,VALUE1 ,POLITICS & ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,AB/RACT 

,?IS >TICLE EXAM9ES ! ROLE ( VALUES 9 ! POLITICAL DISC\RSE ( ! LA/ DECADE 9 ! ,U,S4 ,IT EMB>KS FROM :AT MANY OBS]V]S HAD DESCRIB$ AS A PUZZLE3 ! FACT ?AT SIGNIFICANT P>TS ( ! ,AM]ICAN WORK+ CLASS VOT$ AGA9/ !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S BUT 9 L9E ) :AT !Y P]CEIV$ TO BE !IR VALUES4 ,AS A RESULT1 A PRESID5T HAD BE5 REELECT$ :O CUT TAXES = ! RI* :ILE WAG+ AN EXP5SIVE W> 9 ,IRAQ & 9CREAS+ PUBLIC DEBT TO HI/ORICALLY UNPREC$5T$ LEVELS4 ,IT IS >GU$ ?AT L>GE SECTORS ( ! :ITE ,AM]ICAN WORK+ CLASS W]E DISAPPO9T$ ) LIB]AL POLITICIANS BECAUSE !Y ASSOCIAT$ !M ) A CULTURAL ELITE ?AT OCCUPI$ POSITIONS 9 SOCIETY ?AT ALL[$ !M TO PURSUE C>E]S ( 9TR9SIC VALUE 9 ! >TS1 SCI5CE1 OR POLITICS BUT :I* W]E L>GELY CLOS$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS ?US SUGGE/$ ?AT ! 'CULTURE W>S' 9 ! ,U,S >E BETT] 9T]PRET$ AS A /RUGGLE OV] ACCESS TO ! MEANS TO BEHAVE ALTRUI/ICALLY4 ,! >TICLE REJECTS ! WIDESPREAD ASSUMPTION ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E N>R[LY CONCEIV$ ECONOMIC SELF-9T]E/ MAXIMIZ]S4 ,RA!R1 IT SUGGE/S ?AT HUMAN FULFILLM5T CAN BE RELAT$ TO ! SATISFACTION D]IV$ FROM WORK+ = ! COMMON GOOD4 

,KEYWORDS 

POLITICAL CULTURE1 POLITICAL DISC\RSE1 SOCIAL CLASS1 ,U,S,A1 VALUES1 VOT+ 

,:AT FOLL[S MI<T BE CONSID]$ A K9D ( EXP]IM5T 9 ! POLITICAL RELEVANCE ( SOCIAL !ORY4 ,IT IS AN ATTEMPT TO APPLY SOME:AT TE*NICAL =MS ( VALUE !ORY 7CF4 ,GRAEB]1 #b#a7 TO A V]Y CONCRETE1 IMM$IATE POLITICAL QUE/ION3 ! /RANGE APPEAL ( RI<T-W+ POPULISM TO L>GE SECTIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,AU?ORS LIKE ,TOM ,FRANK1 9 ,:AT'S ,! ,MATT] ,) ,KANSAS1 LAID \T ! PROBLEM3 9 MU* ( ! ,U,S1 9S(> AS ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS IS DRAWN TO RADICAL POLITICS ( ANY SORT1 IT IS F> MORE LIKELY TO BE ! 

F> ,RI<T ?AN ! F> ,LEFT4 ,?IS QUE/ION BECAME UNAVOIDABLE ) #bd REELECTION ( ,GEORGE ,W ,BU%4 

,! /RUCTURE ( ?IS >TICLE IS SIMPLE4 ,I BEG9 BY SETT+ \T ! PROBLEM1 & !N PROPOSE A POLITICAL-ECONOMIC EXPLANATION4 ,IT IS1 ,I ?9K1 A PRETTY GOOD ONE1 & TRUE AS F> AS IT GOES4 ,/ILL1 ,I HOPE TO %[ ?AT ! V]Y LOGIC ( ! EXPLANATION ILLUM9ATES ! LIMITS ( ANY PURELY POLITICAL-ECONOMIC APPROA* & PU%ES T[>DS SOME?+ BEYOND IT4 ,! SECOND HALF IS AN ATTEMPT TO MOVE BEYOND ?OSE LIMITS BY APPLY+ ! RESULTS ( VALUE !ORY4 

,A POLITICAL-ECONOMIC HYPO!SIS 

,9 ,OCTOB] #b#d1 ,AM]ICAN PRESID5TIAL C&IDATES ,GEORGE ,W ,BU% & ,JOHN ,K]RY HELD A S]IES ( DEBATES4 ,POLLS HELD AFT]W>DS OV]:ELM+LY F\ND ?AT MO/ ,AM]ICANS FELT ,K]RY HAD WON ! >GUM5T4 ,!N A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 A MAJORITY ( ?OSE SAME ,AM]ICANS VOT$ = ,BU% ANYWAY4 

,I ?9K IT WAS ! DEBATES MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE ?AT LEFT MO/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN LIB- ]AL 9TELLIG5TSIA REEL+1 BECAUSE !Y TOOK IT AS PRO( ( :AT !Y HAD SUSPECT$3 ?AT ALL ?+S !Y MO/ HAT$ AB\T ,BU% W]E EXACTLY :AT SO MANY ,AM]ICANS LIK$ AB\T HIM4 ,IT WAS H>D TO ESCAPE ! IMPRESSION ?AT1 9 ! 5D1 ,K]RY'S >TICULATE PRES5TATION1 HIS SKILL ) WORDS & >GUM5TS1 ACTUALLY C\NT$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,IT APPE>$ TO REFLECT SOME?+ FUNDAM5TAL AB\T ,BU%'S POPUL> APPEAL3 ?AT ! V]Y QUALITIES !Y 9T]- PRET$ AS PIG-HEAD$ /UPIDITY - ! /UBBORN DET]M9ATION TO TAKE SIMPLE POLICY POSI- TIONS & !N /ICK ) !M NO MATT] H[ UNWISE1 DISA/R\S1 OR SIMPLY FACTUALLY 9CORRECT !IR BASIS MAY TURN \T TO BE - SEEM$ TO BE 9T]PRET$1 9/EAD1 AS MORAL /R5G? OR DECISIVE LEAD]%IP4 

,9 ONE S5SE1 ONE MI<T SAY ! LIB]AL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 BY !IR CONFUSION1 WAS PROV+ ITS OPPON5TS PO9T3 DEMON/RAT+ JU/ H[ \T ( T\* ) MO/ ,AM]ICANS !Y REALLY W]E4 ,/ILL1 !RE IS A LEGITIMATE PUZZLE H]E4 ,AFT] ALL1 ,BU% DOES HAIL FROM ONE ( ! MO/ ELITE FAMILIES 9 ! C\NTRY2 HE ATT5D$ ,&OV]1 ,YALE & ,H>V>D2 HE HAS BE5 KN[N TO REF] TO ! WEAL?IE/ CLASS ( ,AM]ICANS AS HIS 'BASE'4 ,H[ C\LD SU* A MAN EV] BE TAK5 AS A 'MAN ( ! PEOPLE'8 ,/ORIES ( DRAMATIC CLASS MOBILITY ?R\< ACADEMIC ACCOMPLI%M5T >E 9CREAS+LY R>E 9 ! ,U,S4 ,& ,I ?9K ?IS IS PRECISELY :]E TO LOOK = AN EXPLANATION4 ,= MANY ( ITS CITIZ5S1 ,AM]ICA IS BEG9N+ TO LOOK MORE & MORE LIKE A CA/E SOCIETY1 & ! HI<] $UCATION SY/EM1 & RELAT$ 9/ITU- TIONS1 RA!R ?AN SEEM+ A PLAUSIBLE MEANS ( SOCIAL MOBILITY1 APPE>S AS ! V]Y APPA- RATUS ( EXCLUSION4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO ULTIMATELY >GUE !N IS ?AT IT'S ! V]Y LIB]AL ELITES :O F9D ,BU% SO REPELL5T :O HAVE TO BE> MU* ( ! BLAME = ?IS4 ,BU%-/YLE POPULISM IS ! F9AL RESULT ( !IR [N /ACK+ ( ! DECK 9 FAVOR ( !IR [N *IL- DR54 ,H5CE MY POLITICAL-ECONOMIC HYPO!SIS4 ,LET ME LAY IT \T 9 V]Y BRIEF - & !RE- =E1 NECESS>ILY CRUDE & SOME:AT SIMPLIFI$ - =M4 

,AM]ICANS HAVE ALWAYS SE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A L& ( OPPORTUNITY4 ,NEI!R CAN IT BE D5I$ ?AT FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( AN IMMIGRANT FROM ,HAITI OR ,BANGLADE%1 IT CONT9- UES TO BE ONE4 ,BUT ,AM]ICA HAS ALWAYS BE5 A C\NTRY BUILT ON ! PROMISE ( UNLIMIT$ UPW>D MOBILITY4 ,H]E1 ! REM>KABLE ?+ IS H[ LITTLE ! DISC\RSE HAS *ANG$ ) ! *ANG+ /ATI/ICAL REALITY4 ,FREE M>KET 5?USIA/S 7A CATEGORY ?AT 9CLUDES BASICALLY ALL PURVEYORS ( MA9/REAM SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DISC\RSE 9 ! ,U,S7 CONT9UE TO 9SI/ ?AT ! ,U,S IS1 AS ONE REC5TLY PUT IT1 '! MO/ UPW>DLY MOBILE C\NTRY 9 HI/ORY' 7,ELD]1 #b#g74 ,H[EV]1 CLASS MOBILITY 9 ! ,U,S HAD PEAK$ 9 ! #a#i#fS & DECL9$ EV] S9CE1 LEAV+ ! ,U,S ) ! L[E/ RATE ( 9T]G5]ATIONAL CLASS MOBILITY AMONG 9DUS- TRIALIZ$ DEMOCRACIES 7SEE E4G4 ,BELL] & ,H\T1 #b#f2 ,BL&5 ET AL41 #b#e74 ,?IS APPE>S TO BE P>TLY BECAUSE ! GAP BETWE5 RI* & POOR IS SO VA/1 9 ! ,U,S1 ?AT IT IS 9CREAS- +LY DIFFICULT TO CROSS IT2 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! 9CREAS+ CO/ ( HI<] $UCATION4 

