,VIETNAM'S ,SECOND ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BURN ,%IT 

,TEXT 3 

,IT IS1 WE >E TOLD1 ! DAWN+ ( ! ,ASIAN ,C5TURY4 ,! GLOBAL BALANCE ( P[] IS %IFT+ AGA9 T[>DS ! ,EA/4 ,! ECONOMIC P[]H\SES ( ,*9A & ,9DIA PUT RECESSION-HIT ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN M>KETS TO %AME1 ) ,G,D,P GR[? RATES CONSI/5TLY PU%+ T[>DS D\BLE FIGURES = ! LA/ DECADE4 ,*9A HAS CAPITALIZ$ FULLY ON ITS VA/ >MY ( *EAP LABOR1 HI< RATES ( SAV+ & 9VE/M5T1 & 9T]NAL MIGRATION FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE TO BURGEON+ MEGACITIES4 ,AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 ONE-P>TY /ATE KEEPS A TI<T LID ON ITS P[]1 PAY+ LIP-S]VICE TO ,M>X1 ,MAO & ,L59 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY SPREAD+ ITS LEGS = ECONOMIC LIB]ALIZATION1 =EIGN DIRECT 9VE/M5T1 & ! HEADY WORLD ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,AS ! DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES 9 ! ,WE/ /RUGGLE TO PAY (F !IR 9T]NATIONAL CR$ITORS & MANAGE !IR /RUCTURAL DEFICITS1 ! ,ASIAN ,TIG]S 5JOY A BOOM4 ,VIETNAM'S LEAD]S1 PR$ICTABLY1 ALSO WANT A PIECE ( ! PIE4 

,ALMO/ =TY YE>S AFT] ! )DRAWAL ( ,U,S TROOPS FROM ,SAIGON1 ,VIETNAM'S ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CONT9UES ALONG ! SAME PA? IT HAS PURSU$ S9CE ! DOI MOI RE=MS ANN\NC$ 9 #a#i#h#f4 ,COMP>ABLE 9 SUM & SUB/ANCE TO ,*9A'S RE/RUCTUR+ T[>DS A 0SOCIALI/-ORI5TAT$ M>KET ECONOMY10 ,VIETNAM'S DOI MOI POLICIES AM\NT TO AN AB&ONM5T 7OR1 AS ! GOV]NM5T SAYS1 A TEMPOR>Y HIATUS7 ( SOME ( ,M>XISM'S CORE T5ETS4 ,!SE 9CLUDE A DISC>D+ ( ! PREVI\SLY UNASSAILABLE PR9CIPLE ( C5TRAL PLANN+ & COLLECTIVIZATION 9 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 & 9/EAD EMBRAC+ :AT WAS ONCE ANA!MA - PRIVATE PROP]TY1 CAPITAL & M>KETS4 ,F> FROM BE+ NOM9AL OR AB/RACT1 ! RE=MS MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 V]Y VISIBLE WAYS4 

,! HI<WAY BETWE5 ,HANOI'S AIRPORT & ! CITY C5T] IS $G$ ) GIGANTIC BILLBO>DS LOOM+ OV] RICE PADDIES1 ADV]TIS+ BANKS1 C>S1 & MOBILE PHONES4 ,! C\NTRY'S NOR!RN CAPITAL HAS LONG BE5 AT ! M]CY ( ITS TRAFFIC1 BUT ITS CLOGG$ >T]IES >E 9CREAS+LY FILL$ ) IMPORT$ ,B5TLEYS1 ,POR*ES & #dX#dS - ! VEHICLES ( *OICE = A PROSP]\S N\VEAU RI*E DESPITE A T>IFF ( #h P]C5T ON AUTOMOBILES4 ,GIANT HO>D+S ?AT COV] ,FR5* COLONIAL BUILD+S 9 ! OLD QU>T] >E ADORN$ ) A ,BIG ,BRO!R-ESQUE PORTRAIT ( ,/EVE ,JOBS ) ! TAG-L9E1 0,?9K ,DIFF]5T04 ,PRESUMABLY1 ! C\NTRY'S RUL]S HOPE ! SLOGAN ISN'T TAK5 TOO LIT]ALLY4 ,9 ! RI*] DI/RICTS1 GAUDY COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A IS AWKW>DLY JUXTAPOS$ ) ,GUCCI PO/]S & DESIGN] FA%ION \TLETS4 ,?IS IS A TRULY S*IZOPHR5IC METROPOLIS4 ,:ILE ! MAJORITY PAY = PUBLIC $UCATION & HEAL?C>E1 ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES S5D !IR *ILDR5 TO PRIVATE ,5GLI% LANGUAGE S*OOLS TO 5SURE !IR RELATIVE WEAL? IS PROTECT$ = !IR PROG5Y1 5TR5*+ AN ALREADY RIGID CLASS SY/EM4 ,CONSPICU\S CONSUMPTION IS ! ORD] ( ! DAY1 ) A NEW G5]ATION KE5 TO FLAUNT MONEY & CONSUM] GOODS ( :I* !IR GR&P>5TS C\LD ONLY DREAM4 ,ALL ! P>ADOXES ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 ! 9EQUITIES1 DISCORDS & ANTAGONISMS1 PRODUCE A DISSONANCE AS UNMI/AKABLE 9 ?IS O/5SIBLY SOCIALI/ REPUBLIC AS 9 ANY CAPITALI/ MECCA4 

