,*APT] #f #ahigahig ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY ,TRANSLATOR 3 ,AYLM] ,MAUDE ,TEXT 3 ,BUT H[ C\LD IT HAPP5 ?AT ?AT V]Y >T1 :I* 9 ANCI5T TIMES WAS M]ELY TOL]AT$ 7IF TOL]AT$ AT ALL71 %\LD HAVE COME1 9 \R TIMES1 TO BE 9V>IABLY CONSID]$ A GOOD ?+ IF ONLY IT AF=DS PLEASURE8 ,IT HAS RESULT$ FROM ! FOLL[+ CAUSES4 ,! E/IMATION ( ! VALUE ( >T 7I4E4 ( ! FEEL+S IT TRANSMITS7 DEP5DS ON M5'S P]CEPTION ( ! MEAN+ ( LIFE2 DEP5DS ON :AT !Y CONSID] TO BE ! GOOD & ! EVIL ( LIFE4 ,& :AT IS GOOD & :AT IS EVIL IS DEF9$ BY :AT >E T]M$ RELIGIONS4 ,HUMANITY UNCEAS+LY MOVES =W>D FROM A L[]1 MORE P>TIAL1 & OBSCURE UND]/&+ ( LIFE1 TO ONE MORE G5]AL & MORE LUCID4 ,& 9 ?IS1 AS 9 EV]Y MOVEM5T1 !RE >E LEAD]S1--?OSE :O HAVE UND]/OOD ! MEAN+ ( LIFE MORE CLE>LY ?AN O!RS1--& ( !SE ADVANC$ M5 !RE IS ALWAYS ONE :O HAS1 9 HIS WORDS & BY HIS LIFE1 EXPRESS$ ?IS MEAN+ MORE CLE>LY1 ACCESSIBLY1 & /RONGLY ?AN O!RS4 ,?IS MAN'S EXPRESSION ( ! MEAN+ ( LIFE1 TOGE!R ) ?OSE SUP]/ITIONS1 TRADITIONS1 & C]EMONIES :I* USUALLY =M !MSELVES R\ND ! MEMORY ( SU* A MAN1 IS :AT IS CALL$ A RELIGION4 ,RELIGIONS >E ! EXPON5TS ( ! HIDS :I*1 9EVITABLY & IRRESI/IBLY1 ALL ! RE/ ( ?AT SOCIETY MU/ ADVANCE4 ,& !RE=E ONLY RELIGIONS HAVE ALWAYS S]V$1 & /ILL S]VE1 AS BASES = ! VALUATION ( HUMAN S5TIM5TS4 ,IF FEEL+S BR+ #e#dM5 NE>] ! IDEAL !IR RELIGION 9DICATES1 IF !Y >E 9 H>MONY ) IT & DO NOT CONTRADICT IT1 !Y >E GOOD2 IF !Y E/RANGE M5 FROM IT & OPPOSE IT1 !Y >E BAD4 ,IF ! RELIGION PLACES ! MEAN+ ( LIFE 9 WOR%IP+ ONE ,GOD & FULFILL+ :AT IS REG>D$ AS ,HIS WILL1 AS WAS ! CASE AMONG ! ,JEWS1 !N ! FEEL+S FL[+ FROM LOVE TO ?AT ,GOD1 & TO ,HIS LAW1 SUCCESSFULLY TRANSMITT$ ?R\< ! >T ( POETRY BY ! PROPHETS1 BY ! PSALMS1 OR BY ! EPIC ( ! BOOK ( ,G5ESIS1 IS GOOD1 HI< >T4 ,ALL OPPOS+ ?AT1 AS = 9/ANCE ! TRANSMISSION ( FEEL+S ( DEVOTION TO /RANGE GODS1 OR ( FEEL+S 9COMPATIBLE ) ! LAW ( ,GOD1 W\LD BE CONSID]$ BAD >T4 ,OR IF1 AS WAS ! CASE AMONG ! ,GREEKS1 ! RELIGION PLACES ! MEAN+ ( LIFE 9 E>?LY HAPP9ESS1 9 BEAUTY & 9 /R5G?1 !N >T SUCCESSFULLY TRANSMITT+ ! JOY & 5]GY ( LIFE W\LD BE CONSID]$ GOOD >T1 BUT >T :I* TRANSMITT$ FEEL+S ( EFFEM9ACY OR DESPOND5CY W\LD BE BAD >T4 ,IF ! