,9TRODUCTION 

#ahigahig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,AYLM] ,MAUDE 

,TEXT 3 

,:AT ?\<TFUL MAN HAS NOT BE5 P]PLEX$ BY PROBLEMS 
RELAT+ TO >T8 

,AN E/IMABLE & *>M+ ,RUSSIAN LADY ,I KNEW1 FELT 
! *>M ( ! MUSIC & RITUAL ( ! S]VICES ( ! 
,RUSSO-,GREEK ,*UR* SO /RONGLY ?AT %E WI%$ ! 
PEASANTS1 9 :OM %E WAS 9T]E/$1 TO RETA9 !IR BL9D 
FAI?1 ?\< %E H]SELF DISBELIEV$ ! *UR* DOCTR9ES4 
0,!IR LIVES >E SO POOR & B>E--!Y HAVE SO LITTLE >T1 
SO LITTLE POETRY & COLOR 9 !IR LIVES--LET !M AT LEA/ 
5JOY :AT !Y HAVE2 IT W\LD BE CRUEL TO UNDECEIVE 
!M10 SAID %E4 

,A FALSE & ANTIQUAT$ VIEW ( LIFE IS SUPPORT$ BY MEANS 
( >T1 & IS 9SEP>ABLY L9K$ TO SOME MANIFE/ATIONS ( 
>T :I* WE 5JOY & PRIZE4 ,IF ! FALSE VIEW ( LIFE BE 
DE/ROY$ ?IS >T WILL CEASE TO APPE> VALUABLE4 ,IS IT BE/ 
TO SCRE5 ! ]ROR = ! SAKE ( PRES]V+ ! >T8 ,OR 
%\LD ! >T BE SACRIFIC$ = ! SAKE ( TRU?FULNESS8 

,AGA9 & AGA9 9 HI/ORY A DOM9ANT *UR* HAS 
UTILIZ$ >T TO MA9TA9 ITS SWAY OV] M54 ,RE=M]S 
7E>LY ,*RI/IANS1 ,MOHAMM$ANS1 ,PURITANS1 & O!RS7 
HAVE P]CEIV$ ?AT >T B\ND PEOPLE TO ! OLD FAI?1 & 
!Y W]E ANGRY ) >T4 ,!Y DILIG5TLY *IPP$ ! NOSES 
FROM /ATUES & IMAGES1 & W]E WRO? ) C]EMONIES1 
DECORATIONS1 /A9$-GLASS W9D[S1 & PROCESSIONS4 ,!Y 
W]E EV5 READY TO BANI% >T ALTOGE!R1 =1 BESIDES ! 
VISUP]/ITIONS IT UPHELD1 !Y SAW ?AT IT DEPRAV$ & P]V]T$ 
M5 BY DRAMAS1 DR9K+-SONGS1 NOVELS1 PICTURES1 & 
DANCES1 ( A K9D ?AT AWAK5$ MAN'S L[] NATURE4 ,YET 
>T ALWAYS REASS]T$ H] SWAY1 & TO-DAY WE >E TOLD BY 
MANY ?AT >T HAS NO?+ TO DO ) MORALITY--?AT 0>T 
%\LD BE FOLL[$ = >T'S SAKE40 

,I W5T ONE DAY1 ) A LADY >TI/1 TO ! ,BODK9 ,>T 
,GALL]Y 9 ,MOSC[4 ,9 ONE ( ! ROOMS1 ON A TABLE1 LAY A 
BOOK ( COLOR$ PICTURES1 ISSU$ 9 ,P>IS & SUPPLI$1 ,I 
BELIEVE1 TO PRIVATE SUBSCRIB]S ONLY4 ,! PICTURES W]E 
ADMIRABLY EXECUT$1 BUT REPRES5T$ SC5ES 9 ! PRIVATE 
CAB9ETS ( A RE/AURANT4 ,SEXUAL 9DULG5CE WAS ! *IEF 
SUBJECT ( EA* PICTURE4 ,WOM5 EXTRAVAGANTLY DRESS$ & 
P>TLY UNDRESS$1 WOM5 EXPOS+ !IR LEGS & BREA/S TO 
M5 9 EV5+ DRESS2 M5 & WOM5 TAK+ LIB]TIES 
) EA* O!R1 OR DANC+ ! 0CAN-CAN10 ETC41 ETC4 ,MY 
COMPANION ! >TI/1 A MAID5 LADY ( IRREPROA*ABLE 
CONDUCT & REPUTATION1 BEGAN DELIB]ATELY TO LOOK AT !SE 
PICTURES4 ,I C\LD NOT LET MY ATT5TION DWELL ON !M )\T 
ILL EFFECTS4 ,SU* ?+S HAD A C]TA9 ATTRACTION = ME1 
& T5D$ TO MAKE ME RE/LESS & N]V\S4 ,I V5TUR$ 
TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! SUBJECT-MATT] ( ! PICTURES WAS 
OBJECTIONABLE4 ,BUT MY COMPANION 7:O PRID$ H]SELF ON 
BE+ AN >TI/7 REM>K$ ) CONSCI\S SUP]IORITY1 ?AT 
FROM AN >TI/'S PO9T ( VIEW ! SUBJECT WAS ( NO CONSEQU5CE4 
,! PICTURES BE+ V]Y WELL EXECUT$ W]E 
>TI/IC1 & !RE=E WOR?Y ( ATT5TION & /UDY4 
,MORALITY HAD NO?+ TO DO ) >T4 

,H]E AGA9 IS A PROBLEM4 ,ONE REMEMB]S ,PLATO'S ADVICE 
NOT TO LET \R ?\<TS RUN UPON WOM51 = IF WE DO WE 
%ALL ?9K CLE>LY AB\T NO?+ ELSE1 & ONE KN[S ?AT 
TO NEGLECT ?IS ADVICE IS TO LOSE TRANQUILITY ( M9D2 BUT 
!N ONE DOES NOT WI% TO BE CONSID]$ N>R[1 ASCETIC1 OR 
9>TI/IC1 NOR TO LOSE >TI/IC PLEASURES :I* ?OSE >\ND 
US E/EEM SO HI<LY4 

VII,AGA91 ! NEWSPAP]S LA/ YE> PR9T$ PROPOSALS TO 
CON/RUCT A ,WAGN] ,OP]A ,H\SE1 TO CO/1 IF ,I RECOLLECT 
RI<TLY1 ,G,B,P#a1--AB\T AS MU* AS A HUNDR$ LABOR]S 
MAY E>N BY FIFTE5 OR TW5TY YE>S' H>D WORK4 ,! 
WRIT]S ?\<T IT W\LD BE A GOOD ?+ IF SU* AN ,OP]A 
,H\SE W]E ]ECT$ & 5D[$4 ,BUT ,I HAD A TALK LATELY 
) A MAN :O1 TILL HIS HEAL? FAIL$ HIM1 HAD WORK$ AS A 
BUILD] 9 ,LONDON4 ,HE TOLD ME ?AT :5 HE WAS Y\NG] 
HE HAD BE5 V]Y FOND ( !AT]-GO+1 BUT1 LAT]1 :5 HE 
?\<T ?+S OV] & CONSID]$ ?AT 9 ALMO/ EV]Y 
NUMB] ( HIS WEEKLY PAP] HE READ ( CASES ( PEOPLE 
:OSE DEA? WAS HA/5$ BY LACK ( GOOD FOOD1 HE FELT IT 
WAS NOT RI<T ?AT SO MU* LABOR %\LD BE SP5T ON 
!AT]S4 