,! WORK+-CLASS CONDITION HAD BE5 TRADITIONALLY SE5 AS A WAY /ATION3 SOME?+ 9DIVIDUALS OR FAMILIES PASS ?R\< ON ! ROAD TO SOME?+ BETT]4 ,?IS IS ACTUALLY A CONCEPTION ?AT GOES BACK AT LEA/ TO ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES 7,GRAEB]1 #a#i#i#g2 ,LASLETT1 #a#i#g#b71 :]E WORK+ = O!RS WAS CONSID]$ ESS5TIAL TO ! /ATUS ( Y\?1 BUT ! FRONTI] ALL[$ ! ,U,S TO MANAGE TO MA9TA9 ?IS VISION ( !IR [N SOCIETY F> LONG] ?AN ALMO/ ANY:]E ELSE4 ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN = EXAMPLE W\LD REGUL>LY RESPOND TO ,S\!RN >GUM5TS ?AT ,NOR!RN WAGE-SLAV]Y WAS LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ! MORE LIT]AL V>IETY BY >GU+ ?AT WAGE LABOR1 9 ! ,NOR?1 WAS 9 NO S5SE A P]MAN5T CONDITION4 ,FACTORY WORK 9 P>TICUL> WAS SE5 AS ! PROV9CE ( FIR/-G5]ATION IMMIGRANTS1 :OSE *ILDR51 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO PASS ON TO SOME?+ ELSE - AT ! V]Y LEA/ TO ACQUIRE SOME L& & BECOME A HOME/EAD] ON ! FRONTI]4 ,:AT MAT- T]S H]E IS NOT SO MU* :E!R ?IS WAS ACTUALLY TRUE1 BUT ?AT IT SEEM$ PLAUSIBLE TO MO/ ,AM]ICANS AT ! TIME4 

,EV]Y TIME ?AT ROAD IS BROADLY P]CEIV$ TO BE CLOGG$1 PR(\ND UNRE/ 5SUES4 ,! CLOS+ ( ! FRONTI] L$ TO BITT] LABOR /RUGGLES1 & OV] ! C\RSE ( ! #b? C5TURY1 ! /EADY & RAPID EXPANSION ( ! ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITY SY/EM C\LD BE SE5 AS A K9D ( SUB/ITUTE4 ,P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 HUGE RES\RCES W]E P\R$ 9TO EXP&+ ! HI<] $UCATION SY/EM1 :I* GREW V]Y RAPIDLY4 ,! GOV- ]NM5T PROMOT$ ALL ?IS QUITE 9T5TIONALLY AS A MEANS ( SOCIAL MOBILITY4 ,! ,COLD ,W> SOCIAL CONTRACT WAS NOT JU/ A MATT] ( (F]+ A COM=TABLE LIFE TO ! WORK+ CLASSES2 IT WAS ALSO A MATT] ( (F]+ AT LEA/ A PLAUSIBLE *ANCE ?AT !IR *ILDR5 W\LD NOT BE WORK+ CLASS4 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! GOV]N+ ELITES1 H[EV]1 !RE >E SOME OBVI\S PROB- LEMS ) ?IS APPROA*4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 A HI<] $UCATION SY/EM CANNOT BE EXP&$ =- EV]4 ,SECOND1 !RE QUICKLY COMES A PO9T :]E Y\ 5D UP ) F> MORE $UCAT$ PEOPLE ?AN Y\ CAN EMPLOY AT ANY?+ REMOTELY LIKE ! LEVEL TO :I* !Y HAVE BE5 TRA9$1 & AT :I* !Y EXPECT TO BE OP]AT+4 ,AT A C]TA9 PO9T ONE 5DS UP ) A SIGNIFICANT PORTION ( ! POPULATION UNABLE TO F9D WORK EV5 REMOTELY 9 L9E ) !IR QUALIFICATIONS1 :O HAVE EV]Y REASON TO BE ANGRY AB\T !IR SITUATION1 & :O HAVE ACCESS TO ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( RADICAL ?\<T4 ,DUR+ ! #b? C5TURY1 ?IS WAS PRECISELY ! SITUATION MO/ LIKELY TO SP>K URBAN REVOLTS & 9SURRECTIONS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y H]OES 9 ! GLOBAL ,S\?1 FROM ,*AIRMAN ,MAO TO ,FIDEL ,CA/RO1 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY TURN \T TO BE *ILDR5 ( MODE/ FAMILIES :O SCRIMP$ & SAV$ TO GET !IR *ILDR5 A B\RGEOIS $UCATION1 ONLY TO DISCOV] ?AT A B\RGEOIS $UCATION DOES NOT1 9 ITSELF1 ALL[ 5TRY 9TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! CAMPUS UNRE/ ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS BEGAN AT EXACTLY ! PO9T :]E ! EXPANSION ( ! UNIV]SITY SY/EM HIT A DEAD 5D4 

,:AT WE SEE AFT]W>DS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS BE/ CONSID]$ AS A K9D ( SETTLEM5T4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 MO/ CAMPUS RADICALS W]E REABSORB$ 9TO ! UNIV]SITY 79 ! LATE #a#i#gS & E>LY #a#i#hS IT (T5 SEEM$ ALL LIB]AL DISCIPL9ES W]E DOM9AT$ BY SELF-PROCLAIM$ RADICALS74 ,ON ! O!R1 :AT ?OSE RADICALS 5D$ UP ACTUALLY DO+ WAS L>GELY A WORK ( CLASS REPRODUCTION4 ,AS ! CO/ ( $UCATION SKYROCKET$1 & F9ANCIAL AID & /UD5T LOAN PROGRAMS W]E CUT BACK OR ELIM9AT$1 ! PROSPECT ( SOCIAL MOBILITY ?R\< $UCATION GRADUALLY DECL9$4 ,! NUMB] ( WORK+-CLASS KIDS 9 COLLEGE1 :I* HAD BE5 /EADILY GR[+ UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#fS OR EV5 #a#i#gS1 BEGAN TO DECL9E1 & HAS BE5 DECL9+ EV] S9CE4 ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 IF WE CONSID] ! MATT] 9 PURELY ECONOMIC T]MS4 ,IT IS ALL ! MORE TRUE :5 ONE CONSID]S ?AT CLASS MOBILITY WAS NEV] PRIM>ILY A MATT] ( 9COME4 ,CONSID]1 H]E1 ! PH5OM5ON ( UNPAID 7OR EFFECTIVELY UNPAID7 9T]N%IPS4 ,IT HAS BECOME A FACT ( LIFE 9 ! ,U,S ?AT IF ONE *OOSES A C>E] = ANY REASON O!R ?AN ! MONEY - IF ONE WI%ES TO BECOME P>T ( ! WORLD ( BOOKS1 OR *>ITIES1 ! >T WORLD1 TO BE AN IDEALI/ WORK+ = AN ,N,G,O AN ACTIVI/1 AN 9VE/IGATIVE REPORT] - = ! FIR/ YE> OR TWO1 Y\ WILL NOT BE PAID4 ,?IS EFFECTIVELY SEALS (F ANY SU* C>E] = ! VA/ MAJORITY ( POOR KIDS :O ACTUALLY DO MAKE IT ?R\< COLLEGE4 ,SU* /RUCTURES ( EXCLUSION HAD ALWAYS EXI/$ ( C\RSE1 ESPECIALLY AT ! TOP1 BUT 9 REC5T YE>S F5CES HAVE BECOME =TRESSES4 

,I ?9K IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! 'CULTURE W>S' \TSIDE ?IS FRAMEWORK4 ,! ID5TITIES BE+ CELEBRAT$ 9 'ID5TITY POLITICS' CORRESPOND ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO ?OSE GR\PS :OSE MEMB]S /ILL SEE ! HI<] $UCATION SY/EM AS A POT5TIAL MEANS ( SOCIAL ADVANCEM5T3 ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS1 V>I\S IMMIGRANT GR\PS1 ,QUE]S1 ,NATIVE-,AM]ICANS4 7,ONE MI<T EV5 ADD WOM51 S9CE BY N[ WOM5 >E ATT5D+ UNIV]SITIES AT F> HI<] RATES ?AN M547 ,!SE >E ALSO ! GR\PS ?AT MO/ RELIABLY VOTE ,DEMOCRATIC4 ,DRA- MATICALLY LACK+ 9 DEBATES AB\T ID5TITY POLITICS >E ID5TITIES LIKE1 SAY1 ',BAPTI/'1 OR ',R$NECK' - ?AT IS1 ?OSE ?AT 5COMPASS ! BULK ( ! ,AM]ICAN WORK+ CLASS1 :O >E MADE TO VANI% RHETORICALLY AT ! SAME TIME AS !IR *ILDR5 >E1 9 FACT1 L>GELY EXCLUD$ FROM COLLEGE CAMPUSES & ALL ! SOCIAL & CULTURAL WORLDS COLLEGE OP5S UP4 

,! REACTION IS1 PR$ICTABLY1 A T5D5CY TO SEE SOCIAL CLASS AS L>GELY A MATT] ( $U- CATION1 & AN 9DIGNANT REJECTION ( ! V]Y VALUES FROM :I* ONE IS EFFECTIVELY EXCLUD$4 ,AS ,TOM ,FRANK HAS REC5TLY REM9D$ US1 ! H>D ,RI<T 9 ! ,U,S IS L>GELY A WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 FULL ( EXPLICIT CLASS RES5TM5T4 ,MO/ WORK+-CLASS ,BU% FANS DON'T HAVE A LOT GOOD TO SAY AB\T CORPORATE EXECUTIVES1 BUT TO ! FRU/RATION ( PROGRESSIVES EV]Y:]E1 CORPORATE EXECUTIVES NEV] SEEM TO BECOME ! PR9CIPAL T>- GETS ( !IR IRE4 ,9/EAD1 !IR HATR$ IS DIRECT$ ABOVE ALL AT ! 'LIB]AL ELITE' 7) ITS V>I\S BRAN*ES3 ! ',HOLLYWOOD ELITE'1 ! 'J\RNALI/IC ELITE'1 'UNIV]SITY ELITE'1 'FANCY LAWY]S'1 '! M$ICAL E/ABLI%M5T'74 ,! SORT ( PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 BIG COA/AL CITIES1 WAT* ,P,B,S OR LI/5 TO ,N,P,R1 OR EV5 MORE1 :O MI<T BE APPE>+ 9 OR PRODUC+ PROGRAMM+ = ,P,B,S OR ,N,P,R4 