,! BRAZ5 CONTRADICTION BETWE5 (FICIAL ,P>TY DOCTR9E & ITS ACTUAL PRACTICE IS P]HAPS BE/ 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ! NAME ( ,VIETNAM'S 0,HO ,*I ,M9H ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE40 ,N[1 ! GREAT LEAD]'S NE>-UBIQUIT\S IMAGE HAS TO COMPETE = SPACE ) ! ,APPLE LOGO & ! ,*ELSEA ,F,C 9SIGNIA4 ,&1 AS ,UNCLE ,HO LIES 9 HIS AIR-TI<T GLASS C(F91 ) L9ES ( BACKPACK]S1 T\RI/S1 & ,VIETNAMESE FAI?FUL FIL+ PA/ 9 NEAT1 REV]5T SUCCESSION1 H[ W\LD HE 9T]PRET ! /ATE ( HIS C\NTRY TODAY8 ,ONE SUSPECTS HE'D BE TURN+ 9 HIS TRANSP>5T GRAVE LIKE A ROTISS]IE *ICK54 ,! PO/]S ANN\NC+ ! ANNUAL ,LABOR ,DAY CELEBRATIONS COME COMPLETE ) A SPONSOR--,VIETCOM ,BANK4 ,JU/ \TSIDE ! CITY1 A PRIVATE GAT$ COMMUNITY 7NAM$ ,CIPUTRA1 AFT] ITS ,9DONESIAN PROP]TY-MOGUL [N]7 COMPLETE ) LUXURY AP>TM5TS & FA/-FOOD \TLETS IS POPULAT$ BY EXPATS1 BUS9ESSM51 & HI<-RANK+ GOV]NM5T (FICIALS4 ,\TSIDE A ,K,F,C 9 ! CITY C5T]1 RUBBI% COLLECTORS & FRUIT SELL]S /RUGGLE TO MAKE A LIV+ 9 A C\NTRY ) AN EQUALITY RANK+ L[] ?AN ,NIG] & ,TANZANIA'S4 

#a#i#g#f3 ,A YE> AFT] ! )DRAWAL ( ,U,S TROOPS FROM ,SAIGON1 & ! NEWLY-UNIFI$ C\NTRY IS EMB>K+ UPON A PROCESS ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION1 NATIONALIZATION1 & 0RE$UCATION-?R\<-LABOR0 = ?OSE ,VIETNAMESE :O D>$ TO FI<T = ! ,S\!RN >MY & !IR ,AM]ICAN C\NT]P>TS4 ,AN EXACT FIGURE ( #e#h1#b#b ,AM]ICANS DEA?S2 >\ND #a11-#c11 ,VIETNAMESE DEA?S 7BUT ?OSE >E R>ELY TABULAT$74 ,APPROXIMATELY HALF A MILLION ,CAMBODIAN & ,LAOTIAN DEA?S 7BUT AGA91 :O'S C\NT+874 ,MILLIONS DEAD BY ANY MEASURE1 9 A PROXY W> BETWE5 COMPET+ SUP]P[]S4 ,VICTIMS ( ! GEOPOLITICAL GAME ?AT WAS ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,ONE BLOC TRY+ TO PREV5T ! FE>$1 0DOM9O EFFECT10 ! O!R TRY+ TO PROVOKE ! DOM9OS' FALL4 ,9 !IR RHETORIC1 EA* HAD A SEEM+LY UNIQUE OR?ODOX CRE$1 BUT ONE ?AT CONCEAL$ ! REAL PR9CIPLE BO? BLOCS HELD 9 COMMON--! PURSUIT & P]PETUATION ( !IR [N P[]4 

