,W]E ,WE ,WRONG8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT ! ,LEFT HAS BE5 WRONG AB\T CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT #b?-C5TURY CAPITALISM IS NOT 0MORIBUND20 ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION DID NOT U%] 9 AN 0]A ( W>S & REVOLUTIONS10 AS PR$ICT$ BY ,L592 ?AT CAPITALISM DOES NOT UNFOLD ACCORD+ TO AN 0IMMAN5T0 DIALECTIC 9 :I* LIE ! 0SE$S0 ( ITS [N DE/RUCTION8 ,C\LD IT BE ?AT WE >E 9 A CEASELESS 0ASC5D+ PHASE0 ( CAPITALISM8 

,WE GRASP AT /RAWS -- ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f1 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#f#h1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #a#i#f#i1 ,POL& 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS -- = EVID5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT )\T SEE+ ! TRAGIC M>G9ALITY ( !SE EV5TS4 ,WE TURN TO ,*9A1 ,CUBA1 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ,PORTUGAL1 & ,NIC>AGUA = EVID5CE ( A 0REVOLUTION>Y ]A0 OR TO ! ,KOREAN & ,VIETNAMESE CONFLICTS = EVID5CE ( A 0W>-RIDD5 ]A0 )\T SEE+ !IR NATIONALI/ LIMITATIONS4 ,WE TRY TO ACKN[L$GE H[ AMBIGU\S !Y >E 9 RELATION TO ! L>G] FACT ( A GREATLY EXP&$ CAPITALISM1 ! EXT5T TO :I* ! M>KETPLACE HAS DEEP5$ ITS REA* 9TO ! MO/ 9TIMATE ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ! /RIK+ /ABILITY ( ! SY/EM AS A :OLE1 ITS *ILL+ TE*NOLOGICAL SOPHI/ICATION ?AT HAS MADE MEAN+LESS ALL IMAGES ( 9SURRECTION>Y REVOLUTIONS 9 ! MAJOR C5T]S ( CAPITALISM4 

,NOR CAN WE CONT9UE TO USE 0BETRAYALS0 TO EXPLA9 ! FAILURES ( ! PA/ L\R G5]ATIONS4 ,SU* A CONSI/5T PATT]N ( TREA*]Y SUGGE/S AN 9T]NAL WEAKNESS 9 ! TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ 0P]SPECTIVE0 ( CAPITALISM & REVOLUTION ?AT RAISES MORE QUE/IONS ?AN IT ANSW]S4 ,! SOCIALI/ PROJECT IS FRAGILE 9DE$ IF BETRAYAL CAN OCCUR SO EASILY & IF 0SUCCESS0 YIELDS BUREAUCRATIC TRAITS SO CON/RICTIVE & REACTION>Y ?AT HI/ORY IS ! BETT] = ITS FAILURES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A CATA/ROPHE :OSE %AD[ HAS CA/ ! 5TIRE C5TURY 9TO D>KNESS1 & LIVES 9 \R DREAMS MORE AS A NI<TM>E ?AN A VISION ( HOPE4 

,! ANSW]S >E NOT TO BE F\ND 9 QUIETISM & DEFEAT4 ,IT IS NOT DEFEATI/ TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT \R EXPECTATIONS W]E UNW>RANT$ & ! ANALYZES ?AT N\RI%$ !M W]E EQUALLY FAULTY4 ,NOR IS ACCOMMODATION POSSIBLE IF CAPITALISM REMA9S IRRATIONAL TO ! CORE2 ?AT IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 SO 7,M>X'S >GUM5TS AB\T ITS 0PROGRESSIVE ROLE0 TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+72 & ?AT IT HAS ALWAYS /OOD AT ODDS ) AN ABID+ POT5TIAL = FRE$OM & ECOLOGICAL BALANCE4 ,BUT BE=E ?AT POT5TIAL CAN BE SE5 & A RELEVANT PRACTICE DEVELOP$ FROM EF=TS TO REALIZE IT1 WE MU/ CLE> AWAY ! IDEOLOGICAL FOG ?AT OBSCURES \R ?9K+4 ,?IS FOG >ISES FROM A CONJUNCTURE ( =CES ?AT HAS BE5 S]I\SLY MISJUDG$ BY RADICALS = MORE ?AN A C5TURY & FROM A MISREAD+ ( PH5OM5A ?AT SPAN ! LA/ F\R C5TURIES4 

,! ,FAILURES ( ! ,CLASSICAL ,ANALYSIS 

,:E!R ONE *OOSES TO CALL CAPITALISM 0PROGRESSIVE0 & 0P]MAN5TLY REVOLUTION>Y10 TO USE ,M>X'S WORDS1 OR A 0HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y EVIL10 TO USE ,BAKUN9'S 9 REG>D TO ! /ATE1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ,W,W,I OP5$ AN 5TIRELY NEW ]A 9 RADICAL SOCIAL !ORY4 ,! T]RIBLE BLOOD-LETT+ ( ! W> POS$ S]I\S *ALL5GES TO ! EXUB]ANT BELIEF 9 PROGRESS ?AT ! PREVI\S C5TURY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ( ! #a#i#a#g-#b#c P]IOD AWAK5$ NEW HOPES AB\T ! IMM95T LIKELIHOOD ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY -- ( SOCIALISM & HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,! UNIV]SALISM & HUMANISM ( ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT AS IT WAS =MULAT$ AT ?AT TIME HAS NO EQUAL 9 \R [N4 ,CLE>LY1 IT WAS AGRE$1 CAPITALISM HAD CEAS$ TO BE 0PROGRESSIVE0 OR 0HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y0 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R IT WAS 0EVIL0 OR NOT4 ,IF IT HAD AN 0ASC5D+ PHASE0 *>ACT]IZ$ BY DRAMATIC ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY & ! DEMY/IFICATION ( ALL TRADITIONAL HUMAN BONDS1 & BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE1 IT HAD DEF9ITELY NOT 5T]$ 9 A 0DESC5D+ PHASE0 ?AT GU>ANTE$ ITS SELF-EXT9CTION4 

,! SOCIALI/ PROJECT WAS V]Y SPECIFIC AB\T ! %IFT 9 ! CYCLE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ITS 0ASC5D+ PHASE10 CAPITALISM HAD PRESUMABLY E/ABLI%$ ! TE*NICAL PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,IT SEEM$ TO FO/] 9T]NATIONALISM BY SECUL>IZ+ ALL HUM AN BONDS & EXP]I5CES1 MAK+ GIANT /RIDES 9 CULTURAL & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 EXP&+ HUM AN PRODUCTIVITY & NE$S1 RATIONALIZ+ EXP]I5CE AS WELL AS PRODUCTION -- &1 ABOVE ALL1 CREAT+ A SPECIAL CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT1 :OSE 9T]E/S & AFFLICTIONS 9EXORABLY DROVE IT T[>D ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 CAPITALISM1 & CLASS SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,EV5 IF IT WAS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT )\T CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ! PROLET>IAT C\LD NO MORE BECOME A 0HEGEMONIC CLASS0 ?AN ! MO/ QUIETI/IC PEASANTRY1 SOCIALI/ !ORI/S EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 0OBJECTIVE EV5TS0 -- & 9 ,L59'S VIEW1 A P>TY ( CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>IES -- W\LD PROVIDE ! SELF-REFLEXIVITY ?AT C\LD HAVE MADE A SUCCESSFUL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION POSSIBLE4 

,! \TBREAK ( ,W,W,I,I PROVID$ CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ( ! FAILURE ( ?IS 5TR5*$ ANALYSIS4 ,= NE>LY T5 YE>S PRIOR TO ! W>1 WORLD CAPITALISM HAD REA*$ AN UNPREC$5T$ P]IOD ( /AGNATION & DECL9E4 ,! ECONOMY WAS FROZ5 9 CRISES ?AT APPE>$ TO BE *RONIC & 9TRACTABLE4 ,LIV+ /&>DS1 EMPLOYM5T1 HOPES = RECOV]Y1 & A BELIEF 9 ! LEGITIMACY ! SOCIAL ORD] HAD EBB$ TO AN ALL-TIME L[ BY COMP>ISON ) ! PRE-,W,W,I ]A4 ,FOLL[+ ! #aibi F9ANCIAL COLLAPSE1 ! PROLET>IAT EM]G$ ALMO/ EXPLOSIVELY AS A SOCIAL =CE4 ,AL?\< L>GELY DEF5SIVE1 WORK]S' 9SURRECTIONS L$ BY SOCIALI/S FL>$ UP 9 ,AU/RIA & ,SPA9 7#a#i#c#d72 G5]AL /RIKES SWEPT ,FRANCE1 M>K$ BY ! RAIS+ ( R$ FLAGS OV] FACTORIES 7#a#i#c#e72 PLANT OCCUPATIONS & COMBATIVE /RUGGLES ) POLICE 9 ! ,U4,S4 CREAT$ AN ILLUSION ( A NE>-9SURRECTION>Y CRISIS1 BUTTRESS$ BY AGR>IAN UNRE/ 9 :I* >M$ F>M]S CLOS$ D[N AUCTIONS & OB/RUCT$ ! MOVEM5T ( PRODUCE DUR+ F>M]S' /RIKES ) ROAD B>RICADES4 ,DESPITE REVEAL+ FAILURES1 ?IS MOVEM5T C\LD CLAIM DEF9ITE IF ILLUSORY SUCCESSES3 ! ELECTION ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA92 ! RECOGNITION ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONS 9 ! ,U4,S42 &1 F9ALLY1 ! %ORT-LIV$ A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#c#f-#c#g :I* SET AN UNPREC$5T$ EXAMPLE ( WORK]S' & PEASANTS' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,R>ELY HAD AN 9SURG5T MASS MOVEM5T A*IEV$ SU* ONGO+ P]SI/5CE & MILITANCY4 ,9DE$1 FASCISM SEEM$ NOT ONLY LIKE AN EXPRESSION ( A G5]AL CRISIS 9 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD] ?AT CALL$ = A VIGOR\S IMPOSITION ( TOTALIT>IAN CONTROLS BUT ALSO LIKE A DEF5SIVE REACTION BY A TRADITIONAL B\RGEOISIE TO A GR[+ & 9CREAS+LY M5AC+ LABOR MOVEM5T :OSE MILITANCY APPE>$ TO V]GE ON \TRI<T SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,CAPITALISM 9 ! #a#i#cS ALSO APPE>$ TO BE A 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/0 TEXTBOOK EXAMPLE ( A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT HAD \TLIV$ ITS LEGITIMACY4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! DECADE /AGNANT ECONOMICALLY & RAVAG$ BY CLASS CONFLICT2 IT WAS TE*NOLOGICALLY /AGNANT AS WELL4 ,JUDG+ FROM ! LIT]ATURE ( ! TIMES1 A CONV9C+ CASE C\LD BE MADE = ,M>X'S NOTION ?AT 0! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION0 HAD 0COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! EXI/+ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION40 ,TE*NOLOGY WAS B\ND BY %>P CORPORATE & MONOPOLI/IC CON/RA9TS ?AT =ECLOS$ 9NOVATION4 ,CAPITALISM1 IT SEEM$1 C\LD NO LONG] P]=M ITS 0HI/ORICALLY ASSIGN$0 FUNCTION ( ADVANC+ ! 0MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS0 = FRE$OM2 9DE$1 II SEEM$ TO BLOCK !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION WAS NE$$1 PRESUMABLY1 TO BR+ SOCIETY BACK 9TO HI/ORY1 ?AT IS1 TO RE/ORE ! MOM5TUM ( TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES :I* ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD] C\LD NO LONG] SU/A94 