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS SE5 9 ! WELL-BE+ ( ONE'S NATION1 OR 9 HONOR+ ONE'S ANCE/ORS & CONT9U+ ! MODE ( LIFE L$ BY !M1 AS WAS ! CASE AMONG ! ,ROMANS & ! ,*9ESE RESPECTIVELY1 !N >T TRANSMITT+ FEEL+S ( JOY AT SACRIFIC+ ONE'S P]SONAL WELL-BE+ = ! COMMON WEAL1 OR AT EXALT+ ONE'S ANCE/ORS & MA9TA9+ !IR TRADITIONS1 W\LD BE CONSID]$ GOOD >T2 BUT >T EXPRESS+ FEEL+S CONTR>Y TO ?IS W\LD BE REG>D$ AS BAD4 ,IF ! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS SE5 9 FREE+ ONESELF FROM ! YOKE ( ANIMALISM1 AS IS ! CASE AMONG ! ,BUDDHI/S1 !N >T SUCCESSFULLY TRANSMITT+ FEEL+S ?AT ELEVATE ! S\L & HUMBLE ! FLE% WILL BE GOOD >T1 & ALL ?AT TRANSMITS FEEL+S /R5G!N+ ! BODILY PASSIONS WILL BE BAD >T4 ,9 EV]Y AGE1 & 9 EV]Y HUMAN SOCIETY1 !RE EXI/S A RELIGI\S S5SE1 COMMON TO ?AT :OLE SOCIETY1 ( :AT IS GOOD & :AT IS BAD1 & IT IS ?IS RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ?AT DECIDES ! VALUE ( ! FEEL+S TRANSMITT$ BY >T4 #e#e,& !RE=E1 AMONG ALL NATIONS1 >T :I* TRANSMITT$ FEEL+S CONSID]$ TO BE GOOD BY ?IS G5]AL RELIGI\S S5SE WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ GOOD & WAS 5C\RAG$2 BUT >T :I* TRANSMITT$ FEEL+S CONSID]$ TO BE BAD BY ?IS G5]AL RELIGI\S CONCEPTION1 WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ BAD1 & WAS REJECT$4 ,ALL ! RE/ ( ! IMM5SE FIELD ( >T BY MEANS ( :I* PEOPLE COMMUNICATE ONE ) ANO!R1 WAS NOT E/EEM$ AT ALL1 & WAS ONLY NOTIC$ :5 IT RAN C\NT] TO ! RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ( ITS AGE1 & !N M]ELY TO BE REPUDIAT$4 ,?US IT WAS AMONG ALL NATIONS1--,GREEKS1 ,JEWS1 ,9DIANS1 ,EGYPTIANS1 & ,*9ESE1--& SO IT WAS :5 ,*RI/IANITY APPE>$4 ,! ,*RI/IANITY ( ! FIR/ C5TURIES RECOGNIZ$ AS PRODUCTIONS ( GOOD >T1 ONLY LEG5DS1 LIVES ( SA9TS1 S]MONS1 PRAY]S & HYMN-S++1 EVOK+ LOVE ( ,*RI/1 EMOTION AT HIS LIFE1 DESIRE TO FOLL[ HIS EXAMPLE1 R5UNCIATION ( WORLDLY LIFE1 HUMILITY1 & ! LOVE ( O!RS2 ALL PRODUCTIONS TRANSMITT+ FEEL+S ( P]SONAL 5JOYM5T !Y CONSID]$ TO BE BAD1 & !RE=E REJECT$3 = 9/ANCE1 TOL]AT+ PLA/IC REPRES5TATIONS ONLY :5 !Y W]E SYMBOLICAL1 !Y REJECT$ ALL ! PAGAN SCULPTURES4 ,?IS WAS SO AMONG ! ,*RI/IANS ( ! FIR/ C5TURIES1 :O ACCEPT$ ,*RI/'S TEA*+1 IF NOT QUITE 9 ITS TRUE =M1 AT LEA/ NOT 9 ! P]V]T$1 PAGANIZ$ =M 9 :I* IT WAS ACCEPT$ SUBSEQU5TLY4 ,BUT BESIDES ?IS ,*RI/IANITY1 FROM ! TIME ( ! :OLESALE CONV]SION ( NATIONS BY ORD] ( ! AU?ORITIES1 AS 9 ! DAYS ( ,CON/ANT9E1 ,*>LEMAGNE1 & ,VLADIMIR1 !RE APPE>$ ANO!R1 A ,*UR* ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* WAS NE>] TO PAGANISM ?AN TO ,*RI/'S TEA*+4 ,& ?IS ,*UR* ,*RI/IANITY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N TEA*+1 E/IMAT$ QUITE O!RWISE ! FEEL+S ( PEOPLE & ! PRODUCTIONS ( >T :I* TRANSMITT$ ?OSE FEEL+S4 ,?IS ,*UR* ,*RI/IANITY NOT ONLY DID NOT ACKN[L$GE ! FUNDAM5TAL & ESS5TIAL POSITIONS ( TRUE ,*RI/IANITY1--! #e#fIMM$IATE RELATION%IP ( EA* MAN TO ! ,FA!R1 ! CONSEQU5T BRO!RHOOD & EQUALITY ( ALL M51 & ! SUB/ITUTION ( HUMILITY & LOVE 9 PLACE ( EV]Y K9D ( VIOL5CE--BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HAV+ SET UP A HEAV5LY HI]>*Y SIMIL> TO ! PAGAN MY?OLOGY1 & HAV+ 9TRODUC$ ! WOR%IP ( ,*RI/1 ( ! ,VIRG91 ( ANGELS1 ( APO/LES1 ( SA9TS1 & ( M>TYRS1 & NOT ONLY ( !SE DIV9ITIES !MSELVES1 BUT ALSO ( !IR IMAGES1 IT MADE BL9D FAI? 9 ! ,*UR* & ITS ORD9ANCES ! ESS5TIAL PO9T ( ITS TEA*+4 ,H[EV] =EIGN ?IS TEA*+ MAY HAVE BE5 TO TRUE ,*RI/IANITY1 H[EV] DEGRAD$1 NOT ONLY 9 COMP>ISON ) TRUE ,*RI/IANITY1 BUT EV5 ) ! LIFE-CONCEPTION ( ,ROMANS SU* AS ,JULIAN & O!RS2 IT WAS1 = ALL ?AT1 TO ! B>B>IANS :O ACCEPT$ IT1 A HI<] DOCTR9E ?AN !IR =M] ADORATION ( GODS1 H]OES1 & GOOD & BAD SPIRITS4 ,& !RE=E ?IS TEA*+ WAS A RELIGION TO !M1 & ON ! BASIS ( ?AT RELIGION ! >T ( ! TIME WAS ASSESS$4 ,& >T TRANSMITT+ PI\S ADORATION ( ! ,VIRG91 ,JESUS1 ! SA9TS & ! ANGELS1 A BL9D FAI? 9 & SUBMISSION TO ! ,*UR*1 FE> ( TORM5TS & HOPE ( BLESS$NESS 9 A LIFE BEYOND ! GRAVE1 WAS CONSID]$ GOOD2 ALL >T OPPOS$ TO ?IS WAS CONSID]$ BAD4 ,! TEA*+ ON ! BASIS ( :I* ?IS >T >OSE WAS A P]V]SION ( ,*RI/'S TEA*+1 BUT ! >T :I* SPRANG UP ON ?IS P]V]T$ TEA*+ WAS NEV]!LESS A TRUE >T1 BECAUSE IT CORRESPOND$ TO ! RELIGI\S VIEW ( LIFE HELD BY ! PEOPLE AMONG :OM IT >OSE4 ,! >TI/S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 VITALIZ$ BY ! SAME S\RCE ( FEEL+--RELIGION--AS ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 & TRANSMITT+1 9 >*ITECTURE1 SCULPTURE1 PA9T+1 MUSIC1 POETRY OR DRAMA1 ! FEEL+S & /ATES ( M9D !Y EXP]I5C$1 W]E TRUE >TI/S2 & !IR ACTIVITY1 F\ND$ ON ! HIT1 WAS1 NEV]!LESS A TRUE ONE1 %>$ BY ! :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,& ?IS WAS ! /ATE ( ?