,SOME ANTI-W> ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,U,S *ANT$1 0,HO6 ,HO6 ,HO ,*I ,M9H610 AS ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE 7,N,V,A7 TORTUR$ PRISON]S & T>GET$ CIVILIANS4 ,BLI<T$ BY ! SAME M5TALITY ?AT LEADS MOD]N ANTI-W> DEMON/RATORS TO CRY1 0,WE >E ALL ,HEZBOLLAH60 & ANN\NCE !IR SOLID>ITY ) SOME DICTATOR OR RELIGI\S FANATIC1 !Y CONCLUDE ) ! SAME P>ALOGISM2 PRESUM+ ! 5EMY ( MY 5EMY IS MY FRI5D4 ,BETWE5 ! ,AM]ICAN >MY ) !IR ,?AI1 ,AU/RALIAN & ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE ALLIES1 & ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE >MY1 ) !IR ,RUSSIAN & ,*9ESE ALLIES1 !RE IS NO SIDE TO BE TAK54 ,:5 FAC$ ) TWO ALT]NATIVES1 ALWAYS *OOSE ! ?IRD - ,A PLAGUE ON BO? !IR H\SES4 

,! ,VIETNAM CONFLICT WAS A PROTRACT$ CIVIL W> EXAC]BAT$ BY =EIGN MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION4 ,NO D\BT )\T ! PRES5CE ( ,U,S TROOPS1 ,SAIGON W\LD HAVE QUICKLY BE5 CAPTUR$ BY ! COMMUNI/S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 )\T ! BACK+ ( ,*9A & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! COMMUNI/S W\LD HAVE F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO )/& ! ONSLAU<T ( ,AM]ICAN FIREP[]4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE A SURROGATE W>1 A *ESS BO>D = NUCLE>->M$ /ATES1 = :OM A DIRECT CONFLICT ) EA* O!R MEANT MUTUALLY ASSUR$ DE/RUCTION4 ,VIETNAM WAS !IR GO-BETWE54 ,&1 TO ! VICTORS BELONG ! SPOILS4 ,! ,U,S MILIT>Y SUFF]$ HUMILIAT+ DEFEAT = ! FIR/ TIME & AT ! H&S ( A PEASANT >MY4 ,A SUP]P[] \/$ BY A NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 FULL VIEW ( ! PRESS CORPS4 ,OR SO ! (FICIAL N>RATIVE GOES3 ,VIETNAM'S NATIONAL PRIDE & ,AM]ICA'S 9T]NATIONAL EMB>RASSM5T4 

,9 TODAY'S ,VIETNAM1 :]E ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! POPULATION W]E BORN AFT] #a#i#g#e1 HI/ORY IS MANIPULAT$ & US$ AS A JU/IFICATION = ! CONT9U$ RULE ( A DICTATORIAL ELITE1 P>ASITES ON A MEMORY EMB$D$ 9TO ! NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS1 A MEMORY ALT]$ & FRAM$ A PO/]IORI1 & !N PROLIF]AT$ BY A RUL+ CLASS KE5 ON CONT9U+ !IR DOM9ANCE 9TO PO/]ITY4 ,! MEMORY ( W> LEGITIMIZES !M & CONSOLIDATES !IR P[]4 ,IT IS !IR PROPAG&A1 !IR PUBLIC IMAGE1 !IR RAISON D'ETRE1 BUT IT IS HOLL[1 SUP]FICIAL & DOESN'T CORRESPOND TO REALITY4 ,!IR /RATEGY IS TO PROMOTE 9CONTE/ABLE DEF]5CE & ACCLAIM = ?OSE :O F\<T (F IMP]IALI/ 9VAD]S767 AS !Y PA9T !MSELVES R$ TO RESEMBLE ! RI<TFUL HEIRS ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H--,! ,P>TY ?AT F\<T (F ,FR5*1 ,JAPANESE & ,AM]ICAN OCCUPI]S1 & :O FIR/ E/ABLI%$ ,VIETNAM AS AN 9DEP5D5T NATION1 MU/ C]TA9LY KN[ :AT'S BE/4 ,AGITPROP1 FULL ( S\ND & FURY - SIGNIFY+ NO?+4 ,BUT !IR TIME WILL COME4 ,AN ,ASIAN ,SPR+ IS NE>4 ,! ,P>TY'S GRIP ON P[] DEP5DS ON !IR ABILITY TO SU/A9 HI< GR[? RATES & EMPLOYM5T4 ,BUT AS DEM& = EXPORTS DRIES UP1 !RE >E SIGNS ( /RESS 9 AN ECONOMY NE>+ ! 5D ( A CR$IT & PROP]TY B+E4 ,ONCE ?IS W>P$ SOCIAL CONTRACT IS BROK5 - ! TRADE(F BETWE5 SECURITY1 PROSP]ITY & LIB]TY - :O KN[S :AT =M A PO/-,C,P ,VIETNAM WILL TAKE4 ,IF #baa TAU<T US ANY?+1 IT'S ?AT NO DICTATOR CAN AF=D TO RE/ ON !IR LAURELS4 

