,BOOK #a#d1 ,*APT] #ai 

#ahfiahfi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

      ,:AT ,RUSSIAN1 READ+ ! ACC\NT ( ! LA/ P>T ( ! CAMPAIGN ( 
      #a#h#a#b1 HAS NOT EXP]I5C$ AN UNCOM=TABLE FEEL+ ( REGRET1 
      DISSATISFACTION1 & P]PLEXITY8 ,:O HAS NOT ASK$ HIMSELF H[ IT IS ?AT 
      ! ,FR5* W]E NOT ALL CAPTUR$ OR DE/ROY$ :5 \R ?REE >MIES 
      SURR\ND$ !M 9 SUP]IOR NUMB]S1 :5 ! DISORD]$ ,FR5*1 HUNGRY 
      & FREEZ+1 SURR5D]$ 9 CR[DS1 & :5 7AS ! HI/ORIANS RELATE7 
      ! AIM ( ! ,RUSSIANS WAS TO /OP ! ,FR5*1 TO CUT !M (F1 & 
      CAPTURE !M ALL8 
     
     

      ,H[ WAS IT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN >MY1 :I* :5 NUM]ICALLY WEAK] ?AN ! 
      ,FR5* HAD GIV5 BATTLE AT ,BOROD9O1 DID NOT A*IEVE ITS PURPOSE :5 IT 
      HAD SURR\ND$ ! ,FR5* ON ?REE SIDES & :5 ITS AIM WAS TO CAPTURE 
      !M8 ,CAN ! ,FR5* BE SO 5ORM\SLY SUP]IOR TO US ?AT :5 WE HAD 
      SURR\ND$ !M ) SUP]IOR =CES WE C\LD NOT BEAT !M8 ,H[ C\LD 
      ?AT HAPP58 
     
     

      ,HI/ORY 7OR :AT IS CALL$ BY ?AT NAME7 REPLY+ TO !SE QUE/IONS SAYS 
      ?AT ?IS OCCURR$ BECAUSE ,KUTUZOV & ,TORMASOV & ,*I*AGOV1 & ?IS 
      MAN & ?AT MAN1 DID NOT EXECUTE SU* & SU* MANEUV]S4444 
     
     

      ,BUT :Y DID !Y NOT EXECUTE ?OSE MANEUV]S8 ,& :Y IF !Y W]E GUILTY 
      ( NOT C>RY+ \T A PRE>RANG$ PLAN W]E !Y NOT TRI$ & PUNI%$8 
      ,BUT EV5 IF WE ADMITT$ ?AT ,KUTUZOV1 ,*I*AGOV1 & O!RS W]E ! CAUSE 
      ( ! ,RUSSIAN FAILURES1 IT IS /ILL 9COMPREH5SIBLE :Y1 ! POSITION ( 
      ! ,RUSSIAN >MY BE+ :AT IT WAS AT ,KRASNOE & AT ! ,B]EZ9A 79 BO? 
      CASES WE HAD SUP]IOR =CES71 ! ,FR5* >MY ) ITS M>%ALS1 K+S1 
      & ,EMP]OR WAS NOT CAPTUR$1 IF ?AT WAS :AT ! ,RUSSIANS AIM$ AT4 
     
     

      ,! EXPLANATION ( ?IS /RANGE FACT GIV5 BY ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y HI/ORIANS 
      7TO ! EFFECT ?AT ,KUTUZOV H9D]$ AN ATTACK7 IS UNF\ND$1 = WE KN[ 
      ?AT HE C\LD NOT RE/RA9 ! TROOPS FROM ATTACK+ AT ,VYAZMA & 
      ,T>UT9O4 
     
     

      ,:Y WAS ! ,RUSSIAN >MY--:I* ) 9F]IOR =CES HAD )/OOD 
      ! 5EMY 9 FULL /R5G? AT ,BOROD9O--DEFEAT$ AT ,KRASNOE & ! 
      ,B]EZ9A BY ! DISORGANIZ$ CR[DS ( ! ,FR5* :5 IT WAS NUM]ICALLY 
      SUP]IOR8 
     
     

      ,IF ! AIM ( ! ,RUSSIANS CONSI/$ 9 CUTT+ (F & CAPTUR+ ,NAPOLEON 
      & HIS M>%ALS--& ?AT AIM WAS NOT M]ELY FRU/RAT$ BUT ALL 
      ATTEMPTS TO ATTA9 IT W]E MO/ %AMEFULLY BAFFL$--!N ?IS LA/ 
      P]IOD ( ! CAMPAIGN IS QUITE RI<TLY CONSID]$ BY ! ,FR5* TO BE A 
      S]IES ( VICTORIES1 & QUITE WRONGLY CONSID]$ VICTORI\S BY ,RUSSIAN 
      HI/ORIANS4 
     