,F9ALLY ! \TBREAK ( ,W,W,I,I WAS SE5 AS ! CULM9ATION ( ! 0*RONIC CRISIS ( CAPITALISM 0 -- ITS CLIMAX & LIT]ALLY ! BATTLEGR\ND = A RESOLUTION ( ! SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL QUE/ION40 ,! MASS DEFECTION ( LEFTI/ LIB]ALS TO ! ,ALLI$ MILIT>Y CAUSE DID NOT 9DUCE DESPAIR AMONG ! ALREADY CONTRACT+ RADICAL MOVEM5TS ( ! #a#i#dS4 ,W,W,I,I1 IT WAS >GU$ BY TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S1 WAS M]ELY A CONT9UATION ( ,W,W,I -- AN IMP]IALI/ ADV5TURE ?AT W\LD REOP5 ALL ! W\NDS ?AT CAUS$ ITS PR$ECESSOR TO 5D 9 SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 ?IS SECOND W> WAS N[ VISUALIZ$ AS A MORE %ORT-LIV$ CONFLICT4 ,! PROLET>IAN MASSES ( ! #a#i#dS1 PRESUMABLY MORE $UCAT$ BY !IR EXP]I5CES DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ DECAY1 SOCIAL CONFLICT1 REVOLUTIONS1 ! USUAL DIET ( 0BETRAYALS0 & 0TREA*]Y0 S]V$ UP BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ,/AL9ISM1 & AN EXP&$ S5SE ( CLASS SOLID>ITY & 9T]NATIONALISM1 W\LD ACT TO *ANGE SOCIETY ) GREAT] DET]M9ATION ?AN ! PREVI\S G5]ATION4 ,GIV5 A REASONABLE AM\NT ( TIME1 ! CONT5D+ IMP]IALI/ BLOCS 9 ! WORLD CONFLICT W\LD REVEAL !IR 0BANKRUPTCY0 & A SUBT]RANEAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 EV5 9 FASCI/ ,G]MANY 7TO SOME1 ESPECIALLY 9 FASCI/ ,G]MANY7 W\LD PICK UP ! DANGL+ ?READS ( #a#i#a#g-#a#h & SOON T]M9ATE ! W> 9 SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONVEY H[ T5ACI\SLY ?IS SC5>IO WAS HELD BY ! 9T]W> G5]ATION ( RADICALS4 ,NE>LY ALL ( ! RADICAL !ORIZ+ ( A C5TURY F$ 9TO !SE VISIONS ( SOCIAL *ANGE & ! DETAIL$ SEQU5CE ( =ECA/S ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T PROJECT$ = ! FUTURE 9 #aid & WELL 9TO ! W> ITSELF4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ANY D\BTS AB\T ?IS ANALYSIS & ITS \TCOME YIELD$ REACTIONS ?AT W]E EQUALLY F>-REA*+4 ,TROTSKY1 MORE ?AN ANY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 RETA9$ ! CLASSICAL P]SPECTIVE ( ! ]A1 9DE$1 ( ! TRADITIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,%ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? HE CLAIM$ ?AT ! W> ADVANC$ V]Y COMPELL+ *ALL5GES TO ! RADICAL TRADITION4 ,AFT] EXPRESS+ ! USUAL RITUALI/IC CONFID5CE 9 ! ABOVE SC5>IO & ! C]TA9TIES ( ITS \TCOME1 HE TURN$ TO ! IMPLICATIONS ( AN ALT]NATIVE \TCOME4 ,IF CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ! W> 9TACT1 HE W>N$1 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE TO REEXAM9E ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PREMISES4 ,HIS MURD] 9 #aid =ECLOS$ ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* A REEVALUATION BY HIS FOLL[]S4 ,BUT HIS WORDS DOGG$LY HAUNT ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT AS IT DEVELOP$ FROM ! DAYS ( ! E>LIE/ WORK]S' 9SURRECTIONS4 ,TROTSKY'S *ILL+ CONFRONTATION ) ! PROJECT'S FAILURE 5ABL$ HIM TO SEE ,W,W,I,I AS A TE/ ( A TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ & ,L59I/ VIEW ( ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,W,W,I,I DID NOT 5D E>LY4 ,IT LA/$ = NE>LY SIX YE>S4 ,IT DID NOT T]M9ATE 9 REVOLUTIONS4 ,! ,G]MAN WORK]S F\<T TO ! V]Y DOORS ( ,HITL]'S BUNK] 9 ,B]L9 )\T EV5 A SIGNIFICANT MUT9Y4 ,F> FROM EXHIBIT+ ANY SIGNIFICANT EVID5CE ( CLASS SOLID>ITY & 9T]NATIONALISM1 ! W> WAS F\<T \T ON L>GELY NATIONALI/ T]M S & = IDEALS R$OL5T ( #a#h?-C5TURY 0PATRIOTISM10 (T5 DESC5D+ TO A SAVAGE IRR$5TISM & EV5 RACISM1 )\T ! RATIONALI/ & UTOPIAN CANONS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 

,:AT IS EV5 MORE REM>KABLE3 CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ,W,W,I,I 9 A /RONG] POSITION ?AN 9 PA/ G5]ATIONS4 ,AL?\< ! W> DEV\R$ BETWE5 #d & #f MILLION LIVES1 ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT CLAIM$ ?IS UNPREC$5T$ TOLL WAS NEV] S]I\SLY QUE/ION$4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 C\NTRIES :OSE 0PROLET>IAT0 L>GELY CONSI/$ ( PEASANTS 9 OV]ALLS1 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM HAD FAIL$ TO ORI5T ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT T[>D SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! #e YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ ! LA/ ( ! WORK]S' UPSURGES1 !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ! LONG EXP]I5CE ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM HAS FO/]$ ANY ADVANCE 9 HUMAN FRE$OM 4 ,9DE$1 9 ! NAME ( SOCIALISM1 TOTALIT>IAN /ATES TODAY RULE AN IMM5SE PORTION ( ! WORLD ) A RU?LESSNESS ?AT IS AS DISMAL AS ?AT ( !IR ANTEC$5TS4 

,TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 9 TURN1 ACQUIR$ A MOM5TUM ?AT HAS %ATT]$ EV]Y CON/RA9T -- MORAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC -- ?AT SOCIETY C\LD RAISE AGA9/ ITS ELEVATION TO PREEM95CE 9 ! HUMAN M9D4 ,TO PO9T TO A RIP5+ ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM1 OR AN>*ISM AS A JU/IFICATION = ?IS BREAK?R\< V]GES ON BLACK HUMOR4 ,A /RONG CASE CAN BE MADE TODAY = ,ADORNO'S ,LUDDISM 9 ,M9IMA ,MORALIA -- 9DE$1 P]HAPS A /RONG] ONE ?AT :AT HE PROPOS$4 ,NEV] BE=E HAS TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION EM]G$ SO MU* AS A =CE 9 ITS [N RI<T TO >RE/ ANY TR5D T[>D ! REALIZATION ( ! 0TRUE SOCIETY40 ,! SOPHI/ICATION ( TODAY'S WEAPONRY R$UCES 9SURRECTION>Y MODES ( SOCIAL *ANGE TO ROMANTICISM :ILE HOPES = ! HEGEMONY ( ! PROLET>IAT >E LITTLE MORE ?AN M]E NO/ALGIA4 ,BUT :AT TODAY HAUNTS PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM EV5 MORE ?AN ! 5D ( ! B>RICADE AS ANY?+ O!R ?AN A SYMBOL IS ! NUM]ICAL DECL9E ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ITSELF -- ! *ANGE 9 ! V]Y P]SONALITY ( :AT WAS ONCE CALL$ WAGE LABOR4 ,?IS PROLET>IAT N[ FACES NE>-EXT9CTION BY CYB]NATION1 A REALITY ?AT IS P]HAPS MORE P]SUASIVE TE/IMONY TO ! >*AIC *>ACT] ( CLASSICAL SOCIALISM & AN>*OSYNDICALISM ?AN ! MY? ?AT ?IS CLASS WILL PLAY A C5TRAL ROLE 9 SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,LONG GONE >E ! DAYS :5 TE*NOLOGY C\LD BE SE5 AS A =CE PROMOT+ SOCIALISM4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION HAS TAK5 ON A LIFE ( ITS [N & CAN BE ADDUC$ NOT ONLY AS A MEANS ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL REGULATION BUT AS A CAUSAL FACTOR 9 ECOLOGICAL BREAKD[N4 ,IT IS =M+ A HI/ORY ?AT CAN BE WRITT5 9 L>GE P>T AUTONOM\SLY3 AS ! /ORY ( AN AVALAN*E ( DEVICES ?AT MAKE ! CITIZ5 P[]LESS1 SMO!R 9DIVIDUAL EXPRESSION1 & SUBM]GE P]SONAL CREATIVITY4 ,CAPITALISM HAS CLE>LY /ABILIZ$ ITSELF1 ASSUM+ ?AT IT WAS EV] UN/ABLE4 ,& IT HAS DONE SO BY E/ABLI%+ ITSELF AS A SOCIAL GIV5 ?AT IS N[ AS UNQUE/ION$ AS FEUDALISM WAS 9 ! #a#b? C5TURY4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 CAPITALISM N[ 5JOYS A PSY*OLOGICAL VALIDITY ?AT R5D]S ITS FUNCTIONS AS FREE FROM *ALL5GES1 9DE$1 CONSCI\SNESS1 AS ! OP]ATIONS ( ! AUTONOMIC N]V\S SY/EM4 ,! FAILURE ( ! CLASSICAL ANALYSIS IS JU/ AS COMPLETE & JU/ AS DI/URB+1 = IT TOO HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 LEGITIMAT+ CAPITALISM BY ITS [N 9T]PRETATION ( CAPITALISM'S ORIG9S & EVOLUTION4 