,9 REPLY TO ?IS VIEW IT IS URG$ ?AT FOOD = ! M9D IS 
AS IMPORTANT AS FOOD = ! BODY4 ,! LABOR+ CLASSES 
WORK TO PRODUCE FOOD & NECESS>IES = !MSELVES & 
= ! CULTUR$1 :ILE SOME ( ! CULTUR$ CLASS PRODUCE 
PLAYS & OP]AS4 ,IT IS A DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,BUT ?IS 
AGA9 9VITES ! REJO9D] ?AT1 SURE 5\<1 ! LABOR]S 
PRODUCE FOOD = !MSELVES & ALSO FOOD ?AT ! CULTUR$ 
CLASS ACCEPT & CONSUME1 BUT ?AT ! >TI/S SEEM TOO 
(T5 TO PRODUCE !IR SPIRITUAL FOOD = ! CULTUR$ ONLY--AT 
ANY RATE ?AT A S+UL>LY SMALL %>E SEEMS TO REA* 
! C\NTRY LABOR]S :O WORK TO SUPPLY ! BODILY 
FOOD6 ,EV5 W]E ! 0DIVISION ( LABOR0 %[N TO BE 
A FAIR ONE1 ! 0DIVISION ( PRODUCTS0 SEEMS REM>KABLY 
ONE-SID$4 

,ONCE AGA93 H[ IS IT ?AT (T5 :5 A NEW WORK IS 
PRODUC$1 NEI!R ! CRITICS1 ! >TI/S1 ! PUBLI%]S1 NOR 
! PUBLIC1 SEEM TO KN[ :E!R IT IS VALUABLE OR WOR?LESS8 
,SOME ( ! MO/ FAM\S BOOKS 9 ,5GLI% LIT]ATURE 
C\LD H>DLY F9D A PUBLI%]1 OR W]E SAVAGELY D]ID$ 
BY LEAD+ CRITICS2 :ILE O!R WORKS ONCE ACCLAIM$ AS 
MA/]PIECES >E N[ LAU<$ AT OR UTT]LY =GOTT54 ,A 
VIIIPLAY :I* NOBODY N[ READS WAS ONCE PASS$ (F AS A 
NEWLY-DISCOV]$ MA/]PIECE ( ,%AKESPE>'S1 & WAS 
PRODUC$ AT A LEAD+ ,LONDON !AT]4 ,>E ! CRITICS 
PLAY+ BL9D-MAN'S BUFF8 ,>E !Y RELY+ ON EA* O!R8 
,IS EA* FOLL[+ HIS [N :IM & FANCY8 ,OR DO !Y 
POSSESS A CRIT]ION :I* !Y NEV] REVEAL TO ?OSE \TSIDE 
! PR(ESSION8 

,SU* >E A FEW ( ! MANY PROBLEMS RELAT+ TO >T :I* 
PRES5T !MSELVES TO US ALL1 & IT IS ! PURPOSE ( ?IS 
BOOK TO 5ABLE US TO REA* SU* A COMPREH5SION ( >T1 
& ( ! POSITION >T %\LD OCCUPY 9 \R LIVES1 AS WILL 
5ABLE US TO ANSW] SU* QUE/IONS4 

,! TASK IS ONE ( 5ORM\S DIFFICULTY4 ,UND] ! CLOAK 
( 0>T10 SO MU* SELFI% AMUSEM5T & SELF-9DULG5CE 
TRIES TO JU/IFY ITSELF1 & SO MANY M]C5>Y 9T]E/S >E 
CONC]N$ 9 PREV5T+ ! LI<T FROM %9+ 9 UPON ! 
SUBJECT1 ?AT ! CLAMOR RAIS$ BY ?IS BOOK CAN ONLY BE 
COMP>$ TO ?AT RAIS$ BY ! SILV]SMI?S ( ,EPHESUS 
:5 !Y %\T$1 0,GREAT IS ,DIANA ( ! ,EPHESIANS60 
= AB\T ! SPACE ( TWO H\RS4 

,ELABORATE !ORIES BLOCK$ ! PA? ) SUBTLE SOPHI/RIES 
OR POND]\S PSEUDO-]UDITION4 ,M]ELY TO MA/] 
!SE1 & EXPOSE !M1 WAS BY ITSELF A COLOSSAL LABOR1 
BUT NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO CLE> ! ROAD = A /ATEM5T ( 
ANY FRE% VIEW4 ,TO HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ ?IS WORK ( EXPOSURE 
9 A FEW *APT]S IS A WOND]FUL A*IEVEM5T4 ,TO HAVE 
DONE IT )\T MAK+ ! BOOK 9TOL]ABLY DRY IS MORE 
WOND]FUL /ILL4 ,9 ,*APT] ,I,I,I4 7:]E A RAPID SUMM>Y ( 
SOME SIXTY AES!TIC WRIT]S IS GIV57 EV5 ,TOL/OY'S P[]S 
FAIL TO MAKE ! SUBJECT 9T]E/+1 EXCEPT TO ! SPECIALI/1 
& HE HAS TO PLEAD ) HIS READ]S 0NOT TO BE OV]COME 
BY DULLNESS1 BUT TO READ !SE EXTRACTS ?R\<40 

,AMONG ! WRIT]S M5TION$1 ,5GLI% READ]S MISS ! 
NAMES ( ,JOHN ,RUSK9 & ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 ESPECIALLY AS SO 
MU* ?AT ,TOL/OY SAYS1 IS 9 ACCORD ) !IR VIEWS4 

IX,( ,RUSK91 ,TOL/OY HAS A V]Y HI< OP9ION4 ,I HAVE 
HE>D HIM SAY1 0,I DON'T KN[ :Y Y\ ,5GLI% MAKE 
SU* A FUSS AB\T ,GLAD/ONE--Y\ HAVE A MU* GREAT] 
MAN 9 ,RUSK940 ,AS A /YLI/1 TOO1 ,TOL/OY SPEAKS ( 
HIM ) HI< COMM5DATION4 ,RUSK91 H[EV]1 ?\< 
HE HAS WRITT5 ON >T ) PR(\ND 9SI<T1 & HAS 
SAID MANY ?+S ) :I* ,TOL/OY FULLY AGREES1 HAS1 
,I ?9K1 NO:]E SO SY/EMIZ$ & SUMM>IZ$ HIS VIEW 
?AT IT CAN BE READILY QUOT$ 9 ! CONCISE WAY :I* HAS 
5ABL$ ,TOL/OY TO 9DICATE HIS PO9TS ( ESS5TIAL AGREEM5T 
) ,HOME1 ,V]ON1 & ,KANT4 ,EV5 ! ATTEMPT TO 
SUMM>IZE ,KANT'S AES!TIC PHILOSOPHY 9 A DOZ5 L9ES WILL 
H>DLY BE ( MU* S]VICE EXCEPT TO READ]S :O HAVE ALREADY 
SOME ACQUA9TANCE ) ! SUBJECT4 ,= ?OSE TO :OM ! 
DIFF]5CE BETWE5 0SUBJECTIVE0 & 0OBJECTIVE0 P]CEPTIONS 
IS FRE%1 A DOZ5 PAGES W\LD BE NONE TOO MU*4 ,& 
TO SUMM>IZE ,RUSK9 W\LD BE P]HAPS MORE DIFFICULT ?AN 
TO COND5SE ,KANT4 

,AS TO ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 WE >E REM9D$ ( HIS DICTUM ?AT 
>T IS ! WORKMAN'S EXPRESSION ( JOY 9 HIS WORK1 BY 
,TOL/OY'S 0,AS SOON AS ! AU?OR IS NOT PRODUC+ >T = 
HIS [N SATISFACTION1--DOES NOT HIMSELF FEEL :AT HE WI%ES 
TO EXPRESS1--A RESI/ANCE IMM$IATELY SPR+S UP0 7P4 #a#e#d72 
& AGA91 0,9 SU* TRANSMISSION TO O!RS ( ! FEEL+S 
?AT HAVE >IS5 9 HIM1 HE 7! >TI/7 WILL F9D HIS HAPP9ESS0 
7P4 #a#i#e74 ,TOL/OY SWEEPS OV] A F> WID] RANGE ( 
?\<T1 BUT HE & ,MORRIS >E NOT OPPOS$4 ,MORRIS WAS 
EMPHASIZ+ P>T ( :AT ,TOL/OY IS IMPLY+4 

