,V5EZUELA FROM ,BEL[ 
,REVIEW3 ,V5EZUELA--,REVOLUTION AS ,SPECTACLE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,TOM ,WETZEL 

,TEXT 3 

,REVIEW3 ,V5EZUELA3 ,REVOLUTION AS ,SPECTACLE BY ,RAFAEL ,UZCATEGUI 7,SEE ,%>P ,PRESS1 #b#a7 

,9 H] ESSAY ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA @& ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY ,SOCIALISM 7PUBLI%$ AS AN ISSUE ( ,MON?LY ,REVIEW LA/ YE>71 ,M>TA ,H>NECK] PRES5TS A DESCRIPTION ( 0SOME FEATURES0 ( A DEC5TRALIZ$1 SELF-MANAG$ SOCIALISM BAS$ ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 WORKPLACES & NEI<BORHOODS--A PICTURE CONG5IAL TO LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S4 ,%E ALSO PROVIDES AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,BOLIV>IAN ,MOVEM5T--! MOVEM5T L$ BY ,HUGO ,*AVEZ--?AT SUGGE/S IT IS EMB>K$ ON A TRANSITION TO ?IS K9D ( SOCIALISM 9 ,V5EZUELA4 

,RAFAEL ,UZCATEGUI'S BOOK M>%ALLS A LOT ( EVID5CE TO *ALL5GE ?AT 9T]PRETATION4 ,UZCATEGUI >GUES ?AT A CONT9UATION ( CAPITALISM IS A MORE LIKELY \TCOME ( ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T ?AN A TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,UZCATEGUI ALSO REJECTS ! RI<T-W+ FANTASY ( 0,CA/RO-/YLE ,COMMUNISM0 BE+ SET UP 9 ,V5EZUELA4 

,UZCATEGUI CITES ) APPROVAL ! VIEW (F]$ BY ! RADICAL ,URUGUAYAN J\RNALI/ ,RAUL ,ZIBE*I 7AU?OR ( ,DISP]S+ ,P[]74 ,ZIBE*I BELIEVES ?AT LEFTI/ GOV]NM5TS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 79CLUD+ ,V5EZUELA7 T5D TO DRAW (F ! ORGANIC MILITANTS & ORGANIZ]S ( POPUL> MOVEM5TS 9TO ! LEFTI/ ELECTORAL & P>TY PROJECTS444LEAV+ A DIM9I%$ CAPACITY = 9DEP5D5CE & COMBATIVITY AMONG SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,GIV5 ! POV]TY & DISCONT5T 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ,ZIBE*I >GUES ?AT ?IS IS ! ONLY WAY = CAPITALISM TO SURVIVE 9 ?AT REGION4 ,?IS IS ALSO H[ ! BOOK UND] REVIEW SEES ! MOVEM5T L$ BY ,HUGO ,*AVEZ4 ,TO PROVIDE A CRITIQUE ( ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T FROM ! ,LEFT1 HE 9T]VIEWS & QUOTES A V>IETY ( PEOPLE 9 LABOR1 5VIRONM5TAL1 9DIG5\S & O!R SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,RAFAEL ,UZCATEGUI IS ! PRIM>Y RESE>*] = ! NONPR(IT ,V5EZUELAN ,PROGRAM ( ,$UCATION ON ,HUMAN ,RI<TS 7,P,R,O,V,E,A7 & A MEMB] ( ! COLLECTIVE ?AT PRODUCES ! AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] ,EL ,LIB]T>IO4 ,HIS BOOK USES 9T]VIEWS1 /ATI/ICS & REPORTS TO PROVIDE A PICTURE ( ! REAL SITUATION ON ! GR\ND 9 ,V5EZUELA4 ,! ,5GLI% $ITION ADDS MAT]IAL = A ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AUDI5CE ?AT WASN'T 9 ! PREVI\S ,SPANI% & ,FR5* $ITIONS4 ,9 ?IS REVIEW ,I'M ONLY GO+ TO T\* ON SOME ( ! TOPICS ?AT >E COV]$ 9 ?IS V]Y DETAIL$ /UDY4 

,! ,C>ACAZO & A ,CRISIS ( ,LEGITIMACY 

,TO EXPLA9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,*AVEZ MOVEM5T1 ,UZCATEGUI LOOKS AT ! NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT CAME =? 9 ! '#iS & ! GR[+ DISCR$IT ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT HAD GOV]N$ ,V5EZUELA S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( 0REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY0 9 ?AT C\NTRY 9 #a#i#e#h4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY ,V5EZUELA HAD BE5 GOV]N$ BY A SUCCESSION ( DICTATOR%IPS OR AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES4 ,:5 0REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY0 F9ALLY CAME TO ,V5EZUELA1 IT WAS /ILL A FRAGILE GR[?4 ,! P>TIES ?AT ALT]NAT$ 9 P[] FROM ! '#fS ?R\< ! '#hS--,ACCION ,DEMOCRATICA 7,A,D7 & ! ,SOCIAL ,*RI/IAN ,P>TY 7,C,O,P,E,I7--WANT$ TO 5SURE ?AT POPUL> DISCONT5T DIDN'T LEAD TO ! OV]?R[ ( ?IS NEW >RANGEM5T ?R\< ANO!R MILIT>Y C\P OR POPUL> 9SURRECTION4 ,?US SUCCESSIVE GOV]NM5TS US$ ! C\NTRY'S OIL 9COME TO BUILD A WELF>E /ATE4 ,TO 5SURE A SOLID HOLD ON ! 9COME FROM HYDROC>BON EXTRACTION1 AN ,A,D GOV]NM5T NATIONALIZ$ ! C\NTRY'S OIL 9DU/RY 9 #a#i#g#f4 ,! WELF>E /ATE CON/RUCT$ 9 ?AT ]A 9CLUD$3 

- A ,SOCIAL ,SECURITY SY/EM ?AT PROVID$ UNEMPLOYM5T B5EFITS1 P5SIONS & DISABILITY PAYM5TS 

- A FREE PUBLIC HEAL? C>E SY/EM 

- SUBSIDIES = ! CON/RUCTION ( PUBLIC H\S+ 

- SUBSIDIES ( PUBLIC UTILITIES1 GASOL9E1 & FOOD PRICES 

- FREE PUBLIC $UCATION AT ALL LEVELS4 

,! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T'S V>I\S 9ITIATIVES 7CALL$ 0,MISSIONS07 TO PROVIDE SOCIAL B5EFITS 9 >EAS SU* AS HEAL? C>E1 LIT]ACY1 SUBSIDIZ$ FOOD PROVISION & H\S+ FOLL[S 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ! E>LI] POPULI/ 9ITIATIVES ( ,ACCION ,DEMOCRATICA GOV]NM5TS4 