+S UNTIL1 9 ! UPP]1 RI*1 MORE $UCAT$ CLASSES ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY1 D\BT >OSE AS TO ! TRU? ( ?AT UND]/&+ ( LIFE :I* WAS EXPRESS$ BY ,*UR* ,*RI/IANITY4 ,:51 AFT] ! ,CRUSADES & ! MAXIMUM DEVELOPM5T ( PAPAL P[] & ITS ABUSES1 PEOPLE ( ! RI* CLASSES BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ! WISDOM ( ! CLASSICS1 & SAW1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! REASONABLE LUCIDITY ( ! TEA*+ ( ! ANCI5T SAGES1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( ! ,*UR* DOCTR9E ) ! TEA*+ ( ,*RI/1 !Y LO/ ALL POSSIBILITY ( CONT9U+ TO BELIEVE ! ,*UR* TEA*+4 ,IF1 9 EXT]NALS1 !Y /ILL KEPT TO ! =MS ( ,*UR* TEA*+1 !Y C\LD NO LONG] BELIEVE 9 IT1 & HELD TO IT ONLY BY 9]TIA & = ! SAKE ( 9FLU5C+ ! MASSES1 :O CONT9U$ TO BELIEVE BL9DLY 9 ,*UR* DOCTR9E1 & :OM ! UPP] CLASSES1 = !IR [N ADVANTAGE1 CONSID]$ IT NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT 9 ?OSE BELIEFS4 ,SO ?AT A TIME CAME :5 ,*UR* ,*RI/IANITY CEAS$ TO BE ! G5]AL RELIGI\S DOCTR9E ( ALL ,*RI/IAN PEOPLE2 SOME--! MASSES--CONT9U$ BL9DLY TO BELIEVE 9 IT1 BUT ! UPP] CLASSES--?OSE 9 :OSE H&S LAY ! P[] & WEAL?1 & !RE=E ! LEISURE TO PRODUCE >T & ! MEANS TO /IMULATE IT--CEAS$ TO BELIEVE 9 ?AT TEA*+4 ,9 RESPECT TO RELIGION1 ! UPP] CIRCLES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES F\ND !MSELVES 9 ! SAME POSITION 9 :I* ! $UCAT$ ,ROMANS W]E BE=E ,*RI/IANITY >OSE1 I4E4 !Y NO LONG] BELIEV$ 9 ! RELIGION ( ! MASSES1 BUT HAD NO BELIEFS TO PUT 9 PLACE ( ! WORN-\T ,*UR* DOCTR9E :I* = !M HAD LO/ ITS MEAN+4 ,!RE WAS ONLY ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT :]EAS = ! ,ROMANS :O LO/ FAI? 9 !IR EMP]OR-GODS & H\SEHOLD-GODS IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO EXTRACT ANY?