY1 WE REF]R$ TO ! ,TUR9 MOVEM5T TO E/ABLI% FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,WE DO NOT %>E ! PO9T ( VIEW :I* 9SPIRES ! EF=TS ( ! ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO COMRADES1 & :ILE APPRECIAT+ !IR T5ACITY 9 MAK+ ! FUNDAM5TALS ( COMMUNISM BETT] KN[N1 WE BELIEVE ?AT !Y HAVE COMMITT$ MAJOR ]RORS ( PR9CIPLE & TACTICS4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 ! ESS5CE ( ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION LIES 9 ! SETT+ UP ( NEW ORGANS ( PROLET>IAN REPRES5TATION1 :OSE FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT] IS !IR /RICT ALIGNM5T ) ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 EV5TUALLY !SE ORGANS >E TO CONTROL PRODUCTION DIRECTLY4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY MADE ! PO9T ?AT WE SEE ?IS AS OV]-EMPHASIS ON ! IDEA ( A =MAL CO9CID5CE BETWE5 ! REPRES5TATIVE ORGANS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! V>I\S AGGREGATES ( ! TE*NICO-ECONOMIC SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS CO9CID5CE WILL 9 FACT BE A*IEV$ AT A MU* MORE ADVANC$ /AGE ( ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION1 :5 PRODUCTION IS SOCIALIZ$ & ALL ITS V>I\S CON/ITU5T ACTIVITIES >E SUBORD9AT$ 9 H>MONI\S FA%ION TO ! G5]AL & COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S4 ,PRIOR TO ?IS /AGE1 & DUR+ ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION FROM A CAPITALI/ TO A COMMUNI/ ECONOMY1 ! GR\P+S ( PRODUC]S >E 9 A CON/ANT /ATE ( FLUX & !IR 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S MAY AT TIMES CLA% ) ! G5]AL & COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS MOVEM5T WILL F9D ITS REAL 9/RUM5T 9 A WORK+-CLASS REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTION 9 :I* EA* 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPATES 9 HIS CAPACITY AS A MEMB] ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & AS SU* 9T]E/$ 9 A RADICAL *ANGE 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 RA!R ?AN AS A COMPON5T ( A P>TICUL> TRADE1 FACTORY OR LOCAL GR\P4 ,SO LONG AS POLITICAL P[] REMA9S 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 A REPRES5TATIVE ORGAN EMBODY+ ! G5]AL REVOLUTION>Y 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN ONLY BE F\ND 9 ! POLITICAL >5A4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE A CLASS P>TY ?AT HAS ! P]SONAL ADH]5CE ( ! SORT ( PEOPLE :O1 9 ORD] TO D$ICATE !MSELVES TO ! CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION1 HAVE MANAG$ TO OV]COME !IR N>R[ SELFI%1 SECTIONAL & EV5 SOMETIMES CLASS 9T]E/S 7! LATT] CASE OBTA9+ :5 ! P>TY ADMITS DES]T]S FROM ! B\RGEOIS CLASS 9TO ITS RANKS1 PROVID$ !Y >E SUPPORT]S ( ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM74 ,IT IS A S]I\S ]ROR TO BELIEVE ?AT BY IMPORT+ ! =MAL /RUCTURES :I* ONE EXPECTS TO BE =M$ TO MANAGE COMMUNI/ PRODUCTION 9TO ! PRES5T PROLET>IAN 5VIRONM5T1 AMONG ! WAGE-E>N]S ( CAPITALISM1 ONE WILL BR+ 9TO BE+ =CES :I* >E 9 !MSELVES & ?R\< 9N] NECESSITY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,?IS WAS ! ]ROR ( ! SYNDICALI/S1 & ?IS TOO IS ! ]ROR ( ! OV]-ZEAL\S SUPPORT]S ( ! FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,! >TICLE PUBLI%$ BY COMRADE ,C4 ,NICCOL9I 9 ,COMMUNISMO COMES AT AN OPPORTUNE MOM5T4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA1 EV5 AFT] ! PROLET>IAN SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS FREQU5TLY PLAC$ OB/ACLES 9 ! PA? ( REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES2 TO AN EV5 GREAT] EXT5T ?AN ! TRADE UNIONS1 !Y C\NT]POS$ ! PRESSURES ( N>R[ 9T]E/S TO ! UNFOLD+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,EV5 )9 ! NETWORK ( ! COMMUNI/ ECONOMY1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS >E NOT ! PR9CIPAL DET]M9ANTS ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,9 ! ORGANS :I* FULFILL ?IS FUNCTION 7,C\NCILS ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY71 ! FACTORY C\NCILS HAVE FEW] REPRES5TATIVES ?AN ! TRADE UNIONS OR ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE AU?ORITIES2 IT IS ?IS C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL NETWORK ?AT IS ! 