,BUT TO RETURN TO ! DIFFICULTIES ( ,TOL/OY'S TASK4 ,!RE 
IS ONE1 NOT YET M5TION$1 LURK+ 9 ! HE>TS ( MO/ ( 
US4 ,WE HAVE 5JOY$ WORKS ( 0>T40 ,WE HAVE BE5 
9T]E/$ BY ! 9=MATION CONVEY$ 9 A NOVEL1 OR WE 
HAVE BE5 ?RILL$ BY AN UNEXPECT$ 0EFFECT02 HAVE 
ADMIR$ ! EXACTITUDE ) :I* REAL LIFE HAS BE5 
REPRODUC$1 OR HAVE HAD \R FEEL+S T\*$ BY ALLUSIONS 
XTO1 OR REPRODUCTIONS (1 WORKS--OLD ,G]MAN LEG5DS1 ,GREEK 
MY?S1 OR ,HEBREW POETRY--:I* MOV$ US LONG AGO1 AS 
!Y MOV$ G5]ATIONS BE=E US4 ,& WE ?\<T ALL ?IS 
WAS 0>T40 ,NOT CLE>LY UND]/&+ :AT >T IS1 & 
:]E9 ITS IMPORTANCE LIES1 WE W]E NOT ONLY ATTA*$ TO 
!SE ?+S1 BUT ATTRIBUT$ IMPORTANCE TO !M1 CALL+ 
!M 0>TI/IC0 & 0BEAUTIFUL10 )\T WELL KN[+ 
:AT WE MEANT BY ?OSE WORDS4 

,BUT H]E IS A BOOK ?AT OBLIGES US TO CLE> \R M9DS4 
,IT *ALL5GES US TO DEF9E 0>T0 & 0BEAUTY10 & TO SAY 
:Y WE CONSID] !SE ?+S1 ?AT PLEAS$ US1 TO BE SPECIALLY 
IMPORTANT4 ,& AS TO BEAUTY1 WE F9D ?AT ! DEF9ITION 
GIV5 BY AES!TIC WRIT]S AM\NTS M]ELY TO ?IS1 ?AT 
0,BEAUTY IS A K9D ( PLEASURE RECEIV$ BY US1 NOT HAV+ 
P]SONAL ADVANTAGE = ITS OBJECT40 ,BUT IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS1 
?AT 0BEAUTY0 IS A MATT] ( TA/E1 DIFF]+ AMONG DIFF]5T 
PEOPLE1 & TO ATTA* SPECIAL IMPORTANCE TO :AT PLEASES 
ME 7& O!RS :O HAVE HAD ! SAME SORT ( TRA9+ 
?AT ,I HAVE HAD7 IS M]ELY TO REPEAT ! OLD1 OLD MI/AKE 
:I* SO DIVIDES HUMAN SOCIETY2 IT IS LIKE DECL>+ ?AT MY 
RACE IS ! BE/ RACE1 MY NATION ! BE/ NATION1 MY 
*UR* ! BE/ *UR*1 & MY FAMILY ! 0BE/0 FAMILY4 
,IT 9DICATES IGNORANCE & SELFI%NESS4 

,BUT 0TRU? ANG]S ?OSE :OM IT DOES NOT CONV9CE20--PEOPLE 
DO NOT WI% TO UND]/& !SE ?+S4 ,IT SEEMS1 
AT FIR/1 AS ?\< ,TOL/OY W]E OBLIG+ US TO SACRIFICE SOME?+ 
VALUABLE4 ,WE DO NOT REALIZE ?AT WE >E BE+ HELP$ 
TO SELECT ! BE/ >T1 BUT WE DO FEEL ?AT WE >E BE+ 
DEPRIV$ ( \R S5SE ( SATISFACTION 9 ,RUDY>D ,KIPL+4 

,BO? ! MAGNITUDE & ! DIFFICULTY ( ! TASK W]E 
!RE=E V]Y GREAT1 BUT !Y HAVE BE5 SURM\NT$ 9 A 
M>VEL\S MANN]4 ,( ! EFFECT ?IS BOOK HAS HAD ON ME 
P]SONALLY1 ,I CAN ONLY SAY ?AT 0:]EAS ,I WAS BL9D1 N[ ,I 
SEE40 ,?\< S5SITIVE TO SOME =MS ( >T1 ,I WAS1 :5 
,I TOOK IT UP1 MU* 9 ! D>K ON QUE/IONS ( AES!TIC 
XIPHILOSOPHY2 :5 ,I HAD DONE ) IT1 ,I HAD GRASP$ ! 
MA9 SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM SO CLE>LY ?AT--?\< ,I 
WAD$ ?R\< NE>LY ALL ?AT ! CRITICS & REVIEW]S HAD 
TO SAY AB\T ! BOOK--,I NEV] AGA9 BECAME P]PLEX$ 
UPON ! C5TRAL ISSUES4 

,TOL/OY WAS 9DE$ PECULI>LY QUALIFI$ = ! TASK HE 
HAS ACCOMPLI%$4 ,IT WAS AFT] MANY YE>S ( WORK AS A 
WRIT] ( FICTION1 & :5 HE WAS ALREADY /&+ 9 ! 
V]Y =EMO/ RANK ( ,EUROPEAN NOVELI/S1 ?AT HE F\ND 
HIMSELF COMPELL$ TO FACE1 9 DEADLY E>NE/1 ! DEEPE/ 
PROBLEMS ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,HE NOT ONLY C\LD NOT GO ON 
WRIT+ BOOKS1 BUT HE FELT HE C\LD NOT LIVE1 UNLESS HE 
F\ND CLE> GUIDANCE1 SO ?AT HE MI<T WALK SURE-FOOT$LY 
& KN[ ! PURPOSE & MEAN+ ( HIS LIFE4 ,NOT AS A 
M]E QUE/ION ( SPECULATIVE CURIOSITY1 BUT AS A MATT] ( 
VITAL NECESSITY1 HE DEVOT$ YE>S TO R$ISCOV] ! TRU?S 
:I* UND]LIE ALL RELIGION4 

,TO FIT HIM = ?IS TASK HE POSSESS$ GREAT KN[L$GE ( 
M5 & BOOKS1 A WIDE EXP]I5CE ( LIFE1 A KN[L$GE ( 
LANGUAGES1 & A FRE$OM FROM BONDAGE TO ANY AU?ORITY 
BUT ?AT ( REASON & CONSCI5CE4 ,HE WAS P9N$ TO 
NO ,?IRTY-N9E ,>TICLES1 & WAS 9 RECEIPT ( NO RETA9+ 
FEE :I* HE WAS NOT PREP>$ TO SACRIFICE4 ,ANO!R GIFT1 
R>E AMONG M5 ( HIS POSITION1 WAS HIS WOND]FUL S9C]ITY 
& 7DUE1 ,I ?9K1 TO ?AT S9C]ITY7 AN AMAZ+ P[] ( 
LOOK+ AT ! PH5OM5A ( \R COMPLEX & >TIFICIAL LIFE 
) ! EYES ( A LITTLE *ILD2 GO+ /RAI<T TO ! REAL1 
OBVI\S FACTS ( ! CASE1 & BRU%+ ASIDE ! SOPHI/RIES1 
! CONV5TIONALITIES1 & ! 0AU?ORITIES0 BY :I* !Y 
>E OBSCUR$4 

,HE COMM5C$ ! TASK :5 HE WAS AB\T FIFTY YE>S 
( AGE1 & S9CE !N 7I4E41 DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S7 HE 
HAS PRODUC$ N9E PHILOSOPHICAL OR SCI5TIFIC WORKS ( FIR/-RATE 
IMPORTANCE1 BESIDES A GREAT MANY /ORIES & %ORT 
>TICLES4 
XII,!SE WORKS1 9 *RONOLOGICAL ORD]1 >E-- 