+ FUR!R FROM ALL #e#h! COMPLEX MY?OLOGY !Y HAD BORR[$ FROM ALL ! CONQU]$ NATIONS1 & IT WAS CONSEQU5TLY NECESS>Y TO F9D A COMPLETELY NEW CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 ! PEOPLE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 !Y D\BT$ ! TRU? ( ! ,*UR* TEA*+1 HAD NO NE$ TO SEEK A FRE% ONE4 ,?AT ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ :I* !Y PR(ESS$ 9 A P]V]T$ =M AS ,*UR* DOCTR9E1 HAD MAPP$ \T ! PA? ( HUMAN PROGRESS SO F> AHEAD1 ?AT !Y HAD BUT TO RID !MSELVES ( ?OSE P]V]SIONS :I* HID ! TEA*+ ANN\NC$ BY ,*RI/1 & TO ADOPT ITS REAL MEAN+--IF NOT COMPLETELY1 !N AT LEA/ 9 SOME GREAT] DEGREE ?AN ?AT 9 :I* ! ,*UR* HAD HELD IT4 ,& ?IS WAS P>TIALLY DONE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! RE=MATIONS ( ,WYCLIF1 ,HUSS1 ,LU!R1 & ,CALV91 BUT BY ALL ?AT CURR5T ( NON-,*UR* ,*RI/IANITY1 REPRES5T$ 9 E>LI] TIMES BY ! ,PAULICIANS1 ! ,BOGOMILI1.<#f#a.> &1 AFT]W>DS1 BY ! ,WALD5SES & ! O!R NON-,*UR* ,*RI/IANS :O W]E CALL$ H]ETICS4 ,BUT ?IS C\LD BE1 & WAS1 DONE *IEFLY BY POOR PEOPLE--:O DID NOT RULE4 ,A FEW ( ! RI* & /RONG1 LIKE ,FRANCIS ( ,ASSISI & O!RS1 ACCEPT$ ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ 9 ITS FULL SIGNIFICANCE1 EV5 ?\< IT UND]M9$ !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS4 ,BUT MO/ PEOPLE ( ! UPP] CLASSES 7?\< 9 ! DEP? ( !IR S\LS !Y HAD LO/ FAI? 9 ! ,*UR* TEA*+7 C\LD NOT OR W\LD NOT ACT ?US1 BECAUSE ! ESS5CE ( ?AT ,*RI/IAN VIEW ( LIFE1 :I* /OOD READY TO BE ADOPT$ :5 ONCE !Y REJECT$ ! ,*UR* FAI?1 WAS A TEA*+ ( ! BRO!RHOOD 7& !RE=E ! EQUALITY7 ( MAN1 & ?IS NEGATIV$ ?OSE PRIVILEGES ON :I* !Y LIV$1 9 :I* !Y HAD GR[N UP & BE5 $UCAT$1 & TO :I* !Y W]E ACCU/OM$4 ,NOT1 9 ! DEP? ( !IR HE>TS1 BELIEV+ 9 ! ,*UR* TEA*+1--:I* HAD \TLIV$ ITS AGE & HAD NO LONG] ANY TRUE MEAN+ = !M1--& NOT BE+ /RONG #e#i5\< TO ACCEPT TRUE ,*RI/IANITY1 M5 ( !SE RI*1 GOV]N+ CLASSES--POPES1 K+S1 DUKES1 & ALL ! GREAT ONES ( ! E>?--W]E LEFT )\T ANY RELIGION1 ) BUT ! EXT]NAL =MS ( ONE1 :I* !Y SUPPORT$ AS BE+ PR(ITABLE & EV5 NECESS>Y = !MSELVES1 S9CE !SE =MS SCRE5$ A TEA*+ :I* JU/IFI$ ?OSE PRIVILEGES :I* !Y MADE USE (4 ,9 REALITY1 !SE PEOPLE BELIEV$ 9 NO?+1 JU/ AS ! ,ROMANS ( ! FIR/ C5TURIES ( \R ]A BELIEV$ 9 NO?