9/RUM5T & ! DOM9ANT FACTOR 9 ! REVOLUTION -- UND]/OOD NOT ONLY AS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! POLITICAL RESI/ANCE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 BUT ALSO AS A PROCESS ( SOCIALIZ+ WEAL?4 ,AT ! JUNCTURE WE HAVE REA*$ 9 ,ITALY1 VIZ4 ! JUNCTURE :]E ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE IS /ILL A PROGRAMMATIC ASPIRATION1 ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM IS ! CONQUE/ ( P[] ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 OR BETT] ! COMMUNI/ PROLET>IAT -- I4E4 ! WORK]S :O >E ORGANIZ$ 9TO A CLASS-BAS$ POLITICAL P>TY1 :O >E DET]M9$ TO MAKE ! HI/ORICAL =M ( REVOLUTION>Y P[]1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9TO A CONCRETE REALITY4 ,COMRADE ,A4 ,TASCA HIMSELF1 9 ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO ,NO4#b#b1 CLE>LY EXP\NDS HIS DISAGREEM5T ) ! PROGRAM ( ! MAXIMALI/ MAJORITY ADOPT$ AT ! ,BOLOGNA ,CONGRESS1 & HIS EV5 GREAT] DISAGREEM5T ) US AB/5TIONI/S1 9 ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE ?AT DES]VES TO BE REPRODUC$4 0,ANO!R PO9T 9 ! ,P>TY'S NEW PROGRAM DES]VES TO BE CONSID]$3 ! NEW PROLET>IAN ORGANS 7WORK]S'1 PEASANTS' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 C\NCILS ( ! PUBLIC ECONOMY1 ETC47 FUNCTION+ ,9ITIALLY 7UND] ! B\RGEOIS REGIME7 AS 9/RUM5TS ( ! VIOL5T /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION1 >E SUBSEQU5TLY TRANS=M$ 9TO ORGANS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION1 = RECON/RUCTION ( ! NEW COMMUNI/ ORD]4 ,AT AN E>LI] SESSION ( ! ,COMMISSION1 WE HAD /RESS$ ! %ORTCOM+S ( SU* A =MULATION1 :I* 5TRU/$ DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS TO ! NEW ORGANS 9ITIALLY & SUBSEQU5TLY1 SEP>AT$ BY ! SEIZURE ( P[] ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,G5N>I HAD PROMIS$ TO MAKE AN ALT]ATION1 ALONG ! L9ES ( '444 9ITIALLY PR$OM9ANTLY AS 9/RUM5TS444'1 BUT IT IS EVID5T ?AT HE EV5TUALLY AB&ON$ ?IS IDEA1 & AS ,I WAS UNABLE TO ATT5D ! LA/ SESSION ( ! ,COMMISSION1 ,I C\LD NOT MAKE HIM ADOPT IT AGA94 ,!RE IS 9 ?IS =MULATION1 H[EV]1 A V]ITABLE PO9T ( DISAGREEM5T :I*1 :ILE BR++ ,G5N>I1 ,BOMBACCI & O!RS CLOS] TO ! AB/5TIONI/S1 PUTS A GREAT] DI/ANCE BETWE5 !M & ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT ! NEW WORK]S' ORGANS CANNOT FUNCTION AS '9/RUM5TS ( ! VIOL5T /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION' EXCEPT & TO ! DEGREE ?AT !Y BECOME 'ORGANS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION' AT ONCE 7RA!R ?AN SUBSEQU5TLY74 ,! PROLET>IAT'S LIB]ATION IS A*IEV$ ?R\< ! MANIFE/ATION ( ITS ABILITY TO CONTROL 9 AN AUTONOM\S & ORIG9AL FA%ION ! SOCIAL PROCESSES IT CREAT$ BY & = ITSELF3 LIB]ATION CONSI/S 9 ! CREATION ( ! SORT ( ORGANS :I*1 IF !Y >C ACTIVE & AL]T1 BY VIRTUE ( ?IS FACT ALONE PROVOKE ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION :I* IS !IR GOAL4 ,?IS IS NOT A QUE/ION ( =M1 BUT ( SUB/ANCE4 ,9 ! PRES5T =MULATION1 WE REPEAT1 ! COMPIL]S ( ! PROGRAM HAVE 5D$ UP ADH]+ TO ,BORDIGA'S CONCEPTION1 :I* ATTA*ES MORE IMPORTANCE TO ! CONQUE/ ( P[] ?AN TO ! =MATION ( ,SOVIETS2 = ! PRES5T P]IOD1 ,BORDIGA SEES ! ,SOVIETS AS HAV+ MORE ( A 'POLITICAL' FUNCTION1 9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! WORD1 ?AN AN ORGANIC ROLE ( 'ECONOMIC & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION'4 ,JU/ AS ,BORDIGA MA9TA9S ?AT ! COMPLETE ,SOVIET WILL COME 9TO BE+ ONLY DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 SO ,G5N>I1 ,BOMBACCI1 ETC41 >GUE ?AT ONLY ! CONQUE/ ( P[] 7:I* !REBY ACQUIRES A POLITICAL *>ACT]1 & SO BR+S US BACK FULL CIRCLE TO ! 'PUBLIC P[]S' ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 SUP]S$$7 CAN PROVIDE ! ,SOVIETS ) !IR TRUE1 FULL FUNCTIONS4 ,IT IS ?IS :I* IS 9 \R OP9ION ! NUB ( ! >GUM5T1 & IT MU/ LEAD US' SOON] OR LAT]1 TO A FUR!R REVISION ( ! NEWLY ADOPT$ PROGRAM40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TASCA1 !N1 ! WORK+ CLASS CAN PROJECT ! /AGES ( ITS LIB]ATION1 EV5 BE=E IT HAS WRE/$ P[] FROM ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,MOREOV] ,TASCA LETS IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS CONQUE/ C\LD OCCUR EV5 )\T VIOL5CE1 ONCE ! PROLET>IAT HAD COMPLET$ ITS WORK ( TE*NICAL PREP>ATION & SOCIAL $UCATION3 H]E WE HAVE ! CONCRETE REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD ( ! ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO COMRADES4 ,WE WILL NOT PROCE$ AT L5G? TO DEMON/RATE B[ ?IS IDEA EV5TUALLY CO9CIDES ) ?AT ( RE=MISM & BECOMES =EIGN TO ! FUNDAM5TALS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM2 ACCORD+ TO ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E1 ! REVOLUTION DOES NOT OCCUR AS A RESULT ( ! $UCATION1 CULTURE OR TE*NICAL CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT AS A RESULT ( ! 9N] CRISES ( ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,LIKE ,5RICO ,LEONE1 ,TASCA & HIS FRI5DS ATTA* TOO MU* IMPORTANCE TO ! APPE>ANCE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ( A NEW SOCIAL REPRES5TATIVE ORGAN1 ! ,SOVIET1 & 5D[ IT ) AN 9N] =CE SU* ?AT ITS M]E E/ABLI%M5T CON/ITUTES A :OLLY NOVEL HI/ORICAL SOLUTION TO ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM ,BUT ! ,SOVIETS -- MO/ SUCCESSFULLY DEF9$ BY COMRADE ,Z9OVIEV AS ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- >E NO?