     

      ,! ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y HI/ORIANS 9 SO F> AS !Y SUBMIT TO CLAIMS ( 
      LOGIC MU/ ADMIT ?AT CONCLUSION1 & 9 SPITE ( !IR LYRICAL RHAPSODIES 
      AB\T VALOR1 DEVOTION1 & SO =?1 MU/ RELUCTANTLY ADMIT ?AT ! 
      ,FR5* RETREAT FROM ,MOSC[ WAS A S]IES ( VICTORIES = ,NAPOLEON & 
      DEFEATS = ,KUTUZOV4 
     
     

      ,BUT PUTT+ NATIONAL VANITY 5TIRELY ASIDE ONE FEELS ?AT SU* A 
      CONCLUSION 9VOLVES A CONTRADICTION1 S9CE ! S]IES ( ,FR5* VICTORIES 
      BR\<T ! ,FR5* COMPLETE DE/RUCTION1 :ILE ! S]IES ( ,RUSSIAN 
      DEFEATS L$ TO ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( !IR 5EMY & ! LIB]ATION ( 
      !IR C\NTRY4 
     
     

      ,! S\RCE ( ?IS CONTRADICTION LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT ! HI/ORIANS 
      /UDY+ ! EV5TS FROM ! LETT]S ( ! SOV]EIGNS & ! G5]ALS1 
      FROM MEMOIRS1 REPORTS1 PROJECTS1 & SO =?1 HAVE ATTRIBUT$ TO ?IS 
      LA/ P]IOD ( ! W> ( #ahab AN AIM ?AT NEV] EXI/$1 NAMELY ?AT ( 
      CUTT+ (F & CAPTUR+ ,NAPOLEON ) HIS M>%ALS & HIS >MY4 
     
     

      ,!RE NEV] WAS OR C\LD HAVE BE5 SU* AN AIM1 = IT W\LD HAVE BE5 
      S5SELESS & ITS ATTA9M5T QUITE IMPOSSIBLE4 
     
     

      ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 S5SELESS1 FIR/ BECAUSE ,NAPOLEON'S DISORGANIZ$ >MY 
      WAS FLY+ FROM ,RUSSIA ) ALL POSSIBLE SPE$1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 WAS DO+ 
      JU/ :AT EV]Y ,RUSSIAN DESIR$4 ,SO :AT WAS ! USE ( P]=M+ V>I\S 
      OP]ATIONS ON ! ,FR5* :O W]E RUNN+ AWAY AS FA/ AS !Y POSSIBLY 
      C\LD8 
     
     

      ,SECONDLY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 S5SELESS TO BLOCK ! PASSAGE ( M5 :OSE 
      :OLE 5]GY WAS DIRECT$ TO FLI<T4 
     
     

      ,?IRDLY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 S5SELESS TO SACRIFICE ONE'S [N TROOPS 9 
      ORD] TO DE/ROY ! ,FR5* >MY1 :I* )\T EXT]NAL 9T]F]5CE WAS 
      DE/ROY+ ITSELF AT SU* A RATE ?AT1 ?\< ITS PA? WAS NOT BLOCK$1 IT 
      C\LD NOT C>RY ACROSS ! FRONTI] MORE ?AN IT ACTUALLY DID 9 ,DECEMB]1 
      NAMELY A HUNDR$? P>T ( ! ORIG9AL >MY4 
     
     

      ,F\R?LY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 S5SELESS TO WI% TO TAKE CAPTIVE ! 
      ,EMP]OR1 K+S1 & DUKES--:OSE CAPTURE W\LD HAVE BE5 9 ! 
      HI<E/ DEGREE EMB>RASS+ = ! ,RUSSIANS1 AS ! MO/ ADROIT 
      DIPLOMATI/S ( ! TIME 7,JOSEPH DE ,MAI/RE & O!RS7 RECOGNIZ$4 ,/ILL 
      MORE S5SELESS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! WI% TO CAPTURE >MY CORPS ( ! 
      ,FR5*1 :5 \R [N >MY HAD MELT$ AWAY TO HALF BE=E REA*+ ,KRASNOE 
      & A :OLE DIVISION W\LD HAVE BE5 NE$$ TO CONVOY ! CORPS ( 
      PRISON]S1 & :5 \R M5 W]E NOT ALWAYS GETT+ FULL RATIONS & ! 
      PRISON]S ALREADY TAK5 W]E P]I%+ ( HUNG]4 
     
     