,9 ! LATE '#hS ,V5EZUELA BEGAN ITS SLIDE T[>DS NEOLIB]ALISM ) ! IMPOSITION ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND ,/RUCTURAL ,ADJU/M5T ,PROGRAM4 ,! ,A,D PRESID5T 9 P[] AT ! TIME !N IMPOS$ DRA/IC 9CREASES 9 TRANSPORTATION PRICES4 ,?IS PROVOK$ A POPUL> REBELLION ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#g1 #a#i#h#i--KN[N AS ! ,C>ACAZO 70,C>ACAS BL[UP074 ,?IS TOOK ! =M ( RIOTS & LOOT+ ( W>EH\SES4 ,! >MY COMMITT$ V>I\S MASSACRES 9 SUPPRESS+ ?IS REBELLION4 ,HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE W]E KILL$4 ,?US NEOLIB]ALISM & REPRESSION W]E ! />T+ PO9TS = A CRISIS ( LEGITIMACY = ! OLD P>TIES4 ,9DEP5D5T SOCIAL MOVEM5TS GREW 9 ! '#iS & !SE BECAME ! MAJOR S\RCE ( PROTE/S & DEMON/RATIONS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 P>TICIPATION 9 VOT+ PLUMMET$ FROM OV] #i P]C5T 9 ! '#fS & '#gS TO #ef P]C5T 9 #b4 

,! AU?OR DESCRIBES A V>IETY ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT W]E PRES5T 9 ,V5EZUELA 9 ! YE>S BE=E ,*AVEZ CAME TO P[]--FROM WOM5'S GR\PS & ! ,UNION ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,Y\?1 TO 9DIG5\S & 5VIRONM5TAL GR\PS1 & UNION /RUGGLES--SU* AS A FI<T 9 DEF5SE ( SOCIAL S]VICES 9 #aiif ?AT BR\<T TOGE!R MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ UNIONS4 ,POOR] NEI<BORHOODS W]E (T5 P>TICIPANTS 9 PROTE/S SU* AS /REET BLOCKADES OR RIOTS OR LOCAL 0CIVIC /RIKES0 ?AT RESULT$ 9 %UTD[NS ( %OPS & TRANSPORT4 ,A P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT MOVEM5T 9 ! E>LY '#iS WAS ! ,ASSEMBLY ( ,B>RIOS 9 ,C>ACAS 9 :I* MORE ?AN #b NEI<BORHOODS W]E REPRES5T$4 ,?AT ,ASSEMBLY WAS A SPACE = DISCUSSIONS & DEBATES AB\T ! V>I\S /RUGGLES ( P>TICUL> NEI<BORHOODS4 

,SAYS ,UZCATEGUI3 0,9 ! #a#i#iS1 ! VISIONS ( A DIFF]5T WORLD W]E FRAGM5T$ & ISOLAT$1 )\T PRET5SIONS ( TOTALITY4 ,MOBILIZATIONS W]E1 MO/LY1 DEF5SIVE REACTIONS AGA9/ GOV]NM5T POLICIES4444,! 9T]NAL DYNAMICS ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES 9 ,V5EZUELA 9VOLV$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( RELATION%IPS AMONG ! OPPRESS$1 :I* AMONG O!R ?+S ALL[$ !M TO 5SURE !IR SURVIVAL40 

,*AVEZ'S FIR/ POLITICAL VEHICLE WAS ! ,BOLIV>IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 7,M,B,R-#b7 :I* GREW \T ( HIS P>TICIPATION 9 A FAIL$ MILIT>Y C\P 9 #a#i#i#b4 ,M,B,R-#b WAS A CONSPIRATORIAL VANGU>D D$ICAT$ TO TAK+ P[] VIA 9SURRECTION & ADVOCAT$ AB/5TION 9 ELECTORAL POLITICS4 ,9 #aiig ,*AVEZ SWIT*$ GE>S & DECID$ TO RUN = PRESID5T4 ,! WIDE >RAY ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 BROAD SOCIAL DISCONT5T1 & SUPPORT FROM SECTIONS ( ! ,LEFT !N 0TRANSLAT$ 9TO VOTES = ,*AVEZ0 :5 HE WAS ELECT$ 9 #a#i#i#h4 ,! ,*AVEZ VICTORY DID REFLECT ! LOSS ( LEGITIMACY ( ! OLD P>TIES & ! LEVEL ( DISCONT5T1 BUT ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T WAS NOT A PRODUCT ( AN EXI/+1 ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL BASE4 ,TWO ATTEMPTS ( ! ,*AVEZ =CES TO BUILD A SOCIAL BASE FROM ABOVE W]E 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & 9 ! CREATION ( ! COMMUNITY C\NCILS4 

,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS 

,M>TA ,H>NECK] WRITES3 0,S9CE1 9 ,V5EZUELA1 ! 9H]IT$ /ATE DIDN'T MAKE 5\< ROOM = POPUL> PROTAGONISM1 ,*AVEZ HAD ! IDEA ( 5C\RAG+ NEW =MS ( POPUL> ORGANIZATION & BEGAN TO TRANSF] P[] TO !M4444,ONE ( ! MO/ ORIG9AL CREATIONS ( ! ,BOLIV>IAN REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS WAS ! COMMUNAL C\NCILS1 :I* GAVE DECISION-MAK+ ON A RANGE ( MATT]S TO ! 9HABITANTS ( SMALL T]RITORIAL SPACES40 

0,! ,LAW ( ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS WAS APPROV$ )\T ANY 9PUT FROM ! GRASSROOTS10 ,UZCATEGUI PO9TS \T4 

,CREAT+ ! ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS 7CONSEJOS COMUNALES7 FROM ABOVE WAS A RESPONSIBILITY GIV5 OV] TO >MY G5]AL ,JORGE ,LUIS ,G>CIA ,C>NEIRO1 :O ANN\NC$ A FUND ( @s#i#h#b MILLION = COMMUNITY C\NCIL PROJECTS4 ,COMMUNITY C\NCILS >E RA!R SMALL 9 SCOPE1 GR\P+ A MAXIMUM ( #b FAMILIES 9 URBAN >EAS1 #e FAMILIES 9 RURAL >EAS1 & AS FEW AS #a FAMILIES 9 9DIG5\S >EAS4 

,! ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS W]E NOT ! FIR/ =AY ( ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T 9TO LOCAL GOV]NANCE4 ,! FIR/ 9ITIATIVE WAS ! CREATION ( ,LOCAL ,PLANN+ ,C\NCILS4 ,BECAUSE !SE W]E GIV5 C]TA9 P[]S OV] LOCAL BUDGET+ !Y W]E P]CEIV$ AS A DIRECT ?REAT BY MAYORS & CITY C\NCILS4 ,! MAYORS BEGAN TO UND]M9E !SE C\NCILS 9 V>I\S WAYS 9CLUD+ APPO9TM5T RA!R ?AN ELECTION ( ! ]/:ILE COMMUNITY REPRES5TATIVES4 

