,*APT] #b 
,! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL ,DEL ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T7 #a#i#a-#b#c 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

#b3 ,! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T7 #a#i#a-#b#c 

  

,! F\ND+ ( ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #aia WAS1 = MANY1 ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT EV5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9 ,SPA9 AFT] ! =MATION ( ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#f#i4 ,AN>*I/ WORK]S1 9SPIR$ BY ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 ANTI-/ATE & F$]ALI/ PR9CIPLES ( SYNDICALISM AS \TL9$ 9 ! #aif ,*>T] ( ,AMI5S &1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! WRIT+S ( ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ ,F]N&O ,PELL\TI]1 SAW 9 ! DIRECT ACTION & ANTI-P>LIAM5T>ISM ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM AN IDEAL VEHICLE = 9TRODUC+ AN>*I/ IDEAS TO ! WORK]S & ! MEANS = OV]?R[+ ! ,/ATE4 

',! S*OOL = ! 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+ ( ! WORK]S AIMS TO MAKE !M ACQUA9T$ ) ! TE*NICAL MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ECONOMIC LIFE 9 G5]AL1 SO ?AT :5 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION >ISES !Y WILL BE CAPABLE ( TAK+ ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORGANISM 9TO !IR [N H&S & REMAK+ IT ACCORD+ TO SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4' .<#g.> 

,! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 SAW ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONS NOT AS A MEANS TO AN 5D1 BUT ! 5D ITSELF4 

,! ,*>T] ( ,AMI5S WAS1 H[EV]1 AN EXCLUSIVE PROGRAM ?AT ASS]T$ ?AT SYNDICALISM WAS SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF4 ,IT CALL$ ON AN>*I/ WORK]S NOT TO =M SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ UNIONS BUT1 9/EAD1 TO COLLABORATE 9 A POLITICALLY NEUTRAL & BROAD BAS$ WORK+-CLASS UNIONISM4 ,IT LAID D[N SPECIFIC IMM$IATE ECONOMIC DEM&S AIM$ AT IMPROV+ WORK+-CLASS CONDITIONS BUT AT ! SAME TIME REAFFIRM$ ?AT ! PR9CIPAL OBJECTIVE ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM WAS TO PREP>E ! WORK+ CLASS = COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ?R\< ! EXPROPRIATORY G5]AL /RIKE4 

,! AN>*I/S AGRE$ ?AT !Y %\LD PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! UNIONS4 ,BUT !Y DID HAVE CONSID]ABLE DIFF]5CES ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S4 ,!IR MA9 >GUM5T 7AP>T FROM :AT !Y FELT WAS SYNDICALISM'S UNDULY OPTIMI/IC RELIANCE ON ! EXPROPRIATORY G5]AL /RIKE AS A REVOLUTION>Y PANACEA & ?AT PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY %\LD BE BAS$ ON ! COMMUNITY1 NOT JU/ ON ! ORGANS ( PRODUCTION7 WAS ?AT UNIONS W]E ESS5TIALLY RE=MI/1 CONS]VATIVE & SELF-SEEK+ ORGANS ?AT HELP$ SU/A9 CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS 9 ! NATURE ( UNION ORGANIZATIONS TO /IMULATE ELITISM & 5C\RAGE A UTILIT>IAN & HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! GREAT] GOOD ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 

',EA* TIME A GR\P IS =M$'1 WROTE ,EMILE ,P\GET 9 #aid 9 ,LES BASES DU SYNDICALISME1 ':]E9 CONSCI\S M5 COME 9TO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R1 !Y %\LD DISREG>D ! APA?Y ( ! MASS444 ,! UN-UNIONIZ$1 ! UNCONSCI\S ONES1 HAVE ?US NO REASON TO OBJECT TO ! SORT ( MORAL TUTELAGE :I* ! 0CONSCI\S0 ASSUME = !MSELVES444 ,ANYWAY1 ! DULL-WITT$ >E 9 NO POSITION TO (F] RECRIM9ATION1 = !Y PR(IT BY ! RESULTS A*IEV$ BY CONSCI\S & ACTIVI/ COMRADES1 & !Y 5JOY !M )\T HAV+ HAD TO 5DURE ! /RUGGLE4' 

,! DANG]1 =ESE5 BY AN>*I/S1 WAS ?AT ! 'CONSCI\S M5' W\LD BE TEMPT$ TO ACCEPT POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY )9 ! UNION4 ,ONCE AN AN>*I/ ACCEPT$ P]MAN5T (FICE 9 A UNION OR ANY SIMIL> LEGALIT>IAN BODY1 HE OR %E W\LD BE UND] OBLIGATION TO DEF5D ! CORPORATE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( !IR MEMB]%IP1 MO/ ( :OM W\LD NOT BE AN>*I/S1 EV5 AGA9/ !IR [N MORAL PR9CIPLES4 ,FAC$ ) A *OICE BETWE5 OV]?R[+ OR NEGOTIAT+ ) CAPITALISM1 !REBY P]PETUAT+ ! /ATUS QUO1 ! 'CONSCI\S M5' W\LD BE OBLIG$ EI!R TO FOLL[ !IR CONSCI5CE & RESIGN1 OR AB&ON AN>*ISM TO BECOME ACCESSORIES ( CAPITALISM & /ATISM4 

,9 ,SPA9 ! ,C,N,T1 :I* HAD GR[N \T ( ! AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ 9SPIR$ ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A F$]ATION1 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#g1 WAS TO DEVELOP ALONG DIFF]5T L9ES TO ! O!R MAJOR REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ UNIONS ( ! P]IOD4 ,:ILE AN>*I/S 9SPIR$ IT1 ! ,C,N,T WAS NOT YET AV[$LY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 AL?\< ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ IT4 ,AT ITS FIR/ PROP] ,CONGRESS 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,OCTOB] #aiaa AFT] ! SOCIALI/S HAD )DRAWN1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( #b#f1#e#h#e WORK]S.<#h.> ADOPT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y SLOGAN ?AT ! GOAL ( ! NEW UNION 7:I* C\LD ONLY BE JO9$ BY ! WORK]S7 W\LD BE ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,COMMITT$ TO DIRECT ACTION & CLASS W> & OPPOS$ TO POLITICAL & CLASS COLLABORATION1 ! /AT$ OBJECTIVE ( ! ,C,N,T WAS TO ATTA9 SUFFICI5T NUM]ICAL /R5G? TO P]MIT IT TO M\NT ! REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE4 