,:Y1 !N1 DO WORK+-CLASS ,BU% VOT]S RES5T 9TELLECTUALS AS A CLASS MORE ?AN RI* PEOPLE8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ! ANSW] IS OBVI\S4 ,!Y DO BECAUSE !Y CAN IMAG9E A SCE- N>IO 9 :I* ONE ( !IR *ILDR5 MI<T BECOME RI*1 BUT CANNOT POSSIBLY IMAG9E ONE 9 :I* !IR *ILDR51 NO MATT] H[ TAL5T$1 W\LD BECOME A MEMB] ( ! LIB]AL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,IF Y\ ?9K AB\T IT ?AT'S NOT AN UNREASONABLE ASSESSM5T4 ,! *ILD ( AN AIR CONDITION] REPAIRMAN FROM ,NEBRASKA MI<T NOT HAVE V]Y MU* *ANCE ( BECOM+ A MILLIONAIRE1 BUT IT C\LD HAPP54 ,C]TA9LY1 IT'S MU* MORE LIKELY ?AN HIS EV] BECOM+ AN 9T]NATIONAL HUMAN RI<TS LAWY]1 OR DRAMA CRITIC = ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES4 ,SU* JOBS GO ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO *ILDR5 ( PRIVILEGE4 ,9S(> AS !RE >E NOT QUITE 5\< *ILDR5 ( PRIVILEGE TO GO >\ND - S9CE ELITES ALMO/ NEV] PRODUCE 5\< (FSPR+ TO REPRODUCE !MSELVES DEMOGRAPHICALLY - ! JOBS >E LIKELY TO GO TO ! MO/ REM>K- ABLE *ILDR5 ( IMMIGRANTS4 ,EXECUTIVES ) ,BANK ( ,AM]ICA1 OR ,5RON1 :5 FAC+ A SIMIL> DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEM1 >E MU* MORE LIKELY TO RECRUIT FROM POOR] :ITE FOLK LIKE !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE ( RACISM2 P>TLY1 TOO1 BECAUSE CORPORATIONS T5D TO 5C\RAGE A BROADLY ANTI-9TELLECTUAL CLIMATE !MSELVES4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N AT ,YALE1 :]E ,I HAVE WORK$1 ?AT EXECUTIVE RECRUIT]S T5D TO PREF] TO HIRE ,YALE'S ',B' /UD5TS1 S9CE !Y >E MORE LIKELY TO BE PEOPLE '!Y'LL FEEL COM=TABLE )'4 

,?IS OP5S UP :AT'S ! MO/ DIFFICULT & DIVISIVE ASPECT ( ?IS CONFLICT3 ! RACISM1 ! HOMOPHOBIA1 ! FUNDAM5TALISM4 ,OBVI\SLY NONE ( !SE ?+S HAVE BE5 BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY CURR5T DIRECTIONS 9 $UCATIONAL POLICY2 !Y HAVE ALL BE5 >\ND = A LONG TIME4 ,! QUE/ION IS :Y AT ?IS P>TICUL> MOM5T SO MANY PEOPLE >E US+ !M AS A BASIS = VOT+1 EV5 IF IT MEANS VOT+ AGA9/ !IR [N ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,H]E ,I MI<T ASK A P>ALLEL QUE/ION4 ,:Y DOES ONE NOT SEE A SIMIL> ANTI-9TELLECTUAL POLITICS AMONG1 SAY1 ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS1 OR 9 IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES8 ,I CAN'T MYSELF ?9K ( A S+LE ELECT$ BLACK (FICIAL :O GOT 9TO (FICE BY APPEAL+ TO ?IS SORT ( S5TIM5T4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 >\ND ! SAME TIME AS ! ,BU%-,K]RY DEBATE1 ! ,U,S WITNESS$ AN \T- P\R+ ( DEBATE1 AMONG ! ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN CULTURAL & POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 AB\T :AT TO DO ) ! PROBLEM ( 'BLACK ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM'4 ,9 FACT1 ! PH5OM5ON 9 QUE/ION SEEMS TO COME D[N TO LITTLE MORE ?AN ! FACT ?AT BLACK HI< S*OOL /UD5TS (T5 MOCK ?OSE :O SP5D MU* ( !IR TIME /UDY+ AS 'TRY+ TO BE :ITE' - 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT LIKE ANY O!R ,AM]ICAN TE5AG]1 !Y MAKE FUN ( N]DS4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT 9 BLACK ,AM]ICA ?IS IS CONSID]$ A CRISIS IS TELL+ 9 ITSELF1 CONSID]+ ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( ANY P>ALLEL DEBATE AB\T :ITE ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM4 ,C]TA9LY1 IT'S H>D TO ?9K ( A S+LE ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN1 OR ,ASIAN OR ,LAT9O POLITICIAN1 :O P&]S TO ANTI- 9TELLECTUALISM 9 ! MANN] ( ,GEORGE ,W ,BU% - A PATRICIAN :O1 AS NOT$ E>LI]1 APPE>S TO HAVE BUILT HIS CLAIM TO BE+ A 'MAN ( ! PEOPLE' L>GELY BY ACT+ LIKE ! SORT ( P]SON :O1 9 HI< S*OOL1 W\LD HAVE HIMSELF MADE FUN ( N]DS4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ! ONLY EXPLANATION IS BECAUSE !SE >E POPULATIONS :O CONT9UE TO SEE ! HI<] $UCATION SY/EM AS A PLAUSIBLE MEANS ( SOCIAL ADVANCEM5T4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT WAS PRECISELY >\ND ! TIME 79 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS7 ?AT TUITIONS BEGAN TO RISE PRECIPI- T\SLY1 GOV]NM5T GRANTS = HI<] $UCATION BEGAN TO BE REPLAC$ ) /UD5T LOANS1 AS 9T]E/ RATES ON ?OSE LOANS SKYROCKET$ & W]E 9CREAS+LY AGGRESSIVELY 5=C$1 ?AT MANY ( ?OSE ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM ! SY/EM 5TIRELY W]E - 9 H[EV] LIMIT$ A FA%ION - WELCOM$ 7CF4 ,KAM5ETZ1 #b#f74 ,! ,G,I ,BILL ( ,RI<TS1 AFT] ALL1 HAD BE5 EFFECTIVELY LIMIT$ TO :ITE MALES4 ,POOR :ITE FOLK SAW A RAPIDLY %R9K+ PIE ( PUBLIC FUNDS & 9NUM]ABLE B>RI]S1 & = ! MO/ P>T1 !IR UND]/&ABLE REACTION IS TO SAY ?AT ! SORTS ( KN[L$GE & ATTA9M5T HI<] $UCATION (F]S ISN'T ALL IT'S CRACK$ UP TO BE ANYWAY - ?AT RELIGI\S WISDOM1 OR COMM]CIAL SAVVY1 PATRIOTISM OR MORAL VIRTUES >E REALLY WOR? A ?\S& TIMES MORE4 ,RELIGION 9 P>TICUL> (F]S AN EXPLICIT CRITIQUE ( DOM9ANT =MS ( KN[L$GE3 A RADICAL *ALL5GE TO ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT'S REALLY IMPORTANT OR VALUABLE 9 LIFE & :AT SORT ( PEOPLE HAVE ! RI<T TO MAKE JUDGM5TS ON SU* MATT]S4 ,BUT H]E WE BEG9 TO MOVE \TSIDE ! DOMA9 ( :AT CAN BE EXPLA9$ SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & 9TO :AT 9 ! ,U,S HAS COME TO BE REF]R$ TO AS ! ',CULTURE ,W>S'4 ,IF PEOPLE VOTE AGA9/ !IR OBVI\S ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 !N1 IT CAN ONLY BE BECAUSE ONE CANNOT1 REALLY1 SEP>ATE ! ECONOMIC ISSUES FROM SOCIAL & CULTURAL ONES4 ,LIB]AL COMM5TATORS' 9SI/5CE ON SEP>AT+ !SE TWO IS PRECISELY :AT MAKES IT DIFFICULT = !M TO SEE :AT'S REALLY GO+ ON4 

,9 ! NEXT SECTION1 !N1 ,I BEG9 BY FA/-=W>D+ TWO YE>S TO #bf - ! YE> ! ,DEMOCRATS F9ALLY WON - TO ANO!R TELL-TALE CLA% BETWE5 ,BU% & ,K]RY4 ,I ?9K EXAM9+ ?AT CLA% OP5S UP POSSIBILITIES = A WAY TO TRANSC5D ! DIVISION4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I >GU$ 9 MY ,H>P]'S >TICLE 7,GRAEB]1 #b#g71 :I* =MS ! BASIS = ! SECOND P>T ( ?IS >TICLE4 