,*AVEZ GOT >\ND ! LOCAL ELECT$ GOV]NM5T LEAD]S BY SETT+ UP ! ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS ) NO RELATION TO ! LOCAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! COMMUNITY C\NCILS RECEIVE FUNDS ?R\< A *A9 ( REGIONAL & NATIONAL COMMITTEES ?AT GET !IR ORD]S & FUND+ ULTIMATELY FROM ! (FICE ( ! PRESID5CY4 ,! COMMUNITY C\NCILS LACK A HORIZONTAL =M ( ASSOCIATION AMONG !M & >E FRAGM5T$ ?R\< !IR L9KAGE DIRECTLY TO ! /ATE4 

,UZCATEGUI ACKN[L$GES ?AT ?IS PROGRAM HAS RESULT$ 9 MANY SMALL-SCALE GOOD WORKS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 SU* AS SPORTS FIELDS4 ,BUT HIS >GUM5T H]E IS ?AT ! ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS >E A MEANS TO BUILD A SUBORD9ATE LOCAL MOVEM5T1 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! /ATE4 

,UZCATEGUI CITES ! /UDY ( ! ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS CONDUCT$ BY RESE>*] & 5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/ ,M>IA ,PIL> ,G>CIA-,GUADILLA3 

0,! OBJECTIVES & RHETORIC FROM MO/ ( ! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & GOV]NM5TAL ACTORS AB\T ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS DO NOT CORRESPOND TO PRACTICE10 ,G>CIA-,GUADILLA WRITES4 0,:ILE ! PRESID5T'S OBJECTIVES & RHETORIC CONC]N EMP[]M5T1 TRANS=MATION1 & DEMOCRATIZATION1 ! OBS]V$ PRACTICES PO9T TO DEP5D5T CLI5TS1 COOPTATION1 C5TRALIZATION1 & EXCLUSION = POLITICAL REASONS40 

,9 H] REPORT .<#a.>1 ,G>CIA-,GUADILLA SAYS ?AT ! DEP5D5CE ( ! ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS ON ! EXECUTIVE ( ! C5TRAL /ATE MEANS ?AT ?OSE :OSE PROJECTS FIT 9 ) 0! PRESID5T & HIS PROJECT RECEIVE PROMIS$ RES\RCES :ILE ?OSE :O OPPOSE HIM MU/ PASS ?R\< 9NUM]ABLE BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES ?AT DISGUISE ! REASON = ! REFUSAL TO RECEIVE !IR F9AL APPLICATION0 7MY TRANSLATION74 

,%E CITES A NUMB] ( CASES :]E ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS HAVE BECOME DEFUNCT BECAUSE ( LACK ( CONT9U$ P>TICIPATION4 ,9 ! T[N ( ,SUCRE1 :]E !RE HAD BE5 #ae COMMUNITY C\NCILS 9 MID-#b#g1 A LAT] REPORT 9DICAT$ ?AT 0#d P]C5T W]E DISABL$444BY DEFECTION ( !IR MEMB]S40 

,AS A MEMB] ( A HUMAN RI<TS ORGANIZATION ?AT IS CONC]N$ ) PROBLEMS ( POLICE & MILIT>Y 9VOLVEM5T 9 EXTRA-JUDICIAL KILL+S1 ,UZCATEGUI IS P>TICUL>LY CONC]N$ ) ! POLIC+ & MILIT>Y FUNCTIONS ASSIGN$ TO ! COMMUNITY C\NCILS4 ,HE PO9TS TO A MAJOR MEET+ ( COMMUNITY C\NCIL REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,C>ACAS ?AT WAS SPONSOR$ BY ,D,I,S,I,P 7! POLITICAL POLICE7 & ! CONC]NS ( ! POLICE & GOV]NM5T AU?ORITIES TO MAKE ! COMMUNITY C\NCILS !IR 0EYES & E>S0 9 ! LOCAL COMMUNITIES4 ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS HAVE ALSO BE5 PRESSUR$ TO 9TEGRATE !MSELVES ) ! 9ITIATIVES EMANAT+ FROM ! ,*AVI/A P>TY1 ,P,S,U,V4 

,UZCATEGUI CITES ONE ( ,G>CIA-,GUADILLA'S CONCLUSIONS3 

0,! ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS444LACK ! CAPACITY TO 5RI* SOCIAL & CULTURAL ID5TITIES1 & TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! PLURALISM ( URBAN WAYS ( LIFE BECAUSE !Y DO NOT IMPEL MOVEM5T T[>DS AN AUTONOM\S1 ALT]NATIVE1 & PLURALI/IC SOCIETY1 ONE SEP>ATE FROM ! /ATE ?AT0 IMPLEM5TS TOP-D[N CONTROL 9 ! SPH]E ( 0SOCIAL TRANS=MATION40 

,! /UDY BY ,G>CIA-,GUADILLA IS A GOOD />T TO A CRITIQUE ( ! ,COMMUNITY ,C\NCILS BUT ,I ?9K ,UZCATEGUI W\LD HAVE MADE A /RONG] CASE IF HE'D PROVID$ MORE CONCRETE CASE /UDIES4 

,UNIONISM ,TOP-D[N 

,ANO!R TOP-D[N BASE-BUILD+ /RATEGY PURSU$ BY ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T IS ! CREATION ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 0FROM ABOVE & BY DECREE40 ,?IS IS ANO!R CASE :]E ,*AVEZ FOLL[S 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ! E>LI] TOP-D[N POPULISM ( ! ,ACCION ,DEMOCRATICA4 ,! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,V5EZUELAN ,WORK]S 7,C,T,V7 HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 CREAT$ 9 #aidg 9 A TOP-D[N FA%ION4 ,A,D 9/IGAT$ A UNION CONGRESS ?AT CREAT$ A ,C,T,V EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MADE UP SOLELY ( ,A,D P>TY MILITANTS4 0,:5 ,HUGO ,*AVEZ ASSUM$ (FICE10 WRITES ,UZCATEGUI1 0HIS 9T5T TO CONTROL ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS EVID5T FROM DAY ONE40 ,9 ,V5EZUELA A GOV]NM5T BODY CONTROLS UNION ELECTIONS4 ,ELECTIONS = LEAD]%IP ( ,C,T,V W]E DELAY$ = TWO YE>S :ILE ,*AVEZ'S =CES BUILT ! ,BOLIV>IAN ,WORK]S ,FRONT AS AN 9T]NAL ELECTORAL CAUCUS 9 ! ,C,T,V4 ,HUGE /ATE RES\RCES W]E DEPLOY$ 9 ! CAMPAIGN TO GA9 CONTROL ( ,C,T,V4 ,A MASS MEET+ WAS HELD 9 ! ,C>ACAS ,POLYH$RON--A L>GE V5UE--& 0P>TICIPANTS W]E TRANSPORT$ FROM ALL OV] ,V5EZUELA 9 ?\S&S ( BUSSES40 ,DESPITE !SE EF=TS1 ! ,ACCION ,DEMOCRATICA SLATE WON ! ELECTIONS4 