,MY ,CONFESSION4 

,A ,CRITICISM ( ,DOGMATIC ,!OLOGY1 :I* HAS NEV] 
BE5 TRANSLAT$4 

,! ,F\R ,GOSPELS ,H>MONIZ$ & ,TRANSLAT$1 ( 
:I* ONLY TWO P>TS1 \T ( ?REE1 HAVE AS YET 
APPE>$ 9 ,5GLI%4 

,:AT ,I ,BELIEVE1 SOMETIMES CALL$ ,MY ,RELIGION4 

,! ,GOSPEL 9 ,BRIEF4 

,:AT >E WE TO DO !N8 SOMETIMES CALL$ 9 ,5GLI% 
,:AT TO DO8 

,ON ,LIFE1 :I* IS NOT AN EASY WORK 9 ! ORIG9AL1 
& HAS NOT BE5 SATISFACTORILY TRANSLAT$4.<#a.> 

,! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD IS )9 Y\2 & 

,! ,*RI/IAN ,TEA*+1 :I* APPE>$ AFT] ,:AT 
IS ,>T8 ?\< IT WAS WRITT5 BE=E IT4 

,TO !SE SCI5TIFIC WORKS ,I AM 9CL9$ TO ADD ,! 
,KREUTZ] ,SONATA1 ) ! ,SEQUEL OR ,PO/SCRIPT EXPLA9+ 
ITS PURPOSE2 = ?\< ,! ,KREUTZ] ,SONATA IS A /ORY1 
! UND]/&+ ( SEXUAL PROBLEMS1 DEALT ) EXPLICITLY 
9 ! ,SEQUEL1 IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ?AT COMPREH5SION 
( LIFE :I* CAUSES ,TOL/OY TO ADMIRE ,*RI/1 ,BUDDHA1 OR 
,FRANCIS ( ,ASSISI4 

,!SE T5 WORKS TREAT ( ! MEAN+ ( \R LIFE2 ( ! 
PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY ! FACT ?AT WE APPROVE ( SOME ?+S 
& DISAPPROVE ( O!RS1 & F9D \RSELVES DECID+ 
:I* ( TWO C\RSES TO PURSUE4 

,RELIGION1 ,GOV]NM5T1 ,PROP]TY1 ,SEX1 ,W>1 & ALL ! 
RELATIONS 9 :I* MAN /&S TO MAN1 TO HIS [N CONSCI\SNESS1 
& TO ! ULTIMATE S\RCE 7:I* WE CALL 
,GOD7 FROM :5CE ?AT CONSCI\SNESS PROCE$S-->E EXAM9$ 
) ! UTMO/ FRANKNESS4 

XIII,& ALL ?IS TIME ! PROBLEMS ( ,>T3 ,:AT IS ,>T8 
,:AT IMPORTANCE IS DUE TO IT8 ,H[ IS IT RELAT$ TO ! 
RE/ ( LIFE8--W]E WORK+ 9 HIS M9D4 ,HE WAS A 
GREAT >TI/1 (T5 UPBRAID$ = HAV+ AB&ON$ HIS 
>T4 ,HE1 ( ALL M51 WAS B\ND TO CLE> HIS ?\<TS ON 
?IS P]PLEX+ SUBJECT1 & TO EXPRESS !M4 ,HIS :OLE 
PHILOSOPHY ( LIFE--! 0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION0 TO :I*1 
) SU* TREM5D\S LABOR & EF=T1 HE HAD ATTA9$1 
=BADE HIM TO DETA* >T FROM LIFE1 & PLACE IT 9 A WAT]-TI<T 
COMP>TM5T :]E IT %\LD NOT ACT ON LIFE OR BE 
RE-ACT$ UPON BY LIFE4 

,LIFE TO HIM IS RATIONAL4 ,IT HAS A CLE> AIM & PURPOSE1 
DISC]NIBLE BY ! AID ( REASON & CONSCI5CE4 ,& NO 
HUMAN ACTIVITY CAN BE FULLY UND]/OOD OR RI<TLY APPRECIAT$ 
UNTIL ! C5TRAL PURPOSE ( LIFE IS P]CEIV$4 

,Y\ CANNOT PIECE TOGE!R A PUZZLE-MAP AS LONG AS Y\ 
KEEP ONE BIT 9 A WRONG PLACE1 BUT :5 ! PIECES ALL FIT 
TOGE!R1 !N Y\ HAVE A DEMON/RATION ?AT !Y >E ALL 9 
!IR RI<T PLACES4 ,TOL/OY US$ ?AT SIMILE YE>S AGO 
:5 EXPLA9+ H[ ! COMPREH5SION ( ! TEXT1 
0RESI/ NOT HIM ?AT IS EVIL10 5ABL$ HIM TO P]CEIVE ! 
REASONABL5ESS ( ,*RI/'S TEA*+1 :I* HAD LONG BAFFL$ 
HIM4 ,SO IT IS ) ! PROBLEM ( ,>T4 ,WRONGLY UND]/OOD1 
IT WILL T5D TO CONFUSE & P]PLEX Y\R :OLE COMPREH5SION 
( LIFE4 ,BUT GIV5 ! CLUE SUPPLI$ BY TRUE 
0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION10 & Y\ CAN PLACE >T SO ?AT IT 
%ALL FIT 9 ) A RI<T UND]/&+ ( POLITICS1 ECONOMICS1 
SEX-RELATION%IPS1 SCI5CE1 & ALL O!R PHASES ( HUMAN 
ACTIVITY4 

,! BASIS ON :I* ?IS WORK RE/S1 IS A P]CEPTION ( 
! MEAN+ ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,?IS HAS BE5 QUITE LO/ 
SI<T ( BY SOME ( ! REVIEW]S1 :O HAVE M]ELY MISREPRES5T$ 
:AT ,TOL/OY SAYS1 & !N DEMON/RAT$ H[ 
V]Y /UPID HE W\LD HAVE BE5 HAD HE SAID :AT !Y 
ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM4 ,LEAV+ HIS PREMISES & >GUM5TS UNT\*$1 
XIV!Y DISS5T FROM V>I\S CONCLUSIONS--AS ?\< IT 
W]E ALL A M]E QUE/ION ( TA/E4 ,!Y SAY ?AT !Y >E V]Y 
FOND ( ?+S :I* ,TOL/OY RIDICULES1 & ?AT !Y CAN'T 
UND]/& :Y HE DOES NOT LIKE :AT !Y LIKE--:I* IS 
QUITE POSSIBLE1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y HAVE NOT UND]/OOD 
! POSITION FROM :I* HE />TS4 ,BUT SU* CRITICISM 
CAN LEAD TO NO?+4 ,DISCUSSIONS AS TO :Y ONE MAN LIKES 
PE>S & ANO!R PREF]S MEAT1 DO NOT HELP T[>DS 
F9D+ A DEF9ITION ( :AT IS ESS5TIAL 9 N\RI%M5T2 
& JU/ SO1 0! SOLUTION ( QUE/IONS ( TA/E 9 >T DOES 
NOT HELP TO MAKE CLE> :AT ?IS P>TICUL> HUMAN ACTIVITY 
:I* WE CALL >T REALLY CONSI/S 940 

,! OBJECT ( ! FOLL[+ BRIEF SUMM>Y ( A FEW MA9 
PO9TS IS TO HELP ! READ] TO AVOID PITFALLS 9TO :I* 
MANY REVIEW]S HAVE FALL54 ,IT AIMS AT BE+ NO MORE ?AN 
A B>E /ATEM5T ( ! POSITIONS--= MORE ?AN ?AT1 ! 
READ] MU/ TURN TO ! BOOK ITSELF4 

,LET IT BE GRANT$ AT ! \TSET1 ?AT ,TOL/OY WRITES = 
?OSE :O HAVE 0E>S TO HE>40 ,HE SELDOM PAUSES TO SAFEGU>D 
HIMSELF AGA9/ ! CAPTI\S CRITIC1 & C>ES LITTLE 
= M9UTE V]BAL ACCURACY4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ON PAGE #a#d#d1 HE 
M5TIONS 0,P>IS10 :]E AN ,5GLI% WRIT] 7EV5 ONE :O 
KNEW TO :AT AN EXT5T ,P>IS IS ! >T C5T] ( ,FRANCE1 
& H[ MANY >TI/S FLOCK ?I!R FROM ,RUSSIA1 ,AM]ICA1 
& ALL 5DS ( ! E>?7 W\LD HAVE BE5 ALMO/ SURE TO 
HAVE SAID 0,FRANCE10 = FE> ( BE+ ?\<T TO EXAGG]ATE4 
,ONE NE$S SOME AL]TNESS ( M9D TO FOLL[ ,TOL/OY 9 HIS 
TASK ( COMPRESS+ SO L>GE A SUBJECT 9TO SO SMALL A 
SPACE4 ,MOREOV]1 HE IS AN EMPHATIC WRIT] :O SAYS 
:AT HE MEANS1 & EV51 ,I ?9K1 SOMETIMES RA!R 
OV]EMPHASIZES IT4 ,) ?IS MU* W>N+ LET US PROCE$ 
TO A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ,TOL/OY'S VIEW ( >T4 