,VALUE TRANS=MATION & ! LIB]AL IDEAL 

,LET US FA/-=W>D1 !N1 TO ! #bf CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS 9 :I* ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 RID+ A WAGE ( POPUL> FURY ( ,BU%'S BUNGL$ & 9T]M9ABLE W> 9 ,IRAQ1 F9ALLY SWEPT BACK 9TO CONTROL ( BO? H\SES ( ,CONGRESS4 ,! ONE FLEET+ MOM5T ( HOPE = ,REPUBLICANS DUR+ ?AT P>TICUL> CAMPAIGN WAS AF=D$ BY A LAME JOKE BY ,S5ATOR ,JOHN ,K]RY - A JOKE PRETTY OBVI\SLY AIM$ AT ,GEORGE ,BU% - :I* !Y TOOK TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,K]RY ?\<T ?AT ONLY ?OSE :O FLUNK$ \T ( S*OOL 5D UP 9 ! MILIT>Y4 ,IT WAS ALL V]Y DIS+5U\S4 ,MO/ KNEW P]FECTLY WELL ,K]RY'S REAL PO9T WAS TO SUGGE/ ! PRESID5T WASN'T V]Y BRI<T4 ,BUT ! ,RI<T SMELL$ BLOOD4 ,! PROBLEM ) '>I/O-SLACK]S' LIKE ,K]RY1 WROTE ONE ,NATIONAL ,REVIEW BLOGG]1 IS ?AT !Y ASSUME '! TROOPS >E 9 ,IRAQ NOT BECAUSE !Y >E DEEPLY COMMITT$ TO ! MISSION 7!Y NE$ TO D5Y ?AT7 BUT RA!R BECAUSE ( A SY/EM ?AT TAKES ADVANTAGE ( !IR LACK ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,WE %\LD CLOBB] !M ) ?AT RU?LESSLY UNTIL ! DAY ( ! ELECTION - JU/ LIKE WE DID 9 '#d - BECAUSE IT IS ! MO/ BASIC REASON !Y DES]VE TO LOSE4' 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 IT DID NOT MAKE A LOT ( DIFF]5CE4 ,MO/ ,AM]ICANS HAD APP>5TLY BY ?AT TIME DECID$ !Y W]E NOT DEEPLY COMMITT$ TO ! MISSION EI!R 79S(> AS !Y W]E EV5 SURE :AT ?AT MISSION WAS74 ,BUT ,I ?9K ?IS P>TICUL> EX*ANGE - IRONICALLY1 BETWE5 A P]CEIV$ MEMB] ( ! 'LIB]AL ELITE' :O WAS A G5U9E W>-H]O1 & A PRESID5T :O HAD :5 ( MILIT>Y AGE MANAG$ TO USE HIS ELITE CONNECTIONS TO AVOID HAV+ EV] GONE TO W> AT ALL - IS P>TICUL>LY TELL+4 ,RI<T-W+ POPULISM1 9 FACT1 T5DS TO 9V>IABLY COMB9E HO/ILITY TO ! 'LIB]AL ELITE' DESCRIB$ E>LI] ) AN 5DLESS CALL TO 'SUPPORT \R TROOPS'1 :O ?AT SAME LIB]AL ELITE IS 9V>IABLY ACCUS$ ( DISRESPECT+4 ,IT /RIKES ME ?IS >GUM5T 9 P>TICUL> IS A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( ! PO9TLESSNESS ( R$UC+ ALL SU* ISSUES TO AN EI!R_/OR3 PATRIOTISM VS OPPORTUNITY1 VALUES VS BREAD-&- BUTT] ISSUES LIKE JOBS & $UCATION4 ,DO WORK+-CLASS ,AM]ICANS JO9 ! ,>MY BECAUSE !Y >E DEPRIV$ ( OPPORTUNITIES8 ,?IS SEEMS UND5IABLE4 ,BUT ! REAL QUE/ION TO BE ASK+ IS3 OPPORTUNITIES TO DO :AT8 

,AM]ICANS DO NOT SEE !MSELVES AS A NATION ( FRU/RAT$ ALTRUI/S4 ,QUITE ! OPPOSITE3 \R NORMAL HABITS ( ?\<T T5D T[>DS A R\< & READY CYNICISM4 ,! WORLD IS A GIANT M>KETPLACE2 EV]YONE IS 9 IT = A BUCK2 IF Y\ WANT TO UND]/& :Y SOME?+ HAPP5$1 FIR/ ASK :O /&S TO GA9 BY IT4 ,! SAME ATTITUDES EXPRESS$ 9 ! BACK ROOMS ( B>S >E E*O$ 9 ! HI<E/ REA*ES ( SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,AM]ICA'S GREAT CON- TRIBUTION TO ! WORLD 9 ! LATT] RESPECT HAS BE5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 'RATIONAL *OICE' !ORIES1 :I* PROCE$ FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL HUMAN BEHAVIOR CAN BE UND]/OOD AS A MATT] ( ECONOMIC CALCULATION1 ( RATIONAL ACTORS TRY+ TO GET AS MU* AS POSSIBLE \T ( ANY GIV5 SITUATION ) ! LEA/ CO/ TO !MSELVES4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 MO/ FIELDS1 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ALTRUI/IC BEHAVIOR IS CONSID]$ A K9D ( PUZZLE1 & EV]YONE FROM ECONOMI/S TO EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGI/S HAVE MADE !MSELVES FAM\S ?R\< ATTEMPTS TO 'SOLVE' IT - ?AT IS1 TO EXPLA9 ! MY/]Y ( :Y BEES SACRIFICE !MSELVES = HIVES OR HUMAN BE+S HOLD OP5 DOORS & GIVE CORRECT /REET DIRECTIONS TO TOTAL /RANG]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! CASE ( ! MILIT>Y BASES SUGGE/S ! POSSIBILITY ?AT 9 FACT ,AM]ICANS1 P>TICUL>LY ! LESS AFFLU5T ONES1 >E HAUNT$ BY FRU/RAT$ DESIRES TO DO GOOD 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO ASSEMBLE EVID5CE ?AT ?IS IS ! CASE4 ,/UDIES ( *>ITA- BLE GIV+1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE ALWAYS %[N ! POOR TO BE ! MO/ G5]\S4 ,MOREOV]1 *>ITY REPRES5TS ONLY A T9Y P>T ( ! PICTURE4 ,IF ONE W]E TO BREAK D[N :AT ! TYPI- CAL ,AM]ICAN WAGE-E>N] DOES ) HIS_/H] MONEY ONE W\LD LIKELY F9D !Y GIVE MO/ ( IT AWAY4 ,TAKE A TYPICAL MALE HEAD ( H\SEHOLD4 ,AB\T A ?IRD ( HIS ANNUAL 9COME IS LIKELY TO 5D UP BE+ R$I/RIBUT$ TO /RANG]S1 ?R\< TAXES & *>ITY2 ANO!R ?IRD HE IS LIKELY TO GIVE 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R TO HIS *ILDR52 ( ! REMA9D]1 PROBABLY ! L>GE/ P>T IS GIV5 TO OR %>$ ) O!RS3 PRES5TS1 TRIPS1 P>TIES1 ! SIX-PACK ( BE] = ! LOCAL S(TBALL GAME4 ,ONE MI<T OBJECT ?AT ?IS LATT] IS MORE A REFLECTION ( ! REAL NATURE ( PLEASURE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE 7:O W\LD WANT TO EAT A DELICI\S MEAL AT AN EXP5SIVE RE/AURANT ALL BY !MSELVES87 BUT ITSELF ?IS IS HALF ! PO9T4 ,EV5 \R SELF- 9DULG5CES T5D TO BE DOM9AT$ BY ! LOGIC ( ! GIFT4 ,SIMIL>LY1 MANY W\LD C]- TA9LY >GUE ?AT %ELL+ \T A SMALL =TUNE TO S5D ONE'S *ILDR5 TO AN EXCLUSIVE K9D]G>T5 IS MORE AB\T /ATUS ?AN ALTRUISM4 ,CLE>LY !RE IS SOME?+ TO ?IS4 ,BUT IF Y\ LOOK AT :AT HAPP5S OV] ! C\RSE ( PEOPLE'S ACTUAL LIVES1 IT SOON BECOMES APP>- 5T ?IS K9D ( BEHAVIOR FULFILLS AN ID5TICAL PSY*OLOGICAL NE$4 ,H[ MANY Y\?FUL IDEALI/S ?R\<\T HI/ORY HAVE MANAG$ TO F9ALLY COME TO T]MS ) A WORLD BAS$ ON SELFI%NESS & GRE$ ! MOM5T !Y />T A FAMILY8 ,IF ONE W]E TO ASSUME ALTRUISM WAS ! PRIM>Y HUMAN MOTIVATION1 ?IS W\LD MAKE P]FECT S5SE3 ! ONLY WAY !Y CAN CONV9CE !MSELVES TO AB&ON !IR DESIRE TO DO RI<T BY ! WORLD AS A :OLE IS TO SUB/ITUTE AN EV5 MORE P[]FUL DESIRE TO DO RI<T BY !IR *ILDR54 

,:AT ALL ?IS SUGGE/S TO ME IS ?AT ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY MI<T WELL WORK COMPLETELY DIFF]5TLY ?AN WE T5D TO ASSUME4 ,IMAG9E1 = A MOM5T1 ?AT ! ,U,S AS IT EXI/S TODAY WAS ! CREATION ( SOME +5I\S SOCIAL 5G9E]4 ,:AT ASSUMPTIONS AB\T HUMAN NATURE C\LD WE SAY ?IS 5G9E] MU/ HAVE BE5 WORK+ )8 ,C]TA9LY NO?+ LIKE RATIONAL *OICE !ORY4 ,= CLE>LY \R SOCIAL 5G9E] UND]/&S ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO CONV9CE HUMAN BE+S TO 5T] 9TO ! WORLD ( WORK & ! M>KETPLACE 7?AT IS1 ( M9D-NUMB+ LABOR & CUT?ROAT COMPETITION7 IS TO DANGLE ! PROSPECT ( !REBY BE+ ABLE TO LAVI% MONEY ON ONE'S *ILDR51 BUY DR9KS = ONE'S FRI5DS &1 IF ONE HITS ! JACKPOT1 TO BE ABLE TO SP5D ! RE/ ( ONE'S LIFE 5D[+ MUSEUMS & PROVID+ ,A,I,D,S M$ICATIONS TO IMPOV]I%$ C\NTRIES 9 ,AFRICA4 ,:]E \R !ORI/S >E CON- /ANTLY TRY+ TO /RIP AWAY ! VEIL ( APPE>ANCES & %[ H[ ALL SU* APP>5TLY SELFLESS GE/URES REALLY MASK SOME K9D ( SELF-9T]E/$ /RATEGY1 9 REALITY1 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY IS BETT] CONCEIV$ AS A BATTLE OV] ACCESS TO ! MEANS TO BEHAVE ALTRUI/ICALLY4 ,SELFLESSNESS - OR AT LEA/1 ! RI<T TO 5GAGE 9 HI<-M9D$ ACTIVITY - IS NOT ! /RATEGY4 ,IT IS ! PRIZE4 

,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ,I ?9K ?IS HELPS US UND]/& :Y ! ,RI<T HAS BE5 SO MU* BETT]1 9 REC5T YE>S1 AT PLAY+ TO POPULI/ S5TIM5TS ?AN ! ,LEFT4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 !Y DO IT BY ACCUS+ LIB]ALS ( CUTT+ ORD9>Y ,AM]ICANS (F FROM ! RI<T TO DO GOOD 9 ! WORLD4 ,LET ME EXPLA9 :AT ,I MEAN H]E BY ?R[+ \T A S]IES ( PROPOSITIONS4 