,! ,FAILURE ( ,CLASSICAL ,HI/ORIOGRAPHY 

,! CONTRIBUTION ( ! CLASSICAL ANALYSIS TO ! LEGITIMATION ( CAPITALISM IS MO/ EVID5T 9 ! WAY SOCIALISM HAS ASSUM$ ! 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( REC5T CAPITALISM4 ,A DISQUIET+ SIMIL>ITY EXI/S BETWE5 ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE UND] CAPITALISM & CLASSICAL SOCIALI/ GOALS4 ,?IS GOES BACK TO ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL ITSELF1 :I* NOT)/&+ ITS BRILLIANT ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY1 PROJECTS CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9TO A PHASE ?AT IS SO AK9 TO ITS AU?OR'S CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM ?AT ! WORK CEASES TO BE AU!NTICALLY CRITICAL 9 ! S5SE ( PROVID+ A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y3 ! WORK 5T]S 9TO UNKN[+ COMPLICITY ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM T[>D ITS /ILL UNKN[N 0MATURATION40 ,IT IS NOT ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ?AT LAKES ! COMMODITY 9 H& BUT RA!R ! COMMODITY ?AT TAKES POSSESSION ( ,M>X'S ANALYSIS & SUBTLETY C>RIES IT 9TO IMPLI$ REALMS ?AT HE C\LD NEV] HAVE ANTICIPAT$ OR REG>D$ AS DESIRABLE4 

,BUT ! REAL FAILURE ( 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 IS A MU* DEEP] ONE4 ,M>X'S 0CLASS ANALYSIS10 A /ILL ACTIVE DIM5SION ( HIS !ORETICAL CORPUS1 RAISES PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 ADEQUATELY DEALT ) BY MO/ ( HIS ACOLYTES4 ,HIS 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 IS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! FUNDAM5TAL NOTION ?AT ! 0 DOM9ATION ( NATURE0 CANNOT BE A*IEV$ )\T ! 0DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN10 AN IMPLI$ VIEW ( NATURE :OSE PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS HAVE PR(\NDLY %AP$ ! CLASSICAL TRADITION4 

,CLASSES 9 ,M>X'S L>G] SOCIAL VIEWS W]E 9DISP5SABLE = SEP>AT+ HUMANITY FROM 0SAVAG]Y10 = BR++ IT 9TO HI/ORY & =M+ ! MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS = LIB]ATION -- LIB]ATION NOT ONLY FROM ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN BUT FROM ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE ?AT MADE HUMAN DOM9ATION 0HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y40 ,)9 ?IS CONVOLUT$ DIALECTIC1 CLASSICAL SOCIALISM REMA9$ BL9D TO ECOLOGICAL & G5D] PROBLEMS1 BO? ( :I* >E L9K$ NOT ONLY TO ! EM]G5CE ( CLASSES & EXPLOITATION1 BUT >E ROOT$ EV5 MORE FUNDAM5TALLY 9 ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ATTEMPTS TO =MULATE A SOCIALI/ ECOLOGY & FEM9ISM TO KEEP PACE ) ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( \R DAY T5D TO BE M]E CONTRIVANCES4 ,AL?\< SECT>IAN SOCIALI/S CRITICIZE !SE MOVEM5TS = LACK+ A CLASS ANALYSIS1 WE >E /ILL FLOOD$ ) GLEAN+S FROM ,M>X ON ECOLOGY & WOM5 ?AT V]GE ON C>ICATURE4 ,M>X'S CLASS ANALYSIS REFLECTS A V]Y ,VICTORIAN1 9DE$1 B\RGEOIS1 M>KETPLACE NOTION ( NATURE AS A REALM ( DOM9ATION1 BL9DNESS1 RIVALRY1 & SC>CE RES\RCES ?AT ONCE DEF9$ EV]Y MAJOR DISCIPL9E ( ! TIME FROM ECONOMICS TO PSY*OLOGY4 ,! MORE CONTEMPOR>Y ECOLOGICAL IMAGE ( NATURE1 P>TICUL>LY ( ECOSY/EMS1 AS NONHI]>*ICAL1 SELF-=MATIVE1 MUTUALI/IC1 & FECUND HAS ELUD$ ! ,M>XIAN \TLOOK ) ! RESULT ?AT ,AM]ICAN SOCIALI/S TODAY >E MORE COM=TABLE ) ! J\RNALISM ( ,&RE ,GORZ1 = :OM 0ECOLOGICAL0 PROBLEMS >ISE FROM ! 0DECL9E 9 ! RATE ( PR(IT0 ?AN !Y >E ) MORE 9CISIVE WORKS ( ECOPHILOSOPHY ?AT PREC$$ HIS ,ECOLOGY AS ,POLITICS4 

,?IS PROBLEM GOES F> BEYOND ?AT ( ! WEI<T ?AT #a#i?-C5TURY NOTIONS IMPOSE ON ! CLASSICAL SOCIALI/ ANALYSIS4 ,NOR CAN IT BE SE5 ONLY AS ! RESULT ( A PAT*WORK REFURBI%+ ( ,M>XISM ) CONCEPTS ?AT >E ALI5 TO ITS CORE IDEAS4 ,RA!R1 :AT IS MO/ RELEVANT H]E IS ! MIS*IEF ,M>X'S 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 HAS WR\<T 9 =MULAT+ A FRE% 9T]PRETATION ( ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ! POLITICS NE$$ TO DEAL ) IT4 ,WE >E OBLIG$ TO ASK :E!R RADICAL !ORY IS WELL S]V$ BY AN IMAGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BAS$ PRIM>ILY ON CONFLICT+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S PREMIS$ ON ! [N]%IP OR CONTROL ( PROP]TY4 ,AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ?IS1 WE MI<T CONSID] ! POSSIBILITY ?AT CAPITALISM ITSELF REPRES5TS AN EXCEPTION TO A MORE WIDESPREAD SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON /ATUS & ! WAYS 9 :I* ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESS & SOCIETY AS A :OLE DEF9E ! 9DIVIDUAL'S POSITION 9 ! HUMAN COMMUNITY & MA9TA9 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S PLACE 9 IT4 

,HAS CAPITALISM1 9 FACT1 REALLY REVEAL$ ! MAT]IAL SELF-9T]E/ ?AT HAS PRESUMABLY GUID$ SOCIETY UND] ! MASK ( IDEOLOGY = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 AS ,M>X CLAIMS1 OR HAS IT RA!R CREAT$ ?AT 9T]E/ 9 A BASICALLY DIFF]5T SOCIAL DISP5SATION ?AT REPLAC$ /ATUS >RANGEM5TS ) CLASSES8 ,AS ,K>L ,POLANYI OBS]VES1 MAN 0DOES NOT ACT SO AS TO SAFEGU>D HIS 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/ 9 ! POSSESSION ( MAT]IAL GOODS2 HE ACTS SO AS TO SAFEGU>D HIS SOCIAL /&+1 HIS SOCIAL CLAIMS1 HIS SOCIAL ASSETS40 ,?US1 ! CORE = SOCIAL ANALYSIS IS ! P>AM\NT SOCIAL TIE = :I* ECONOMIC RELATIONS >E M]ELY A HI<LY V>IABLE MEANS RA!R ?AN ! 0BASIS0 = SOCIAL 9T]ACTION4 ,TO GO BEYOND ,POLANYI'S OBS]VATION1 WE CAN SEE ?AT HIS SOCIAL TIE MAY FOLL[ A LIB]T>IAN PA?WAY OR AN AU?ORIT>IAN ONE4 ,9DE$1 ONCE E>LY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES BEGAN TO BREAK D[N1 ! LIB]T>IAN PA?WAY1 9T]LAC$ ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN ONE1 RISES FROM SUBT]RANEAN DEP?S 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL & !N SUBM]GES 9 ]AS ( SOCIAL /ABILITY4 

,! NOTION ?AT PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY WAS PRIM>ILY A SOCIETY ( ORD]S1 NOT SIMPLY ( CLASSES1 IS H>DLY NEW1 BUT ITS IMPLICATIONS AS WELL AS ITS PREMISES HAVE YET TO BE FULLY EXPLOR$4 ,ONE'S COMMUNITY & ! PLACE ONE OCCUPIES 9 IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ HUMAN ATTRIBUTES WE POSSESS4 ,IT IS ALSO ! WAY 9 :I* WE SITUATE \RSELVES ?R\<\T \R LIVES1 ! WAY 9 :I* FAMILIAL C>E IS PROJECT$ BEYOND ! FAMILY 9TO ! L>G] CONTEXT ( HUM AN RELATIONS4 ,?US1 NE>LY ALL PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES PROJECT$ FAMILY & K9%IP RELATIONS ONTO SOCIAL LIFE4 ,DESPITE ! GR[? ( A PURELY JURIDICAL CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP & A RATIONALI/ CONCEPT ( POLITICS1 L9EAGE RETA9$ 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE 9 SECUL> COMMUNITIES4 ,MON>*IES DEALT ) ! T]RITORIES UND] !IR CONTROL MORE AS PATRIMONIES ?AN AS NATIONS OR CULTURES1 & IT WAS BY !SE BIOSOCIAL NORMS ?AT PEOPLE 0ORD]$0 !IR ECONOMIC LIVES 9TO SOCIAL ORD]S1 NOT ACCORD+ TO ECONOMIC ELEM5TS :I* W\LD HAVE /RUCTUR$ !M AS CLASSES4 