0,>T IS A HUMAN ACTIVITY10 & CONSEQU5TLY DOES NOT 
EXI/ = ITS [N SAKE1 BUT IS VALUABLE OR OBJECTIONABLE 9 
PROPORTION AS IT IS S]VICEABLE OR H>MFUL TO MANK9D4 
XV,! OBJECT ( ?IS ACTIVITY IS TO TRANSMIT TO O!RS FEEL+ 
! >TI/ HAS EXP]I5C$4 ,SU* FEEL+S--9T5TIONALLY 
RE-EVOK$ & SUCCESSFULLY TRANSMITT$ TO O!RS-->E ! 
SUBJECT-MATT] ( ALL >T4 ,BY C]TA9 EXT]NAL SIGNS--MOVEM5TS1 
L9ES1 COLORS1 S\NDS1 OR >RANGEM5TS ( WORDS--AN 
>TI/ 9FECTS O!R PEOPLE SO ?AT !Y %>E HIS FEEL+S4 
,?US 0>T IS A MEANS ( UNION AMONG M51 JO9+ !M 
TOGE!R 9 ! SAME FEEL+S40 

,*APT]S ,I,I4 TO ,V4 CONTA9 AN EXAM9ATION ( V>I\S 
!ORIES :I* HAVE TAK5 >T TO BE SOME?+ O!R ?AN 
?IS1 & /EP BY /EP WE >E BR\<T TO ! CONCLUSION 
?AT >T IS ?IS1 & NO?+ BUT ?IS4 

,HAV+ GOT \R DEF9ITION ( >T1 LET US FIR/ CONSID] 
>T 9DEP5D5TLY ( ITS SUBJECT-MATT]1 I4E41 )\T ASK+ 
:E!R ! FEEL+S TRANSMITT$ >E GOOD1 BAD1 OR 9DIFF]5T4 
,)\T ADEQUATE EXPRESSION !RE IS NO >T1 
= !RE IS NO 9FECTION1 NO TRANSF]5CE TO O!RS ( ! 
AU?OR'S FEEL+4 ,! TE/ ( >T IS 9FECTION4 ,IF AN 
AU?OR HAS MOV$ Y\ SO ?AT Y\ FEEL AS HE FELT1 IF Y\ 
>E SO UNIT$ TO HIM 9 FEEL+ ?AT IT SEEMS TO Y\ ?AT 
HE HAS EXPRESS$ JU/ :AT Y\ HAVE LONG WI%$ TO EXPRESS1 
! WORK ?AT HAS SO 9FECT$ Y\ IS A WORK ( >T4 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT IS TRUE ?AT >T HAS NO?+ TO DO 
) MORALITY2 = ! TE/ LIES 9 ! 09FECTION10 & NOT 
9 ANY CONSID]ATION ( ! GOODNESS OR BADNESS ( ! 
EMOTIONS CONVEY$4 ,?US ! TE/ ( >T IS AN 9T]NAL 
ONE4 ,! ACTIVITY ( >T IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT A 
MAN1 RECEIV+1 ?R\< HIS S5SE ( HE>+ OR SI<T1 
ANO!R MAN'S EXPRESSION ( FEEL+1 IS CAPABLE ( EXP]I5C+ 
! EMOTION ?AT MOV$ ! MAN :O EXPRESS$ IT4 
,WE ALL %>E ! SAME COMMON HUMAN NATURE1 & 9 
?IS S5SE1 AT LEA/1 >E SONS ( ONE ,FA!R4 ,TO TAKE ! 
SIMPLE/ EXAMPLE3 A MAN LAU<S1 & ANO!R1 :O HE>S1 
BECOMES M]RY2 OR A MAN WEEPS1 & ANO!R1 :O HE>S1 
FEELS SORR[4 ,NOTE 9 PASS+ ?AT IT DOES NOT AM\NT TO 
XVI>T 0IF A MAN 9FECTS O!RS DIRECTLY1 IMM$IATELY1 AT ! V]Y 
TIME HE EXP]I5CES ! FEEL+2 IF HE CAUSES ANO!R MAN 
TO YAWN :5 HE HIMSELF CANNOT HELP YAWN+10 ETC4 ,>T 
BEG9S :5 SOME ONE1 ) ! OBJECT ( MAK+ O!RS %>E 
HIS FEEL+1 EXPRESSES HIS FEEL+ BY C]TA9 EXT]NAL 9DICATIONS4 

,NORMAL HUMAN BE+S POSSESS ?IS FACULTY TO BE 9FECT$ 
BY ! EXPRESSION ( ANO!R MAN'S EMOTIONS4 ,= A PLA9 
MAN ( UNP]V]T$ TA/E1 LIV+ 9 CONTACT ) NATURE1 
) ANIMALS1 & ) HIS FELL[-M5--SAY1 = 0A C\NTRY 
PEASANT ( UNP]V]T$ TA/E1 ?IS IS AS EASY AS IT IS = 
AN ANIMAL ( UNSPOIL$ SC5T TO FOLL[ ! TRACE HE NE$S40 
,& HE WILL KN[ 9DUBITABLY :E!R A WORK PRES5T$ 
TO HIM DOES1 OR DOES NOT1 UNITE HIM 9 FEEL+ ) ! 
AU?OR4 ,BUT V]Y MANY PEOPLE 0( \R CIRCLE0 7UPP] 
& MIDDLE CLASS SOCIETY7 LIVE SU* UNNATURAL LIVES1 9 
SU* CONV5TIONAL RELATIONS TO ! PEOPLE >\ND !M1 
& 9 SU* >TIFICIAL SURR\ND+S1 ?AT !Y HAVE LO/ 
0?AT SIMPLE FEEL+1 ?AT S5SE ( 9FECTION ) ANO!R'S 
FEEL+--COMPELL+ US TO JOY 9 ANO!R'S GLADNESS1 TO 
SORR[ 9 ANO!R'S GRIEF1 & TO M+LE S\LS ) ANO!R--:I* 
IS ! ESS5CE ( >T40 ,SU* PEOPLE1 !RE=E1 HAVE 
NO 9N] TE/ BY :I* TO RECOGNIZE A WORK ( >T2 & !Y 
WILL ALWAYS BE MI/AK+ O!R ?+S = >T1 & SEEK+ 
= EXT]NAL GUIDES1 SU* AS ! OP9IONS ( 0RECOGNIZ$ 
AU?ORITIES40 ,OR !Y WILL MI/AKE = >T SOME?+ ?AT 
PRODUCES A M]ELY PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT--LULL+ OR EXCIT+ 
!M2 OR SOME 9TELLECTUAL PUZZLE ?AT GIVES !M SOME?+ 
TO ?9K AB\T4 

,BUT IF MO/ PEOPLE ( ! 0CULTUR$ CR[D0 >E IMP]VI\S 
TO TRUE >T1 IS IT REALLY POSSIBLE ?AT A COMMON 
,RUSSIAN C\NTRY PEASANT1 = 9/ANCE1 :OSE WORK-DAYS >E 
FILL$ ) AGRICULTURAL LABOR1 & :OSE BRIEF LEISURE IS 
L>GELY TAK5 UP BY HIS FAMILY LIFE & BY HIS P>TICIPATION 
9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNE--IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT HE 
XVIICAN RECOGNIZE & BE T\*$ BY WORKS ( >T8 ,C]TA9LY 
IT IS6 ,JU/ AS 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE CR[DS ASSEMBL$ TO HE> 
! POEMS ( ,HOM]1 SO TO-DAY 9 ,RUSSIA1 AS 9 MANY 
C\NTRIES & MANY AGES1 ! ,GOSPEL P>ABLES1 & MU* 
ELSE ( ! HI<E/ >T1 >E GLADLY HE>D BY ! COMMON 
PEOPLE4 ,& ?IS DOES NOT REF] TO ANY SUP]/ITI\S USE 
( ! ,BIBLE1 BUT TO ITS USE AS LIT]ATURE4 