,PROPOSITION ,I3 ,NEI!R EGOISM NOR ALTRUISM >E NATURAL URGES2 !Y 9 FACT >ISE 9 RELATION TO ONE ANO!R & NEI!R W\LD BE CONCEIVABLE )\T ! M>KET4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ,I %\LD MAKE CLE> ?AT ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT EI!R EGOISM OR ALTRUISM IS SOMEH[ 9H]5T TO HUMAN NATURE4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE !Y >E P>TICUL>LY USEFUL !ORETICAL T]MS AT ALL3 R>ELY >E !Y USEFUL EXPLANATIONS = CONCRETE =MS ( HUMAN 9T]ACTION4 ,ORD9>Y HUMAN MOTIVATIONS T5D TO BE F> MORE POSSIBLE4 ,RA!R EGOISM OR ALTRUISM >E IDEAS WE HAVE AB\T HUMAN NATURE4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ONE T5DS TO >ISE 9 RESPONSE TO ! O!R4 ,9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 = EXAMPLE1 IT IS PRECISELY AT ! TIMES & PLACES ?AT ONE SEES ! EM]- G5CE ( MONEY & IMP]SONAL M>KETS ?AT ONE ALSO SEES ! RISE ( WORLD RELIGIONS3 ,BUDDHISM1 ,*RI/IANITY & LAT] ,ISLAM4 ,IF ONE SETS ASIDE A SPACE & SAYS1 ',H]E Y\ %ALL ?9K ONLY AB\T ACQUIR+ MAT]IAL ?+S = Y\RSELF'1 !N IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT BE=E LONG SOMEONE ELSE WILL SET ASIDE A C\NT]VAIL+ SPACE1 DECL>+1 9 EFFECT3 ',YES1 BUT H]E1 WE MU/ CONTEMPLATE ! FACT ?AT ! SELF1 & MAT]IAL ?+S1 >E ULTI- MATELY UNIMPORTANT4' ,IT WAS !SE LATT] 9/ITUTIONS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT FIR/ DEVELOP$ \R MOD]N NOTIONS ( *>ITY4 

,EV5 TODAY1 :5 WE OP]ATE \TSIDE ! DOMA9 ( ! M>KET OR ( RELIGION1 V]Y FEW ( \R ACTIONS C\LD BE SAID TO BE MOTIVAT$ BY ANY?+ SO SIMPLE AS UNTRAMMEL$ GRE$ OR SELFLESS G5]OSITY4 ,:5 WE >E DEAL+ NOT ) /RANG]S BUT ) FRI5DS1 RELATIVES1 OR 5EMIES1 A MU* MORE COMPLICAT$ SET ( MOTIVATIONS WILL G5]ALLY COME 9TO PLAY3 5VY1 SOLID>ITY1 PRIDE1 SELF-DE/RUCTIVE GRIEF1 LOYALTY1 ROMANTIC OBSESSION1 RES5TM5T1 SPITE1 %AME1 CONVIVIALITY1 ! ANTICIPATION ( %>$ 5JOYM5T1 ! DESIRE TO %[ UP A RIVAL & SO ON4 ,!SE >E ! MOTIVATIONS ?AT IMPEL ! MAJOR DRAMAS ( \R LIVES1 BUT ?AT SOCIAL !ORI/S1 = SOME REASON1 T5D TO IGNORE4 ,IF ONE TRAVELS TO P>TS ( ! WORLD :]E MONEY & M>KETS DO NOT EXI/ - SAY1 TO C]TA9 P>TS ( ,NEW ,GU9EA OR ,AMAZONIA - SU* COMPLICAT$ WEBS ( MOTIVATION >E PRECISELY :AT ONE /ILL F9DS4 ,9 SOCIETIES :]E MO/ PEOPLE LIVE 9 SMALL COMMUNITIES1 :]E ALMO/ EV]YONE !Y KN[ IS EI!R A FRI5D1 A RELATIVE OR AN 5EMY1 ! LANGUAGES SPOK5 T5D EV5 TO LACK WORDS ?AT COR- RESPOND TO 'SELF-9T]E/' OR 'ALTRUISM'1 :ILE 9CLUD+ V]Y SUBTLE VOCABUL>IES = DESCRIB+ 5VY1 SOLID>ITY1 PRIDE & ! LIKE 7CF4 ,MAUSS1 #a#i#b#e74 ,!IR ECONOMIC DEAL+S ) ONE ANO!R LIKEWISE T5D TO BE BAS$ ON MU* MORE SUBTLE PR9CIPLES4 ,AN?ROPOLO- GI/S HAVE CREAT$ A VA/ LIT]ATURE TO TRY TO FA?OM ! DYNAMICS ( !SE APP>5TLY EXOTIC 'GIFT ECONOMIES'1 BUT IF IT SEEMS ODD TO US TO SEE1 SAY1 IMPORTANT M5 CONNIV+ ) !IR C\S9S TO F9AGLE VA/ WEAL?1 :I* !Y !N PRES5T AS GIFTS TO BITT] 5EMIES 9 ORD] TO PUBLICLY HUMILIATE !M1 IT IS BECAUSE WE >E SO US$ TO OP]AT+ 9SIDE IMP]- SONAL M>KETS ?AT IT NEV] OCCURS TO US TO ?9K H[ WE W\LD ACT IF WE HAD AN ECONOMIC SY/EM :]E WE TREAT$ PEOPLE BAS$ ON H[ WE ACTUALLY FELT AB\T !M4 

,N[ADAYS1 ! WORK ( DE/ROY+ SU* WAYS ( LIFE1 :E!R 9 ! ,&ES OR HI<- L&S ( ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA1 IS L>GELY LEFT TO MISSION>IES - REPRES5TATIVES ( ?OSE V]Y WORLD RELIGIONS ?AT ORIG9ALLY SPRUNG UP 9 REACTION TO ! M>KET LONG AGO4 ,ALMO/ 9V>I- ABLY1 !Y 5D UP TRY+ TO CONV9CE PEOPLE TO BE MORE SELFI%1 & MORE ALTRUI/IC1 AT ! SAME TIME4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !Y SET \T TO TEA* ! 'NATIVES' PROP] WORK DISCIPL9E1 & TO TRY TO GET !M 9VOLV$ ) BUY+ & SELL+ PRODUCTS ON ! M>KET1 SO AS TO BETT] !IR MAT]IAL LOT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y EXPLA9 TO !M ?AT ULTIMATELY1 MAT]IAL ?+S >E UNIMPORTANT1 & LECTURE ON ! VALUE ( ! HI<] ?+S1 SU* AS SELFLESS DEVOTION TO O!RS4 

,PROPOSITION ,I,I3 ,! POLITICAL ,RI<T HAS ALWAYS TRI$ TO 5HANCE ?IS DIVISION1 & ?US CLAIM TO BE *AMPIONS ( BO? EGOISM & ALTRUISM SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,! ,LEFT HAS TRI$ TO EFFACE IT4 ,MI<T ?IS NOT HELP TO EXPLA9 :Y ! ,U,S1 ! MO/ M>KET-DRIV5 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY ON E>?1 IS ALSO ! MO/ RELIGI\S8 ,OR1 EV5 MORE /RIK+LY1 :Y ! C\NTRY ?AT PRODUC$ ,TOL/OY & ,DO/OEVSKY SP5T MU* ( ! #b? C5TURY TRY+ TO ]ADICATE BO? ! M>KET & RELIGION 5TIRELY8 

,:]E ! POLITICAL ,LEFT HAS ALWAYS TRI$ TO EFFACE ?IS DI/9CTION - :E!R BY TRY+ TO CREATE ECONOMIC SY/EMS ?AT >E NOT DRIV5 BY ! PR(IT MOTIVE1 OR BY REPLAC+ PRIVATE *>ITY ) ONE OR ANO!R =M ( COMMUNITY SUPPORT - ! POLITICAL ,RI<T HAS ALWAYS ?RIV$ ON IT4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY IS DOM9AT$ BY TWO IDEOLOGI- CAL W+S3 ! LIB]T>IANS & ! ',*RI/IAN RI<T'4 ,AT ONE EXTREME1 ,REPUBLICANS >E FREE M>KET FUNDAM5TALI/S & ADVOCATES ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES2 ON ! O!R1 !Y >E FUNDA- M5TALI/S ( A MORE LIT]AL V>IETY1 SUSPICI\S ( MO/ 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES BUT 5?USIA/IC AB\T BIBLICAL 9JUNCTIONS1 'FAMILY VALUES' & *>ITABLE GOOD WORKS4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE IT MI<T SEEM REM>KABLE SU* AN ALLIANCE MANAGES TO HOLD TOGE!R AT ALL4 ,BUT 9 FACT RI<T- W+ COALITIONS ALMO/ ALWAYS TAKE SOME V>IATION ( ?IS =M4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT ! CONS]VATIVE APPROA* ALWAYS HAS BE5 TO RELEASE ! DOGS ( ! M>KET1 ?R[+ ALL TRADITIONAL V]ITIES 9TO DIS>RAY2 & !N1 9 ?IS TUMULT ( 9SECURITY1 (F]+ !MSELVES UP AS ! LA/ BA/ION ( ORD] & HI]>*Y1 ! /ALW>T DEF5D]S ( ! AU?ORITY ( *UR*ES & FA!RS AGA9/ ! B>B>IANS !Y HAVE !MSELVES UNLEA%$4 ,A SCAM IT MAY BE1 BUT A REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE ONE2 & ONE EFFECT IS ?AT ! RI<T 5DS UP SEEM+ TO HAVE A MONOPOLY ON VALUE4 ,!Y MANAGE1 WE MI<T SAY1 TO OCCUPY BO? POSITIONS1 ON EI!R SIDE ( ! DIVIDE3 EXTREME EGOISM & EXTREME ALTRUISM4 