,FOLL[+ ! COLLAPSE ( A G5]AL SOLID>ITY /RIKE 9 SUPPORT ( /RIK+ WORK]S 9 ,BILBAO & 9 PROTE/ AGA9/ ! FL>E-UP ( ! W> 9 ,MOROCCO1 ! ,C,N,T WAS DECL>$ ILLEGAL BY ! ,CANALEJAS GOV]NM5T & =C$ 9TO CL&E/9ITY )9 A MATT] ( WEEKS ( ITS F\ND+ ,CONGRESS4 ,IT MANAG$ TO REGA9 ITS LEGAL /ATUS 9 ,CATALONIA 9 ,JULY #a#i#a#d1 ON ! EVE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 BUT IT WAS NOT UNTIL ,OCTOB] #aiae :5 A NEW ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS ELECT$1 ) ITS BASE 9 ,CATALONIA1 ?AT ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO REEM]GE AS A G5U9ELY NATIONAL UNION4 ,! ,C,N,T REMA9$1 H[EV]1 ,CATALANC5TRIC ) SOME #a#e1 ,CATALAN WORK]S \T ( A NATIONAL MEMB]%IP ( >\ND #c14 .<#i.> 

,! W> PROVID$ A MASSIVE /IMULUS TO 9DU/RIAL GR[? & ! EXPORT M>KET4 ,! EXPANSION ( ! EXPORT M>KET MEANT1 H[EV]1 A SURGE ( PRICE RISES AT HOME & FROM #aiaf ONW>DS1 AS 9FLATION & UNEMPLOYM5T 9CREAS$1 ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO ATTRACT MORE & MORE WORK]S4 ,! ECONOMIC CRISIS CAUS$ BY ! 5D+ ( ! W>1 :I* L$ TO ! COLLAPSE ( ! LUCRATIVE =EIGN M>KETS = ,SPANI% GOODS1 GAVE ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T AN EV5 GREAT] BOO/4 ,! POLITICAL CLIMATE WAS FUR!R RADICALIZ$ BY HEI<T5$ T5SION BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE & ! AGR>IAN P[] ELITE1 :O PROPOS$ TAX+ EXCESS W> PR(ITS 9 ORD] TO REG5]ATE ! FAIL+ AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RY4 

,BY LATE #a#i#a#g1 HORRIFI$ BY ! C\RSE EV5TS HAD TAK5 9 ,RUSSIA ) ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 9 SPITE ( ! 5ORM\S LEV]AGE W> PR(ITS HAD BR\<T !M1 LO/ !IR TA/E = RE=M & !IR N]VE 9 ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL P[]4 ,! ?REAT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION FROM A COMBATIVE WORK+ CLASS UND] AN>*I/ LEAD]%IP HAD DISPLAC$ ! L&$ 9T]E/ AS ! MA9 ?REAT TO ! F9ANCIAL & POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! SITUATION WAS DESCRIB$ BY ,SPANI% HI/ORIAN ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL AS3 ',! IMM95CE ( A POLITICAL REVOLUTION ?AT WORRI$ EV5 ! MO/ OPTIMI/IC444 ,! CLE> VISION ( !SE EV5TS & ! EXAMPLES ( EA/]N ,EUROPE IMBU$ ALL ( ! PROLET>IAN /RATA ) HOPES ( VICTORY4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ! MO/ POT5T LABOR AGITATION 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! C\NTRY WAS 9ITIAT$4' .<#a.> 

,! SOCIALI/ ,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,U,G,T7 L$ BY ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS AT ?IS TIME F> L>G] ?AN ! ,C,N,T4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiaf IT HAD #g#f1#c#d MEMB]S RIS+ TO #i#i1#e#c BY ,M>* #a#i#a#g4 ,FOLL[+ ! DISA/R\S COLLAPSE ( A POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE 9 SUPPORT ( ! MIDDLE CLASS ,ASSEMBLY ,MOVEM5T 9 ,AUGU/ #aiag & ! SUBSEQU5T VICI\S REPRESSION1 ! SOCIALI/S HAD BE5 TRAUMATIZ$ & =MALLY AB&ON$ ALL PRET5SE AT RADICAL POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,BY ! 5D ( #aiag ! ,U,G,T HAD BECOME AN UNA%AM$LY RE=MI/ SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT UNION COMMITT$ TO WORK+ )9 ! LEGAL P>AMET]S LAID D[N BY ! ,/ATE4 ,TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,SPA9 ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/S & CLASS-COLLABORATIVE UNIONI/S HAD LO/ ALL CR$IBILITY4 ,!Y HAD %[N !MSELVES 9CAPABLE ( RESOLV+ ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AT FAC$ ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY ! CRUCIAL L& QUE/ION4 ,! AN>*I/ >GUM5T ?AT !SE PROBLEMS C\LD NOT BE RESOLV$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! SY/EM ACQUIR$ GREAT] CR$IBILITY4 ,9 SU* A POL>IZ$ SITUATION ! ONLY =CE CAPABLE ( OPPOS+ SU* A COHESIVE & 9TRANSIG5T RUL+ CLASS W]E ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ORGANIZ$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T4 ,! DISPOSSESS$ MASSES BEGAN TO FLOCK TO ITS BLACK-&-R$ BANN]S 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 

,9 ! W9T] ( #aiah A ,NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,B>CELONA TO DISCUSS !IR RELATION%IP ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,DELEGATES ATT5D$ FROM EV]Y REGION ( ,SPA94 ,! CONF]5CE1 ADDRESS$ BY A DELEGATE FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 /RESS$ ! NE$ = GREAT] AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! COMMITTEES4 ,UNTIL ?AT TIME MANY AN>*I/S HAD REMA9$ \TSIDE ! ,C,N,T & ?OSE :O W]E ACTIVE 9 ! UNION DELIB]ATELY AVOID$ POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY )9 ! UNION4 ,AFT] CONSID]ABLE DEBATE ! AN>*I/ GR\PS DECID$ UPON MASSIVE 5TRY 9TO ! ,C,N,T1 A DECISION ?AT WAS TO HAVE A TREM5D\S IMPACT ON ! POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,C,N,T4 

,! ?RU/ T[>D AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAD RECEIV$ A MASSIVE BOO/ E>LI] ?AT SUMM] ) ! ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ! P[]FUL ,CATALAN ,C,N,T 9 ,SANTS 7#b#h ,JUNE-#a ,JULY1 #a#i#a#h74 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO COME ( AGE AS AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION4 ,CONGRESS1 REPRES5T+ ALMO/ #g#d1 WORK]S 7>\ND #c P] C5T ( ! ,CATALAN WORK=CE7 DECID$ TO REPLACE ITS TRADITIONAL CRAFT UNION /RUCTURE ) ! ,S9DICATO ,UNICO1 ! 9DU/RIAL UNION ?AT BR\<T TOGE!R ALL ! DIFF]5T TRADES )9 ! SAME 9DU/RY4 ,!SE 9DU/RIAL UNIONS W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 LOCAL1 DI/RICT & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS4 ,BY ORGANIZ+ 9DU/RIALLY !Y PLANN$ TO BUILD ! F\NDATIONS ( ! NEW SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 ,C,N,T COMMITTEE ROOMS W]E NOT CONF9$ TO UNION MATT]S2 !Y BECAME COMMUNITY SOCIAL & CULTURAL C5T]S :]E ,F]R]-TYPE FREE S*OOLS W]E SET UP TO TEA* SUBJECTS AS DIV]SE AS ,ESP]ANTO1 VEGET>IANISM1 H]BAL M$IC9E1 BIR? CONTROL & FEMALE EMANCIPATION4 