,WE MU/ KEEP ?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 A SOCIETY ( ORD]S & A SOCIETY ( CLASSES CLE>LY 9 M9D1 9ASMU* AS IT HAS IMPORTANT POLITICAL & PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,A CLASS ANALYSIS BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ECONOMIC 9T]E/S MISLEADS HI/ORY & MISDIRECTS PRACTICE4 ,SOCIAL DI/ORTIONS & REGRESSIONS CAN NO LONG] BE EXPLA9$ PRIM>ILY BY PROP]TY RELATIONS1 NOR CAN !Y BE RECTIFI$ BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC MEASURES ALONE1 SU* AS NATIONALIZATION1 COLLECTIVIZATION1 OR 0WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY40 ,= :AT EXPLODES ALL !SE PR(F]$ SOLUTIONS TO ! TA9T$ NATURE ( MOD]N SOCIETY IS ! SWOLL5 LEGACY ( COMM& & OB$I5CE RELATIONS -- 9 A WORD1 HI]>*Y AS ! MORE BASIC SUB/RATE ( ALL CLASS RELATIONS4 

,TO DEVELOP MORE FULLY ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 /ATUS SOCIETIES & CLASS SOCIETIES1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO REJECT ALTOGE!R ! IDEA ?AT CAPITALISM AS A SOCIETY ( CLASSES C\LD HAVE EM]G$ ORGANICALLY )9 ! 0WOMB0 ( FEUDALISM1 A SOCIETY ( ORD]S4 ,CAPITALISM'S UNIQU5ESS MU/ BE SE5 9 ! LI<T ?AT TRADITIONAL SOCIETY AS A :OLE -- ORI5T$ >\ND FAMILY & /ATUS -- %$S UPON IT4 ,NO PRECAPITALI/ WORLD WAS EQUIPP$ TO DEAL ) ! =MIDABLE SOCIAL & CULTURAL IRRESPONSIBILITY ?AT AN UNCONTROLL$ M>KET ECONOMY W\LD FO/]4 ,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO ACCEPT ! CANONS ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT A M>KET LACK+ ANY E?ICAL1 CULTURAL1 & 9/ITUTIONAL CON/RA9TS W\LD HAVE HORRIFI$ PEOPLE EV5 9 ! COMM]CIAL WORLD ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ) ITS NUANC$ /&>DS = COMM]CE4 ,! ID5TIFICATION ( ! M>KET ) CAPITALISM1 9 FACT1 RESULTS ONLY FROM A HI<LY SPECI\S REWORK+ ( HI/ORICAL FACT4 ,M>KETS EXI/$ = AGES 9 MANY DIFF]5T =MS1 BUT !Y W]E C>EFULLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO L>G]1 MORE DEM&+1 & SOCIALLY MORE LEGITIMATE COMMUNITIES ?AT /RUCTUR$ LIFE >\ND ORD]S1 L>GELY UNIT$ BY K9%IP & CRAFT TIES4 ,!SE ELEM5TS ( E>LY TRIBALISM & VILLAGE SOCIETIES NEV] DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY FROM ! PRECAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY CAPITALISM1 ! UNCONTROLL$ M>KET1 ?AT BECAME SOCIETY1 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 BEGAN TO EAT AWAY AT SOCIETY AS A CANC]1 A MALIGNANCY ?AT ?REAT5$ ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! SOCIAL BOND ITSELF4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 ESPECIALLY 9 PO/-,W,W,I,I ,AM]ICA ?AT CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ITS POSITION AS A PR$OM9ANT =CE 9 SOCIETY TO BECOME A SUB/ITUTE = SOCIETY1 CORROD+ ALL FAMILIAL & K9%IP TIES -- & R$UC+ ! POPULATION AS A :OLE TO BUY]S & SELL]S 9 A UNIV]SAL1 EV]-EXP&+ M>KETPLACE4 

,CAPITALISM1 ALWAYS A DORMANT SY/EM 9 ! L>G] CONTEXT ( PRECAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]S1 ESS5TIALLY BUR/ UPON ! WORLD 9 A P]IOD ( SWEEP+ SOCIAL DECL9E4 ,! FEUDAL SY/EM ( ORD]S :I* ! ABSOLUTI/ MON>*IES ( ,EUROPE SEEM+LY HELD TOGE!R HAD FALL5 9TO COMPLETE DECAY4 ,BY ! #a#h? C5TURY1 ,EUROPE EXI/$ 9 :AT WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN A SOCIAL VACUUM )9 :I* CAPITALISM C\LD GR[ & ULTIMATELY FL\RI%1 A P]IOD 9 :I* !RE WAS A G5]AL ]OSION ( ALL MORES1 NOT LEA/ ( :I* W]E TRADITIONS ?AT 9HIBIT$ ! GR[? & AU?ORITY ( ! BUR<] /RATA ITSELF4 ,CAPITALISM BEGAN TO EM]GE AS A PR$OM9ANT ECONOMY FE$+ ON ! DECOMPOS+ CORPSES ( ALL TRADITIONAL /ATUS-ORI5T$ SOCIETIES4 ,IT P&]$ TO ! VICES (2 A DECAD5T NOBILITY1 TO ! PR(LIGACY ( A MALIGNANT C\RT1 TO ! 9DULG5T PRET5TIONS ( ! N\VEAU RI*ES & IT BATT5$ ON ! MIS]Y ( AB&ON$ MASSES -- PEASANTS1 LABOR]S1 GUILDSM51 & LUMP5PROLET>IANS -- ?AT FEUDALISM HAD CA/ ASIDE TO F5D = !MSELVES ) ! DECL9E ( ! PATRONAL SY/EM & ITS TRADITIONAL NEXUS ( RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,! GOOD 0BUR<]S0 ( ! DECL9+ FEUDAL WORLD & ! ]A ( ABSOLUTISM -- ! SO-CALL$ 0 NASC5T B\RGEOISIE0 -- W]E NO LESS /ATUS-ORI5T$ & LAT] NO LESS ROYALI/ ?AN ! 0CLASSES0 !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO OPPOSE & DISPLACE4 ,T H]E IS NO?+ TO %[ ?AT !SE NASC5T B\RGEOIS W]E CAPITALI/ 9 ANY UNIQUE S5SE O!R ?AN !IR DESIRE TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL ) A VIEW T[>D BUY+ TITLES ?AT W\LD MAKE !M P>T ( ! NOBILITY OR ACQUIRE L& ?AT W\LD VALIDATE !IR NOBLE /ATUS4 

,NOR IS !RE MU* EVID5CE ?AT ! NASC5T B\RGEOIS HAD POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS ?AT 0HI/ORICALLY0 PITT$ !M AGA9/ ! TRADITIONAL /ATUS /RUCTURES ( ! ANCI5 REGIME4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 !IR HO/ILITY WAS MA9LY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! >ROGANCE ( ! NOBILITY1 AGA9/ ITS EXCLUSIVELY1 NOT AGA9/ ! PR9CIPLE ( 5NOBLEM5T & OLIG>*Y AS SU*4 ,NOR DID ! B\RGEOISIE EXHIBIT ANY REPUBLICAN1 MU* LESS DEMOCRATIC1 PROCLIVITIES4 ,!IR DETE/ATION ( ! MASSES WAS NO LESS SAVAGE1 9DE$ (T5 MORE SO1 ?AN ?AT ( ! NOBILITY1 :I* (T5 9CLUD$ 5LI<T5$1 URBAN 9DIVIDUALS RIDDL$ BY A S5SE ( GUILT OV] !IR WEAL? & PR]OGATIVES4 ,5GL&1 NOT ,AM]ICA1 WAS ! POLITICAL IDEAL ( ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE -- A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y /RUCTUR$ >\ND A COLLABORATIVE >I/OCRACY JO9$ ) A SOCIALLY MOBILE COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL MIDDLE CLASS4 ,REPUBLICANISM WAS ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY REG>D$ BY ! ,5LI<T5M5T AS ! DOOR TO POLITICAL LIC5SE & DEMOCRACY WAS SIMPLY EQUAT$ ) 0AN>*Y10 A WORD ?AT SPECKL$ ! VOCABUL>Y ( ! REVOLUTION>Y POLITICIANS ?R\<\T ! #a#g#iS4 

,RADICAL HI/ORIANS' EMPHASIS ON ,P>IS DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO BR+ ! REVOLUTION 9TO A CLE> P]SPECTIVE4 ,P>IS WAS ! ADM9I/RATIVE C5T] ( ! MON>*Y & ! URBAN PLAYGR\ND ( ! ,FR5* >I/OCRACY1 A CITY ?AT H>BOR$ ?RIV+ F9ANCIAL E/ABLI%M5TS ?AT P&]$ TO ! C\RT & FAMILY-[N$ WORK%IPS GIV5 OV] TO ! PRODUCTION ( LUXURY GOODS4 ,! REAL C5T]S ( ,FR5* B\RGEOIS LIFE1 P>TICUL>LY ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY >\ND :I* ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION WAS TO DEVELOP1 W]E CITIES LIKE ,LYONS & ,AMI5S1 :I*1 TAK5 TOGE!R ) COMM]CIAL C5T]S LIKE ,BORDEAUX & MAJOR SEAPORTS LIKE ,M>SEILLES & ,T\LON1 MORE ACCURATELY REFLECT$ ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ?AN ,P>IS1 A MAGNET = ! MORE RADICAL ELEM5TS ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA & ! %ABBY QU>T]S & DECAY+ SLUMS OCCUPI$ BY A HUGE PETIT B\RGEOISIE COMPOS$ ( PR(ESSIONALS1 %OPKEEP]S1 PR9T]S1 >TISANS1 & A SOCIALLY AMORPH\S MASS ( DAY LABOR]S & LUMP5PROLET>IANS1 ! WELL-KN[N SANS CULOTTES4 