,CONSID]1 N[1 ! WORD 'VALUE' ITSELF 7CF4 ,GRAEB]1 #b#a74 ,:5 ECONOMI/S SPEAK AB\T VALUE !Y >E REALLY TALK+ AB\T MONEY - OR MORE PRECISELY1 AB\T :ATEV] IT IS ?AT MONEY IS MEASUR+2 ALSO1 :ATEV] IT IS ?AT ECONOMIC ACTORS >E ASSUM$ TO BE PURSU+4 ,:5 WE >E WORK+ = A LIV+1 OR BUY+ & SELL+ ?+S1 WE >E REW>D$ ) MONEY4 ,BUT :5EV] WE >E NOT WORK+ OR BUY+ OR SELL+1 :5 WE >E MOTI- VAT$ BY PRETTY MU* ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! DESIRE TO GET MONEY1 WE SUDD5LY F9D \RSELVES 9 ! DOMA9 ( 'VALUES'4 ,! MO/ COMMONLY 9VOK$ ( !SE >E ( C\RSE 'FAMILY VALUES'1 BUT WE ALSO TALK AB\T RELIGI\S VALUES1 POLITICAL VALUES1 ! VALUES ?AT ATTA* !MSELVES TO >T OR PATRIOTISM - ONE C\LD EV51 P]HAPS1 C\NT LOYALTY TO ONE'S FAVORITE BASKETBALL TEAM4 ,ALL >E SE5 AS COMMITM5TS ?AT >E1 OR \<T TO BE1 UNCOR- RUPT$ BY ! M>KET4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y >E ALSO SE5 AS UTT]LY UNIQUE2 :]E MONEY MAKES ALL ?+S COMP>ABLE1 'VALUES' SU* AS BEAUTY1 DEVOTION1 OR 9TEGRITY CANNOT1 BY DEF9ITION1 BE COMP>$4 ,!RE IS NO MA!MATIC =MULA ?AT C\LD POSSIBLY ALL[ ONE TO CALCULATE JU/ H[ MU* P]SONAL 9TEGRITY IT IS RI<T TO SACRIFICE 9 ! PURSUIT ( >T1 OR H[ TO BALANCE RESPONSIBILITIES TO Y\R FAMILY ) RESPONSIBILITIES TO Y\R ,GOD4 ,ONE MI<T PUT IT ?IS WAY3 IF VALUE IS SIMPLY :AT ONE CONSID]S IMPORTANT1 !N MONEY ALL[S IMPORTANCE TO TAKE A LIQUID =M1 5ABLES US TO COMP>E PRECISE QUANTITIES ( IMPORTANCE & TRADE ONE (F AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ITS V]Y LIQUIDITY1 ITS UNDIFF]5TIAT$ NATURE1 HAS ALWAYS MADE SU* VALUE SEEM SOME:AT TAWDRY4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF SOMEONE DOES ACCUMULATE A V]Y L>GE AM\NT ( MONEY1 ! FIR/ ?+ !Y >E LIKELY TO DO IS TO TRY TO CONV]T IT 9TO SOME?+ UNIQUE1 :E!R IT BE ,MONET'S ,WAT] ,LILIES1 A PRIZE-W9N+ RACE-HORSE1 OR AN 5D[$ *AIR AT A UNIV]SITY4 

,:AT IS REALLY AT /AKE H]E 9 ANY M>KET ECONOMY IS PRECISELY ! ABILITY TO MAKE !SE TRADES1 TO CONV]T 'VALUE' 9TO 'VALUES'4 ,WE ALL >E /RIV+ TO PUT \RSELVES 9 A POSI- TION :]E WE CAN D$ICATE \RSELVES TO SOME?+ L>G] ?AN \RSELVES4 ,! MOM5T Y\ PUT IT ?AT WAY1 ?\<1 IT BECOMES CLE> ?AT CONS]VATIVES DO NOT REALLY HAVE A MONOPOLY ON VALUE AT ALL4 ,LIB]ALISM1 9 ITS HEYDAY1 /OOD = PRECISELY ! ABILITY TO MAKE ?IS TRANSITION4 ,AFT] ALL :AT IS ! PO9T ( A WELF>E /ATE IF NOT TO FREE PEOPLE TO ?9K AB\T MORE IMPORTANT ?+S8 

,PROPOSITION ,I,I,I3 ,! REAL PROBLEM ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,LEFT IS ?AT :ILE IT DOES TRY 9 C]TA9 WAYS TO EFFACE ! DIVISION BETWE5 EGOISM & ALTRUISM1 VALUE & VALUES1 IT L>GELY DOES SO = ITS [N *ILDR54 ,?IS HAS ALL[$ ! ,RI<T TO P>ADOXICALLY REPRES5T ITSELF AS ! *AMPIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ALL ?IS MI<T HELP EXPLA9 :Y ! ,LEFT 9 ,AM]ICA F9DS IT SO DIFFICULT TO RALLY MASS POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,F> FROM PROMOT+ NEW VISIONS ( EFFAC+ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 EGOISM & ALTRUISM1 VALUE & VALUES1 OR PROVID+ A MODEL = PASS+ FROM ONE TO ! O!R1 PROGRESSIVES CANNOT EV5 SEEM TO ?9K !IR WAY PA/ IT4 ,H5CE ! PO9TLESSNESS AB\T ! DEBATE AB\T ! IMPORTANCE ( 'CULTURAL' VS 'BREAD & BUTT]' ISSUES4 ,AFT] ! #bd PRESID5TIAL ELECTION1 ! BIG DEBATE 9 PROGRESSIVE CIRCLES WAS ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMIC ISSUES VS :AT WAS CALL$ '! CULTURE W>S'4 ,DID ! ,DEMOCRATS LOSE BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT ABLE TO SPELL \T ANY PLAUSIBLE ECONOMIC ALT]NA- TIVES1 OR DID ! ,REPUBLICANS W9 BECAUSE !Y SUCCESSFULLY MOBILIZ$ CONS]VATIVE ,*RI/IANS >\ND ! ISSUE ( GAY M>RIAGE8 ,AS ,I SAY1 ! V]Y FACT ?AT PROGRESSIVES FRAME ! QUE/ION ?IS WAY NOT ONLY %[S !Y >E TRAPP$ 9 ! ,RI<T'S T]MS ( ANALYSIS4 ,IT DEMON/RATES !Y DO NOT UND]/& H[ ,AM]ICA REALLY WORKS4 

,LET US RETURN1 9 ?IS LI<T1 TO CONSID] ?OSE UNPAID 9T]N%IPS - ! ONES :I* SO EFFECTIVELY FREEZE WORK+-CLASS KIDS \T ( ! BE/ OR MO/ FULFILL+ JOBS - & UND]- /& A LITTLE BETT] :AT'S REALLY GO+ ON4 ,E>LI]1 ,I SAID !SE POLICIES LOCK ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICANS \T FROM C>E]S ONE W\LD WANT = 'ANY REASON O!R ?AN ! MONEY'4 ,WE CAN P]HAPS REPHRASE ?IS N[4 ,:AT WE >E REALLY TALK+ AB\T >E JOBS ?AT OP5 ! WAY TO ! 7LEGITIMATE1 PR(ESSIONAL7 PURSUIT ( ANY =MS ( VALUE O!R ?AN ! ECONOMIC4 ,:E!R IT'S ! >T WORLD1 OR *>ITY1 OR POLITICAL 5GAGEM5T AS 91 SAY1 J\RNALISM1 OR ACTIVISM - ?AT IS1 :E!R WE >E TALK+ AB\T ,LOVE OR ,TRU? OR ,BEAUTY - WE >E SPEAK+ ( WAYS ?AT ONE CAN D$ICATE ONESELF TO SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! PURSUIT ( MONEY 7& COMP5SATORY CONSUM]ISM74 ,IF ONE DOES NOT POSSESS A C]TA9 DEGREE ( WEAL? TO />T \T )1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/ ! RI<T K9D ( SOCIAL NETWORKS & CULTURAL CAPITAL1 ONE IS SIMPLY NOT ALL[$ TO BREAK 9TO ?IS WORLD4 ,ULTIMATELY1 :AT ONE IS BE+ EXCLUD$ FROM IS NOBILITY4 

,CRITICAL SOCIAL !ORI/S HAVE A T5D5CY TO OV]LOOK ALL ?IS1 ,I ?9K1 BECAUSE !IR !ORETICAL T]MS /ILL T5D TO DRAW ON ! V]Y CYNICAL ASSUMPTIONS ,I HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO *ALL5GE4 ,9 LOOK+ AT /RUCTURES ( EXCLUSION1 = EXAMPLE1 P]HAPS ! MO/ POPUL> !ORETICAL T]MS HAVE BE5 ?OSE DEVELOP$ BY ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU 7#a#i#g#i1 #a#i#h#d1 #a#i#i71 & ?AT SPEAK ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL FIELDS 7SU* AS ! ECONOMIC1 ! POLITICAL1 ! ACADEMIC FIELD1 ! >T WORLD71 & ! WAY SOCIAL ACTORS DEPLOY ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL CAPITAL TO MOVE )9 & BETWE5 !M4 ,I ?9K ,B\RDIEU'S !ORIES >E V]Y USEFUL H]E4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y HAVE !IR LIMITS4 ,BY R$UC+ EV]Y?+ TO =MS ( CAPITAL1 ,B\RDIEU 5DS UP >GU+ ?AT ALL FIELDS >E ORGANIZ$1 AT LEA/ TACITLY1 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! ECO- NOMIC FIELD3 EA* IS AN >5A ( /RUGGLE BETWE5 A COLLECTION ( MAXIMIZ+ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! ONLY ?+ ?AT REALLY SETS ! ECONOMIC FIELD AP>T ACCORD+ TO ,B\RDIEU IS ?AT !RE'S NO WORK ( EUPHEMIZATION3 9 M>KET BEHAVIOR1 ALL ! SELFI% MOTIVES & MAXI- MIZ+ /RATEGIES ?AT >E COV]$ UP 9 O!R FIELDS BECOME UTT]LY EXPLICIT4 ,BUT ALL FIELDS >E NOT FIELDS ( COMPETITION4 ,SOME >EAS >E VALU$ PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y >E NOT4 ,NEI!R CAN ?IS SIMPLY BE R$UC$ TO ! FACT ?AT - AS ,B\RDIEU SOMETIMES RA!R CYNI- CALLY SUGGE/S - ?OSE BE/ ABLE TO PLAY SU* MAXIMIZ+ GAMES >E ?OSE :O MANAGE TO CONV9CE !MSELVES !Y >E DO+ SOME?+ ELSE4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 :AT WE >E SEE+ H]E1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 IS A BATTLE OV] ACCESS TO ! RI<T TO BEHAVE ALTRUI/ICALLY4 