,! ,SANTS ,CONGRESS ALSO RESOLV$ TO ABOLI% UNION DUES ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT 5C\RAG$ BUREAUCRACY1 CAUTION & AN OV]RID+ CONC]N = M9OR MATT]S4 ,! ONLY PAID (FICIAL ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,LABOR1 AS ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T WAS KN[N1 WAS TO BE ! FULL-TIME SECRET>Y4 ,IT WAS ALSO AGRE$ TO ORGANIZE A NATIONWIDE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A & RECRUITM5T DRIVE :I*1 GIV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y ATMOSPH]E ( ! TIME WAS ELECTRIFY+LY SUCCESSFUL4 ,9 ! AGR>IAN S\?1 9DU/RIAL WORK] & PEASANT ASSOCIATIONS AFFILIAT$ 5 BLOC4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! YE> ! ,C,N,T BOA/$ #c#d#e1 MEMB]S4 ,! ,/ATE RESPOND$ BY JAIL+ ! ,C,N,T PROPAG&I/S & DRIV+ ! UNION UND]GR\ND AGA94 

,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 AN IMPORTANT /RIKE E>LY 9 #aiai ?AT PROVID$ ! ,C,N,T ) ! 9DU/RIAL VICTORY IT NE$$ TO CONSOLIDATE ITS REPUTATION AS ! BIGGE/ & MO/ COMBATIVE UNION 9 ,SPA94 ,9 ,JANU>Y #aiai ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ,CANADIAN-CONTROLL$ ELECTRICAL P[] COMPANY R$UC$ ! WAGES ( A GR\P ( WORK]S )\T NOTICE4 ,:5 EI<T WORK]S :O PROTE/$ AGA9/ ?IS >BITR>Y ACTION BY ! MANAGEM5T W]E SUMM>ILY DISMISS$1 ! ,C,N,T CALL$ ITS MEMB]S \T ON /RIKE ON #d ,FEBRU>Y4 ,! ',LA ,CANADI5SE' /RIKE1 AS ! DISPUTE BECAME KN[N1 RAPIDLY ESCALAT$ FROM A S]IES ( SPORADIC SOLID>ITY /RIKES 9TO AN IMPRESSIVE CITYWIDE G5]AL /RIKE BY #ba ,FEBRU>Y4 ,) ,B>CELONA )\T ELECTRICITY ! AU?ORITIES DECL>$ A /ATE ( SIEGE & CALL$ 9 ! >MY & MANY UNION LEAD]S W]E >RE/$4 ,! DISPUTE F9ALLY 5D$ 9 VICTORY = ! UNION ON #ai ,M>* :5 ! EMPLOY]S REL5T$ & RE9/AT$ ! SACK$ WORK]S & AGRE$ TO PAY A PORTION ( LO/ WAGES4 ,! ,ROMANONES GOV]NM5T1 = ITS P>T1 RELEAS$ SOME ( ! ,C,N,T PRISON]S &1 ON ,APRIL #c1 9TRODUC$ ! EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,S5S+ WEAKNESS1 ! ,C,N,T RELAUN*$ ITS /RIKE TO =CE ! GOV]NM5T TO RELEASE ! REMA9+ PRISON]S4 ,! AU?ORITIES REPLI$ BY =C+ ,ROMANONES TO RESIGN & EMB>K+ ON A MASSIVE CAMPAIGN ( REPRESSION AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T 9 ,B>CELONA ?AT WAS TO LA/ FROM ,APRIL UNTIL ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#i4 ,! POISON\S T5SION 9 ! CITY WAS NOT TO ABATE UNTIL #a#i#b#c-#a#i#b#d4 

,IT WAS 9 ! WAKE ( ! BLOODY REPRESSION 9 ,B>CELONA ?AT ! ,C,N,T HELD ITS SECOND ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS AT ! ,LA ,COM$IA !AT] 9 ,MADRID 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#i4 ,MEMB]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T /OOD AT >\ND #g#a#e11 APPROXIMATELY ?REE TIMES ! SIZE ( ! ,U,G,T4.<#a#a.> ,?IS FIGURE BROKE D[N 9TO #d#b#g1 ,CATALAN-BAS$ 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 #a#c#b1 FROM ! ,LEVANTE1 #i1 FROM ,&ALUCIA & ,EXTREMADURA1 #b#h1 FROM ,GALICIA1 #b#d1 FROM ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY1 #b#f1 FROM ! TWO ,CA/ILES1 & #a#e1 FROM ,>AGON4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT IT WAS ! 9FLU5CE ( SU* L>GE NUMB]S ( ,&ALUSIANS & ,EXTREMADURANS1 WORK]S :O EXP]I5C$ ! RAW P[] ( CAPITALISM EV]Y DAY ( !IR LIVES1 LIV+ & WORK+ AS !Y DID 9 CONDITIONS ( ABJECT POV]TY1 SUBJECT TO ! >BITR>Y CLASS JU/ICE ( ! L&LORDS & !IR AG5TS1 :O SWUNG ! BALANCE ( 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,C,N,T TO ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ POSITION4 

,:ATEV] ! S\RCE OR ! CAUSE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y & 9TRANSIG5T MOOD ( ! ,C,N,T RANK & FILE 9 #a#i#a#i1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ! S\!RN AGRICULTURAL WORK]S1 WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! KEY RESOLUTIONS APPROV$ BY ! ,CONGRESS4 ,RESOLUTIONS :I* CONFIRM$ ! ,C,N,T WAS A REVOLUTION>Y AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION IMBU$ ) ! SPIRIT ( ! ,ALLIANCE & :I* E*O$ ! OBJECTIVES ( ! ,SA9T ,IMI] & ,CORDOBA ,CONGRESSES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL #dg YE>S E>LI] 9 #ahgb -- ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM63  
  

,TO ,CONGRESS3 -- ,! UND]SIGN$ DELEGATES1 BE>+ 9 M9D ?AT ! T5D5CY MO/ /RONGLY MANIFE/$ 9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY IS ! ONE AIM+ AT ! COMPLETE1 UTT] & ABSOLUTE LIB]ATION ( MANK9D 9 MORAL1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL T]MS1 & CONSID]+ ?AT ?IS GOAL CANNOT BE ATTA9$ UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! L&1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE HAVE BE5 SOCIALIZ$ & ! OV]WE5+ P[] ( ! ,/ATE HAS VANI%$1 SUGGE/ TO ,CONGRESS ?AT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ESS5TIAL PO/ULATES ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT DECL>ES ?AT ! DESIR$ 5D ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,SPA9 IS ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM'4 .<#a#b.>  
  