,ALL ( !SE CITIES W]E BITT]LY ANTI-,JACOB9 & (T5 MILITANTLY ROYALI/4 ,! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,LYONS SANS-CULOTTES 9 ,MAY1 #a#g#i#c1 WAS ! WORK1 9 ,LEFEBVRE'S WORDS1 ( 0! B\RGEOISIE :O HAD REMA9$ MON>*I/0 AS WELL AS P>TISANS ( ! OLD ORD] FROM O!R /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 0,AMI5S NEV] BECOME SOLIDLY REPUBLICAN1 0 NOTES ,LYNN ,H>T 9 H] BOOK ON ! POLITICAL CULTURE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 FACT1 AS LATE AS #a#g#i#i1 FIVE YE>S AFT] ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ,!RMIDORIANS HAD DISPAT*$ ,ROBESPI]RE & ! ,JACOB9S1 ! CITY WAS TORN BY ANTI-CONSCRIPTION RIOTS ?AT RES\ND$ ) SU* D5UNCIATIONS AS 0,D[N ) ! ,JACOB9S6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,K+6 ,LONG LIVE ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I,I60 ,EV5 ! /OLID B\RGEOIS ,!RMIDOREANS F\ND ,AMI5S AN EMB>RASSM5T4 ,! ,GIRONDI/ SEAPORTS & COMM]CIAL T[NS ( ,M>SEILLES & ,T\LON REPRESS$ ! ,JACOB9S 7BY NO MEANS ! MO/ RADICAL FACTION 9 ! REVOLUTION7 ) ! SAME VIGOR ?AT ,P>IS REPRESS$ ! ,GIRONDI/S4 ,9DE$1 ,T\LON HAD BECOME SO ROYALI/ BY #agic ?AT ?AT CITY DELIV]$ ITSELF OV] TO ! ,5GLI% RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO ! AU?ORITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS4 

,! IMAGE ( ! ,FR5* OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ( ! ,5GLI% OR ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTIONS AS 0B\RGEOIS0 IS A SIMPLI/IC PROJECTION ( PRES5T-DAY IDEOLOGICAL BIASES ONTO ! PA/4.<#a.> ,IT IS NOT HELPFUL SIMPLY TO NOTE ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE B5EFIT$ 9 ! LONG RUN FROM !SE REVOLUTIONS4 ,?IS TELLS US V]Y LITTLE AB\T ! =CES1 MOTIVES1 & IDEALS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A -- AN ]A OP5$ BY ,5GLI% ,PURITANS 9 ! #a#f#dS & BR\<T TO A CLOSE BY ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALI/S 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,5GLI% YEOM51 ,AM]ICAN F>M]S1 &1 MO/ NOTABLY1 ,FR5* PEASANTS W]E ! IMM$IATE B5EFICI>IES ( !SE REVOLUTIONS NO LESS ?AN ! E>LY B\RGEOISIE4 ,D\BTLESS1 ! B\RGEOISIE ULTIMATELY BECAME ! GREATE/ B5EFICI>Y ( ! REVOLUTIONS1 BUT COMPLETE SUPREMACY CAME TO IT V]Y UNEV5LY OV] ! C\RSE ( TIME & 9 A V]Y MIX$ =M4 ,! ,JEFF]SONIAN 0,REVOLUTION ( #a#h0 WAS L>GELY A POLITICAL VICTORY ( ,U4,S4 AGR>IAN /RATA3 ! ,AM]ICAN B\RGEOISIE'S 9T]E/S W]E MORE DIRECTLY TI$ TO ,HAMILTON'S SELF-/YL$ 0,F$]ALI/ ,P>TY0 ?AN ,JEFF]SON'S ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 & POLITICAL P[] 9 ,AM]ICA AS 9 ,5GL& -- WAS HELD BY ! G5TRY1 OCCASIONALLY 9 DIRECT CONFLICT ) ! F9ANCI]S1 M]*ANTS1 & 9DU/RIALI/S :O W]E NOT TO GA9 COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! REPUBLIC UNTIL ! ,RECON/RUCTION ,]A4 ,TO SAY1 AS ,HUNT DOES1 ?AT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION PLAC$ ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! POLITICAL SADDLE BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y (FICIALS444 W]E EI!R M]*ANTS ) CAPITAL1 PR(ESSIONALS ) SKILLS1 >TISANS ) !IR [N %OPS1 OR1 MORE R>ELY1 PEASANTS ) L&0 IS TO MAKE A GRAB-BAG ( ! WORD 0 B\RGEOIS0 -- 9DE$1 TO USE ! WORD MORE 9 A FEUDAL S5SE AS BUR<]S ?AN A MOD]N S5SE1 AS CAPITALI/S4 ,?IS K9D ( 0B\RGEOISIE0 WAS 9 NO S5SE A /ABLE CLASS BUT A POT P\RRI ( HI<LY DISP>ATE /RATA ?AT WAS UNIFI$ MORE BY :AT IT WAS NOT -- NAMELY1 NOBLES & PRIE/S ?AN :AT IT SEEM$ TO BE4 ,IT WAS SIMPLY ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE4 ,TO ADD1 AS ,HUNT DOES1 ?AT IT WAS 0ANTI-FEUDAL1 ANTI->I/OCRAT1 & ANTI-ABSOLUTI/S0 IS TO RAISE ! QUE/ION ( :AT CON/ITUTES AN AU!NTIC B\RGEOISIE4 ,PRESUMABLY1 NOT ! 9DU/RIALI/S ( ,AMI5S & ! M]*ANTS ( ,T\LON -- IF ,HUNT IS CORRECT4 ,LEA/ ( ALL ! ,P>ISIAN ,!RMIDORIANS :O SO WILL+LY TURN$ ! ,FR5* /ATE OV] TO ,NAPOLEON :O1 9 ,LEFEBVRE'S [N WORDS1 BECAME RECONCIL$ ) ! *UR*1 P>DON$ ! EMIGRES1 & TOOK 9TO HIS S]VICE ALL ( ?OSE -- >I/OCRATS & B\RGEOISIE1 ROYALI/S & REPUBLICANS -- :O W]E WILL+ TO SUPPORT HIM40 

,! FACT IS ?AT RADICAL !ORETICIANS DECID$ TO DESIGNATE ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T AS B\RGEOIS & TO DEAL ) MON>*IAL ABSOLUTISM AS PREP>ATORY = ! EM]G5CE ( A PR$ET]M9$ CAPITALISM4 ,P]RY ,&]SON WAS TO TREAT ABSOLUTISM AS A BASICALLY FEUDAL PH5OM5ON TO SUPPORT A V]Y ILL-F\ND$ !ORY ( ! /AGES ( HI/ORY4 ,?IS IS TELEOLOGY ) A V5GEANCE A TELEOLOGY ?AT D5IES ANY SPONTANEITY TO HI/ORY BY NAIL+ IT TO ! H>D & SPL9T]$ CROSS ( NECESSITY4 ,?AT HI/ORY CAN HAVE MEAN+ & DIRECTION IS VULG>IZ$ 9TO A CONCEPT ( HI/ORICAL NATURAL LAW1 OP]AT+ 9 HUM AN AFFAIRS ) ! GRIM CAUSALITY ?AT IS IMPUT$ TO ITS OP]ATION 9 SOCIALLY CONDITION$ IMAGES ( NATURE4 ,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 CEASES TO BE A RESULT ( A SOCIAL PROCESS & TURNS 9TO ITS V]Y SUB/ANCE4 ,! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM IS ! MO/ ASOCIAL & MALIGNANT SY/EM TO EM]GE 9 HUMAN EXP]I5CE IS 9 GREAT P>T ! RESULT ( DECAY 9 HI/ORY RA!R ?AN A PRODUCT ( ! ELABORATION ( WORLD HI/ORY4 ,IT IS A 0SOCIAL ORD]0 ?AT FL\RI%ES CANC]\SLY ON ! CORPSES ( TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES4 ,TODAY1 ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ! TRADITIONAL C5T]S ( CAPITALISM & ! NONCAPITALI/ WORLD DIFF]S SIGNIFICANTLY FROM E>LI] P]IODS1 :5 ! CONTACT BETWE5 ! TWO WAS MORE EQUITABLE4 ,LIKE A META/ATIC CELL1 ! COMMODITY HAS DONE ITS WORK & ! DOORS ( TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES HAVE BE5 FLUNG WIDE OP5 TO UNRE/RICT$ EXPLOITATION4 

,?IS L5G?Y DISCUSSION ( ! SO-CALL$ B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 /ATUS & CLASS SOCIETIES HAS BE5 GUID$ NOT BY ANY AB/RACT CONC]N = ! HI/ORICAL RECORD BUT BY EXPLICITLY POLITICAL REASONS4 ,REG>D+ ! ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS AS 0B\RGEOIS0 HAS BE5 V]Y H>MFUL POLITICALLY1 RESULT+ 9 A HI<LY ECONOMI/IC EXPLORATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A4 ,GEORGE ,RUDE1 TO TAKE A CASE 9 PO9T1 HAS SO CLOSELY CORRELAT$ FLUCTUATIONS ( ! PRICE ( BREAD ) CR[D BEHAVIOR 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ?AT ! SANS CULOTTES EM]GE MORE AS /OMA*S ?AN AS VITAL1 POLITICALLY CONC]N$ HUM AN BE+S4 ,*>LES ,BE>D'S WELL-9T5TION$ TREATM5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION IS SO BIAS$ BY A PREOCCUPATION ) CLASS 9T]E/ ?AT HIS 9SI<TFUL CORRECTION ( PURELY IDEOLOGICAL HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS SUFF]S HEAVILY FROM A CRUDE ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM 4 ,SU* SW+S ( ! P5DULUM MAY BE NECESS>Y TO CORRECT EXAGG]ATIONS ( BO? ACC\NTS -- A />RY-EY$ IDEALISM AT ONE EXTREME & CRUDE SELF-9T]E/ AT ! O!R -- BUT !Y HAVE GONE TOO F>4 ,?AT M5 LIKE ! ,5GLI% ,LEVEL]1 ,JOHN ,LILBURNE1 OR ! ,AM]ICAN YEOMAN RADICAL1 ,DAN ,%AYS1 W]E CONC]N$ ) L>G] SOCIAL ISSUES ?AN ! CO/ ( BREAD OR F>M =ECLOSURES T5DS TO BE LO/ 9 A WELT] ( /ATI/ICAL DATA AIM$ AT PROV+ ! PR$OM9ANCE ( MAT]IAL 9T]E/S OV] IDEOLOGICAL & CULTURAL ONES4 ,DAVID ,P4 ,SZATM>'S ,%AYS' ,REBELLION PO9TS \T ?AT ,%AYS & ! YEOM5 :O FOLL[$ HIM 9TO 9SURRECTION 9 #a<g ROSE AGA9/ ! NEWLY F\ND$ ,U4,S4 TO PRES]VE A COMPLEX WAY ( LIFE1 NOT M]ELY TO C[ ! ,BO/ON M]*ANTS :O ?REAT5$ TO DISPOSSESS !M ( !IR L&S4 