,) H9DSI<T1 7& =GIVE ! HI/ORICAL REVISIONISM1 IT IS )\T AN \NCE ( GLEE OR TRIUMPHALISM7 IF ANYONE ACTUALLY 0WON0 ! W>1 IT WAS ! ,AM]ICANS4 ,! ,U,S WANT$ ,VIETNAM1 OR AT LEA/ ! ,S\?1 TO REMA9 A CAPITALI/ PUPPET /ATE AS A BA/ION AGA9/ COMMUNISM 9 ! REGION4 ,TODAY1 ,VIETNAM IS A CAPITALI/ /ATE 9 A REGION ( CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,! SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5T FAIL$ & N[ !Y'RE OP5 = BUS9ESS4 ,:5 IT COMES TO ,VIETNAM'S T]RITORIAL DISPUTES ) ,*9A 7NAMELY OV] ! ,SPRATLY ISL&S71 ,AM]ICA 9CREAS+LY SUPPORTS ITS OLD 5EMY AS A BUTTRESS AGA9/ ,BEIJ+1 ITS MA9 ECONOMIC COMPETITOR4 

,! LIB]AL J\RNALI/1 ,WILL ,HUTTON1 =M] $ITOR ( ,! ,OBS]V]1 COMM5TS ?AT1 0,AL?\< IT DID NOT SEEM SO AT ! TIME1 & IS NOT UND]/OOD EV5 TODAY 9 !SE T]MS444 ,BY DELAY+ COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T 9 ,VIETNAM1 ) ITS ,*9ESE BACK+1 UNTIL #a#i#g#e1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD B\<T A CRUCIAL DECADE = ! ,ASIAN ECONOMY TO BEG9 ITS GR[?-L$ BY EXPORTS--& TO %[1 9DISPUTABLY1 ?AT CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T WAS MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN COMMUNI/40 

,! VICTORY ( ! ,/AL9I/ ,C,P,V DIDN'T EQUAL EMANCIPATION = ! ,VIETNAMESE4 ,NOR W\LD AN ,AM]ICAN VICTORY HAVE BE5 MU* DIFF]5T4 ,POLITICAL OPPOSITION IS R\T9ELY SUPPRESS$1 HUMAN RI<TS CAMPAIGN]S & BLOGG]S JAIL$1 & LIB]AL RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,VIET ,TAN LABEL$ AS 'T]RORI/S'4 ,L& EVICTIONS >E VIOL5TLY RESI/$ BY ! LOCAL POPULATION AS ! GOV]NM5T TRIES TO AUCTION (F SITES = NEW DEVELOPM5TS1 T\RI/ RESORTS & GAT$-COMMUNITIES4 ,NONE ( ?IS IS REPORT$ 9 ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ M$IA4,VIETNAM IS A C\NTRY ( SU* GL>+ & UNSU/A9ABLE 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ?AT IT CANNOT REMA9 9 /ASIS4 ,!RE IS ONLY SO F> ,CONFUCIAN VALUES WILL GO 9 MA9TA9+ TOTAL SUBMISSION & ACQUIESC5CE4 ,! CORRUPTION ( ,VIETNAM'S LEAD]S DOES NOT GO UNNOTIC$ BY TE*-SAVVY Y\?S :O BYPASS ! BLOCK ON SOCIAL NETWORKS & 9T]NET =UMS1 NOR BY RURAL F>M]S 7COMPRIS+ A MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION7 :O CAN SEE FIR/ H& ?AT ! ,P>TY L9E DOESN'T HOLD WAT]4 ,! NONS5SE ( QUASI-,M>XI/ SP9 IS LAID B>E :5 Y\'RE =CIBLY REMOV$ FROM Y\R HOME TO MAKE WAY = A GOLF C\RSE4 ,IT %\LDN'T BE LONG BE=E LOCALIZ$ RESI/ANCE DEVELOPS 9TO G5]AL 9SURRECTION4 

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