,! ,LA ,COM$IA ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ALSO DECID$ TO ADOPT ! /RUCTURAL RE=MS 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T ! PREVI\S YE>4 ,AS 9 ,CATALONIA1 S5SITIVITY TO ! DANG]S ( OLIG>*ISATION & A WI% TO 5SURE ! M9IMUM ( T5SION BETWE5 ! LEAD]%IP & ! BASE ( ! ORGANIZATION1 ,CONGRESS RESOLV$ ?AT ONLY ,SECRET>IES ( ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS & ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE W\LD RECEIVE SAL>IES4 ,ALL O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL & ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES & ?OSE :O HELD POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY )9 ! MOVEM5T W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO CONT9UE TO WORK AT !IR TRADES 9 ORD] TO E>N A LIV+4 ,TO FACILITATE ?IS1 ,CONGRESS DECID$ ?AT ! 5TIRE ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE %\LD BE RECRUIT$ FROM AMONG ! CONF$]AL MEMB]%IP ( ONE P>TICUL> REGION4 ,9V>IABLY1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A DICTATOR%IP1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS ,B>CELONA-BAS$4 .<#a#c.> 

,IRONICALLY1 ! RAPID GR[? ( ! ,C,N,T FROM #aiai ONW>DS PLAC$ AN 5ORM\S /RA9 ON IT1 CALL+ 9TO QUE/ION ITS HO/ILITY TO ! ,/ATE & CON/ITUTIONAL COMMITM5T TO CLASS W> & DIRECT ACTION4 ,C\LD AN>*I/S1 5EMIES ( ALL CO]CIVE P[]1 COMPROMISE ) CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE1 MA9TA9 !IR PR9CIPLES )9 A MASS LABOR UNION ?AT WAS DEVELOP+ ITS [N GOALS & VE/$ 9T]E/S8 ,H[ C\LD AN 9/RUM5T ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION SEEK IMM$IATE %ORT T]M ECONOMIC GA9S = ITS MEMB]S ?R\< TACTICAL ALLIANCES & ACCOMMODATIONS ) :I*EV] GR\PS CIRCUM/ANCES HAPP5$ TO DICTATE )\T SEE+ ITS PR9CIPLES DI/ORT$1 ITS TRADITIONS ABUS$ & ITS ULTIMATE OBJECTIVES COMPROMIS$ \T ( ALL RECOGNITION8 

,AL?\< ! AN>*I/ WORK]S 9 ! ,C,N,T W]E AS 5?USIA/ICALLY COMMITT$ TO ! /RUGGLE = IMM$IATE ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5TS & SOCIAL JU/ICE AS SOCIALI/S OR 5LI<T5$ ,CONS]VATIVE ,REPUBLICANS1 !Y W]E EQUALLY CONV9C$ ?AT ANY IMPROVEM5TS WON BY ! UNION W\LD BE ILLUSORY & %ORT-LIV$ SO LONG AS CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE REMA9$4 ,BECAUSE !Y W]E WILL+ TO ACCEPT ?AT O!R POLITICAL P>TIES & UNIONS MI<T S]VE A USEFUL PURPOSE & W]E PREP>$ TO COOP]ATE ) !M 9 ?OSE AIMS ?AT !Y %>$ 9 COMMON1 IT DID NOT MEAN ?AT !Y CEAS$ TO BE AN>*I/S4 ,:]E !Y P>T$ COMPANY ) ! SOCIALI/S WAS OV] ! QUE/ION ( NEGOTIAT+ ) ! 5EMY1 DIV]T+ CLASS /RUGGLE 9TO CLASS COLLABORATION BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! LEAD]%IP FUNCTIONS ( CAPITALISM & ! ILLUSORY REPRES5TATIVE FUNCTIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 

,AL?\< ! ,C,N,T WAS F\ND$ &1 9 ! MA91 9FLU5C$ BY A M9ORITY ( RANK-&-FILE AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S :O W]E LESS CONC]N$ ) ECONOMIC DEM&S ?AN DEF5D+ ! UNION'S IDEOLOGICAL POSITION1 ! BULK ( ! MEMB]S :O CAME 9TO ! ,C,N,T BETWE5 #aiag & #aibc W\LD PROBABLY NOT HAVE DESCRIB$ !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y W]E COMMITT$ TO AN IDEA4 ,! WORK]S & PEASANTS :O FLOCK$ TO ! ,C,N,T DUR+ ?IS P]IOD W]E1 H[EV]1 ALMO/ C]TA9LY HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ! POL>IZ$ & RADICAL POLITICAL CLIMATE ( ! P]IOD & ID5TIFI$ ) ! UNION'S ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 LIB]T>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y E?OS4 ,!IR *OICE ( UNION REFLECT$ ! MOOD ( ! P]IOD & !IR 9DIVIDUAL VIEWS ON ! KEY ISSUES ?AT AFFECT$ !M 9 A BRUTAL & UNA%AM$LY CLASS-RIDD5 SOCIETY4 

,! LEAD]%IP1 ON ! O!R H&1 EI!R W]E NOT AN>*I/S OR M]ELY PAID LIP S]VICE TO AN>*ISM AS AN AB/RACT PR9CIPLE4 ,= ! CONSCI\S M9ORITY ( MILITANTS ?IS WAS AN IMPORTANT REASON TO MA9TA9 !IR AGITATIONAL PRESSURE TO 5SURE ! UNION CONT9U$ TO EXPRESS AN>*I/ POLICIES & ?AT ! RE=MI/ & ADM9I/RATIVE-M9D$ LEAD]%IP DID NOT LAPSE TOO F> FROM ! AN>*I/ 9SPIR$ CON/ITUTION4 ,! LEAD]S1 = !IR P>T1 NE$$ ! SUPPORT ( ?IS 'CONSCI\S M9ORITY' ( ACTIVI/S TO RETA9 !IR POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY & F\ND !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO ADOPT >TIFICIALLY REVOLUTION>Y POSITIONS :I* !Y NEV] 9T5D$ OR BELIEV$ POSSIBLE TO IMPLEM5T1 & FELT TO BE A H9DRANCE TO !IR NEGOTIAT+ POSITION ) EMPLOY]S & ,/ATE FUNCTION>IES4 ,ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE ! REVOLUTION>Y CON/ITUTION ( ! ,C,N,T & NEUTRALIZE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 'CONSCI\S M9ORITY' ( AN>*I/S 9EVITABLY MET ) ! DEFEAT ( ! LEAD]%IP4 