,! S9I/] SIDE ( RADICAL HI/ORIOGRAPHY HAS BE5 EXPLOR$ REPEAT$LY4 ,IF HI/ORY USES HUMANITY TO FULFILL 5DS ( ITS [N1 !N SUFF]+1 CRUELTY1 & DESPOTISM CAN BE JU/IFI$ 9 ! NAME ( PROGRESS & ULTIMATELY FRE$OM4 ,IDEOLOGY1 E?ICS1 CULTURE1 POLITICS -- &1 ( C\RSE1 LEAD]S -- >E MOV$ TO ACT BEYOND !IR [N UND]/&+ ( EV5TS BY ,HEGEL'S 0CUNN+ ( REASON4 ,L591 BY SUP]ADD+ ! P>TY & ITS POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS TO ! OBJECTIVE MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY -- A HI/ORY ?AT HAS A =ESI<T1 LAWFULNESS1 & GOAL ( ITS [N -- DID NOT D5Y ?IS ,HEGELIAN CONCEPT ( ,SPIRIT 9 HI/ORY4 ,HE M]ELY BUREAUCRATIZ$ ,SPIRIT ) AN APP>ATUS ( SELF-ANO9T$ PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES :O CONSCI\SLY EXECUT$ ! DESIGNS ( HI/ORY 9 ! ULTIMATE 9T]E/S ( ! UNKN[+ MASSES4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS AU?ORIT>IAN LOGIC WAS ! USURPATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BY A P>TY ?AT PR(ESS$ TO REPRES5T ! OBJECTIVE 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT (T5 9 ! V]Y C\RSE ( SUPPRESS+ ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 

,WE HAVE PAID = ?IS 0MAT]IALISM 0 BY SUFFOCAT+ EV]Y E?ICAL & HUMANI/ DIM5SION 9 HI/ORY4 ,WE HAVE TALLI$ UP ! /ATI/ICS = ECONOMIC GR[? & PRODUCTIVITY 9 0 SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES0 9 JUXTAPOSITION ) ! /ATI/ICS = MASS MURD] & ! =MATION ( 5TIRE POPULATIONS ( SLAVE LABOR]S TO R5D] \R ULTIMATE V]DICT ON ! 0SUCCESS0 OR 0FAILURE0 ( !SE SEEM+LY 0SOCIALI/0 9/ITUTIONS4 ,FRE$OM PLAYS NO ROLE :ATEV] 9 ?IS TALLY4 ,MORE ?AN ANY MOD]N IDEOLOGY O!R ?AN FASCISM1 SOCIALISM HAS TRAD$ (F LIB]TY = 0DI/RIBUTIVE JU/ICE0 -- AN EX*ANGE ?AT HAS POISON$ ITS V]Y IMAGE ( EV]Y?+ HUM AN1 TURN+ SOCIETY ITSELF 9TO A M]E MA*9E = ! CONQUE/ ( NATURE4 ,:AT IS MO/ DISCONC]T+ TODAY IS ! 9T]PRETATION & ! POLITICS /EMM+ FROM ?IS DISA/R\S VISION ( HI/ORY4 ,IF ! ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS >E NOT B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 :AT >E !Y8 ,IF ! CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y ]A HAS COME TO AN 5D1 :AT K9D ( POLITICS FOLL[S FROM ?IS8 ,F9ALLY1 IF ! PROLET>IAT IS NOT A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS1 W HAT IS ! 0HI/ORICAL SUBJECT0 ?AT WILL TRANS=M A HI]>*ICAL1 & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY 9TO ONE ?AT IS EGALIT>IAN1 CLASSLESS1 & FREE8 

,T[>D A ,NEW ,RADICAL ,AG5DA 

,CAPITALISM IS A SY/EM ?AT IS P]MAN5TLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y -- ,M>X'S VIEWS TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+4 ,N[ H]E DID IT RESCUE OR ADVANCE ! HUM AN SPIRIT ( COOP]ATION ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! MO/ DESPOTIC SOCIETIES & ! MO/ P>O*IAL COMMUNITIES ( ! PA/2 AT NO TIME DID ITS S5SE ( *>ITY EXT5D BEYOND A UTILIT>IAN MANIPULATION ( ! MASSES4 ,FEW ( ITS MAT]IAL B5EFITS1 TE*NICAL ADVANCES1 OR WEAL? W]E US$ TO BETT] ! HUM AN CONDITION4 ,CAPITALISM WAS A BLI<T ON SOCIETY FROM ! MOM5T IT BEGAN TO RISE4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y ATTEMPT TO >RE/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM E>LY ON WAS MORE PROGRESSIVE ?AN ! PROGRESSIVE ROLE IMPUT$ TO ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,LUDDITES W]E ESS5TIALLY RI<T4 ,!Y W]E NOT REACTION>Y :5 !Y TRI$ TO HALT ! RAPACI\S ADVANCE ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,SO TOO W]E ! ,CRITICAL-,UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S1 ! ,PR\DHONIANS & ,F\RI]I/S ON :OM ,M>X & ,5GELS HEAP$ !IR SCORN 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,EV5 ! ,5GLI% G5TRY :O WROTE ! ,SPE5HAM L& ,LAW ( #agie W]E RI<T1 H[EV] SELF-S]V+ !IR MOTIVES1 :5 !Y TRI$ TO PREV5T ! PEASANTRY FROM BE+ DELIV]$ :OLESALE OV] TO ! WAGE SY/EM4 ,& ! ,RUSSIAN POPULI/S W]E RI<T :5 !Y TRI$ TO RESCUE ! VILLAGE1 P>TICUL>LY ITS MUTUALI/IC FEATURES1 FROM ! TRAVAIL ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIALISM4 

,! LI/ IS ALMO/ 5DLESS4 ,9 L>GE P>T1 IT CONSI/S ( ! HIDD5 LIB]T>IAN T5D5CY 9 HI/ORY ?AT TRI$ TO PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ,SPE5HAM L& AS WELL AS ! WAGE SY/EM1 TO BACKBREAK+ MANUAL LABOR AS WELL AS S\L-CORROD+ FACTORY WORK1 TO P>O*IALISM AS WELL AS ! WORLD M>KET SY/EM4 ,TO ?9K ?AT PRES5T-DAY URBAN MIS]Y IS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO RURAL POV]TY IS TO FALL 9TO A TRAP ?AT SO P>ALYZES CREATIVE ?\<T & PRACTICE ?AT RADICAL !ORY CAN NO LONG] DI/+UI% :AT IS FROM :AT C\LD BE4 ,MOVEM5TS DID EXI/ ?AT OPPOS$ /ATUS SOCIETIES AS WELL AS CLASS SOCIETIES1 FEUDALISM AS WELL AS CAPITALISM1 TE*NOLOGICAL /AGNATION AS WELL AS M9DLESS TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 ,9 ! #b? C5TURY1 ONE ?9KS ( ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 ! POPULI/S & ! AN>*I/S1 AS /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( HI<LY MORAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT TRI$ TO BYPASS CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T )\T ACC$+ TO ! OPPRESSIVE FEATURES ( AUTOCRATIC & QUASI-FEUDAL SOCIETIES4 ,! 0?IRD WAY0 !SE MOVEM5TS (F]$ WAS SIMPLY SUPPRESS$ -- NOT ONLY BY ! /ATE 7,/AL9I/ & FASCI/7 BUT BY RADICAL HI/ORIANS !MSELVES1 :OSE HI/ORY ( ! ,LEFT WAS (T5 HI<LY SELECTIVE & BIAS$ T[>D ! CONV5TIONAL SOCIALISM ( \R TIME4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ?IS MU* IS CLE>3 ,WE MU/ ACKN[L$GE ! P]MAN5T1 RETROGRESSIVE NATURE ( CAPITALISM FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION4 ,WE MU/ SEE IT AS A SAPROPHYTIC SY/EM ?AT IS BY DEF9ITION ASOCIAL1 & RECOGNIZE IT AS A ME*ANISM ?AT WILL DIE ON ITS [N ONLY LIKE A CANC] ?AT DE/ROYS ITS HO/4 ,WE HAVE TO UND]/& ?AT ! ECONOMIC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY & SOCIETY IS ! EXT5SION ( ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT 9TO ! TOTALITY ( ! HUM AN CONDITION4 ,CAPITALISM WILL NOT DECAY4 ,IT WILL EI!R DE/ROY SOCIETY AS WE HAVE KN[N IT1 & POSSIBLY MU* ( ! BIOSPH]E ALONG ) IT1 OR IT WILL BE CORROD$1 WEAK5$1 & HOLL[$ \T BY LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS4 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 :Y ! 0 ,F\R? ,WORLD0 HAS (F]$ SU* MASSIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! 0 BLESS+S0 ( 9DU/RIALISM UNLESS WE 9VOKE ! P[] ( /RONG TRADITIONS1 5TR5*$ LIFEWAYS1 DEEPLY HELD VALUES1 BELIEFS & CU/OM S4 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 :Y ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAN-PEASANTS BURN$ MONEY & DISDA9$ EV]Y LURE ( OPUL5CE AFT] ! CITY FELL 9TO !IR H&S )\T 9VOK+ ! MORAL P[] ( !IR LIB]T>IAN BELIEFS -- A S5SIBILITY ?AT WAS TO (T5 /& 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ! PRAGMATIC M5TALITY ( !IR LEAD]S4 

,! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y ]A ON :I* WE CAN PREMISE ANY FUTURE = RADICAL *ANGE IS ! ONE ?AT LIES BEH9D US4 ,NO CYCLE ( SOCIALI/ OR AN>*I/ REVOLUTION WILL FOLL[ ! SO-CALL$ 0B\RGEOIS0 CYCLE 9ITIAT$ SOME ?REE C5TURIES AGO4 ,! >S5AL ( \R TIME HAS DEVELOP$ SO F> BEYOND ! CLASSICAL 9SURRECTION>Y MODELS ON :I* TRADITIONAL RADICAL !ORY HAS BE5 FIXAT$ AS TO MAKE UN?9KABLE ! RECURR5CE ( ANO!R ,SPA9 OR ,RUSSIA4 ,9DE$1 NO CREATIVE DISCUSSION ( A RADICAL POLITICS CAN EV5 BEG9 )\T ACKN[L$G+ ! *ANGE ?IS SIMPLE TE*NICAL FACT HAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! 0>T ( 9SURRECTION0 -- TO USE ,TROTSKY'S WORDS4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! ONLY AG5T ON :I* WE CAN PREMISE FUTURE RADICAL *ANGE EM]GES FROM ! MELD+ ( TRADITIONAL GR\PS 9TO A PUBLIC SPH]E1 A BODY POLITIC1 A COMMUNITY IMBU$ ) A S5SE ( CULTURAL & SPIRITUAL CONT9UITY & R5EWAL4 ,?IS COMMUNITY1 H[EV]1 IS CON/ITUT$ ONLY 9 ! EV]-PRES5T ACT ( AN EV]-DYNAMIC EF=T ( PUBLIC & SELF-ASS]TION ?AT YIELDS A %>P S5SE ( SELFHOOD4 ,COLLECTIVITY ?US MELDS ) 9DIVIDUALITY TO PRODUCE R\ND$ HUM AN BE+S 9 A R\ND$ SOCIETY4 ,DIRECT ACTION ASSUMES ! =M ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY3 ! P>TICIPATORY =M S ( FRE$OM ?AT RE/ ON FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES1 ROTATION ( PUBLIC FUNCTIONS1 &1 :]E POSSIBLE1 CONS5SUS4 

,SU* A COMMUNITY MU/ PRESUME ?AT SOLID>ITY \TWEI<TS /ATUS OR CLASS 9T]E/S1 ?AT ITS WAY ( LIFE CAN ABSORB ! C5TRIFUGAL 9T]E/S ?AT SEP>ATE HUM AN FROM HUM AN1 ?AT A %>$ E?ICS IMP>TS ! CONSCI\SNESS1 CONSCI5CE1 & SYMPA?Y NE$$ TO OV]RIDE A S5SE ( SELFHOOD ?AT RISKS DEG5]AT+ 9TO SELFI%NESS & ?AT PREOCCUPATION ) PRIVATE CONC]NS SO *>ACT]I/IC O F ! CONTEMPOR>Y !RAPEUTIC AGE4 ,NO PROLET>IAT HAS EV] FIT !SE /&>DS ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROPRIETY AS A CLASS PH5OM5ON4 ,9DE$1 CLASS IS SO 9TEGRALLY TI$ UP ) 9T]E/ ?AT IT PRECLUDES ! ABILITY TO VOICE BROADLY HUMAN CONC]NS4 ,H5CE1 NO POSSIBILITY EV] EXI/$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT1 P>TICUL>LY ! H]$IT>Y ONE ?AT HAD A LONG TRADITION ( CLASS BE+ BEH9D IT1 C\LD EV] SPEAK = ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :O IS SO READILY CONGLOM]AT$ 9TO A CLASS EXI/5CE BY RADICAL HI/ORIOGRAPHY1 T5DS TO BEHAVE ) GREAT] DEC5CY ?AN ! MASS4 ,! D5IAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S ROLE 9 HI/ORY HAS HAD ! S9I/] EFFECT ( D5Y+ ! MORAL 9TEGRITY ( ! P]SON 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ROLE ASSIGN$ TO MASSES AS =CES 9 HI/ORY & TO DEMOLI% ! ONLY >M OR PEOPLE HAVE AGA9/ ! DEGRAD+ EFFECTS ( 0CIVILIZATION0 -- ! P]SONAL E?ICS1 SIMPLE ETIQUETTE1 PSY*OLOGICAL UNIQU5ESS1 & HUMAN 9TIMACY ( C>E & UND]/&+ ?AT CAN *ALL5GE MON/R\S EXCESSES ) P]SONAL1 DAY-TO-DAY RESI/ANCE & DELEGITIMATION4 

,?IS BR+S US BACK TO :AT WAS NOT B\RGEOIS 9 ! SO-CALL$ B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS -- ! UTOPIAN DIM5SION ( HUM AN LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY ?AT PANICK$ ! REAL B\RGEOIS 9TO ,HAMILTON'S ROYALI/ CONSPIRACIES 9 ,AM]ICA &1 F9ALLY1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! REPUBLIC 9TO ,NAPOLEONIC AUTOCRACY 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! ,AM]ICAN YEOMANRY & ! ,P>ISIAN SANS CULOTTES DID NOT RISE AGA9/ !IR RUL]S BECAUSE !Y W]E 9T]E/$ 9 FREE+ TRADE OR FO/]+ CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,!Y ROSE TO DEF5D !IR [N CONCEPTION ( A DI/9CTLY E?ICAL IDEAL3 FRE$OM FROM >BITR>Y AU?ORITY1 AN 9T5SELY COMMUNAL WORLD ?AT FO/]$ 9T]C\RSE AMONG !IR PEOPLE1 HUMAN5ESS 9 DEAL+ ) 9DIVIDUALS IRRESPECTIVE ( /ATUS & WEAL?1 9 FACT1 A RETURN TO ! REGULATION ( COMM]CE 7AS EVID5C$ BY ! SANS-CULOTTES DEM&S = PRICE CONTROLS & ,%AYS' BELIEF 9 ! YEOMANRY'S RI<T TO L& IRRESPECTIVE ( LEGAL 5TAILM5TS74 ,BY ALL /&>DS ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 !Y W]E REACTION>IES :O BELIEV$ 9 A MORAL ECONOMY & TRI$ TO HANG ONTO TRADITIONAL RI<TS & DUTIES AS !Y CON/RU$ !M 4 ,TO REVOLT MEANT LIT]ALLY TO RE/ORE ANCI5T LIB]TIES1 COMMUNAL LIFEWAYS1 & RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,9S(> AS !SE REVOLUTIONS 9V>IABLY W5T BEYOND ! PRIVILEG$ 9/ITUTIONS ( ,5GLI% CON/ITUTIONALISM1 !Y W]E NO MORE B\RGEOIS ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIK TAKE-OV] WAS PROLET>IAN4 ,!Y W]E FIR/ & =EMO/ REPUBLICAN OR DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ?AT W]E FOI/$ ON ! B\RGEOISIE -- A CLASS ?AT VIGOR\SLY RESI/$ !IR LIB]T>IAN FEATURES1 ,! B\RGEOISIE DID NOT MAKE !SE REVOLUTIONS2 IT WAS SADDL$ ) !M TWO C5TURIES AGO4 

,! T5SION BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION TO :I* EV5 ! B\RGEOISIE MU/ MAKE ITS OBEISANCES & ! CORPORATE REALITY ?AT /&S AT ODDS ) IT CON/ITUTES ! GREATE/ S+LE OB/ACLE TO ! UNRE/RA9$ SUPREMACY ( CAPITAL4 ,LIKE ! E/ATES G5]ALE ?AT BLOCK$ ! ,FR5* MON>*Y 9 #a#g#h#i1 ! B\RGEOISIE C>RIES ! H]ITAGE ( ITS BEG9N+S ON ITS %\LD]S LIKE A LEAD WEI<T4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ?IS ALI5 H]ITAGE IS ALSO ! MY/IQUE ?AT L5DS MORAL LEGITIMACY TO ! B\RGEOISE'S O!RWISE COLORLESS & PROSAIC REALITY4 ,! AV]SION ( ,AM]ICANS = ! /ATE1 !IR MY?OLOGY ( SELF- SUFFICI5CY1 LOCAL CONTROL1 & 9DIVIDUALISM >E AT ONCE ! DISGUISE = B\RGEOIS RAPACITY & ! ,DAMOCLES SWORD ?AT HANGS OV] ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ID5TIFICATION ( FAMILY ) ! FAMILY-F>M1 ( 9DIVIDUALITY ) PROP]TY1 ( SELF-RELIANCE ) SELF-EMPLOYM5T1 ( LIB]TY ) LOCAL CONTROL1 & TYRANNY ) ! /ATE1 CONSCRIPTION1 SURVEILLANCE1 & POLICE 9T]V5TION 9TO POLITICS -- ALL LIMIT ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE 9 ,AM]ICA & >E AS OB/RUCTIVE AS !Y >E SELF-S]V+4 