+ O!R ?AN ORGANS ( PROLET>IAN P[]1 EX]CIS+ ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 IT IS ?IS LATT] :I* IS ! L9*P9 ( ! ,M>XI/ SY/EM1 & :OSE FIR/ POSITIVE EXP]IM5T WAS ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,! ,SOVIETS >E ! =M1 NOT ! CAUSE1 ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS DISAGREEM5T1 !RE IS ANO!R PO9T :I* SEP>ATES US FROM ! ,TUR9 COMRADES4 ,! ,SOVIETS1 ,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS ( ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT1 >E NOT AT ALL ! SAME AS ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 NOR DO !SE LATT] CON/ITUTE ! FIR/ /EP OR RUNG ( ! ,SOVIET POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,?IS CONFUSION IS ALSO PRES5T 9 ! DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES ADOPT$ BY ! FIR/ ASSEMBLY ( WORK%OP DELEGATES FROM ! FACTORIES ( ,TUR91 :I* BEG9S AS FOLL[S3 0,! FACTORY DELEGATES >E ! SOLE & AU!NTIC SOCIAL 7ECONOMIC & POLITICAL7 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 BY VIRTUE ( !IR BE+ ELECT$ BY ALL WORK]S AT !IR WORK-PLACE ON ! BASIS ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,AT ! V>I\S LEVELS ( !IR CON/ITUTION1 ! DELEGATES EMBODY ! UNION ( ALL WORK]S AS REALIZ$ 9 ORGANS ( PRODUCTION 7WORK-CREW1 WORK%OP1 FACTORY1 UNION ( ! FACTORIES 9 A GIV5 9DU/RY1 UNION ( ! PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES 9 A CITY1 UNION ( ! ORGANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! ME*ANICAL & AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RY ( A DI/RICT1 A PROV9CE1 A REGION1 ! NATION1 ! WORLD7 :OSE AU?ORITY & SOCIAL LEAD]%IP >E 9VE/$ 9 ! C\NCILS & C\NCIL SY/EM40 ,?IS DECL>ATION IS UNACCEPTABLE1 S9CE PROLET>IAN P[] IS =M$ DIRECTLY )9 ! MUNICIPAL ,SOVIETS ( T[N & C\NTRY1 )\T PASS+ VIA FACTORY C\NCILS & COMMITTEES1 AS WE HAVE REPEAT$ MANY TIMES2 ?IS FACT ALSO EM]GES FROM ! LUCID EXPOSITIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET SY/EM PUBLI%$ BY ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO ITSELF4 ,! FACTORY C\NCILS >E ORGANS :OSE TASK WILL BE TO REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( GR\PS ( WORK]S DUR+ ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y REPRES5T NOT ONLY A P>TICUL> GR\P'S DET]M9ATION TO A*IEVE LIB]ATION ?R\< SOCIALIZATION ( ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/'S FIRM1 BUT ALSO ! GR\P'S CONC]N = ! MANN] 9 :I* ITS 9T]E/S WILL BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT DUR+ ! PROCESS ( SOCIALIZATION ITSELF1 A PROCESS DISCIPL9$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ WILL ( ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ COLLECTIVITY4 ,! WORK]S' 9T]E/S HAVE UNTIL N[ BE5 REPRES5T$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 ?R\<\T ! P]IOD :5 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM APPE>$ /ABLE & !RE WAS SCOPE ONLY = PUTT+ UPW>D PRESSURE ON WAGES4 ,! UNIONS WILL CONT9UE TO EXI/ DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & NATURALLY 5\< !RE WILL BE A DEM>CATION DISPUTE ) ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 :I* ONLY EM]GE :5 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM IS SE5 TO BE IMM95T1 AS HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,TUR94 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT A MATT] ( GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T TO DECIDE :E!R NONUNION MEMB]S %\LD P>TICIPATE OR NO 9 ! ELECTIONS = DELEGATES4 ,IF IT IS LOGICAL ?AT !Y %\LD 9 FACT P>TICIPATE1 GIV5 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! FACTORY C\NCIL1 IT C]TA9LY DOES NOT APPE> LOGICAL TO US ?AT !RE %\LD BE A M+L+ ( ORGANS & FUNCTIONS BETWE5 C\NCILS & UNIONS1 ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,TUR9 PROPOSALS -- COMPELL+1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,TUR9 SECTION ( ! ,METALWORK]S' ,F$]ATION TO ELECT ITS [N EXECUTIVE C\NCIL FROM ! WORK%OP DELEGATES' ASSEMBLY4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 C\NCILS & UNIONS AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( P>TICUL> GR\PS ( WORK]S WILL CONT9UE TO BE V]Y COMPLEX2 !Y WILL BE SETTL$ & H>MONIZ$ ONLY 9 A V]Y ADVANC$ /AGE ( ! COMMUNI/ ECONOMY1 :5 ! POSSIBILITY ( ! 