,NOT ONLY DO NORMAL1 LABOR+ C\NTRY PEOPLE POSSESS ! 
CAPACITY TO BE 9FECT$ BY GOOD >T--0! EPIC ( ,G5ESIS1 
FOLK-LEG5DS1 FAIRY-TALES1 FOLK-SONGS1 ETC410 BUT !Y !MSELVES 
PRODUCE SONGS1 /ORIES1 DANCES1 DECORATIONS1 ETC41 
:I* >E WORKS ( TRUE >T4 ,TAKE AS EXAMPLES ! WORKS ( 
,BURNS OR ,BUNYAN1 & ! PEASANT WOM5'S SONG M5TION$ 
BY ,TOL/OY 9 ,*APT] ,X,I,V41 OR SOME ( ?OSE MELODIES PRODUC$ 
BY ! NEGRO SLAVES ON ! S\!RN PLANTATIONS1 :I* 
HAVE T\*$1 & /ILL T\*1 MANY ( US ) ! EMOTIONS 
FELT BY !IR UNKN[N & UNPAID COMPOS]S4 

,! ONE GREAT QUALITY :I* MAKES A WORK ( >T TRULY 
CONTAGI\S IS ITS S9C]ITY4 ,IF AN >TI/ IS REALLY ACTUAT$ BY 
A FEEL+1 & IS /RONGLY IMPELL$ TO COMMUNICATE ?AT 
FEEL+ TO O!R PEOPLE--NOT = MONEY OR FAME1 OR ANY?+ 
ELSE1 BUT BECAUSE HE FEELS HE MU/ %>E IT--!N HE WILL NOT 
BE SATISFI$ TILL HE HAS F\ND A CLE> WAY ( EXPRESS+ IT4 
,& ! MAN :O IS NOT BORR[+ HIS FEEL+S1 BUT HAS 
DRAWN :AT HE EXPRESSES FROM ! DEP?S ( HIS NATURE1 
IS SURE TO BE ORIG9AL1 = 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT NO TWO 
PEOPLE HAVE EXACTLY SIMIL> FACES OR =MS1 NO TWO PEOPLE 
HAVE EXACTLY SIMIL> M9DS OR S\LS4 

,?AT 9 BRIEFE/ \TL9E IS :AT ,TOL/OY SAYS AB\T >T1 
CONSID]$ AP>T FROM ITS SUBJECT-MATT]4 ,& ?IS IS H[ 
C]TA9 CRITICS HAVE MET IT4 ,!Y SAY ?AT :5 ,TOL/OY 
SAYS ! TE/ ( >T IS 9T]NAL1 HE MU/ MEAN ?AT IT IS 
EXT]NAL4 ,:5 HE SAYS ?AT C\NTRY PEASANTS HAVE 9 ! 
PA/ APPRECIAT$1 & DO /ILL APPRECIATE1 WORKS ( ! 
HI<E/ >T1 HE MEANS ?AT ! WAY TO DETECT A WORK ( 
XVIII>T IS TO SEE :AT IS APP>5TLY MO/ POPUL> AMONG ! 
MASSES4 ,GO 9TO ! /REETS OR MUSIC-HALLS ( ! CITIES 9 
ANY P>TICUL> C\NTRY & YE>1 & OBS]VE :AT IS MO/ 
FREQU5TLY SUNG1 %\T$1 OR PLAY$ ON ! B>REL-ORGANS4 
,IT MAY HAPP5 TO BE 

   
     
      0,T>>A-BOOM-DEAY10 
     
   

OR1 

   
     
      0,WE DON'T WANT TO FI<T1 
      ,BUT1 BY ,J+O1 IF WE DO40 
     
   

,BUT :ATEV] IT IS1 Y\ MAY AT ONCE DECL>E !SE SONGS TO 
BE ! HI<E/ MUSICAL >T1 )\T EV5 PAUS+ TO ASK TO 
:AT !Y [E !IR VOGUE--:AT ACTRESS1 OR S+]1 OR 
POLITICIAN1 OR WAVE ( PATRIOTIC PASSION HAS CONDUC$ TO 
!IR POPUL>ITY4 ,NOR NE$ Y\ CONSID] :E!R ?AT 
POPUL>ITY IS NOT M]ELY TEMPOR>Y & LOCAL4 ,TOL/OY 
HAS SAID ?AT WORKS ( ! HI<E/ >T >E UND]/OOD BY 
UNP]V]T$ C\NTRY PEASANTS--& H]E >E ?+S :I* 
>E POPUL> ) ! MOB1 ]GO1 !SE ?+S MU/ BE ! 
HI<E/ >T4 

,! CRITICS !N PROCE$ TO SAY ?AT SU* A TE/ IS UTT]LY 
ABSURD4 ,& ON ?IS PO9T ,I AM ABLE TO AGREE ) ! CRITICS4 

,SOME ( !SE WRIT]S COMM5CE !IR >TICLES BY SAY+ 
?AT ,TOL/OY IS A MO/ PR(\ND ?9K]1 A GREAT PROPHET1 
AN 9TELLECTUAL =CE1 ETC4 ,YET :5 ,TOL/OY1 9 HIS EMPHATIC 
WAY1 MAKES ! SWEEP+ REM>K ?AT 0GOOD >T 
ALWAYS PLEASES EV]Y ONE10 ! CRITICS DO NOT READ ON TO 
F9D \T :AT HE MEANS1 BUT REPLY3 0,NO6 GOOD >T DOES 
NOT PLEASE EV]Y ONE2 SOME PEOPLE >E COLORBL9D1 & 
SOME >E DEAF1 OR HAVE NO E> = MUSIC40 

,IT IS AS ?\< A MAN /R5U\SLY >GU+ A PO9T W]E TO 
SAY1 0,EV]Y ONE KN[S ?AT TWO & TWO MAKE F\R10 & 
A BOY :O DID NOT AT ALL SEE :AT ! SPEAK] WAS DRIV+ 
AT1 W]E TO REPLY3 0,NO1 \R NEW-BORN BABY DOESN'T KN[ 
IT60 ,IT W\LD DI/RACT ATT5TION FROM ! SUBJECT 9 H&1 
BUT IT W\LD NOT ELUCIDATE MATT]S4 

XIX,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 A V]BAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! 
/ATEM5TS ?AT 0GOOD >T ALWAYS PLEASES EV]Y ONE0 
7P4 #a71 & ! REM>K CONC]N+ 0PEOPLE ( \R 
CIRCLE10 :O1 0) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS1 >TI/S & PUBLIC 
& CRITICS1 444 CANNOT DI/+UI% TRUE WORKS ( >T 
FROM C\NT]FEITS1 BUT CONT9UALLY MI/AKE = REAL >T ! 
WOR/ & MO/ >TIFICIAL0 7P4 #a#e#a74 ,BUT ,I V5TURE TO ?9K 
?AT ANY ONE ( 9TELLIG5CE1 & FREE FROM PREJUDICE1 READ+ 
?IS BOOK C>EFULLY1 NE$ NOT FAIL TO REA* ! AU?OR'S 
MEAN+4 