      ,ALL ! PR(\ND PLANS AB\T CUTT+ (F & CAPTUR+ ,NAPOLEON & HIS 
      >MY W]E LIKE ! PLAN ( A M>KET G>D5] :O1 :5 DRIV+ \T ( HIS 
      G>D5 A C[ ?AT HAD TRAMPL$ D[N ! B$S HE HAD PLANT$1 %\LD RUN TO 
      ! GATE & HIT ! C[ ON ! HEAD4 ,! ONLY ?+ TO BE SAID 9 EXCUSE 
      ( ?AT G>D5] W\LD BE ?AT HE WAS V]Y ANGRY4 ,BUT NOT EV5 ?AT C\LD 
      BE SAID = ?OSE :O DREW UP ?IS PROJECT1 = IT WAS NOT !Y :O HAD 
      SUFF]$ FROM ! TRAMPL$ B$S4 
     
     

      ,BUT BESIDES ! FACT ?AT CUTT+ (F ,NAPOLEON ) HIS >MY W\LD HAVE 
      BE5 S5SELESS1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 
     
     

      ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE FIR/ BECAUSE--AS EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT A 
      ?REE-MILE MOVEM5T ( COLUMNS ON A BATTLEFIELD NEV] CO9CIDES ) ! 
      PLANS--! PROBABILITY ( ,*I*AGOV1 ,KUTUZOV1 & ,WITTG5/E9 
      EFFECT+ A JUNCTION ON TIME AT AN APPO9T$ PLACE WAS SO REMOTE AS TO BE 
      TANTAM\NT TO IMPOSSIBILITY1 AS 9 FACT ?\<T ,KUTUZOV1 :O :5 HE 
      RECEIV$ ! PLAN REM>K$ ?AT DIV]SIONS PLANN$ OV] GREAT DI/ANCES DO 
      NOT YIELD ! DESIR$ RESULTS4 
     
     

      ,SECONDLY IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE TO P>ALYZE ! MOM5TUM ) :I* 
      ,NAPOLEON'S >MY WAS RETIR+1 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] =CES ?AN ! 
      ,RUSSIANS POSSESS$ W\LD HAVE BE5 REQUIR$4 
     
     

      ,?IRDLY IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ! MILIT>Y T]M 0TO CUT (F0 HAS NO 
      MEAN+4 ,ONE CAN CUT (F A SLICE ( BREAD1 BUT NOT AN >MY4 ,TO CUT (F AN 
      >MY--TO B> ITS ROAD--IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE1 = !RE IS ALWAYS 
      PL5TY ( ROOM TO AVOID CAPTURE & !RE IS ! NI<T :5 NO?+ CAN BE 
      SE51 AS ! MILIT>Y SCI5TI/S MI<T CONV9CE !MSELVES BY ! EXAMPLE 
      ( ,KRASNOE & ( ! ,B]EZ9A4 ,IT IS ONLY POSSIBLE TO CAPTURE PRISON]S 
      IF !Y AGREE TO BE CAPTUR$1 JU/ AS IT IS ONLY POSSIBLE TO CAT* A 
      SWALL[ IF IT SETTLES ON ONE'S H&4 ,M5 CAN ONLY BE TAK5 PRISON]S IF 
      !Y SURR5D] ACCORD+ TO ! RULES ( /RATEGY & TACTICS1 AS ! 
      ,G]MANS DID4 ,BUT ! ,FR5* TROOPS QUITE RI<TLY DID NOT CONSID] ?AT 
      ?IS SUIT$ !M1 S9CE DEA? BY HUNG] & COLD AWAIT$ !M 9 FLI<T OR 
      CAPTIVITY ALIKE4 
     
     

      ,F\R?LY & *IEFLY IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE NEV] S9CE ! WORLD 
      BEGAN HAS A W> BE5 F\<T UND] SU* CONDITIONS AS ?OSE ?AT OBTA9$ 
      9 #a#h#a#b1 & ! ,RUSSIAN >MY 9 ITS PURSUIT ( ! ,FR5* /RA9$ ITS 
      /R5G? TO ! UTMO/ & C\LD NOT HAVE DONE MORE )\T DE/ROY+ 
      ITSELF4 
     
     

      ,DUR+ ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY FROM ,T>UT9O TO ,KRASNOE IT LO/ 
      FIFTY ?\S& SICK OR /RAGGL]S1 ?AT IS A NUMB] EQUAL TO ! 
      POPULATION ( A L>GE PROV9CIAL T[N4 ,HALF ! M5 FELL \T ( ! >MY 
      )\T A BATTLE4 
     
     