9T]E/S ( A GR\P ( PRODUC]S BE+ AT V>IANCE ) ! G5]AL 9T]E/ 9 ! PROGRESS ( PRODUCTION WILL BE R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT TO E/ABLI% IS ?AT ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION WILL BE L$ & CONDUCT$ BY AN ORGAN REPRES5T+ ! WORK+ CLASS POLITICALLY2 PRIOR TO ! SMA%+ ( B\RGEOIS P[]1 ?IS IS A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 IT IS ! SY/EM ( POLITICAL ,SOVIETS ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! MASSES1 ) ! AIM ( *OOS+ REPRES5TATIVES :O HAVE A G5]AL POLITICAL PROGRAM & >E NOT M]ELY ! EXPON5TS ( ! N>R[ 9T]E/S ( A TRADE OR FIRM4 ,! ,RUSSIAN SY/EM IS SO CONTRIV$ ?AT A T[N'S MUNICIPAL ,SOVIET IS COMPOS$ ( ONE DELEGATE = EV]Y GR\P ( PROLET>IANS1 :O VOTE = A S+LE NAME ONLY4 ,! DELEGATES1 H[EV]1 >E PROPOS$ TO ! ELECTORS BY ! POLITICAL P>TY2 ! SAME PROCESS IS REPEAT$ = ! SECOND & ?IRD DEGREES ( DELEGATION1 TO ! HI<] ORGANS ( ! ,/ATE SY/EM4 ,?US IT IS ALWAYS A S+LE POLITICAL P>TY -- ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY -- :I* SEEKS & OBTA9S FROM ! ELECTORS A M&ATE TO ADM9I/] P[]4 ,WE >E C]TA9LY NOT SAY+ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN SY/EM %\LD BE ADOPT$ 9 AN UNCRITICAL FA%ION ELSE:]E1 BUT WE DO FEEL ?AT ! PR9CIPLE UND]LY+ ! REVOLUTION>Y SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION -- VIZ4 ! SUBJECTION ( SELFI% & SECTIONAL 9T]E/S TO ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/ -%\LD BE ADH]$ TO EV5 MORE CLOSELY ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,W\LD IT USEFULLY S]VE ! COMMUNI/S' REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE IF ! NETWORK ( A POLITICAL SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS W]E 9/ITUT$ N[8 ,?IS IS ! PROBLEM WE %ALL EXAM9E 9 ! NEXT >TICLE1 :5 WE DISCUSS ! RELEVANT PROPOSALS ELABORAT$ BY ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,WE %ALL REMA9 UN%AK5 9 \R CONVICTION ?AT SU* A REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM W\LD BE QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! SY/EM ( FACTORY C\NCILS & COMMITTEES ?AT HAS BEGUN TO =M 9 ,TUR9 7& 9DE$ ?IS IS P>TIALLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! ,P>TY'S PROPOSALS74 ,I,V ,WE BELIEVE WE HAVE ALREADY SAID 5\< CONC]N+ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 FACTORY C\NCILS & POLITICO-ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCILS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,! FACTORY C\NCIL REPRES5TS WORK]S' 9T]E/S :I* EXT5D NO F>!R ?AN ! N>R[ CIRCLE ( AN 9DU/RIAL FIRM4 ,UND] A COMMUNI/ REGIME1 IT IS ! BASIC UNIT ( ! SY/EM ( 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 :I* HAS A C]TA9 P>T TO PLAY 9 ! SY/EM ( 0,C\NCILS ( ! ,ECONOMY01 A SY/EM :I* WILL EV5TUALLY TAKE OV] ! TE*NICAL & ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! FACTORY C\NCIL HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! SY/EM ( POLITICAL ,SOVIETS1 ! DEPOSITORIES ( PROLET>IAN P[]4 ,UND] ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 !RE=E1 ! FACTORY C\NCIL1 OR = ?AT MATT] ! TRADE UNION1 CANNOT BE VIEW$ AS AN ORGAN = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ONE W]E TO VIEW !M AS ORGANS = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT VIA A R\TE ?AT DOES NOT 9VOLVE ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/ ( P[]1 ONE W\LD BE LAPS+ 9TO ! SYNDICALI/ ]ROR3 ! COMRADES >\ND ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO >E H>DLY CORRECT :5 !Y MA9TA91 AS !Y HAVE DONE 9 POLEMIC ) ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE1 ?AT ! FACTORY C\NCIL MOVEM5T1 AS !Y !ORIZE IT1 IS NOT 9 SOME S5SE A SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,M>XISM IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS PR$ICTION ?AT ! PROLET>IAT'S ,/RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION WILL BE DIVID$ 9TO A NUMB] ( GREAT HI/ORICAL PHASES1 9 :I* POLITICAL ACTIVITY & ECONOMIC ACTIVITY V>Y 5ORM\SLY 9 IMPORTANCE3 ! /RUGGLE = P[]2 ! EX]CISE ( P[] 7DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT7 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ECONOMY2 ! SOCIETY )\T CLASSES & )\T A POLITICAL ,/ATE4 ,TO ID5TIFY1 9 ! ROLE ( ! LIB]ATION ORGANS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! /AGES ( ! POLITICAL PROCESS ) !IR ECONOMIC C\NT]P>TS IS TO LAPSE 9TO ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS C>ICATURE ( ,M>XISM CALL$ ECONOMISM 7:I* 9 TURN CAN BE CLASSIFI$ 9TO RE=MISM & SYNDICALISM74 ,OV]-EMPHASIS ON ! FACTORY C\NCIL IS JU/ A RESURRECTION ( ?IS HO>Y OLD ]ROR1 :I* UNITES ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS ,PR\DHON ) ALL ?OSE REVISIONI/S :O BELIEVE !Y HAVE TRANSC5D$ ,M>X4 ,UND] A B\RGEOIS REGIME1 !N1 ! FACTORY C\NCIL REPRES5TS ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S 9 A P>TICUL> 5T]PRISE1 JU/ AS IT WILL DO UND] A COMMUNI/ REGIME4 ,IT >ISES :5 CIRCUM/ANCES DEM& IT1 ?R\< *ANGES 9 ! ME?ODS ( PROLET>IAN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT P]HAPS TO AN EV5 GREAT] EXT5T ?AN ! TRADE UNION1 ! C\NCIL OP5S ITS FLANK TO ! DEVIATIONS ( RE=MISM4 ,! OLD M9IMALI/ T5D5CY ?AT >GUES 9 FAVOR ( COMPULSORY >BITRATION & PR(IT-%>+ BY WORK]S 7I4E4 !