,AP>T FROM C\NT]+ ! CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ T5D5CIES ( ! LEAD]%IP1 :I* WAS CON/ANTLY ATTEMPT+ TO TURN ! ,CONF$]ATION 9TO A MIRROR IMAGE ( ! SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T1 & ATTEMPTS BY ,M>XI/ & PRO-,BOL%EVIK 9FILTRATORS SU* AS ,&REU ,N9 & ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9 TO SUBORN ! UNION TO ! ,MOSC[-BAS$ ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! 'CONSCI\S M9ORITY' ( AN>*I/S DID NOT SEE !MSELVES AS SEEK+ TO IMPOSE IDEOLOGICAL HEGEMONY OV] ! MEMB]%IP4 ,IT WAS1 RA!R1 TO PROVIDE MORAL LEAD]%IP TO !IR FELL[ WORK]S BY EXAMPLE & 9SPIRATION1 NOT ! COMM&-&-OBEY RELATION%IP :I* NORMALLY OP]AT$ )9 AU?ORIT>IAN P>TY & UNION /RUCTURES2 TO PROTECT & ADVANCE WORK+-CLASS 9T]E/S2 TO $UCATE ! RANK & FILE 9 ! UNITY BETWE5 ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM & TO /RESS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 :AT IS & :AT C\LD BE4 

,TO ! RE=MI/ LEAD]S ( ! HI<] COMMITTEES1 ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS AT ! BASE W]E UND\BT$LY NUISANCES1 P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE !Y UND]/OOD ! REALITIES ( ! WORLD TOO WELL & KNEW PRECISELY :AT ! RE=MI/S W]E TRY+ TO DO4 ,TO ?IS LATT] GR\P1 ! REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES ( ! ,C,N,T W]E VISIONS ON ! HORIZON ( A F>-DI/ANT FUTURE1 VISIONS ?AT M5AC$ !IR C>E]ISM1 NOT SOME?+ ?AT C\LD OR %\LD BE ON ! DAILY AG5DA ( A MAJOR UNION4 ,IF ! UNIONS W]E ABLE TO 9TRODUCE ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM1 :I* AFT] ALL WAS ONLY ! APPLICATION ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES TO ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY1 ?AT MADE ! UNIONS ORGANS ( G5U9E DEMOCRACY1 ) NO PLACE 9 !M = A LEAD]%IP /RUCTURE4 ,:I*1 ( C\RSE1 IS :Y ! RE=MI/S 9CESSANTLY S\<T TO PLAY D[N ! GOALS ( AN>*ISM & CON/ANTLY EMPHASIZ$ ! LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM BY ! RANK & FILE4 ,WRIT+ 9 #a#i#b#b1 ,SOL$AD ,GU/AVO OBS]V$ 9 ! AN>*I/ PAP] ,R$5CION ?AT '! ORGANIZ$ MASS :I* WE HAVE CALL$ SYNDICALI/ 7TRADE UNIONI/7 IS NOT LIB]T>IAN4' .<#a#d.> 

',! GREAT TRIUMPHS A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( ORGANIZATION & COLLECTIVE ACTIONS1' OBS]V$ ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL1 '! SPREAD ( ! SYNDICALI/ PRESS1 :I*1 ?\< /ILL DIRECT$ 9 L>GE MEASURE BY LIB]T>IANS1 IS CULTIVAT$ MA9LY ?R\< UNION !MES2 ! HABITS ( DISCIPL9E ) :I* CONVIVIALITY 9 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & ! HEAT ( ! BATTLE 9FUS$ ! MEMB]S2 ! /RUCTUR+ ( ! NEW 'S9DICATOS 'UNICOS'1 :I* SUBORD9AT$ 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVITY TO ?AT ( ! SECTIONS444 TO COLLECTIVE 5DS1 RE/RICT+ ! LIB]TY SO S$UL\SLY DEF5D$ BY AN>*ISM3 .<ALL.> W]E SL[LY MODIFY+ ! CONVICTIONS ( ! LEAD]%IP GR\PS1 :O1 )\T BE+ AW>E ( IT1 UNCONSCI\SLY MOV$ T[>D PURE UNIONISM1 RADICALLY OPPOS$1 AT BOTTOM1 TO FUNDAM5TAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4' .<#a#e.> 

,! RAPID 7BUT %ORT-LIV$7 GR[? 9 UNION MEMB]%IP ACCEL]AT$ ! CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 A REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T ATTEMPT+ TO P]=M ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( A RE=MI/ LABOR MOVEM5T & PROV$ TO BE AN 9CREAS+ S\RCE ( T5SION CREAT+ CONFLICT BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS ) !IR IMM$IATE REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES & ! EQUALLY 9FLU5TIAL UNION-ORI5T$ ELEM5TS ) !IR IMM$IATE ECONOMIC DEM&S & WORK-BAS$ CLAIMS4 ,= ! AN>*I/S1 MORALS1 I4E4 PR9CIPLES1 & REALITY W]E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,IF ! PR9CIPLES W]E ! RI<T ONES = DEAL+ ) REALITY !N CLE>LY !Y W]E ! RI<T ONES = =MULAT+ GOALS4 

,= ! RE=MI/S ON ! O!R H&1 AL?\< !Y PRAIS$ AN>*I/ MILITANCY & UPHELD AN>*ISM AS A POSITIVE MORAL 9FLU5CE !Y DEPLOR$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y GOAL ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM & S\<T TO DISSOCIATE IT FROM ! /RUGGLE4 ,AS AN IDEAL AN>*ISM WAS COMM5DABLE BUT NAIVE1 AN IDEAL :I* WAS 9CAPABLE ( COP+ ) ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL REALITIES ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 IT WAS AN AB/RACT MORAL Y>D/ICK :I* C\LD BE DISC>D$ AS & :5 CIRCUM/ANCES DEM&$4 ,! UNIONI/S FELT IT TO BE AN EMB>RASSM5T & AN OB/ACLE 9 !IR PURSUIT ( REALIZABLE OBJECTIVES1 MU* AS ,CLAUSE #d HAS BE5 TO ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY4 

,9SIDE ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T NEW LEAD]S BEGAN TO EM]GE :O HAD HAD LITTLE TO DO ) ! E>LI] WORK+-CLASS AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & :OSE MA9 PRIORITY WAS ! UNION /RUGGLE4 ,C,N,T LEAD]S LIKE ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 ,M>TI ,B>R]A1 ,SALVADOR ,QUEMADES1 ,JOSEP ,VIADIU1 ,JOAN ,PEIRO1 ,SEBA/IAN ,CL>A & ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA BEGAN TO DISPLACE ! AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S :O HAD PLAY$ A DOM9ANT ROLE 9 ! ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A F$]ATION & 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,C,N,T -- M5 LIKE ,NEGRE1 ,H]R]OS1 ,&REU1 ,MIR&A1 & SO ON4 