,AFT] ?AT DEFEAT1 ! ,*AVEZ =CES !N MOV$ TO CREATE A NEW UNION F$]ATION1 ,UNION ,NACIONAL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,U,N,T--,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S74 ,:5 ,U,N,T WAS CREAT$1 ALL ( ITS DIRECTORS HAD BE5 APPO9T$ FROM ABOVE4 ,ACCORD+ TO LEFTI/ UNION CURR5T ,OPCION ,OBR]A 7,LABOR ,OPTION71 0!RE W]E FEW AU!NTIC DIRECTORS FROM A LABOR BACKGR\ND40 ,A CONGRESS WAS NOT CALL$ = ?REE YE>S4 ,9 #bh ,OPCION ,OBR]A WROTE1 

0,! 9T]NAL CRISIS ( ,U,N,T P]SI/S & WORS5S TO ?IS DAY4444,! PRO-GOV]NM5T ,C,T,V PRACTICES ?AT W]E CRITICIZ$ >E N[ BE+ REPEAT$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ,U,N,T :O DELIV] !MSELVES UNCONDITIONALLY TO ! GOV]NM5T40 

,! 9CORPORATION ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ! ,*AVI/A P>TY1 ,P,S,U,V 7,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,V5EZUELA71 HAS BE5 ANO!R TACTIC = CONTROL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,M>* #bg ,*AVEZ SAID 9 A SPEE*3 

0,! UNIONS %\LD NOT BE AUTONOM\S444,IT'S NECESS>Y TO DO AWAY ) ?IS40 

,ORL&O ,*IR9O IS A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ & =M] UNIONI/ 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY :O WAS ! FIR/ ,NATIONAL ,COORD9ATOR ( ,U,N,T & A LEAD] ( ONE ( ! LEFTI/ T5D5CIES 9 IT3 ,CORRI5TE ,CLASI/A1 ,UNIT>IA1 ,REVOLUCION>IA Y ,AUTONOMA 7,CLASS-CONSCI\S1 ,UNIT>Y1 ,REVOLUTION>Y & ,AUTONOM\S ,CURR5T74 ,*IR9O HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ! RI<T-W+ C\P AGA9/ ,*AVEZ 9 #b#b--9 :I* ,C,T,V SUPPORT$ ! CONS]VATIVE OPPOSITION--& ?US HAD GOTT5 9VOLV$ 9 ! EF=T TO =M A NEW NATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT HE V]Y QUICKLY DEVELOP$ CONFLICTS ) ! APPO9T$ DIRECTORS & EV5TUALLY BROKE ) ! ,*AVEZ MOVEM5T4 ,*IR9O IS P>TICUL>LY CRITICAL ( ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T'S DICTATORIAL /ANCE T[>DS WORK]S 9 ! PUBLIC SECTOR1 EXPRESS$ 9 ! UNWILL+NESS TO NEGOTIATE ) ! WORK] ORGANIZATIONS3 

0,I WANT TO 9DICATE ! MO/ IMPORTANT COLLECTIVE ACCORDS ?AT HAVE BE5 VIOLAT$4 ,WE'LL />T ) ! PUBLIC WORK]S1 APPROXIMATELY TWO & A HALF MILLION WORK]S4 ,IT'S BE5 FIVE YE>S1 FROM ,DECEMB] #b#d1 S9CE !IR CONTRACT /&>DS HAVE BE5 DISCUSS$1 & ?IS IS V]Y GRAVE4 ,?IS HAS RESULT$ 9 #g P]C5T ( PUBLIC WORK]S BE+ M9IMUM-WAGE WORK]S1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT WE'RE A C\NTRY ( M9IMUM-WAGE WORK]S4 ,IT'S BE5 ?REE YE>S S9CE ! $UCATORS' COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ AGREEM5T EXPIR$2 ! ELECTRICAL WORK]S1 APPROXIMATELY #c#f1 ( !M1 HAD !IR CONTRACT EXPIRE LA/ YE>2 & ! PETROLEUM WORK]S OV] ! LA/ T5 YE>S HAVE LO/ IMPORTANT GA9S40 

,WAGES AT ! /ATE OIL COMPANY 7,P,D,V,S,A7 W]E FROZ5 FROM #bg TO #bi :ILE 9FLATION WAS #f#f4#e P]C5T4 ,UZCATEGUI QUOTES AN OIL WORK] 7FROM ! LEFTI/ WEBSITE LACLASE49FO7 ON ! RESULT3 0,MANY WORK]S HOLD SECOND JOBS SU* AS TAXI DRIV] OR CLEAN+ PRODUCT SALESMAN40 ,?IS OIL WORK] M5TIONS O!R PROBLEMS AT ,P,D,V,S,A3 

- ,FAILURE TO SUPPLY SAFETY EQUIPM5T 

- ,ELIM9ATION ( OV]TIME PAY 

- ,9EQUITIES & DISCRIM9ATION 9 PAYM5T ( WAGES 

- ,CRIM9ALIZATION ( LABOR DEM&S BY ! WORK]S 

,! GOV]NM5T HAS ALSO REFUS$ TO ALL[ NEW ELECTIONS = UNION REPRES5TATIVES AT ,P,D,V,S,A4 ,AB\T A YE> AGO ,I 9T]VIEW$ ANO!R MEMB] ( ! ,EL ,LIB]T>IO COLLECTIVE1 ,RODOLFO ,MONTES DE ,OCA4 ,HE IS A Y\NG LAWY] :O WAS WORK+ AT ?AT TIME ) ! RADICAL OPPOSITIONI/S 9 ! OIL WORK]S UNION 7AN>*I/S1 ,TROTSKYI/S1 & SO ON74 ,HE SAYS !Y HAD PETITION$ FIVE TIMES = NEW UNION ELECTIONS & EA* TIME !Y W]E D5I$4 ,HE SAID ! HEAD ( ! UNION WAS NOT REG>D$ AS V]Y EFFECTIVE BY ! RADICAL WORK]S4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LDN'T ALL[ A NEW ELECTION BECAUSE ! UNION HEAD WAS A ,*AVI/A4 