,?US1 A /RONG >GUM5T CAN BE MADE = ! NE$ TO RECOGNIZE ! HIDD5 LIB]T>IAN CONT5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM3 ! POSSIBILITY ( DEMOCRATIZ+ ! REPUBLIC & RADICALIZ+ ! DEMOCRACY4 ,H]E9 LIES A RADICAL AG5DA1 ROOT$ 9 ! T5SION BETWE5 CORPORATISM & REPUBLICANISM 1 C5TRALISM & DEMOCRACY1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 ?AT MAY CREATE FROM ! FAIL$ 0P]SPECTIVES0 ( ! PA/ A NEW READ+ ( ! FUTURE4 ,A NEW LIB]T>IAN POLITICS MU/ EM]GE FROM ! DEBRIS ( ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT4 ,POLITICS 9 ITS ORIG9AL S5SE PRESUPPOS$ A V]Y DI/9CT PUBLIC SPH]E -- ! COMMUNITY1 BE IT A T[N1 A NEI<BORHOOD1 OR A CITY >TICULAT$ 9TO NEI<BORHOODS -- 9 :I* PASSIVE RESID5TS C\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO ACTIVE CITIZ5S BY VIRTUE ( !IR DIRECT ACCESS TO ! LEV]S ( P[]4 ,H5CE1 POLITICS CANNOT BE DIVORC$ FROM AN OP]ATIONAL SCALE ?AT FO/]S IT3 ! COMMUNITY4 ,LACK+ ?IS OP]ATIONAL SCALE1 IT WI!RS AWAY1 OR WORSE1 IT BECOMES TRANS=M$ 9TO P>LIAM5T>ISM & ! DELEGATION ( ALL P[] TO PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS4 ,POLITICS1 SO CONCEIV$1 IS MUNICIPALI/ OR IT DOES NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 

,MUNICIPALISM IS A POLITICS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! ASSEMBLY ( ! CITIZ5 BODY1 NOT ITS REPRES5TATIVES4 ,COLLECTIVELY & 9DIVIDUALLY1 IT MU/ ACQUIRE A S5SE ( ITSELF1 ITS SOCIAL P]SONALITY1 ITS =M4 ,IT IS A POLITICS ?AT MU/ NOT ONLY 9VOLVE CITIZ5S 9 COMMUNAL ADM9I/RATION2 IT MU/ ALSO $UCATE !M 9 PUBLIC LIFE4 

,POLITICS1 SO CONCEIV$1 IS ! COMMUNIZ+ CORE ( COMMUNITY1 ! PROCESS ( CITIZ5-=MATION1 ! S*OOL 9 :I* *>ACT] IS DEVELOP$ AS WELL AS ! >T ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,IT IS ! M$IUM = EXP&+ ONE'S COMPET5CE 9 ! FULLY HUMAN S5SE ( ! T]M & NOT JU/ 9 ! S5SE ( SKILLS 9 ! P]=MANCE ( RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,! RECREATION ( ! POLIS HAS MANY ASPECTS4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY IS FO/]$ BY ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( A P>5T & *ILD1 ( *ILDR5 ) EA* O!R & ) ADULTS1 BY PRODUCTION CONCEIV$ AS A SYMBIOTIC RELATION1 NOT A DOM9E]+ ONE1 ) TOOLS ?AT MOVE ) ! GRA9 ( SUB/ANCE & ITS V>I$ POSSIBILITIES1 NOT BY =C+ !M SELVES ON 0RAW MATT]0 & RU?LESSLY TORTUR+ IT 9TO M]E OBJECTS ( UTILITY4 ,F9ALLY1 AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY 9CLUDES A POLITICS ( CREATIVE CITIZ5%IP ?AT OP5S A NEW SPH]E = $UCATION AS WELL AS ADM9I/RATION1 A POLITICS ( SELF-FULFILLM5T & SOLID>ITY4 

,ULTIMATELY ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! REPUBLIC & ! RADICALIZATION ( DEMOCRACY IS A*IEVABLE ONLY AS A MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T L9K$ TOGE!R CONF$]ALLY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE4 ,H5CE1 IT WILL EI!R MOVE T[>D A RADICAL =M ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM OR IT WILL DEG5]ATE 9TO ANO!R =M ( LIB]AL P>LIAM5T>ISM ?AT WILL 5D 9 ! PREVAIL+ CORPORATIVE POLITICS4 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 POLITICS & P>LIAM5T>ISM1 BETWE5 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! POLIS & /ATECRAFT1 CANNOT BE DRAWN TOO %>PLY4 ,9 ?IS DI/9CTION1 ! ROLE ( CONSCI\SNESS IS DECISIVE4 ,POLITICS CONSI/S AS MU* 9 ! ATTA9M5T ( SELF-REFLEXIVITY ( GOALS & PROCESSES AS IT DOES 9 ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS IT P]=MS & ! =MS ( FRE$OM IT 9/ITUTIONALIZES4 

,TO ?IS 5D1 ! POLIS MU/ ITSELF BE CREAT$ \T ( SMALL] UNITS -- GR\PS ( PEOPLE = :OM ! CULTIVATION ( CONSCI\SNESS IS A CALL+ 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,$UCATION )9 ?IS GR\P+ IS BO? AN EF=T TO REALIZE ! SELF-REFLEXIVITY ?AT 5T]S 9TO AN AU!NTICALLY CREATIVE CITIZ5%IP & ! MEANS ( MOBILIZ+ PEOPLE = A NEW PRAXIS4 ,SELF-REFLEXIVITY CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM SELFADM9I/RATION )\T R$UC+ ! GR\P TO A CELLUL> ACADEMY AT ONE EXTREME OR AN AFF9ITY GR\P AT ! O!R4 ,! =MATION ( A COLLECTIVE SUBJECT ?AT IS NOT BURD5$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN ,BOL%EVISM IS ?US ATTA9$ 9 ! CRAFT+ ( SUBJECTIVITY AS A P>TICIPATORY 5T]PRISE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS NEW RADICAL AG5DA IS AS MEAN+FUL AS ! =CE-FIELD & CONFRONTATION IT CREATES BETWE5 TWO P[]S3 ! C5TRALIZ$ CORPORATE /ATE & ! DEC5TRALIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES4 

,IF ! DISSOLUTION ( ! /ATE IS NOT AN IMM95T POSSIBILITY1 ! CREATION ( A C\NT]P[] TO IT 9 ! =M ( ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ CONF$]ATION IS A REASONABLE POSSIBILITY AT SOME TIME 9 ! FUTURE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! PROBLEM ( DISCRIM9AT+ BETWE5 POLITICS & /ATECRAFT1 ! NATURE ( ONE'S P>TICIPATION 9 LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS1 & F9ALLY ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! MUNICIPALITY & ! /ATE ITSELF1 ALL POSE PROBLEMS ?AT MU/ BE RESOLV$ ) DUE REG>D = ! NATURE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,CAPITALISM IS NOT A DECAY+ SOCIAL ORD]2 IT IS AN EV]-EXP&+ ORD] ?AT GR[S BEYOND ! CAPACITY ( ANY SOCIETY TO CONTA9 ITS RAVAGES & COPE ) ITS PR$ATORY ACTIVITIES4 ,IF CAPITALISM IS NOT ABOLI%$ 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 IT WILL ANNIHILATE SOCIAL LIFE AS SU* OR1 AT LEA/1 DO AN EXCELL5T JOB ( UND]M9+ IT & ! BIOSPH]E ON :I* ALL LIFE DEP5DS4 ,! REVOLUTIONS ?AT WE SO FACILELY DESIGNATE AS B\RGEOIS1 I4E41 ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT CREAT$ 5\< SOCIAL 9/ABILITY TO REMOVE TRADITIONAL CON/RA9TS TO CAPITALISM'S GR[?1 W]E NOT *]I%$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,RA!R1 !Y SADDL$ IT ) A H]ITAGE ?AT N[ CON/ITUTES A MAJOR OB/ACLE TO ITS COMPLETE & UN*ECK$ DOM9ANCE4 

,:AT APPEALS TO ,AM]ICANS TODAY IS NOT ! DECORATIVE SIDE ( !IR DREAM BUT ITS AU!NTICALLY LIB]T>IAN SIDE4 ,IDEOLOGY /ILL C\NTS 5\< 9 ! ,U4,S4 TO B9D A HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ & 9CREAS+LY C5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY 9 ! /RAITJACKET ( A L>GELY AGR>IAN1 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 & /ILL SOME:AT F$]AL CON/ITUTION ) ALL ! TRADITIONS ?AT SUPPORT ?IS IMAG]Y4 ,NATIONALIZ$ OR EV5 COLLECTIVIZ$ PROP]TY MAY BE AS ON]\S TO MO/ ,AM]ICANS AS CORPORATIZ$ & MONOPOLI/IC PROP]TY4 ,! MUNICIPAL CONTROL ( ECONOMIC RES\RCES1 BY CONTRA/1 IS MU* EASI] TO ACCEPT4 ,! CURR5T )DRAWAL ( ! NATION-/ATE FROM 9VOLVEM5T ) LOCALITIES1 ECONOMICALLY AS WELL AS POLITICALLY1 POSES ! ISSUE ( MUNICIPAL CONTROL MORE POIGNANTLY ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 & ! PUBLIC UNEAS9ESS ?AT ACCOMPANIES ! GR[? ( /ATE P[] IS A DESID]ATUM 9 AN 9CREAS+LY TOTALIT>IAN WORLD4 

.<#a.> ,P]EZ ,ZAGOR9 SCORNFULLY DEFLATES ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM'S DEPICTION ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION AS A 0B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION0 RESULT+ FROM A *RONIC CRISIS )9 FEUDALISM ?AT =MS ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ CORRELATE ( ! 0*RONIC CRISIS0 )9 CAPITALISM4 ,:AT IS WRONG ) ,HOBSBAWN'S !SIS1 ,ZAGOR9 SAYS1 0IS ! ABS5CE ( EVID5CE ?AT C\LD DEMON/RATE ! ACTUALITY ( A G5]AL CRISIS 9 T]MS DESCRIB$40 ,! DETAILS ( ,ZAGOR9'S CRITICISM >E TOO NUM]\S TO REPEAT H]E4 ,NOR IS IT POSSIBLE H]E TO DEAL ) ! LIB]TIES ,HOBSBAWN TAKES 9 DEAL+ ) PRECAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS1 NOTABLY HIS ATROCI\S TREATM5T ( ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALISM 9 ,PRIMITIVE ,REBELS4 ,CF4 ,P]EZ ,ZAGOR91 ,REBELS & ,RUL]S1 #a#e-#a#f#f 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#b7 & MY ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] & ,R[1 #a#i#g#g74 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,W]E ,WE ,WRONG8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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