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! MANAGEM5T & ADM9I/RATION ( ! FACTORY7 C\LD WELL F9D 9 ! FACTORY C\NCIL ! BASIS = ! DRAFT+ ( AN ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y PIECE ( SOCIAL LEGISLATION4 ,?IS IS HAPP5+ 9 ,G]MANY AT ! MOM5T1 :]E ! ,9DEP5D5TS >E OPPOS+ NOT ! PR9CIPLE1 BUT ! MANN] ( ! DRAFT LEGISLATION1 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S :O MA9TA9 ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC REGIME CANNOT GRANT ! PROLET>IAT ANY =M ( CONTROL :ATSOEV] OV] CAPITALI/ FUNCTIONS4 ,IT %\LD ?US BE CLE> ?AT IT MAKES NO S5SE TO SPEAK ( WORK]S' CONTROL UNTIL POLITICAL P[] RE/S 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE4 ,SU* CONTROL CAN ONLY BE EX]CIS$1 AS A PRELUDE TO ! SOCIALIZATION ( FIRMS & !IR ADM9I/RATION BY APPROPRIATE ORGANS ( ! COLLECTIVITY1 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE & ON ! BASIS ( ITS P[]4 ,C\NCILS ( WORK]S -- 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 PEASANTS &1 ON OCCASION1 SOLDI]S -- >E1 AS IS CLE>1 ! POLITICAL ORGANS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! F\NDATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE4 ,! URBAN & RURAL LOCAL C\NCILS TAKE ! PLACE ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS UND] ! B\RGEOIS REGIME4 ,! PROV9CIAL & REGIONAL ,SOVIETS TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T PROV9CIAL C\NCILS1 ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT ! PROV9CIAL ,SOVIETS >E NOT ELECT$ DIRECTLY1 BUT 9DIRECTLY FROM ! LOCAL ,SOVIETS4 ,! ,/ATE ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 TOGE!R ) ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE1 TAKE ! PLACE ( ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T1 ) ! DIFF]5CE AGA9 ?AT !Y >C NOT ELECT$ DIRECTLY1 BUT BY ?IRD OR EV5 F\R? DEGREE SUFFRAGE4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ H]E TO EMPHASIZE ! O!R DIFF]5CES1 ( :I* ! MO/ IMPORTANT IS ! ELECTORS' RIACT]I/IC ( ?IS :OLE SY/EM DOES NOT RESIDE 9 !SE TE*NICALITIES1 :I* HAVE NO?+ MAGICAL AB\T !M1 BUT RA!R 9 ! PR9CIPLE :I* LAYS D[N ?AT ! RI AS ! =MATION ( MUNICIPAL ,SOVIETS IS CONC]N$1 TWO ]RORS >E COMMONLY 5C\NT]$4 ,ONE IS ! IDEA ?AT DELEGATES TO ! ,SOVIETS >E ELECT$ BY FACTORY C\NCILS & COMMITTEES 7EXECUTIVE COMMISSIONS ( ! C\NCILS ( WORK%OP DELEGATES71 :]EAS 9 FACT1 AS WE MAKE NO APOLOGY = REPEAT+1 ! DELEGATES >E ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! MASS ( ELECTORS4 ,?IS ]ROR IS REPRODUC$ 9 ! ,BOMBACCI PROPOSAL = E/ABLI%+ ,SOVIETS 9 ,ITALY 7,P>A4 #f74 ,! O!R ]ROR CONSI/S 9 ?9K+ ?AT ! ,SOVIET IS A BODY COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES SIMPLY NOM9AT$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,COMRADE ,AMBROS9I1 = EXAMPLE1 MAKES ?IS ]ROR 9 HIS PROPOSALS4 ,SU* A SY/EM MIE ADD$ TO ?OSE ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! PROLET>IAN ELECTORS4 ,BUT 9 REALITY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 OR ANY O!R P>TY1 OBTA9S ITS REPRES5TATION BY /&+ TRI$ & PROV5 MEMB]S ( ITS ORGANIZATION AS C&IDATES1 & BY CAMPAIGN+ >\ND ITS PROGRAM BE=E ! ELECTORATE4 ,9 \R VIEW1 A ,SOVIET CAN ONLY BE CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y :5 A MAJORITY ( ITS DELEGATES >E MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,ALL ( ?IS1 IT %\LD BE UND]/OOD1 REF]S TO ! P]IOD ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,N[ WE COME TO ! VEX$ QUE/ION3 :AT %\LD BE ! ROLE & *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS :ILE ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS /ILL 9TACT8 ,9 C5TRAL ,EUROPE AT ! MOM5T1 WORK]S' C\NCILS CO-EXI/ ) ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 :I* IS ALL ! MORE ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y 9 ?AT IT IS REPUBLICAN & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC4 ,:AT IS ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS PROLET>IAN REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 IF IT IS NOT ! DEPOSITORY & F\NDATION ( ,/ATE P[]8 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 DOES IT ACT AS AN EFFECTIVE ORGAN ( /RUGGLE = ! REALIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP8 ,!SE QUE/IONS >E ANSW]$ BY ! ,AU/RIAN COMRADE ,OTTO ,MAS*L 9 AN >TICLE WE CAME ACROSS 9 ! ,G5EVA J\RNAL1 ,N\VELLE ,9T]NATIONALE4 ,HE /ATES ?AT 9 ,AU/RIA ! C\NCILS HAVE BR\ALYZES & HAVE H&$ OV] !IR P[] TO ! NATIONAL B\RGEOIS ASSEMBLY4 ,9 ,G]MANY ON ! O!R H&1 ACCORD+ TO ,MAS*L1 ONCE ! ,MAJORIT>IANS & ,9DEP5D5TS HAD LEFT ! C\NCILS1 !SE LATT] BECAME TRUE FOCI ( ! /RUGGLE = PROLET>IAN EMANCIPATION1 & ,NOSKE HAD TO SMA% !M 9 ORD] TO ALL[ SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY TO GOV]N4 ,9 ,AU/RIA1 H[EV]1 ,MAS*L CONCLUDES1 ! EXI/5CE ( C\NCILS )9 ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM1 OR RA!R ! EXI/5CE ( DEMOCRACY ,9 SPITE ( ! C\NCILS1 PROVES ?AT !SE WORK]S' C\NCILS >E F> FROM PLAY+ ! ROLE ( :AT >E CALL$ ,SOVIETS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& HE EXPRESSES ! D\BT ?AT P]HAPS AT ! MOM5T ( ! REVOLUTION1 ALT]NATIVE1 TRULY REVOLUTION>Y ,SOVIETS MAY EM]GE & BECOME ! DEPOSITORIES ( PROLET>IAN P[] 9 PLACE ( !SE DOME/ICAT$ V]SIONS4 ,! ,P>TY PROGRAM ADOPT$ AT ,BOLOGNA DECL>ES ?AT ,SOVIETS %\LD BE SET UP 9 ,ITALY AS ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! OBJECT ( ! ,BOMBACCI PROPOSAL IS TO CONCRETIZE ?IS AIM4 ,BE=E GETT+ D[N TO DETAILS1 LET US DISCUSS ! G5]AL IDEAS :I* HAVE 9SPIR$ ,COMRADE ,BOMBACCI4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 & LET NO ONE ACCUSE US ( BE+ P$ANTIC1 LET US REQUE/ A =MAL CL>IFICATION4 ,9 ! PHRASE3 0ONLY A NATIONAL 9/ITUTION ?AT IS BROAD] ?AN ! ,SOVIETS CAN U%] ! PRES5T P]IOD T[>DS ! F9AL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS REGIME & ITS DEMOCRATIC MASK3 P>LIAM5T>ISM01 DOES IT MEAN ?AT P>LIAM5T>ISM IS ! A=EM5TION$ BROAD] 9/ITUTION1 OR IS IT ! DEMOCRATIC MASK8 ,WE FE> ?AT ! FIR/ 9T]PRETATION MU/ BE ! RIAGRAPH ON ! ,SOVIETS' PROGRAM ( ACTION1 :I* IS A /RANGE MIXTURE ( ! FUNCTIONS ( ! LATT] ) ! ,P>TY'S P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY4 ,IF ! C\NCILS TO BE SET UP >E TO C>RY \T !IR ACTIVITIES ON ?IS AMBIGU\S T]RA91 !N IT W\LD C]TA9LY BE BETT] NOT TO SET !M UP AT ALL4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! ,SOVIETS %\LD HAVE ! ROLE ( WORK+ \T PROPOSALS = SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y LEGISLATION :I* SOCIALI/ DEPUTIES WILL PLACE BE=E ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE -- H]E WE HAVE A PROPOSAL ?AT MAKES A F9E PAIR ) ! ONE ON COMMUNAL-ELECTIONI/ ,SOVIETISM :I* WAS SO WELL DEMOLI%$ BY \R [N ,D4,L4 ,= ! MOM5T WE %ALL GO NO FUR!R ?AN REM9D ! COMRADES :O PUT =W>D SU* PROPOSALS ( ONE ( ,L59'S CONCLUSIONS 9 ! DECL>ATION ADOPT$ BY ! ,MOSC[ ,CONGRESS3 0,PUT A DI/ANCE BETWE5 Y\RSELVES & ?OSE :O DELUDE ! PROLET>IAT BY PROCLAIM+ ! POSSIBILITY ( !IR VICTORIES )9 ! B\RGEOIS FRAMEWORK1 & PROPOSE ?AT ! NEW PROLET>IAN ORGANS %\LD COMB9E ) OR COLLABORATE ) ! 9/RUM5TS ( B\RGEOIS DOM9ATION40 ,IF ! =M] >E ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS 7:O >E /ILL MEMB]S ( \R ,P>TY71 %\LD WE NOT RECOGNIZE ! LATT] 9 ! ELECTIONI/ MAXIMALI/S1 CONC]N$ AS !Y >E ) JU/IFY+ !IR P>LIAM5T>Y & COMMUNAL ACTIVITY BY MON/R\S PSEUDO-,SOVIET PROJECTS8 ,>E ! COMRADES 9 ! FACTION :I* WAS VICTORI\S AT ,BOLOGNA BL9D TO ! FACT ?AT !SE PEOPLE >E NOT EV5 9 L9E ) ?AT =M ( COMMUNI/ ELECTIONISM :I* MAY LEGITIMATELY BE OPPOS$ -- ON ! BASIS ( ! >GUM5TS ( ,L59 & C]TA9 ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S -- TO \R [N IRR$UCIBLE1 PR9CIPL$ AB/5TIONISM8 ,V ,) ?IS >TICLE WE PROPOSE TO CONCLUDE \R EXPOSITION1 ?\< WE MAY RESUME ! DISCUSSION 9 POLEMIC ) COMRADES :O HAVE COMM5T$ ON \R PO9T ( VIEW 9 O!R NEWSPAP]S4 ,! DISCUSSION HAS N[ BE5 TAK5 UP BY ! :OLE ( ! SOCIALI/ PRESS4 ,! BE/ >TICLES WE HAVE COME ACROSS >E ?OSE BY ,C4 ,NICCOL9I 9 ,AVANTI6 ,!SE >TICLES W]E WRITT5 ) GREAT CL>ITY & 9 L9E ) G5U9E ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES2 WE FULLY CONCUR ) !M4 ,! ,SOVIETS1 ! C\NCILS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS 7& SOLDI]S71 >E ! =M ADOPT$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9 ,ITS EX]CISE ( P[] AFT] ! SMA%+ ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE4 ,PRIOR TO ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 :5 ! B\RGEOISIE IS /ILL POLITICALLY DOM9ANT1 IT CAN HAPP5 ?AT SPECIAL HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS1 PROBABLY CORRESPOND+ TO S]I\S CONVULSIONS 9 ! 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS ( ! ,/ATE & SOCIETY1 BR+ ,SOVIETS 9TO EXI/5CE -- & IT CAN BE V]Y APPROPRIATE = COMMUNI/S TO FACILITATE & /IMULATE ! BIR? ( !SE NEW ORGANS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,WE MU/1 H[EV]1 BE QUITE CLE> ?AT !IR =MATION 9 ?IS MANN] CANNOT BE AN >TIFICIAL PROC$URE1 ! M]E APPLICATION ( A RECIPE -- & ?AT 9 ANY CASE ! SIMPLE E/ABLI%M5T ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 AS ! =M ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT ! PROBLEM ( ! REVOLUTION IS RESOLV$1 NOR ?AT 9FALLIBLE CONDITIONS HAVE BE5 LAID = ITS SUCCESS4 ,! REVOLUTION MAY NOT OCCUR EV5 :5 C\NCILS EXI/ 7WE %ALL CITE EXAMPLES71 IF !SE >E NOT 9FUS$ ) ! POLITICAL & HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT -- A CONSCI\SNESS :I* IS COND5S$1 ONE MITY4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ( ! REVOLUTION ?US LIES 9 GAUG+ ! PROLET>IAT'S DET]M9ATION TO SMA% ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE & TAKE P[] 9TO ITS [N H&S4 ,SU* A DET]M9ATION ON ! P>T ( ! BROAD MASSES ( ! WORK+ CLASS EXI/S AS A DIRECT RESULT ( ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( EXPLOITATION BY CAPITAL2 IT IS !SE :I* PLACE ! PROLET>IAT 