,9 #aiaf ! ,C,N,T LEAD] ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI & ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA 7A WAT*MAK] BY TRADE :OSE ORGANIZATIONAL C>E] HAD TAK5 HIM FAIRLY RAPIDLY FROM REVOLUTION>Y TO PHILOSOPHICAL AN>*ISM7 HAD SUCCESSFULLY 5G9E]$ ! FIR/ SOCIALI/-AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION AGREEM5T TO COORD9ATE A JO9T PROTE/ /RIKE AGA9/ ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+4 ,! SO-CALL$ ',PACT ( ,Z>AGOZA'1 9SPIR$ MA9LY BY ,SEGUI & ,PE/ANA1 HAD BE5 SIGN$ 9 ,NOVEMB] ( ?AT YE>4 ,E>LI] ! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP HAD BALK$ AT ! PROPOSAL BUT F9ALLY ! RANK & FILE AT ! #aiaf ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS AGRE$ TO ! ALLIANCE TO =CE POLITICAL CONCESSIONS \T ( ! ,ROMANONES GOV]NM5T4 

,MU* ( ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T %[$ LITTLE 5?USIASM = COLLABORAT+ ) AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S TO REPLACE ! GOV]NM5T ( ,C\NT ,ROMANONES ) A B\RGEOIS LIB]AL REPUBLIC4 ,! DISA/R\S EXP]I5CES ) SELF-/YL$ RADICAL & B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS DUR+ ! ,CANTONALI/ MOVEM5T 9 #ahgc HAD %[N ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS ?AT POLITICAL LEAD]S ( ALL HUES1 PROMPT$ BY !IR URGE TO CONQU] P[]1 ONLY COLLABORATE \T ( SELF 9T]E/4 ,!IR DI/RU/ ( ! SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T & ! REPUBLICANS PROV$ WELL-F\ND$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 BUT AL?\< ! PACT WAS %ORT-LIV$1 ) UN=TUNATE CONSEQU5CES = ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT DID S]VE TO HI<LI<T ! UNBRIDGEABLE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y & RE=MI/ UNIONISM4 7,AL?\< !RE IS NO PRO( ?AT ! LEAD]S W]E RE=MI/S & ! BASE REVOLUTION>Y74 

,9 #a#i#b1 9 DIRECT DEFIANCE ( ! DECISIONS ( ! #aiai ,CONGRESS & )\T ANY ATTEMPT TO CONSULT ) ! MEMB]%IP1 ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI DEMON/RAT$ FUR!R DISREG>D = ! DEMOCRATIC PROCESS BY NEGOTIAT+ ANO!R PACT ) ! ,U,G,T4 ,A ,C,N,T ,PL5UM CONDEMN$ ?IS >BITR>Y & UNDEMOCRATIC MOVE BY ! ,C,N,T LEAD] LAT] ?AT SAME YE>4 ,FAC$ ) A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 H[EV]1 ! DECISION WAS MADE TO GIVE ! SOCIALI/ UNION ! B5EFIT ( ! D\BT4 ,! ,C,N,T TE/$ ! BONA FIDES ( !IR ALLIES BY DECL>+ A G5]AL /RIKE 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! M9]S ( ! ,RIO ,T9TO ,COMPANY4 ,! SOCIALI/S1 :E!R FE>FUL ( A CONFRONTATION ) ! ,/ATE OR UNWILL+ TO CONC$E ! 9ITIATIVE TO ! ,C,N,T1 R5EG$ ON ! AGREEM5T & ! ,RIO ,T9TO /RIKE COLLAPS$ AFT] F\R MON?S ( /RUGGLE4 

,PI/OL]ISMO1 ! %OOT+ D[N ( MILITANT UNIONI/S BY GANG/]S HIR$ BY ! EMPLOY]S' F$]ATION & RI<T-W+ KILL]S ( ! ',S9DICATO ,LIBRE'1 ! SO-CALL$ FREE UNION1 FIR/ EM]G$ ON A SMALL SCALE DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I4.<#a#f.> ,BY #aib ! 9DIVIDUAL KILLS HAD ESCALAT$ 9TO ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SLAU<T] ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,ONE E/IMATE PLACES ! NUMB] ( ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS BETWE5 #aiag & #aibb AT #a1#a#b1 ( :I* #gec W]E WORK]S1 #aab POLICEM51 #ie EMPLOY]S & #eb =EM54 ,! ,C,N,T ,PRO-,PRISON]S ,COMMITTEE 9 #aibc LI/S ! NUMB] ( ,C,N,T MEMB]S KILL$ AS #ad ) #cc W\ND$4.<#a#g.> ,! ,B>CELONA POLICE *IEF1 ,>LEGUI1 OR*E/RAT$ ?IS /RATEGY ( T5SION4 ,! HI<E/ AU?ORITIES 9 ! REGION1 9CLUD+ ! CAPTA9 G5]AL1 ,MILANS DEL ,BOS*1 & ! CIVIL GOV]NOR1 ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO1 SUPPORT$ HIM4 

,?IS P>ALLEL /ATE T]ROR WAS GIV5 ! JUDICIAL SEAL ( APPROVAL 9 ,DECEMB] #aib ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! NOTORI\S LEY DE FUGAS1 A LAW ?AT P]MITT$ ! SECURITY =CES TO %OOT DEAD ANY ALLEG$ SUSPECT :O ATTEMPT$ TO 'EVADE' CAPTURE4 ,! ,C,N,T AGA9 APPEAL$ TO !IR PACT ALLIES1 ! ,U,G,T1 TO DECL>E A REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,CATALONIA 9 ORD] TO HALT ! CYCLE ( VIOL5CE1 BUT ! SOCIALI/ UNION REFUS$ TO L5D ITS SUPPORT & ,SEGUI'S PACT F9ALLY COLLAPS$ 9 IGNOM9Y4 ,FRI<T5$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT TO ! FUNDAM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS ( !IR SOCIETY -- TRADITION1 PROP]TY & PRIVILEGE ! RUL+ ELITE TURN$ TO ! ONLY WEAPON IT UND]/OOD3 VIOL5CE4 

,! AN>*I/ MILITANTS )9 ! ,C,N,T UNIONS W]E LEFT ) NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO RESPOND 9 K9D4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS - GRUPOS DE DEF5SA - ?AT1 HI!RTO1 HAD BE5 L>GELY CONC]N$ ) PICKET+ & SECURITY AT MEET+S4 ,BECAUSE ! SCALE ( ! ANTI-,C,N,T (F5SIVE /RET*$ ! RES\RCES ( !SE GR\PS1 EXCLUSIVELY AN>*I/ AFF9ITY GR\PS ALSO 5T]$ ! FRAY1 PROTECT+ ! UNIONS & DEVELOP+ NEW CONTACTS )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ID5TIFI$1 LOCAT$ & ASSASS9AT$ ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ! WAVE ( SEMI(FICIAL T]RORISM4 ,ACTION-ORI5T$1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES BECAME1 UND]/&ABLY1 ! C5TRAL FOCUS = ! Y\NG]1 MORE DYNAMIC & REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS :O BEGAN TO RISE TO PROM95CE )9 ! ,C,N,T1 :ILE ! COLLABORATIONI/S SU* AS ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 :O S\<T TO RE/ORE ! EMPHASIS ON PURELY UNION MATT]S1 SUFF]$ A CORRESPOND+ DECREASE 9 9FLU5CE4 ,DUR+ ! REPRESSION !RE WAS A S5SE 9 :I* >M$ GR\PS SUB/ITUT$ ! UNIONS AS ! FUNDAM5TAL UNIT ( ! ,C,N,T4 .<#a#h.> 