,! ,C>ACAS ,METRO PROVIDES ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ,*AVEZ LABOR POLICY4 ,! WORK]S !RE HAD HELD NEGOTIATIONS ) ! GOV]NM5T REPRES5TATIVE = A YE> & A HALF & REA*$ AN AGREEM5T4 ,BUT ,*AVEZ & HIS NEW DIRECTOR ( ! ,METRO REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! NEW AGREEM5T4 ,IF !Y W]E TO /RIKE1 ,*AVEZ SAID HE W\LD MILIT>IZE ! ,METRO & FIRE ! WORK]S4 ,! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T HAD TWO POLICE AG5CIES1 ,D,I,S,I,P 7! POLITICAL POLICE7 & ,D,I,M 7MILIT>Y 9TELLIG5CE7 P>TICIPATE 9 !SE ?REATS4 ,COMMUNITY C\NCILS W]E MOBILIZ$ AGA9/ ! ,METRO WORK]S AS WELL4 ,*IR9O DESCRIBES :AT HAPP5$ !N3 

0,& SO1 )\T CONSULT+ ) ! WORK]S1444! DIRECTORS ( ! UNION :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,P,S,U,V .<,*AVEZ'S P>TY.> W5T ALONG ) ! GOV]NM5T DEM&S & ROLL$ BACK MO/ ( ! PREVI\S GA9S WON40 

,ORL&O ,*IR9O SAYS ?AT 9 HIS #cd YE>S 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 HE'S 0NEV] SE5 ! EXTREME TO :I* WE'RE >RIV$ TODAY ) ! CRIM9ALIZATION ( PROTE/S4444,= EXAMPLE1 :5 Y\'RE444H&+ \T FLI]S AT A FACTORY GATE1 SPEAK+ ?R\< A MEGAPHONE1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 AN ASSEMBLY1 !Y USE ! REPRESSIVE BODIES ( ! /ATE TO DETA9 ! LEAD]S1 TAKE !M TO JAIL1 & :ILE 9 JAIL !Y ACCUSE !M4 ,?IS 5DS UP ) UNION MILITANTS BE+ PROHIBIT$ FROM GO+ NE> ! BUS9ESSES :]E !Y DO !IR POLITICAL WORK1 UND] ! LEGITIMATE RI<TS ( FREE EXPRESSION & ORGANIZATION40 

,P>TIAL ,DE-NATIONALIZATION ( ,5]GY ,RES\RCES 

,UZCATEGUI PO9TS TO ! P>TIAL DE-NATIONALIZATION ( ,V5EZUELA'S 5]GY 9DU/RY UND] ,*AVEZ AS AN EXAMPLE ( ,*AVEZ'S ACCOMMODATION TO CAPITALISM4 ,AN OIL 9DU/RY EXP]T :O ,UZCATEGUI QUOTES AT L5G? IS ,PABLO ,H]N&EZ ,P>RA4 ,H]N&EZ ,P>RA HAD BE5 JAIL$ BACK 9 ! '#fS = HIS P>TICIPATION 9 LEFTI/ >M$ /RUGGLE GR\PS4 ,HE WAS A F\ND] ( ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ GR\P ,B&]A ,ROJA 7,R$ ,FLAG74 ,HE BECAME P>T ( A GR\P SET UP 9 #bb TO DEF5D ! /ATE PETROLEUM 9DU/RY AT ! TIME ( ! EMPLOY] & ,C,T,V /RIKE AGA9/ ,*AVEZ4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! BLOAT$ MANAG]IAL BUREAUCRACY AT ,P,D,V,S,A--,H]N&EZ ,P>RA CALLS !M ! 0M]ITOCRACY0--W]E P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! /RIKE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H]N&EZ ,P>RA1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( 0MIX$ 5T]PRISES0 9 ! OIL & GAS SECTOR S9CE !N IS A *ANGE ?AT IS TAK+ PLACE 0BEH9D ! BACKS0 ( ! WORK]S AT ,P,D,V,S,A4 

,S9CE ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! OIL 9DU/RY 9 #a#i#g#f1 & UNTIL ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T1 ,P,D,V,S,A'S RELATION%IP TO ! BIG PRIVATE OIL COMPANIES HAD TAK5 ! =M ( SIMPLE S]VICE CONTRACTS3 ,! GOV]NM5T PAID = S]VICES :ILE CONT9U+ AS ! ABSOLUTE [N] ( ALL OIL & GAS PRODUC$4 

,! 9TRODUCTION ( 0MIX$ 5T]PRISES0 IS AN 9NOVATION ( ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T4 ,!SE >E COMPANIES ?AT TYPICALLY HAVE #ea TO #f P]C5T [N]%IP BY ! /ATE & ! MAJOR 5]GY FIRMS [N ! RE/4 ,DUR+ ! '#iS1 POLITICIANS 9 ,V5EZUELA HAD SAID IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 9VOLVE ! MULTI-NATIONALS TO 9CREASE OIL REV5UES1 BUT IT WASN'T TIL ! ELECTION ( ,*AVEZ ?AT 0MIX$ 5T]PRISES0 W]E CREAT$4 ,?IS >RANGEM5T ALL[S [N]%IP & PR(ITS TO PRIVATE 5]GY FIRMS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,*EVRON BOA/S ?AT IT IS ! L>GE/ PRIVATE PRODUC] ( OIL 9 ,V5EZUELA4 ,9 ,ZULIA /ATE IT HAS P>TIAL [N]%IP 9 ! MIX$ 5T]PRISES ,PETROBOSCAN & ,PETRO9DEP5DI5TE4 ,9 ,ANZOATEGUI /ATE ,*EVRON IS ! PRIVATE P>TN] 9 ANO!R MIX$ 5T]PRISE1 ,PETROPI>1 :I* PRODUCES HEAVY CRUDE & REF9ES IT 9TO SYN!TIC PETROLEUM4 ,*]VON ALSO HAS V>I\S (F%ORE OP]ATIONS1 & ! GOV]NM5T HAS ALSO 9VIT$ ,*EVRON TO P>TICIPATE 9 A RAIL L9E TO C>RY LIQUEFI$ NATURAL GAS4 ,!RE >E O!R OIL MULTI-NATIONALS BESIDES ,*EVRON ?AT ALSO HAVE 9VE/$ 9 0MIX$ 5T]PRISES0 TO EXPLOIT ,V5EZUELA'S 5]GY RES\RCES4 

,= ! OLD GU]RILLA1 ,H]N&EZ ,P>RA1 ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T'S MIX$ 5T]PRISES IMPLEM5T 0! EMPIRE'S PETROLEUM POLICY40 ,HE DESCRIB$ ! CONCESSIONS GRANT$ = MIX$ 5T]PRISES AS 0! GREATE/ DELIV]Y 9 ! C\NTRY'S HI/ORY ( PETROLEUM1 GAS & COAL CONCESSIONS0 TO ! TRANS-NATIONAL COMPANIES4 