,A PO9T TO BE C>EFULLY NOT$ IS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 
SCI5CE & >T4 0,SCI5CE 9VE/IGATES & BR+S TO 
HUMAN P]CEPTION SU* TRU?S & SU* KN[L$GE AS 
! PEOPLE ( A GIV5 TIME & SOCIETY CONSID] MO/ 
IMPORTANT4 ,>T TRANSMITS !SE TRU?S FROM ! REGION 
( P]CEPTION TO ! REGION ( EMOTION0 7P4 #a#b74 ,SCI5CE 
IS AN 0ACTIVITY ( ! UND]/&+ :I* DEM&S 
PREP>ATION & A C]TA9 SEQU5CE ( KN[L$GE1 SO ?AT 
ONE CANNOT LE>N TRIGONOMETRY BE=E KN[+ GEOMETRY40 
0,! BUS9ESS ( >T10 ON ! O!R H&1 0LIES JU/ 9 
?IS--TO MAKE ?AT UND]/OOD & FELT :I*1 9 ! 
=M ( AN >GUM5T1 MI<T BE 9COMPREH5SIBLE & 
9ACCESSIBLE0 7P4 #a#b74 ,IT 09FECTS ANY MAN :ATEV] HIS 
PLANE ( DEVELOPM5T10 & 0! H9DRANCE TO UND]/&+ 
! BE/ & HI<E/ FEEL+S 7AS IS SAID 9 ! 
GOSPEL7 DOES NOT AT ALL LIE 9 DEFICI5CY ( DEVELOPM5T 
OR LE>N+1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 FALSE DEVELOPM5T 
& FALSE LE>N+0 7PP4 #a#b1 #a#c74 ,SCI5CE & >T >E 
FREQU5TLY BL5D$ 9 ONE WORK--E4G41 9 ! GOSPEL ELUCIDATION 
( ,*RI/'S COMPREH5SION ( LIFE1 OR1 TO TAKE A MOD]N 
9/ANCE1 9 ,H5RY ,GEORGE'S ELUCIDATION ( ! L& QUE/ION 
9 ,PROGRESS & ,POV]TY4 

,! CLASS DI/9CTION TO :I* ,TOL/OY REPEAT$LY ALLUDES 
NE$S SOME EXPLANATION4 ,! POSITION ( ! L[] CLASSES 
9 ,5GL& & 9 ,RUSSIA IS DIFF]5T4 ,9 ,RUSSIA A MU* 
XXL>G] NUMB] ( PEOPLE LIVE ON ! V]GE ( />VATION2 
! CONDITION ( ! FACTORY-H&S IS MU* WORSE ?AN 
9 ,5GL&1 & !RE >E MANY GL>+ CASES ( BRUTAL 
CRUELTY 9FLICT$ ON ! PEASANTS BY ! (FICIALS1 ! POLICE1 
OR ! MILIT>Y1--BUT 9 ,RUSSIA A F> GREAT] PROPORTION ( 
! POPULATION LIVE 9 ! C\NTRY1 & A PEASANT USUALLY 
HAS HIS [N H\SE1 & TILLS HIS %>E ( ! COMMUNAL 
L&S4 ,! 0UNP]V]T$ C\NTRY PEASANT0 ( :OM 
,TOL/OY SPEAKS IS A MAN :O P]HAPS SUFF]S GRIEV\S 
WANT :5 !RE IS A BAD H>VE/ 9 HIS PROV9CE1 BUT 
HE IS A MAN ACCU/OM$ TO ! EXP]I5CES ( A NATURAL 
LIFE1 TO ! MANAGEM5T ( HIS [N AFFAIRS1 & TO A 
REAL VOICE 9 ! >RANGEM5TS ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNE4 
,! ,GOV]NM5T 9T]F]ES1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 TO COLLECT 
ITS TAXES BY =CE1 TO TAKE ! Y\NG M5 = SOLDI]S1 OR 
TO MA9TA9 ! 0RI<TS0 ( ! UPP] CLASSES2 BUT O!RWISE 
! PEASANT IS FREE TO DO :AT HE SEES TO BE NECESS>Y 
& REASONABLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,5GLI% LABOR]S 
>E1 = ! MO/ P>T1 NOT SO POOR1 !Y HAVE MORE LEGAL 
RI<TS1 & !Y HAVE VOTES2 BUT A F> L>G] NUMB] ( 
!M LIVE 9 T[NS & >E 5GAG$ 9 UNNATURAL OCCUPATIONS1 
:ILE EV5 ?OSE ?AT DO LIVE 9 T\* ) NATURE 
>E USUALLY M]E WAGE-E>N]S1 TILL+ O!R M5'S L&1 
& LIV+ (T5 9 ABJECT SUBMISSION TO ! F>M]1 ! 
P>SON1 OR ! LADY-B\NTIFUL4 ,!Y >E DEP5D5T ON 
AN EMPLOY] = DAILY BREAD1 & ! CONDITION ( A WAGE-LABOR] 
IS AS UNNATURAL AS ?AT ( A L&LORD4 

,! TYRANNY ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG BUREAUCRACY IS MORE 
DRAMATIC1 BUT LESS OMNIPRES5T--& PROBABLY F> LESS FATAL TO 
! CAPACITY TO 5JOY >T--?AN ! TYRANNY ( \R RESPECTABLE1 
SELF-SATISFI$1 & PROP]TY-LOV+ MIDDLE-CLASS4 ,I AM !RE=E 
AFRAID ?AT WE HAVE NO GREAT NUMB] ( 0UNP]V]T$0 
C\NTRY LABOR]S TO COMP>E ) ?OSE ( :OM ,TOL/OY 
SPEAKS--& SOME ( :OM ,I HAVE KN[N P]SONALLY4 
,BUT ! TRU? ,TOL/OY ELUCIDATES LIES F> TOO DEEP 9 
XXIHUMAN NATURE TO BE 9FR+$ BY SU* DIFF]5CES ( 
LOCAL CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,:ATEV] ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES MAY 
BE1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT 9 PROPORTION AS A MAN APPROA*ES 
T[>DS ! CONDITION NOT ONLY ( 0E>N+ HIS SUBSI/5CE 
BY SOME K9D ( LABOR10 BUT ( 0LIV+ ON ALL ITS SIDES 
! LIFE NATURAL & PROP] TO MANK9D10 HIS CAPACITY TO 
APPRECIATE TRUE >T T5DS TO 9CREASE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 
:5 A CLASS SETTLES D[N 9TO AN >TIFICIAL WAY ( LIFE1--LOSES 
T\* ) NATURE1 BECOMES CONFUS$ 9 ITS P]CEPTIONS 
( :AT IS GOOD & :AT IS BAD1 & PREF]S ! CONDITION 
( A P>ASITE TO ?AT ( A PRODUC]1--ITS CAPACITY TO APPRECIATE 
TRUE >T MU/ DIM9I%4 ,HAV+ LO/ ALL CLE> P]CEPTION 
( ! MEAN+ ( LIFE1 SU* PEOPLE >E NECESS>ILY LEFT 
)\T ANY CRIT]ION :I* WILL 5ABLE !M TO DI/+UI% 
GOOD FROM BAD >T1 & !Y >E SURE TO FOLL[ EAG]LY AFT] 
BEAUTY1 OR 0?AT :I* PLEASES !M40 

,! >TI/S ( \R SOCIETY CAN USUALLY ONLY REA* 
PEOPLE ( ! UPP] & MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,BUT :O IS ! 
GREAT >TI/8--HE :O DELI<TS A SELECT AUDI5CE ( HIS 
[N DAY & CLASS1 OR HE :OSE WORKS L9K G5]ATION TO 
G5]ATION & RACE TO RACE 9 A COMMON BOND ( FEEL+8 
,SURELY >T %\LD FULFILL ITS PURPOSE AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE4 
,A WORK ( >T ?AT UNIT$ EV]Y ONE ) ! AU?OR1 
& ) ONE ANO!R1 W\LD BE P]FECT >T4 ,TOL/OY1 9 
HIS EMPHATIC WAY1 SPEAKS ( WORKS ( 0UNIV]SAL0 >T1 
& 7?\< ! PR(\ND CRITICS HA/5 TO 9=M US ?AT 
NO WORK ( >T EV] REA*$ EV]YBODY7 C]TA9LY ! 
MORE NE>LY A WORK ( >T APPROA*ES TO SU* EXPRESSION 
( FEEL+ ?AT EV]Y ONE MAY BE 9FECT$ BY IT--! 
NE>] 7AP>T FROM ALL QUE/ION ( SUBJECT-MATT]7 
IT APPROA*ES P]FECTION4 

,BUT N[ AS TO SUBJECT-MATT]4 ,! SUBJECT-MATT] ( >T 
CONSI/S ( FEEL+S :I* CAN BE SPREAD FROM MAN TO MAN1 
FEEL+S :I* >E 0CONTAGI\S0 OR 09FECTI\S40 ,IS IT ( NO 
IMPORTANCE :AT FEEL+S 9CREASE & MULTIPLY AMONG M58 