,9 ,OCTOB] #aibb ! ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS AN>*I/ AFF9ITY GR\P WAS =M$ 9 ,B>CELONA4.<#a#i.> ,IT CONSI/$ ( Y\NG WORK+-CLASS ,C,N,T DEF5SE GR\P MILITANTS :OSE IDEAS & ATTITUDES HAD BE5 =G$ DUR+ ! MURD]\S P]IOD ( GOV]NM5TAL & EMPLOY]S' T]RORISM4 ,! GR\P HAD P>TICUL>LY CLOSE L9KS ) ! WOODWORK]S' UNION4 ,IT HAD EVOLV$ FROM ! ,Z>AGOZA BAS$ ,CRISOL GR\P1 ITSELF 9 TURN L9K$ TO ! E>LI] ,LOS ,JU/ICI]OS GR\P4 ,ITS MEMB]S 9CLUD$ SOME ( ! MO/ FAM\S NAMES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM -- ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 A ME*ANIC FROM ,LEON1 ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 A WAIT] FROM ,Z>AGOZA1 & ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 AN APPR5TICE *EF1 WAIT] & LAT] ,FR5* POLI%] FROM ,T>RAGONA -- & ITS 9FLU5CE WAS TO PROVE CRUCIAL 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #a#i#cS4 .<#b.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 A F\ND] ( ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS1 ! DECL>$ AIMS ( ! GR\P W]E TO RESI/ PI/OL]ISMO1 DEF5D ! AN>*I/ OBJECTIVES ( ! ,C,N,T & SET UP A 'NATIONWIDE AN>*I/ F$]ATION ?AT W\LD UNITE ALL ! GR\PS :I* W]E CLOSE TO EA* O!R IDEOLOGICALLY BUT W]E SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! P59SULA4' ,HAV+ SUCCESSFULLY TURN$ ! TABLES ON ! MO/ PROM95T LEAD]S & ORGANIZ]S ( ! ANTI-,C,N,T T]ROR CAMPAIGN1 !Y US$ ! COLUMNS ( !IR 9FLU5TIAL J\RNAL ,CRISOL TO PRESS = A NATIONAL AN>*I/ CONF]5CE4 ,!IR APPEAL WAS SUCCESSFUL & BO? ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS W]E REPRES5T$4 ,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ W]E ELECT$ ON TO ! ,NATIONAL ,LIAISON ,COMMISSION1 A BODY ?AT WAS TO BE ! =]UNN] ( ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION -- ! ,F,A,I4 

,AMONG ! #e DELEGATES PRES5T AT ! CONF]5CE WAS ,SEGUI'S PROTEGE1 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 EX-$ITOR ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 N[ A UNION ORGANIZ] ( CONSID]ABLE /&+ )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,PE/ANA HAD BE5 RELEAS$ FROM PRISON 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#b1 HAV+ BE5 >RE/$ ON HIS RETURN TO ,SPA9 FROM ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,IT HAD BE5 HIS REPORT TO ! ,Z>AGOZA ,CONF]5CE E>LI] ?AT SAME YE> :I* L$ TO ! ,C,N,T REVOK+ ITS PROVISIONAL ADH]5CE TO ! COMMUNI/ ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! DISA/R\S H&L+ ( ! ,MOROCCAN ,W> & SC&ALS AFFECT+ ! HI<E/ AU?ORITIES 9 ! L&1 9CLUD+ ! K+1 L$ MANY AN>*I/S TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ONLY REMA9+ SOLUTION = ! RUL+ ELITE WAS A MILIT>Y C\P4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 TASKS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LIAISON ,COMMISSION WAS1 !RE=E TO DISCUSS PLANS H[ TO PREV5T ?IS OCCURR+4 ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ACTIVI/S ',G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,GREGORIO ,SUB]VIELA1 & O!RS1 \TL9$ PROPOSALS = AN 9SURRECTION TO PREEMPT ! EXPECT$ MILIT>Y C\P & SPE$ UP ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?R\<\T ,SPA94 

,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 REC5TLY APPO9T$ ,CATALAN REGIONAL SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T1 WAS FIRMLY AGA9/ ! PROPOS$ 9SURRECTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE4 ,HIS DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 9 ,RUSSIA HAD L$ HIM TO ! VIEW ?AT ! REASON = ! ,BOL%EVIK SUCCESS WAS ! FACT ?AT ! MASSES HAD NOT BE5 ADEQUATELY $UCAT$ OR PREP>$ = REVOLUTION BE=EH&4 ,PE/ANA WAS CONV9C$ ?AT A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION DEP5D$ ON ORGANIZATION RA!R ?AN SPONTANEITY4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT BECAUSE ! UNION WAS WEAK & DISORGANIZ$ & ! ,U,G,T WAS UNLIKELY TO RESI/ A MILIT>Y C\P !Y W\LD BE \T ON A LIMB2 A REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE1 9T5D$ AS A COROLL>Y TO AN >M$ 9SURRECTION TO OV]?R[ ! /ATE & UND]M9E CAPITALISM1 AT ?AT TIME W\LD ONLY 5D 9 CATA/ROPHE4 

,) ! MURD]S ( ,SEGUI1 ',EL ,NOI DE ,SUCRE' 7,SUG> ,BOY71 & HIS COMPANION ,FRANCESC ,COMES ON #a ,M>* #aibc ! CR$IBILITY ( ! LEGALI/ UNIONI/S )9 ! ,C,N,T COLLAPS$ COMPLETELY4 ,EV5 ! MO/ OR?ODOX UNION MEMB]S W]E \TRAG$2 H[ C\LD !Y >GUE ! CASE = PEACEFUL NEGOTIATION ) EMPLOY]S & (FICIALS :O EMPLOY$ GUNM5 & T]RORI/S TO MURD] SU* FIRM OPPON5TS ( REVOLUTION>Y CONFRONTATION & *AMPIONS ( ! NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T AS ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI8 

,! MURD]S ( ,SEGUI & ,COMES PROV$ ! F9AL /RAW = ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,DET]M9$ TO CONFRONT & ELIM9ATE PI/OL]ISMO1 A MEET+ ( MILITANTS WAS CONV5$ TO COORD9ATE & FUND ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ DEF5SE GR\PS4 ,! SAFE H\SES & MEET+ PLACES ( ! PI/OL]OS & ! MO/ REACTION>Y EMPLOY]S1 !IR PAYMA/]S1 W]E LOCAT$ & RAID$ BY ,C,N,T DEF5SE GR\PS & ! KILL]S & !IR EMPLOY]S %OT4 