0,SOCIALI/0 ,MAQUILADORA 

,9 ,MAY #bi ,*AVEZ ANN\NC$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD SET UP A FACTORY TO PRODUCE CELL PHONES ) MANY FEATURES & SOLD AT ! L[ PRICE ( @s#a#e4 0,?IS TELEPHONE WILL NOT ONLY BE ! BE/ SELL] 9 ,V5EZUELA1 BUT 9 ! WORLD40 ,CELL PHONES >E V]Y POPUL> 9 ,V5EZUELA & >E1 SAYS ,UZCATEGUI1 A /ATUS SYMBOL 9 ?IRD WORLD C\NTRIES4 ,! CELL PHONES W\LD BE PRODUC$ BY A ,VETELCA4 ,VETELCA IS ANO!R 0MIX$ 5T]PRISE40 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,M9I/] ( ,SCI5CE & ,TE*NOLOGY1 ,JESSE ,*ACON1 ! ,VETELCA PLANT 0IS A MODEL ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION ) '9TEGRAL' WORK]S :O P]=M DIFF]5T JOBS ON A DAILY BASIS1 9 ORD] ?AT EA* WILL KN[ ! /EPS ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS & ! COMPLETE FUNCTION ( ! PLANT4 ,9 ADDITION1 !Y P>TICIPATE 9 ! PLANN+ ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 :I* CLE>LY %[S ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?IS & ! CAPITALI/ MODEL40 

,TO R$UCE LABOR CO/S TO ! M9IMUM1 ,VETELCA FOLL[$ ! PA? ( SO MANY HI<-TE* COMPANIES TO ,*9A4 ,! P>TS >E PRODUC$ 9 ,*9A & ASSEMBL$ 9 ,V5EZUELA4 ,?IS TALK ( 09TEGRAL LABOR0 IS M]ELY A COV] = ! MULTI-TASK+ ?AT IS A COMMON FEATURE ( ! ,TOYOTA OR 0LEAN PRODUCTION0 MODEL ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,?IS WAS M]ELY AN ASSEMBLY OP]ATION1 US+ P>TS MADE 9 ,*9A4 ,! LABOR ITSELF DID NOT REQUIRE L5G?Y TRA9+4 ,AS ,UZCATEGUI PUT IT1 ! PLANT 0IS A SIMPLE MAQUILADORA ?AT S]VES ! NE$S ( ! /ATE CELL-PHONE COMPANY40 

,WORK]S W]E ASK$ TO DO LONG OV]TIME BECAUSE ,*AVEZ WANT$ #a1 PHONES READY = ,MO!R'S ,DAY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE ( ! WORK]S AT ! PLANT1 ,LEVY ,REVILLA ,TOYO1 0,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO LABOR F> 9TO ! NI<T2 ?IS LABOR WAS DONE )\T LOGI/ICAL PREP>ATION1 :I* CAUS$ DISMAY AMONG SOME COMRADES BECAUSE ( LACK ( N\RI%M5T & TR\BLE ) TRANSPORT40 

,! LAW ON WORK+ CONDITIONS APPROV$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 #be ALL[$ = ! ELECTION ( SAFETY DELEGATES & ?REE W]E ELECT$ AT ! ,VETELCA FACTORY4 ,ON ,JULY #g1 #b#i1 H[EV]1 ,VETELCA FIR$ EI<T WORK]S1 9CLUD+ ! ?REE SAFETY DELEGATES :O HAD BE5 ELECT$ AT A WORK] ASSEMBLY4 ,LAT]1 ,VETELCA MANAGEM5T ASK$ ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D TO PROTECT ! PLANT FROM ! WORK]S4 ,! COMPANY FIR$ #ef WORK]S :O W]E =C$ TO SIGN RESIGNATION LETT]S TO OBTA9 !IR F9AL PAY4 

,9 FACT !SE WORK]S W]E FIR$ = TRY+ TO =M A UNION AT ! PLANT4 ,! MANAG] ( ,VETELCA SAID ?IS TO ! PRESS3 0,!SE FIFTY-SIX P]SONS HAD ! 9T5TION ( CREAT+ A UNION444& ) AN AGGRESSIVE1 9/IGAT+ ATTITUDE40 ,! MANAG] ALSO /AT$ ?AT ! COMPANY WAS GO+ TO =M A 0SECURITY0 GR\P 0BECAUSE 9 A SOCIALI/ 5T]PRISE !RE'S NO ROOM = ! WORD 'UNION'40 

,A ,FRAGM5T$ ,HEAL? ,C>E ,SY/EM 

,UZCATEGUI DESCRIBES ! ,*AVEZ 9ITIATIVES 9 HEAL? C>E AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! 0,MISSIONS0 E/ABLI%$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! IDEA IS TO HAVE M$ICAL P]SONNEL LIV+ 9 ! COMMUNITIES !Y S]VE 7H5CE ! NAME 0,B>RIO ,)9071 CREATE A NETWORK ( PEOPLE'S CL9ICS1 & PROVIDE HI<-QUALITY DIAGNO/IC C5T]S4 ,UZCATEGUI CITES A REPORT BY A NONPR(IT ?AT NOTES AN 9EQUITY 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES BETWE5 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! C\NTRY ) A V]Y HI< CONC5TRATION ( DOCTORS & RES\RCES 9 ! CAPITAL DI/RICT 7:]E ,C>ACAS IS LOCAT$74 

,ACCORD+ TO A REPORT BY ,M>9O ,ALV>ADO1 ! COORD9ATOR ( ! HUMAN RI<TS ORGANIZATION ,P,R,O,V,E,A3 

0,S9CE ! GOV]NM5T PROPOS$ ,B>RIO ,)91 ,P,R,O,V,E,A HAS SUPPORT$ IT2 BUT IT DOESN'T APPE> TO BE AN ADEQUATE PROGRAM4444,! NATIONALITY ( ! DOCTORS DOESN'T MATT] TO US BUT RA!R ?AT !Y BE :]E ! POOR PEOPLE RESIDE4 ,H[EV]1 ,B>RIO ,)9 HAS BE5 MANIPULAT$ TO NOT ONLY 5GAGE 9 HEAL? C>E BUT ALSO 9 POLITICAL PROSELYTIZATION4 ,! GOV]NM5T PROMIS$ TO CON/RUCT ?\S&S ( HEAL? MODULES 9 ! C\NTRY1 BUT HAS CON/RUCT$ ONLY HALF ( !M4444,BUT IT'S NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ! POSITIVE 9 ! GOV]NM5T'S POLICY ( PROVID+ FREE HEAL? C>E4444,= US1 ! PROBLEM IS ! LIMIT$ COV]AGE40 