      ,& IT IS ( ?IS P]IOD ( ! CAMPAIGN--:5 ! >MY LACK$ BOOTS 
      & %EEPSK9 COATS1 WAS %ORT ( PROVISIONS & )\T VODKA1 & WAS 
      CAMP+ \T AT NI<T = MON?S 9 ! SN[ ) FIFTE5 DEGREES ( FRO/1 
      :5 !RE W]E ONLY SEV5 OR EI<T H\RS ( DAYLI<T & ! RE/ WAS 
      NI<T 9 :I* ! 9FLU5CE ( DISCIPL9E CANNOT BE MA9TA9$1 :5 M5 
      W]E TAK5 9TO ?AT REGION ( DEA? :]E DISCIPL9E FAILS1 NOT = A FEW 
      H\RS ONLY AS 9 A BATTLE1 BUT = MON?S1 :]E !Y W]E EV]Y MOM5T 
      FI<T+ DEA? FROM HUNG] & COLD1 :5 HALF ! >MY P]I%$ 9 A 
      S+LE MON?--IT IS ( ?IS P]IOD ( ! CAMPAIGN ?AT ! 
      HI/ORIANS TELL US H[ ,MILORADOVI* %\LD HAVE MADE A FLANK M>* TO SU* 
      & SU* A PLACE1 ,TORMASOV TO ANO!R PLACE1 & ,*I*AGOV %\LD HAVE 
      CROSS$ 7MORE ?AN KNEE-DEEP 9 SN[7 TO SOME:]E ELSE1 & H[ SO-&-SO 
      0R\T$0 & 0CUT (F0 ! ,FR5* & SO ON & SO ON4 
     
     

      ,! ,RUSSIANS1 HALF ( :OM DI$1 DID ALL ?AT C\LD & %\LD HAVE BE5 
      DONE TO ATTA9 AN 5D WOR?Y ( ! NATION1 & !Y >E NOT TO BLAME 
      BECAUSE O!R ,RUSSIANS1 SITT+ 9 W>M ROOMS1 PROPOS$ ?AT !Y %\LD 
      DO :AT WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 
     
     

      ,ALL ?AT /RANGE CONTRADICTION N[ DIFFICULT TO UND]/& BETWE5 ! 
      FACTS & ! HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS ONLY >ISES BECAUSE ! HI/ORIANS 
      DEAL+ ) ! MATT] HAVE WRITT5 ! HI/ORY ( ! BEAUTIFUL WORDS 
      & S5TIM5TS ( V>I\S G5]ALS1 & NOT ! HI/ORY ( ! EV5TS4 
     
     

      ,TO !M ! WORDS ( ,MILORADOVI* SEEM V]Y 9T]E/+1 & SO DO !IR 
      SURMISES & ! REW>DS ?IS OR ?AT G5]AL RECEIV$2 BUT ! QUE/ION 
      ( ?OSE FIFTY ?\S& M5 :O W]E LEFT 9 HOSPITALS & 9 GRAVES DOES 
      NOT EV5 9T]E/ !M1 = IT DOES NOT COME )9 ! RANGE ( !IR 
      9VE/IGATION4 
     
     

      ,YET ONE NE$ ONLY DISC>D ! /UDY ( ! REPORTS & G5]AL PLANS & 
      CONSID] ! MOVEM5T ( ?OSE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( M5 :O TOOK A 
      DIRECT P>T 9 ! EV5TS1 & ALL ! QUE/IONS ?AT SEEM$ 9SOLUBLE 
      EASILY & SIMPLY RECEIVE AN IMM$IATE & C]TA9 SOLUTION4 
     
     

      ,! AIM ( CUTT+ (F ,NAPOLEON & HIS >MY NEV] EXI/$ EXCEPT 9 ! 
      IMAG9ATIONS ( A DOZ5 PEOPLE4 ,IT C\LD NOT EXI/ BECAUSE IT WAS 
      S5SELESS & UNATTA9ABLE4 
     
     

      ,! PEOPLE HAD A S+LE AIM3 TO FREE !IR L& FROM 9VASION4 ,?AT AIM 
      WAS ATTA9$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ( ITSELF1 AS ! ,FR5* RAN AWAY1 & SO 
      IT WAS ONLY NECESS>Y NOT TO /OP !IR FLI<T4 ,SECONDLY IT WAS ATTA9$ 
      BY ! GU]RILLA W>F>E :I* WAS DE/ROY+ ! ,FR5*1 & ?IRDLY BY 
      ! FACT ?AT A L>GE ,RUSSIAN >MY WAS FOLL[+ ! ,FR5*1 READY TO USE 
      ITS /R5G? 9 CASE !IR MOVEM5T /OPP$4 
     
     

      ,! ,RUSSIAN >MY HAD TO ACT LIKE A :IP TO A RUNN+ ANIMAL4 ,& ! 
      EXP]I5C$ DRIV] KNEW IT WAS BETT] TO HOLD ! :IP RAIS$ AS A M5ACE 
      ?AN TO /RIKE ! RUNN+ ANIMAL ON ! HEAD4 
     

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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