,! ,C,N,T MILITANTS ( GR\PS SU* AS ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS1 ONE ( MANY AN>*I/ AFF9ITY GR\PS1 T>GET$ KEY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y FIGURES SU* AS ,G5]AL ,SEV]IANO ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO1 ,COLONEL ,>LEGUI1 EX-M9I/]S SU* AS ! ',CONDE DE ,COELLO'1 ,JOSE ,REGU]EL1 ! =M] GOV]NOR ( ,BILBAO & ,C>D9AL ,>*BI%OP ,SOLDEVILLA ( ,Z>AGOZA4 ,!IR FIR/ VICTIM WAS ,LAGUIA1 ! MO/ NOTORI\S ( ! PI/OL]OS4 ,! DEA? ( SU* A WELL-PROTECT$ GANG/] FRI<T5$ (F MANY ( ! O!R GUNM51 A NUMB] ( :OM FL$ TO ,Z>AGOZA TO SEEK ! PROTECTION ( !IR PATRON1 ,C>D9AL ,SOLDEVILLA4 

,AS ! ACTIONS ( ! DEF5SE GR\PS BEGAN TO BITE -- ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,$U>DO ,DATO E>LI] ?AT YE> BY ?REE AN>*I/S HAD BR\<T ! BATTLE 9TO ! /REETS ( ,MADRID ITSELF -- ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T QUICKLY /EPP$ 9 TO REMOVE ! 9/IGATORS ( ! ,CATALAN T]RORISM FROM (FICE4 ,AN UNEASY PEACE WAS RE/OR$ TO ! NOR!RN CAPITAL1 BUT IT PROV$ %ORT-LIV$4 

,ON #ac ,SEPTEMB] #aibc ,G5]AL ,MIGUEL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 ! CAPTA9-G5]AL ( ,CATALONIA1 ISSU$ A ',MANIFE/O TO ! ,C\NTRY' 9=M+ !M ?AT HE HAD SEIZ$ P[] 'TO FREE ,SPA9 FROM ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 MIS=TUNES & IMMORALITIES ?AT BEGAN 9 #ahhi & ?REAT5 ,SPA9 ) A TRAGIC1 DI%ONORABLE & SPE$Y DEMISE'4 ,IT WAS AN ILL-CONCEAL$ MOVE TO PROTECT ! REPUTATION ( ,K+ ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( AN IMM95T P>LIAM5T>Y REPORT ON RESPONSIBILITIES = ! DISA/] AT ,ANUAL 9 ! ,SPANI% ,MOROCCAN ,W> 9 #a#i#b#a4 

,! ,C,N,T RESPOND$ TO ! C\P BY CALL+ A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,IT MET ) LITTLE RESPONSE4 ,! POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E WAS ONE ( G5]AL DESPOND5CY & ! ,C,N,T WAS 9 A /ATE ( COMPLETE DIS>RAY4 ,AL?\< NO FIGURES EXI/ = ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T 9 ?IS P]IOD ( %R9KAGE ( MEMB]%IP1 IT MU/ HAVE BE5 SIMIL> TO ?AT UND]GONE BY ! ,LEVANTE ,REGIONAL1 :I* HAD DROPP$ 9 MEMB]%IP FROM #a#c1 AT ! 5D ( #aiai TO >\ND #d1 BY ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b4 ,! ,&ALUSIANS = !IR P>T HAD %RUNK 9 NUMB]S TO >\ND #c14 .<#b#a.> 

,! ,U,G,T & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ,SEGUI'S =M] ALLIES1 HAD ?R[N 9 !IR LOT ) ! NEW REGIME4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ! SOCIALI/ LEAD]1 WAS APPO9T$ A C\NCILOR ( /ATE & IMM$IATELY ORD]$ ! P>TY NOT TO MAKE ANY V]BAL OR WRITT5 ACT ( PROTE/ AGA9/ ! NEW REGIME4 ,! ,C,N,T1 AL?\< NOT DECL>$ ILLEGAL1 PREP>$ = ! WOR/4 ,MANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS1 P>TICUL>LY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,DEF5SE ,GR\PS1 W5T EI!R UND]GR\ND OR 9TO EXILE TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS GR\P1 = EXAMPLE1 PLAY$ IMPORTANT P>TS 9 E/ABLI%+ ! ,COMMITTEE = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CO-ORD9ATION 9 ,FRANCE4 ,?IS BODY ORGANIZ$ ! UNSUCCESSFUL ANTI-DICTATOR%IP OP]ATIONS AT ,V]A DE ,BIDASOA & ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS 9 ,B>CELONA ON #f ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#d1 BUT C\LD ALSO TAKE CR$IT = ! SPECTACUL> SPR++ ( ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO FROM ,Z>AGOZA PRISON4 ,) ! DEA? ( MANY ( ITS MEMB]S 9 >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ) ! POLICE & ! >MY1 ! >RE/ ( MANY O!RS & ! DISP]SAL ( O!RS 9TO EXILE1 ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS CEAS$ TO EXI/ AS A COHESIVE GR\P UNTIL #aica :5 ?OSE COMRADES :O SURVIV$ W]E REUNIT$ UND] ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,PE/ANA'S OPPOSITION TO >M$ RESI/ANCE L$ TO HIS EXPULSION FROM ! ,COMMISSION4 ,AL?\< HE NO LONG] BELONG$ TO ! ,COMMISSION1 ,PE/ANA WAS >RE/$ & IMPRISON$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP AU?ORITIES = ALLEG$ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! DISA/R\S MILIT>Y 9VASION ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,COMMISSION 9 #aibd AT ,V]A DE ,BIDASOA 9 ! ,BASQUE ,NAV>RESE ,PYR5EES & ! UNSUCCESSFUL RIS+ AT ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,HE WAS TO REMA9 9 JAIL UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#b#f4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS BIOGRAPH] ,ANTONIO ,EL]ZA3  
  

',AL?\< HE NEV] CEAS$ TO BE AN AN>*I/'1 ! /RATEGY ( >M$ RESI/ANCE PROPOS$ BY ,OLIV] L$ TO A M>K$ WID5+ ( ! GULF BETWE5 HIMSELF & MILITANT AN>*ISM3 ,FROM N[ ON ALL HIS 5]GIES BECAME CONC5TRAT$ ON UNION ACTIVITY EXCLUSIVELY4 ,HE FILL$ ! POSITION ( ,SEGUI4 ,HE BEGAN TO REFLECT ON ! EXP]I5CES ( HIS LIFE1 REVISE TACTICS & OBJECTIVES1 &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 TO SE>* = A NEW C\RSE TO A*IEVE HIS 5DS4 .<#b#b.>  
  

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