,H[EV]1 ! ,B>RIO ,)9 PROGRAM IS SEP>ATE FROM ! TRADITIONAL SY/EM ( PUBLIC HOSPITALS4 ,?IS HAS CREAT$ A FRAGM5T$ SY/EM ( HEAL? C>E ) RES\RCES /ACK$ 9 FAVOR ( ! PROGRAMS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T4 ,PEOPLE CAN GO TO A LOCAL CL9IC IF !Y HAVE A BROK5 BONE1 OR FEV] BUT !Y HAVE TO GO TO ! UND]FUND$1 UND]/AFF$ PUBLIC HOSPITALS = MORE COMPLEX PROC$URES4 

,A HOSPITAL WORK] 9T]VIEW$ BY ,UZCATEGUI IS ,JOHAN ,RIVAS1 :O WORKS AT ,DR4 ,JOSE ,IGNACIO ,BALDO ,HOSPITAL4 ,RIVAS IS A MEMB] ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ ,COLLECTIVE4 ,RIVAS PO9TS \T ?AT ! HEAL? C>E ,MISSIONS 0HAVE ! SAME BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURE AS ! TRADITIONAL SY/EM1 A SY/EM CON/RUCT$ FROM ! TOP D[N :]E !RE'S NO TRUE P>TICIPATION ( ?OSE BEL[4444,! COMMUNITIES ONLY ADVISE & ! WORK]S HAVE NO SAY40 

,RIVAS BELIEVES ?AT ! FUND+ & EMPHASIS HAS %IFT$ TO CREATION ( A P>ALLEL SY/EM BECAUSE ! OLD HEAL? C>E SY/EM 0IS A REFUGE = ! POLITICAL OPPOSITION--MO/ ( ITS MANAG]S >E TI$ TO ! OPPOSITION P>TIES40 

,A L>GE NUMB] ( ! WORK]S AT ! HOSPITALS >E HIR$ ON PREC>I\S 9DIVIDUAL CONTRACTS4 ,SAYS ,RIVAS3 

0,I CAN CITE CASES ( WOM5 :O W]E DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ BECAUSE !Y BECAME PREGNANT1 & SO HAD TO AB&ON !IR CONTRACTS4 ,9FIRM>Y WORK]S :O'VE WORK$ ?REE OR F\R MON?S RECEIVE !IR WAGES A MON? OR TWO LATE4444,PEOPLE WAIT UP TO TWO YE>S = A CONTRACT & P]MAN5T /ATUS & RECEIVE PRESSURE444NOT TO P>TICIPATE 9 SU*-&-SU* A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION44444,!RE >E PRES5TLY MORE ?AN #b#e1 WORK]S 9 ! HEAL? SECTOR 9 ,C>ACAS & MORE ?AN HALF ( !M >E0 TEMPS4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! GOV]NM5T REFUSES TO NEGOTIATE ) HEAL? C>E WORK] UNIONS4 ,SAYS ,RIVAS3 0,HEAL? C>E WORK]S1 9 ! CASE ( COMMON LABOR]S1 HAVE WORK$ = #ae YE>S )\T A COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ AGREEM5T4 ,! O!R WORK]S HAVE WORK$ = FIVE YE>S )\T AN AGREEM5T ,! GOV]NM5T HAS NOT HAD A POLICY TO IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( LIFE = HEAL? C>E WORK]S40 ,MEAN:ILE1 BUREAUCRATS 9 ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T ATT5D PRIVATE CL9ICS = HEAL? C>E1 NOT ! PUBLIC SY/EM4 

,AS A RESULT ( !IR CRITICISMS ( ! ,*AVEZ GOV]NM5T1 ,JOHAN ,RIVAS & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ ,COLLECTIVE HAVE BE5 LABEL$ 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES0 BY ! ,*AVI/AS4 ,?IS BEHAVIOR IS P>T ( ! POL>IZ$ 0US V]SUS !M0 DYNAMIC 9 ,V5EZUELAN POLITICS4 ,UZCATEGUI CALLS ?IS T5D5CY A 0FALSE DI*OTOMY0 BECAUSE IT CR[DS \T & SUPPRESSES O!R VIEWPO9TS4 ,BUT ! ABILITY ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE & P>TICIPANTS 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TO DEBATE FREELY & DEVELOP !IR [N PA?1 FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 IS NECESS>Y = ! AUTONOMY ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS AS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SUBJECT 

,TOP-D[N /ATE 9ITIATIVES1 A MOVEM5T HEAD$ BY A *>ISMATIC CAUDILLO 7TOP-D[N LEAD] OR 0/RONG MAN071 B5EFITS PROVID$ TO DEP5D5T CLI5TS1 ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL & COOPT UNIONS & O!R SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 HUNDR$S ( MILIT>Y (FIC]S HOLD+ PO/S ?R\<\T ! GOV]NM5T1 REPRESSION T[>DS ?OSE :O /RAY \TSIDE ! P]MITT$ PA?--!SE ELEM5TS SUGGE/ ?AT ! ,BOLIV>IAN ,MOVEM5T IS FOLL[+ 9 ! TRADITION ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN POPULISM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALISM0 ( ,G5]AL ,LAZ>O ,C>D5AS1 PRESID5T ( ,MEXICO 9 ! '#cS1 ALSO 9CLUD$ 0SOCIALI/0 & 0ANTI-IMP]IALI/0 RHETORIC & AN OCCASIONALLY PUGNACI\S /ANCE T[>DS ! ,U,S,A--= EXAMPLE1 NATIONALIZATION ( ! OIL COMPANIES & VIOLATION ( ! ,NEUTRALITY ,ACT 9 GIV+ MILIT>Y AID TO ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC4 ,A SECTION ( ! RAILWAY NETWORK WAS EV5 H&$ OV] TO ! WORK]S' UNION TO MANAGE4 

,BUT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALISM0 ( ,C>D5AS WAS NO ?REAT TO ,MEXICAN CAPITALISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,MEXICAN 0REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALI/0 LEAD]S CRU%$ ! 9DEP5D5T1 REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! SYNDICALI/ ,C,G,T--A SIGNIFICANT S]VICE TO CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S4 