+4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME !SE W]E ! PEOPLE :O HAD ! P[] & ! WEAL?1 & !SE W]E ! PEOPLE :O REW>D$ >T & DIRECT$ IT4 ,&1 LET IT BE NOTIC$1 IT WAS JU/ AMONG !SE PEOPLE ?AT !RE GREW UP AN >T E/EEM$ NOT ACCORD+ TO ITS SUCCESS 9 EXPRESS+ M5'S RELIGI\S FEEL+S1 BUT 9 PROPORTION TO ITS BEAUTY1--9 O!R WORDS1 ACCORD+ TO ! 5JOYM5T IT GAVE4 ,NO LONG] ABLE TO BELIEVE 9 ! ,*UR* RELIGION :OSE FALSEHOOD !Y HAD DETECT$1 & 9CAPABLE ( ACCEPT+ TRUE ,*RI/IAN TEA*+1 :I* D5\NC$ !IR :OLE MANN] ( LIFE1 !SE RI* & P[]FUL PEOPLE1 /R&$ )\T ANY RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 9VOLUNT>ILY RETURN$ TO ?AT PAGAN VIEW ( ?+S :I* PLACES LIFE'S MEAN+ 9 P]SONAL 5JOYM5T4 ,& !N TOOK PLACE AMONG ! UPP] CLASSES :AT IS CALL$ ! 0,R5AISSANCE ( SCI5CE & >T10 & :I* WAS REALLY NOT ONLY A D5IAL ( EV]Y RELIGION BUT ALSO AN ASS]TION ?AT RELIGION IS UNNECESS>Y4 ,! ,*UR* DOCTR9E IS SO COH]5T A SY/EM ?AT IT CANNOT BE ALT]$ OR CORRECT$ )\T DE/ROY+ IT ALTOGE!R4 ,AS SOON AS D\BT >OSE ) REG>D TO ! 9FALLIBILITY ( ! POPE 7& ?IS D\BT WAS !N 9 ! M9DS ( ALL $UCAT$ PEOPLE71 D\BT 9EVITABLY FOLL[$ AS TO ! TRU? ( TRADITION4 ,BUT D\BT AS TO ! TRU? ( TRADITION IS FATAL NOT ONLY TO POP]Y & ,CA?OLICISM1 BUT ALSO TO ! :OLE ,*UR* CRE$ ) ALL ITS DOGMAS3 ! DIV9ITY ( ,*RI/1 ! RESURRECTION1 & ! ,TR9ITY2 & IT DE/ROYS ! AU?ORITY ( ! #f,SCRIPTURES1 S9CE !Y W]E CONSID]$ TO BE 9SPIR$ ONLY BECAUSE ! TRADITION ( ! ,*UR* DECID$ IT SO4 ,SO ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! HI & MO/ ( ! H]ETICS1 9 ACKN[L$G+ ! MORAL1 SOCIAL TEA*+ ( ,*RI/1 = ?AT TEA*+ UND]M9$ !IR SOCIAL POSITION4 ,& SO !SE PEOPLE REMA9$ )\T ANY RELIGI\S VIEW ( LIFE4 ,&1 HAV+ NONE1 !Y C\LD HAVE NO /&>D :]E) TO E/IMATE :AT WAS GOOD & :AT WAS BAD >T BUT ?AT ( P]SONAL 5JOYM5T4 ,&1 HAV+ ACKN[L$G$ !IR CRIT]ION ( :AT WAS GOOD TO BE PLEASURE1 I4E41 BEAUTY1 !SE PEOPLE ( ! UPP] CLASSES ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY W5T BACK 9 !IR COMPREH5SION ( >T TO ! GROSS CONCEPTION ( ! PRIMITIVE ,GREEKS :I* ,PLATO HAD ALREADY CONDEMN$4 ,& CON=MABLY TO ?IS UND]/&+ ( LIFE A !ORY ( >T WAS =MULAT$4 ,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahif 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/