,) ?IS 9 M9D1 WE CAN RETURN AGA9 TO ! WORK+-CLASS ,REPUBLICAN :O CANNOT IMAG9E HIS OR H] SON OR DAU<T] BECOM+ P>T ( ! 'LIB]AL ELITE'4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WE >E SEE+ H]E4 ,EXCLUSION FROM ACCESS TO HI<] =MS ( VALUE - :AT MI<T BE CALL$ 'NOBILITY'4 ,IF ?AT AIR CONDITION] ME*ANIC'S SON - OR DAU<T] - WI%ES TO GO BEYOND M]ELY MAK+ A GOOD LIV+1 TO PURSUE SOME?+ HI<]1 MORE NOBLE1 = A C>E]1 :AT OPTIONS DOE !Y %E REALLY HAVE8 ,LIKELY JU/ TWO4 ,!Y CAN SEEK EMPLOYM5T ) !IR LOCAL *UR*1 :I* IS H>D TO GET4 ,OR !Y CAN JO9 ! ,>MY4 

,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! SECRET ( NOBILITY4 ,TO BE NOBLE IS TO BE G5]\S1 HI<-M9D$1 ALTRUI/IC1 TO PURSUE HI<] =MS ( VALUE4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO TO BE ABLE TO DO SO BECAUSE ONE DOES NOT REALLY HAVE TO ?9K TOO MU* AB\T MONEY4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT \R SOLDI]S >E DO+ :5 !Y GIVE FREE D5TAL EXAM9ATIONS TO VILLAG]S3 !Y >E BE+ PAID 7MODE/LY1 BUT ADEQUATELY7 TO DO GOOD 9 ! WORLD4 ,SE5 9 ?IS LI<T1 IT IS ALSO EASI] TO SEE :AT REALLY HAPP5$ AT UNIV]SITIES 9 ! WAKE ( ! #a#i#fS - ! 'SETTLEM5T' ,I M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,CAMPUS RADICALS SET \T TO CREATE A NEW SOCIETY ?AT DE/ROY$ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 EGOISM & ALTRUISM1 VALUE & VALUES4 ,IT DID NOT WORK \T1 BUT !Y W]E1 EFFECTIVELY1 (F]$ A K9D ( COMP5SATION3 ! PRIVILEGE TO USE ! UNIV]SITY SY/EM TO CREATE LIVES ?AT DID SO1 9 !IR [N LITTLE WAYS2 ! OPPORTUNITY TO BE SUPPORT$ 9 ONE'S MAT]IAL NE$S :ILE PURSU+ VIRTUE1 TRU? & BEAUTY2 & ABOVE ALL1 TO PASS ?AT PRIVILEGE ON TO !IR [N *ILDR54 ,ONE CANNOT BLAME !M = ACCEPT+ ! (F]4 ,BUT NEI!R CAN ONE BLAME ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY = RES5T+ !M4 ,NOT BECAUSE !Y REJECT ! PROJECT3 AS ,I SAY1 ?IS IS :AT ,AM]ICA IS ALL AB\T4 

,AS ,I ALWAYS TELL ACTIVI/S 5GAG$ 9 ! PEACE MOVEM5T & C\NT]-RECRUITM5T CAMPAIGNS3 :Y DO WORK+-CLASS KIDS JO9 ! ,>MY ANYWAY8 ,BECAUSE LIKE ANY TE5- AG]1 !Y WANT TO ESCAPE ! WORLD ( T$I\S WORK & MEAN+LESS CONSUM]ISM1 TO LIVE A LIFE ( ADV5TURE & CAM>AD]IE 9 :I* !Y BELIEVE !Y >E DO+ SOME?+ G5U9ELY NOBLE4 ,!Y JO9 ! ,>MY BECAUSE !Y WANT TO BE LIKE Y\4 

,/RUGGLES OV] ! PRODUCTION ( HUMAN BE+S & SOCIAL RELATIONS 

,LET ME 5D ) SOME BRIEF ?\<TS AB\T ! L>G] !ORETICAL IMPLICATIONS - P>TICUL>LY ) REG>D TO ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! DOMA9S ( VALUE & VALUES1 '! M>KET' & O!R =MS ( LIFE4 

,9 POLITICAL ECONOMY T]MS1 ?IS IS (T5 TREAT$ AS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! DOMA9 ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 7SE5 AS EQUIVAL5T TO ?AT ( DOME/IC LIFE74 ,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS IS ONLY TRUE IF ONE ?9KS :AT IS REALLY SIGNIFICANT 9 ! WORLD IS ! HI/ORY ( MANU- FACTUR$ OBJECTS1 BUT IT HAS BECOME1 OV] ! LA/ #b YE>S1 \R FAVOR$ WAY ( LOOK+ AT ECONOMIC &1 !RE=E1 SOCIAL SY/EMS4 ,WE >E1 9 O!R WORDS1 9 ?AT /RANGE FETI- %IZ$ WORLD ,M>X DESCRIB$ :]E WE CONT9UALLY =GET ?AT ! PO9T ( LIFE IS ACTUALLY ! CREATION ( C]TA9 SORTS ( PEOPLE1 & ?AT ! SAME SY/EM CAN EQUALLY WELL BE SE5 AS CONSI/+ ( A SPH]E = ! MAK+ ( HUMAN BE+S1 ?AT >E !N 9 EFFECT CON- SUM$ AGA9 9 ! WORKPLACE4 ,ONE CAN H>DLY UND]E/IMATE H[ DEEP ?IS FETI%ISM RUNS4 ,9 ,AFRICA & ,ASIA1 = EXAMPLE1 IT'S P]FECTLY UNEXCEPTIONAL TO HE> GOV]NM5T (FICIALS REM>K+ ?AT ,H,I,V 9FECTION RATES >E A S]I\S CRISIS 9 !IR C\NTRY1 BECAUSE ! FACT ?AT 9 C]TA9 REGIONS HALF ! POPULATION IS DY+ ( ,A,I,D,S IS GO+ TO HAVE DEV- A/AT+ EFFECTS ON ! ECONOMY4 ,!RE WAS A TIME :5 '! ECONOMY' WAS SE5 PRIMA- RILY AS ! SY/EM ?R\< :I* PEOPLE ACQUIRE ! MEANS TO /AY ALIVE4 ,WE HAVE REA*$ SU* A PASS ?AT 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD1 AT LEA/1 ! BE/ REASON TO OBJECT TO PEOPLE DY+ IS ?AT IT MI<T 9T]F]E ) ECONOMIC GR[? RATES4 ,! ?+ TO ASK1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS :AT HAS IT TAK5 TO PUT US 9 A PLACE :]E PUBLIC (FICIALS CAN MAKE /ATEM5TS LIKE ?IS )\T BE+ IMM$IATELY PUT AWAY AS RAV+ LUNATICS4 

,ULTIMATELY LIFE IS AB\T ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE4 ,I MEAN ?IS NOT JU/ 9 ! PHYSICAL S5SE IMPLI$ BY ! T]M 'REPRODUCTION'1 ESPECIALLY IF ?AT'S R$UC$ TO PREGNANCY & *ILDBIR?4 ,I MEAN IT MORE 9 ! S5SE ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E CON/ANTLY %AP+ & FA%ION+ ONE ANO!R1 TRA9+ & SOCIALIZ+ ONE ANO!R = NEW ROLES1 $UCAT+ & HEAL+ & BEFRI5D+ & RIVAL+ & C\RT+ ONE ANO!R4 ,?IS IS AS M5TION$ E>LI] :AT LIFE IS ACTUALLY AB\T & IT CAN NEV]1 BY DEF9ITION1 BE R$UC$ TO ANY SIMPLE UTILIT>IAN CALCULUS4 ,:AT'S MORE1 9 MO/ HUMAN SOCIETIES - & 9 ANY NOT DOM9AT$ BY M>KET RELATIONS - ! =MS ( LABOR 5TAIL$ 9 ALL ?IS >E RECOGNIZ$ TO BE ! MO/ IMPORTANT ONES4 ,! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL NECESSITIES1 OR MAT]IAL WEAL?1 IS USUALLY SE5 AS AT BE/ A SUBORD9ATE MOM5T 9 ! OV]ALL PROCESS ( CREAT+ ! RI<T SORT ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,H5CE ! MO/ IMPORTANT VALUE =MS 9 MO/ SOCIETIES >E ?OSE ?AT EM]GE FROM ?AT PROCESS ( ONGO+ MUTUAL CREATION4 ,C]TA9LY1 ?IS MI<T 9VOLVE ALL SORTS ( FETI%ISM 9 !IR [N RI<T1 AS TOK5S ( HONOR NOT ONLY 9SPIRE1 BUT COME TO SEEM ! S\RCE (1 HONORABLE BEHAVIOR2 TOK5S ( PIETY BECOME ! S\RCE ( RELIGI\S DEVOTION2 TOK5S ( WISDOM BECOME ! S\RCE ( LE>N+1 & SO ON4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME !SE =MS ( FETI%ISM >E RELATIVELY M9OR - AT LEA/1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! K9D ( GR&IOSE1 ULTIMATE FETI%ISM ?AT CAPITALISM PROMULGATES1 ?AT PLACES ! WORLD ( OBJECTS AS A :OLE ABOVE ?AT ( HUMAN BE+S 7CF4 ,GRAEB]1 #b#eB1 #b#f74 

,9 ! ,U,S1 ?\<1 IF ONE LOOKS AT ! MATT] 9/ITUTIONALLY1 ONE BEG9S TO NOTICE SOME?+ V]Y 9T]E/+4 ,AM]ICA IS BY NO MEANS A DE9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,NONE- !LESS1 FACTORY LABOR HAS 9CREAS+LY BE5 RELEGAT$ TO IMMIGRANTS & PU%$ AWAY FROM ! C5T]S ( MAJOR CITIES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AS ,D5N+ 7#b#e7 PO9T$ \T1 ANY NUMB] ( SU* CITIES >E 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ REORGANIZ$1 ECONOMICALLY1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY >\ND HOSPITALS & UNIV]SITIES4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY TRUE ( LONG/&+ UNIV]- SITY T[NS LIKE ,ANN ,>BOR OR ,NEW ,HAV5 BUT MAJOR CITIES LIKE ,BALTIMORE1 & EV51 TO A SURPRIS+ DEGREE1 GLOBAL F9ANCIAL CAPITALS LIKE ,NEW ,YORK4 7,NEW ,YORK'S L>GE/ EMPLOY]S >E BANKS1 BUT ,COLUMBIA & ,N,Y,U >E NUMB]S #c & #e RESPECTIVELY47 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AS COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9CREAS+LY MOVES OV]SEAS1 WE >E SEE+ COMMUNITIES ORGANIZ$ >\ND :AT >E1 EFFECTIVELY1 FACTORIES = ! PRODUCTION ( P]SONS3 DIVID$1 9 GOOD ,C>TESIAN FA%ION1 9TO ?OSE :I* AIM AT IMPROV+ M9D1 & ?OSE :I* AIM AT MA9TA9+ ! BODY4 