,UZCATEGUI SUGGE/S ?AT A RIS+ LEVEL ( PROTE/S & DEMON/RATIONS 9 ! LA/ C\PLE YE>S %[S ?AT ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,V5EZUELA >E BEG9N+ TO RECOV] !IR AUTONOMY4 ,POPULISM IS A DANG] TO ! AUTONOMY ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS AS IT WORKS TO 9CORPORATE & CONTROL SU* MOVEM5TS ?R\< ! P>TY & /ATE /RUCTURES & CLI5TELI/ RELATION%IPS4 ,= ,UZCATEGUI1 AUTONOMY IS ESS5TIAL = SOCIAL MOVEM5TS IF !Y >E TO BE ! BASIS = A LIB]ATORY TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN ?9K ( AUTONOMY AS BO? 9DEP5D5CE FROM P>TIES1 ! /ATE & TOP-D[N =MS ( CONTROL1 & ALSO ! ABILITY TO PLAN \T & DECIDE ON !IR [N C\RSE ( ACTION ?R\< ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( MOVEM5TS BY !IR P>TICIPANTS4 ,UZCATEGUI SEES AUTONOMY AS NECESS>Y IF MOVEM5TS >E TO DEVELOP ! 0COMBATIVITY0 TO *ALL5GE ! EXI/+ ORD] & PRESS = *ANGES4 

,H[EV]1 HE REJECTS A CLASS /RUGGLE P]SPECTIVE AS SOMEH[ NO LONG] VALID = ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE & SUB/ITUTES ! VAGUE IDEA ( ! 0MULTITUDE0--DRAWN FROM ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S ,EMPIRE--AS HIS CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT4 ,IF WE ACKN[L$GE ! DIV]SITY ( ! V>I\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & =MS ( OPPRESSION1 !RE IS !N ! QUE/ION ( H[ !SE CAN COME TOGE!R & =M A UNIFI$ =CE TO *ALL5GE ! P[]S-?AT-BE4 ,A WEAKNESS ( ,UZCATEGUI'S P]SPECTIVE IS ?AT HE NEV] ADDRESSES ?IS4 ,UZCATEGUI DOESN'T CONSID] ! IDEA ( ! V>I\S OPPRESSIONS & MOVEM5TS AS /ILL )9 ! AMBIT ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ?US CAPABLE ( =M+ A WORK+ CLASS ALLIANCE4 

,! ,DUAL ,*>ACT] ( ,SELF-MANAGEM5T 

,9 H] 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,BOLIV>IAN 0REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS10 ,M>TA ,H>NECK] PRES5TS A CONCEPT ( TRANSITION TO SELF-MANAG$ SOCIALISM 9 :I* ! BUREAUCRATIC1 09H]IT$ /ATE0 CO-EXI/S = A LONG TIME ) :AT %E DESCRIBES AS A 0NEW /ATE40 0,NEW /ATE0 IS H] T]M = ! EM]G5CE ( ! NEW SY/EM ( NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS & WORK] C\NCILS ?AT W\LD BE ! BASIS ( CONTROL BY ! MASSES OV] ! WORK1 !IR COMMUNITIES & ! SOCIETY4 ,%E WRITES3 

0,! FACT ?AT ! /ATE 9/ITUTIONS >E RUN BY REVOLUTION>Y CADRES1 ?AT >E AW>E !Y %\LD AIM TO WORK ) ORGANIZ$ SECTORS ( ! PEOPLE TO CONTROL :AT ! 9/ITUTIONS DO & TO PRESS = TRANS=MATION ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 CAN MAKE IT POSSIBLE444= !SE 9/ITUTIONS TO WORK = ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT40 

,?IS IS 9 REALITY ! OLD IDEA ?AT SOMEH[ ! LIB]ATION ( ! OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ CAN BE BR\<T AB\T FROM ABOVE BY 5LI<T5$ LEAD]S CONTROLL+ ! /ATE4 ,:AT WE SEE 9 ! CASE ( ! ,BOLIV>IAN ,MOVEM5T1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS H[ !SE 0REVOLUTION>Y CADRES0 9 CONTROL ( ! /ATE WORK TO COOPT & CONTROL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS NOT LIKELY IF IT ISN'T A CONQUE/ WON BY SELF-MANAG$ MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$4 ,?US SELF-MANAGEM5T HAS A DUAL *>ACT]3 SELF-MANAGEM5T ( /RUGGLES = *ANGE1 & SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! GA9S WON ?R\< /RUGGLE4 

,?R\< SELF-MANAGEM5T ( /RUGGLES )9 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 AGA9/ EMPLOY]S & 9 O!R >EAS ( OPPRESSION1 PEOPLE *ANGE & GA9 V>I\S CAPACITIES44449CREAS$ COMMITM5T & ORGANIZ+ SKILLS1 9CREAS$ KN[L$GE ( ! SY/EM & ( O!R GR\PS 9 /RUGGLE & !IR ISSUES4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T ( MOVEM5TS ITSELF IS DEVELOP$ ?R\< /RUGGLE BECAUSE PEOPLE LE>N ! IMPORTANCE ( CONTROLL+ !IR [N MOVEM5TS4 ,SELF-MANAG$1 ORGANIZ$ MASS MOVEM5TS >E NE$$ IF ! OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ >E TO DEVELOP VEHICLES ?R\< :I* !Y CAN CONTROL--SELF-MANAGE--! PROCESS ( *ANGE & ! BUILD+ ( NEW 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< :I* !Y CAN GA9 P[]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ACTUAL WORK] CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCTION PROCESS IS NOT LIKELY TO COME AB\T EXCEPT ?R\< A WORK]S MOVEM5T ?AT HAS DEVELOP$ ! ASPIRATION = MORE P[] & ! CAPACITY TO RUN ITS [N MOVEM5T4 

,UZCATEGUI QUOTES ) APPROVAL A WELL-KN[N PASSAGE FROM ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY3 

0,IF WE REBEL AGA9/ CAPITALISM IT'S NOT BECAUSE WE WANT A DIFF]5T SY/EM ( P[]1 RA!R IT'S BECAUSE WE WANT A SOCIETY :]E P[] RELATIONS HAVE VANI%$4 ,Y\ CAN'T CON/RUCT A SOCIETY )\T P[] RELATIONS ?R\< CONQUE/ ( P[]4 ,ONCE Y\ ADOPT ! LOGIC ( P[]1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ P[] IS ALREADY LO/40 

,BUT ?IS 0ANTI-P[]0 VIEWPO9T IS A V]Y MISGUID$ WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,LIB]ATION FROM CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION CAN'T HAPP5 IF WORK]S DON'T GA9 ! P[] TO CONTROL ! 9DU/RIES :]E !Y WORK4 ,LIB]ATION FROM ! /ATE & V>I\S =MS ( OPPRESSION ALSO REQUIRES RE-ORGANIZ+ DECISION-MAK+ P[] SO ?AT ! OPPRESS$ GA9 ! P[] TO MAKE ! DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !M4 ,?IS IS NOT ELIM9ATION ( 0P[] RELATIONS0 BUT A *ANGE 9 ! WAY P[] IS ORGANIZ$4 ,AU!NTIC POPUL> P[] IS NECESS>Y = LIB]ATION4 

,5DNOTES 

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