9 AN 9TOL]ABLE SITUATION & DRIVE IT TO SMA% ! EXI/+ SOCIAL =MS4 ,! TASK ( ! COMMUNI/S1 !N1 IS TO DIRECT ?IS VIOL5T REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES & GIVE IT GREAT] EFFICI5CY4 ,! COMMUNI/S -- AS ! ,MANIFE/O SAID LONG AGO -- HAVE A SUP]IOR KN[L$GE ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! PROLET>IAT'S EMANCIPATION ?AN ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,! CRITIQUE !Y MAKE ( HI/ORY & ( ! CON/ITUTION ( SOCIETY PLACES !M 9 A POSITION TO MAKE FAIRLY ACCURATE PR$ICTIONS CONC]N+ ! DEVELOPM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT COMMUNI/S =M ! CLASS'S POLITICAL P>TY1 :I* SETS ITSELF ! TASK ( UNIFY+ ! PROLET>IAN =CES & ORGANIZ+ ! PROLET>IAT 9TO ! DOM9ANT CLASS ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/ ( P[]4 ,:5 ! REVOLUTION IS IMM95T & ITS PRE-CONDITIONS HAVE MATUR$ 9 ! REAL WORLD1 A P[]FUL COMMUNI/ P>TY MU/ EXI/ & ITS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! EV5TS :I* LIE AHEAD MU/ BE P>TICUL>LY ACUTE4 ,AS REG>DS ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANS :I* WILL EX]CISE PROLET>IAN P[] & REPRES5T ! F\NDATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,/ATE ON ! MORR[ ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 !IR CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR ROLE WILL DEP5D ON ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y >E L$ BY WORK]S :O >E CONSCI\S ( ! NE$ = A DICTATOR%IP ( !IR [N CLASS -- I4E4 COMMUNI/ WORK]S4 ,:]EV] ?IS IS NOT ! CASE1 !SE ORGANS WILL CONC$E ! P[] !Y HAVE WON & ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION WILL TRIUMPH4 ,?US IF AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T !SE ORGANS >E REQUIR$ & COMMUNI/S NE$ TO CONC]N !MSELVES ) SETT+ !M UP1 IT %\LD NOT !RE=E BE ?\IAT1 PLAY A ROLE AS ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = ! PROLET>IAT :ILE CAPITALISM /ILL CONTROLS ! ,/ATE8 ,! ANSW] IS YES -- 9 ! S5SE1 H[EV]1 ?AT AT ANY GIV5 /AGE !Y MAY CON/ITUTE ! RIY /RUGGLE ?AT ! ,P>TY IS WAG+4 ,& AT ?AT P>TICUL> /AGE1 ! ,P>TY HAS TO FA%ION SU* A T]RA91 SU* A GR\P+ ( =CES1 = ITSELF4 ,TODAY1 9 ,ITALY1 HAVE WE REA*$ ?IS /AGE ( /RUGGLE8 ,WE FEEL ?AT WE >E V]Y CLOSE TO IT1 BUT ?AT !RE IS ONE MORE /AGE TO GO ?R\<4 ,! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 :I* HAS TO WORK )9 ! ,SOVIETS1 DOES NOT YET EXI/4 ,WE >E NOT SAY+ ?AT ! ,SOVIETS WILL WAIT = IT BE=E !Y EM]GE4 ,IT C\LD HAPP5 ?AT EV5TS OCCUR DIFF]5TLY4 ,BUT !N WE WILL RUN ?IS GRAVE RISK1 ?AT ! IMMATURITY ( ! P>TY WILL ALL[ !SE ORGANS TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! RE=MI/S1 ! ACCOMPLICES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! SABOTEURS & FALSIFI]S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,& SO WE FEEL ?AT ! PROBLEM ( =G+ A G5U9E COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ,ITALY IS MU* MORE URG5T ?AN ! PROBLEM ( CREAT+ ,SOVIETS4 ,TO /UDY BO? PROBLEMS1 & E/ABLI% ! OPTIMAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* TO TACKLE BO? )\T DELAY -- ?IS TOO IS ACCEPTABLE1 BUT )\T SETT+ FIX$ & S*EMATIC DATES = AN ALMO/ (FICIAL 9AUGURATION ( ,SOVIETS 9 ,ITALY4 ,TO ACCOMPLI% ! =MATION ( ! G5U9E COMMUNI/ P>TY MEANS SORT+ \T ! COMMUNI/S FROM ! RE=MI/S & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS4 ,SOME COMRADES BELIEVE ?AT ! V]Y PROPOSAL TO SET UP ,SOVIETS W\LD ALSO FACILITATE ?IS SORT+ \T PROCESS4 ,WE DO NOT AGREE -- = ! V]Y REASON ?AT ! ,SOVIET1 9 \R VIEW1 IS NOT 9 ITS ESS5CE A REVOLUTION>Y ORGAN4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IF ! RISE ( ,SOVIETS IS TO BE ! S\RCE ( POLITICAL CL>IFICATION1 WE FAIL TO SEE H[ ?IS MAY HE ACCOMPLI%$ ON ! BASIS ( AN UND]/&+ -- AS 9 ! ,BOMBACCI PROPOSAL -- BETWE5 RE=MI/S1 MAXIMALI/S1 SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S6 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! =G+ ( A S\ND & HEAL?Y REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,ITALY WILL NEV] HE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ADVANC+ NEW ORGANS MODEL$ ON FUTURE =MS1 LIKE FACTORY C\NCILS OR SOVIETS -JU/ AS IT WAS AN ILLUSION TO BELIEVE ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT C\LD BE SALVAG$ FROM RE=MISM BY IMPORT+ IT 9TO ! UNIONS1 SE5 AS ! NUCLEUS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,WE WILL NOT EFFECT ! SORT+-\T PROCESS ?R\< A NEW RECIPE1 :I* WILL FRITY ?AT IS WOR?Y TO AFFILIATE TO ,MOSC[4 ,LET US WORK T[>DS ?IS GOAL -- BEG9N+1 AS ,NICCOL9I PUTS IT SO WELL1 ) ! ELABORATION ( A CONSCI\SNESS1 A POLITICAL CULTURE1 9 ! LEAD]S1 ?R\< A MORE S]I\S /UDY ( ! PROBLEMS ( ! REVOLUTION1 ) FEW] DI/RACTIONS FROM SPURI\S ELECTORAL1 P>LIAM5T>Y & M9IMALI/ ACTIVITIES4 ,LET US WORK T[>DS ?IS GOAL4 ,LET US ISSUE MORE PROPAG&A CONC]N+ ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 