,BO? HOSPITALS & UNIV]SITIES W]E1 ONCE1 9/ITUTIONS L>GELY 9SULAT$ FROM M>KET LOGIC4 ,N[ BO? >E 9CREAS+LY BE+ =C$ TO REORGANIZE !MSELVES ON CORPORATE L9ES4 ,BO? >E SITES ( 9T5SE SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,= ! ,LEFT1 !Y HAVE BECOME ! MAJOR NEW C5T]S = LABOR ORGANIZ+ 9 REC5T DECADES4 ,= ! POPULI/ ,RI<T1 !Y HAVE BE5 ! SPECIAL T>GETS ( RAGE & RES5TM5T4 ,RI<T-W+ POPULI/S SEE UNIV]SITIES AS ! V]Y LOCUS = ! PRODUCTION ( ! 'LIB]AL ELITE'1 & T5D TO WAGE SPECIFIC CAMPAIGNS - MO/ OBVI\SLY1 ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION - TO UND]M9E ! BASIS ( !IR CLAIMS TO AU?ORITY4 ,RADICAL ANTI-ABORTIONI/S SEE ! M$ICAL E/ABLI%- M5T1 9 TURN1 AS ! V]Y LOCUS ( EVIL - AN 5G9E NOT ( ! CREATION ( HEAL? BUT = ! MASS MURD] ( BABIES4 ,9 A BROAD] S5SE1 :AT ! ,RI<T IS WAG+ IS A BROAD ASSAULT ON ! ABILITY ( ! LIB]AL ELITE - FROM :I* !IR CON/ITU5TS HAVE BE5 SO EFFECTIVELY EXCLUD$ - TO CONTROL :AT 9 CLASSIC ,M>XI/ T]MS W\LD BE CALL$ ! T]MS ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION4 ,TO RETURN TO ! #bd ELECTIONS AGA93 CONV5TIONAL WISDOM HAS IT ?AT ,BU% WON REELECTION L>GELY BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY WAS SO EFFECTIVE 9 MOBILIZ- + HIS BASE2 IT DID SO BY 5SUR+ ?AT SO MANY SW+ /ATES HAD REF]5DUMS ON ! BALLOT CONC]N+ A CON/ITUTIONAL AM5DM5T TO BAN GAY M>RIAGE4 ,! GAY M>RIAGE ISSUE IS 9 FACT A P]FECT ILLU/RATION ( ! REAL /AKES4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! BATTLE IS OV] ! APP>ATUS = ! CREATION ( P]SONS1 & ! =MS ( VALUE CREAT$ 9 ! PROCESS4 ,EV5 BEYOND ! QUE/ION ( :E!R UNIV]SITIES & HOSPITALS >E TO BE =C$ TO SUBMIT TO ! PR(IT MOTIVE - ?AT IS1 :E!R !Y !MSELVES WILL BE =C$ TO AB&ON ANY NOTION ?AT !Y REPRES5T AUTONOM\S DOMA9S ( VALUE - !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R !Y CAN MA9TA9 !IR ROLE AS ! PRIM>Y 9/ITUTIONS REGULAT+ ! SELF-CREATION ( HUMAN BE+S AT ALL1 OR :E!R !Y >E ULTIMATELY TO BE REPLAC$ BY *UR*ES1 PRISONS & ! MILIT>Y4 ,! BATTLE IS LOPSID$ ON MO/ FRONTS4 ,LEFT POPULI/S /& LITTLE *ANCE ( RADICALLY *ANG+ ! NATURE ( ,U,S NATIONALISM2 ,RI<T POPULI/S /& LITTLE *ANCE ( HAV+ MU* SAY 9 DET]M9+ :AT IS >T - ?\< 9 NEI!R CASE = LACK ( TRY+4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURES & /RATEGIES >E NOT AN AUTONOM\S DOMA9 H]E1 BUT >E P>T & P>CEL ( ! WAY EA* SIDE PROTECTS ITS ABILITY TO CONTROL ! LEGITI- MATION ( DIFF]5T =MS ( PUBLICLY RECOGNIZ$ VALUE4 

,ALL ?IS DOES NOT1 P]HAPS1 PROVIDE A COMPREH5SIVE EXPLANATION = ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( RI<T-W+ POPULISM OR ! CURR5T DIRECTIONS ( POLITICAL DEBATE 9 ! ,U,S 9 ! E>LY #b#a/ C5TURY4 ,BUT IF NO?+ ELSE1 IT DEMON/RATES ?AT AN?ROPOLOGICAL VALUE !ORY CAN /ILL PROVIDE IMPORTANT 9SI<TS 9TO ! WORK+ ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL SY/EMS1 & ! 9T]E/ G5]AT$ BY SOME ( !SE >GUM5TS 9 ACTIVI/ CIRCLES1 9 TURN1 SUGGE/S ?AT CRITICAL SOCIAL !ORY 9 G5]AL CAN /ILL MAKE ITSELF RELEVANT TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT POLITICAL DEBATES4 

,FUND+ 

,?IS RESE>* RECEIV$ NO SPECIFIC GRANT FROM ANY FUND+ AG5CY 9 ! PUBLIC1 COMM]CIAL1 OR NOT-=-PR(IT SECTORS4 

,REF]5CES 

,BELL] ,E & ,H\T ,M 7#b#f7 ,9T]G5]ATIONAL SOCIAL MOBILITY3 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 COMP>ATIVE P]SPECTIVE4 ,! ,FUTURE ( ,*ILDR5 #a#f7#d73 #a#i-#c#f4 

,BL&5 ,J1 ,GREGG ,P & ,MA*9 ,S 7#b#e7 ,9T]G5]ATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,MOBILITY 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA3 ,A ,REPORT ,SUPPORT$ BY ! ,SUTTON ,TRU/4 ,LONDON3 ,C5T] = ,ECONOMIC ,P]=MANCE4 

,B\RDIEU ,P 7#a#i#g#i7 ,\TL9E ( A ,!ORY ( ,PRACTICE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 ,B\RDIEU ,P 7#a#i#h#d7 ,DI/9CTION3 ,A ,SOCIAL ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,JUDGM5T ( ,TA/E4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,B\RDIEU ,P 7#a#i#i7 ,! ,LOGIC ( ,PRACTICE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY4 

,D5N+ ,M 7#b#e7 ,L9EAM5TS & CONTRADICTIONS ( ! NEOLIB]AL UNIV]SITY SY/EM4 ,WORK+ ,PAP] = ,BREAK+ ,D[N ! ,IVORY ,T[]3 ,! ,UNIV]SITY 9 ! ,CREATION ( ,ANO!R ,WORLD1 ,WORLD ,SOCIAL ,=UM4 

,ELD] ,L,A 7#b#g7 ,DEMS TO TACKLE '9COME 9EQUALITY'4 ,CREATOR'S ,SYNDICATE1 #aa ,JANU>Y4 

,FRANK ,T 7#b#d7 ,:AT'S ! ,MATT] ) ,KANSAS8 ,H[ ,CONS]VATIVES ,WON ! ,HE>T ( ,AM]ICA4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,METROPOLITAN ,BOOKS4 

,GRAEB] ,D 7#a#i#i#g7 ,MANN]S1 DEF]5CE & PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIETY & ,HI/ORY #c#i7#d73 #f#i#d-#g#b#h4 

,GRAEB] ,D 7#b#a7 ,T[>D AN ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY ( ,VALUE3 ,! ,FALSE ,CO9 ( ,\R ,[N ,DREAMS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PALGRAVE4 

,GRAEB] ,D 7#b#eA7 ,9TRODUCTION3 ,! POLITICAL METAPHYSICS ( /UPIDITY4 ,! ,COMMON]3 ,A ,WEB ,J\RNAL = ,O!R ,VALUES1 ,SPR+4 ,AVAILABLE AT3 WWW4!COMMON]4ORG4UK 

,GRAEB] ,D 7#b#eB7 ,FETI%ISM & SOCIAL CREATIVITY1 OR FETI%ES >E GODS 9 PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION4 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY #e7#d73 #d#g-#d#c#h4 

,GRAEB] ,D 7#b#f7 ,TURN+ MODES ( PRODUCTION 9SIDE \T3 ,OR1 :Y CAPITALISM IS A TRANS=MATION ( SLAV]Y4 ,CRITIQUE ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY #b#f7#a73 #f#a-#h#a4 

,GRAEB] ,D 7#b#g7 ,AN >MY ( ALTRUI/S3 ,ON ! ALI5AT$ RI<T TO DO GOOD4 ,H>P]'S ,MAGAZ9E ,JANU>Y3 #c#a-#c#h4 

,KAM5ETZ ,A 7#b#f7 ,G5]ATION ,DEBT4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,RIV]HEAD4 

,LASLETT ,P 7#a#i#g#b7 ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! WE/]N FAMILY CONSID]$ OV] TIME4 ,93 ,LASLETT ,P & ,WALL ,R 7$S7 ,H\SEHOLD & ,FAMILY 9 ,PA/ ,TIME4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,LUTZ ,C 7#b#f7 ,EMPIRE IS 9 ! DETAILS4 ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #c#c3 #e#i#c-#f#a#a4 

,MAUSS ,M 7#a#i#b#e7 ,ESSAI SUR LE DON4 ,=ME ET RAISON DE L'E*ANGE DANS LES SOCIETES >*AIQUES4 ,ANNEE SOCIOLOGIQUE #a 7S]IES #b73 #c-#a#h#f4 

,TURN] ,T 7#a#i#g#i7 ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! POLITICS ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLES' /RUGGLES4 ,CAMBRIDGE ,AN?ROPOLOGY #e3 #a-#d#c4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#h? ,NOVEMB] #bba FROM DAVIDGRAEB]4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,VALUE1 ,POLITICS & ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES -- ,ADD$4 

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