TO BUILD AW>5ESS ( :AT ! REVOLUTION WILL BE1 :AT ITS ORGANS WILL BE1 H[ ! ,SOVIETS WILL REALLY FUNCTION4 ,!N WE CAN SAY WE HAVE DONE TRULY VALUABLE WORK T[>DS E/ABLI%+ ! C\NCILS ( ! PROLET>IAT & W9N+ )9 !M ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ?AT WILL OP5 UP ! RADIANT ROAD TO COMMUNISM4 ,APP5DIX ,! ,LEONE /ATEM5T4 0,! ,BOLOGNA ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY PROCLAIMS & RECOGNIZES ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 :I* IT SALUTES AS ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T EV5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT1 HAS SP>K$ ! NECESSITY TO FACILITATE ITS EXPANSION 9TO ALL ! C\NTRIES ( CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION2 IT BELIEVES ?AT ! ME?ODS & =MS ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y EXPANSION1 DE/9$ TO TRANS=M ! ,RUSSIAN UPHEAVAL 9TO A TOTAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 >E TO BE S\ACT] -- A REVOLUTION F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( UNIT+ ! PROLET>IANS ( ! WORLD4 ,! LESSONS WE MAY LE>N FROM ?IS REVOLUTION ( ! ,SOVIETS1 A REVOLUTION :I* HAS REALIZ$ 9 PRACTICE ALL ! EXPECTATIONS ( ! AU!NTIC *AMPIONS ( ! CAUSE ( SOCIALISM1 MAY BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! FOLL[+ PO9TS4 0#a4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE HAS BE5 REVEAL$ AS ! TRUE 5G9E ( ! PRES5T HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 DEMON/RAT+ ITS CAPACITY TO SMA% ! SOCIAL-NATIONAL UNION1 TO :I* B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS ) !IR MY/IFICATIONS 9T5D$ TO 5TRU/ ! TASK ( ELIM9AT+ OR DELAY+ IT4 0#b4 ,! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION HAS MANIFE/$ A TW(OLD MOVEM5T 9 PRACTICE3 7A7 A MOVEM5T ( ]OSION & EMPTY+ ( ,/ATE P[]S & NEGATION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* DEMOCRATIC =MS UTILIZE TO DEFLECT ! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ! PROLET>IAT2 I4E4 CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES1 :I* PLACE OPPRESS$ & OPPRESSORS ON A %AM FOOT+ ( LEGAL EQUALITY1 & ! P>LIAM5TS :I* EM]GE FROM !M - COMPLEM5T>Y ORGANS ( ,/ATE SOV]EIGNTY & NOT EXPRESSIONS ( ! POPUL> WILL2 7B7 A MOVEM5T ( CON/RUCTION1 ?ANKS TO A CLASS ORGAN ( NEW CREATIVITY -- ! ,SOVIET ( WORK]S PEASANTS & SOLDI]S -- :I*1 AS AN ORGAN L9K+ ALL ! OPPRESS$ DESIR\S ( ATTA9+ ! GIDDY HEITIES :I* CONDUCT A REVOLUTION>Y CAMPAIGN = ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP & ! P[]S ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE2 ! TRADE UNIONS1 :I* WILL OP]ATE ON A MORE ELEVAT$ & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIO-POLITICAL LEVEL )9 ! ,SOVIET ?AN !Y HAVE HI!RTO A*IEV$ ON ACC\NT ( !IR CORPORATIVE /RUCTURE2 ! MEMB]S ( ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T1 :O 9 ! ,SOVIET WILL BE ABLE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ REGIME AS ALLIES ( ! WAGE-E>N]S1 MAK+ UP = ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ACTIVITY ( !IR ORGANIZATION2 & ! WORK+-CLASS ,LEAGUES ( W> VET]ANS4 0#c4 ,! POLITICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 A MILIT>Y ORGAN ( W>1 9 EV]Y POLITICAL =M OP5 TO IT1 MU/ AS 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE PASSION & REBELLI\S ELAN1 BECAUSE SOCIALISM HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ FROM A PURE PROBLEM 9 SOCIAL LOGIC 9TO A FURNACE ( >DOR & 5?USIASM1 BY IMPLANT+ 9 ! CIVIL & MILIT>Y PROLET>IAT ! CONFID5CE ?AT !Y CAN EFFECT ! TRANSF] ( P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS & SUBSEQU5TLY DEF5D !M AGA9/ ANY REVOLUTION>Y ATTACK4 ,?IS & NO?+ ELSE IS ! SUMMONS TO VIOL5CE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PIONE]S *ALL5GE US )4 ,IT IS A DEBT ( HONOR & A NECESSITY = US TO TAKE IT UP1 RA!R ?AN ! CONFLICT & *AOS AGA9/ :I* SOCIALISM 9 ,RUSSIA HAS BECOME ! GU>ANTEE1 AS ! BE>] ( A NEW ORD]4 0#d4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 & EQUALLY ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 WILL NOT GIVE UP ITS EXI/5CE UNTIL ! ,SOVIET EXP]IM5T HAS REA*$ FULL MATURITY -- AN EXP]IM5T :I* MU/ AT ONCE BE 9ITIAT$ -?\< IT MU/ SUBORD9ATE ALL ITS ACTIVITIES TO ! PR9CIPLES SUGGE/$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE1 :I* TEA*ES ?AT ONLY ! PROLET>IAT GR\P$ 9 ,SOVIETS1 :I* >E SUP]IOR TO P>TIES1 S*OOLS1 CORPORATIONS1 MAY TAKE GREAT HI/ORICAL 9ITIATIVES & BRIG !M TO A TRIUMPHANT CONCLUSION40 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,T[>DS ! ,E/ABLI%M5T ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ,ITALY -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,T[>DS ! ,E/ABLI%M5T ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ,ITALY -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/