XXII,ONE MAN FEELS ?AT SUBMISSION TO ! AU?ORITY ( HIS 
*UR*1 & BELIEF 9 ALL ?AT IT TEA*ES HIM1 IS GOOD2 ANO!R 
IS EMBU$ BY A S5SE ( EA* MAN'S DUTY TO ?9K ) HIS 
[N HEAD--TO USE = HIS GUIDANCE 9 LIFE ! REASON & 
CONSCI5CE GIV5 TO HIM4 ,ONE MAN FEELS ?AT HIS NATION 
\<T TO WIPE \T 9 BLOOD ! %AME ( A DEFEAT 9FLICT$ 
ON H]2 ANO!R FEELS ?AT WE >E BRO!RS1 SONS ( ONE 
SPIRIT1 & ?AT ! SLAU<T] ( MAN BY MAN IS ALWAYS 
WRONG4 ,ONE MAN FEELS ?AT ! MO/ DESIRABLE ?+ 9 
LIFE IS ! SATISFACTION OBTA9ABLE BY ! LOVE ( WOM52 
ANO!R MAN FEELS ?AT SEX-LOVE IS AN 5TANGLEM5T & A 
SN>E1 H9D]+ HIS REAL WORK 9 LIFE4 ,& EA* ( !SE1 
IF HE POSSESS AN >TI/'S GIFT ( EXPRESSION1 & IF ! 
FEEL+ BE REALLY HIS [N & S9C]E1 MAY 9FECT O!R 
M54 ,BUT SOME ( !SE FEEL+S WILL B5EFIT & SOME 
WILL H>M MANK9D1 & ! MORE WIDELY !Y >E SPREAD 
! GREAT] WILL BE !IR EFFECT4 

,>T UNITES M54 ,SURELY IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT ! FEEL+S 
9 :I* IT UNITES !M %\LD BE 0! BE/ & HI<E/ 
TO :I* M5 HAVE RIS510 OR AT LEA/ %\LD NOT RUN 
CONTR>Y TO \R P]CEPTION ( :AT MAKES = ! WELL-BE+ 
( \RSELVES & ( O!RS4 ,& \R P]CEPTION 
( :AT MAKES = ! WELL-BE+ ( \RSELVES & ( 
O!RS IS :AT ,TOL/OY CALLS \R 0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION40 

,!RE=E ! SUBJECT-MATT] ( :AT WE1 9 \R DAY1 
CAN E/EEM AS BE+ ! BE/ >T1 CAN BE ( TWO K9DS 
ONLY-- 

7#a7 ,FEEL+S FL[+ FROM ! HI<E/ P]CEPTION N[ 
ATTA9ABLE BY MAN ( \R RI<T RELATION TO \R NEI<BOR 
& TO ! ,S\RCE FROM :I* WE COME4 ,DICK5S' 
0,*RI/MAS ,C>OL10 UNIT+ US 9 A MORE VIVID S5SE ( 
COMPASSION & LOVE1 IS A READY EXAMPLE ( SU* >T4 

7#b7 ,! SIMPLE FEEL+S ( COMMON LIFE1 ACCESSIBLE TO 
EV]Y ONE--PROVID$ ?AT !Y >E SU* AS DO NOT H9D] 
PROGRESS T[>DS WELL-BE+4 ,>T ( ?IS K9D MAKES US 
XXIIIREALISE TO H[ GREAT AN EXT5T WE ALREADY >E MEMB]S 
ONE ( ANO!R--%>+ ! FEEL+S ( ONE COMMON HUMAN 
NATURE4 

,! SUCCESS ( A V]Y PRIMITIVE NOVEL--! /ORY ( 
,JOSEPH1 :I* MADE ITS WAY 9TO ! SACR$ BOOKS ( ! 
,JEWS1 SPREAD FROM L& TO L& & FROM AGE TO AGE1 & 
CONT9UES TO BE READ TO-DAY AMONG PEOPLE QUITE FREE FROM 
BIBLIOLATRY--%[S H[ NE>LY 0UNIV]SAL0 MAY BE ! 
APPEAL ( ?IS K9D ( >T4 ,?IS BRAN* 9CLUDES ALL 
H>MLESS JOKES1 FOLK-/ORIES1 NURS]Y RHYMES1 & EV5 DOLLS1 
IF ONLY ! AU?OR OR DESIGN] HAS EXPRESS$ A FEEL+ 
7T5D]NESS1 PLEASURE1 HUMOR1 OR :AT NOT7 SO AS TO 9FECT 
O!RS4 

,BUT H[ >E WE TO KN[ :AT >E ! 0BE/0 FEEL+S8 
,:AT IS GOOD8 & :AT IS EVIL8 ,?IS IS DECID$ BY 
0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION40 ,SOME SU* P]CEPTION EXI/S 9 
EV]Y HUMAN BE+2 !RE IS ALWAYS SOME?+ HE APPROVES 
(1 & SOME?+ HE DISAPPROVES (4 ,REASON & CONSCI5CE 
>E ALWAYS PRES5T1 ACTIVE OR LAT5T1 AS LONG AS 
MAN LIVES4 ,MISS ,FLORA ,%AW TELLS ?AT ! MO/ DEGRAD$ 
CANNIBAL %E EV] MET1 DREW ! L9E AT EAT+ HIS [N 
MO!R--NO?+ W\LD 9DUCE HIM TO 5T]TA9 ! ?\<T1 
HIS MORAL S5SE WAS REVOLT$ BY ! SUGGE/ION4 ,9 MO/ 
SOCIETIES ! 0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION10 TO :I* !Y HAVE 
ADVANC$1--! =EMO/ /AGE 9 MANK9D'S LONG M>* 
T[>DS P]FECTION1 :I* HAS BE5 DISC]N$1--HAS BE5 
CLE>LY EXPRESS$ BY SOME ONE1 & MORE OR LESS CONSCI\SLY 
ACCEPT$ AS AN IDEAL BY ! MANY4 ,BUT !RE 
>E TRANSITION P]IODS 9 HI/ORY :5 ! WORN-\T =MUL>IES 
( A PA/ AGE HAVE CEAS$ TO SATISFY M51 OR 
HAVE BECOME SO 5CRU/$ ) SUP]/ITIONS ?AT !IR 
ORIG9AL BRI<TNESS IS LO/4 ,! 0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION0 
?AT IS DAWN+ MAY NOT YET HAVE F\ND SU* EXPRESSION AS 
TO BE G5]ALLY UND]/OOD1 BUT = ALL ?AT IT EXI/S1 & 
%[S ITSELF BY COMPELL+ M5 TO REPUDIATE BELIEFS ?AT 
XXIVSATISFI$ !IR =EFA!RS1 ! \TW>D & VISIBLE SIGNS ( 
:I* >E /ILL 5D[$ & DOM9ANT LONG AFT] !IR SPIRIT 
HAS TAK5 REFUGE 9 TEMPLES NOT MADE ) H&S4 

,AT SU* TIMES IT IS DIFFICULT = M5 TO UND]/& EA* 
O!R1 = ! V]Y WORDS NE$$ TO EXPRESS ! DEEPE/ 
EXP]I5CES ( M5'S CONSCI\SNESS MEAN DIFF]5T ?+S TO 
DIFF]5T M54 ,SO AMONG US TO-DAY1 TO MANY M9DS FAI? 
MEANS CR$ULITY1 & ,GOD SUGGE/S A P]SON ( ! MALE 
SEX1 FA!R ( ONE ONLY-BEGOTT5 SON1 & CREATOR ( ! 
UNIV]SE4 

,?IS IS :Y ,TOL/OY'S CLE> & RATIONAL 0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION10 
EXPRESS$ 9 ! BOOKS NAM$ ON A PREVI\S PAGE1 
IS FREQU5TLY SPOK5 ( BY PEOPLE :O HAVE NOT GRASP$ IT1 
AS 0MY/ICISM40 

,! N>R[ MAT]IALI/ IS %OCK$ TO F9D ?AT ,TOL/OY 
WILL NOT CONF9E HIMSELF TO ! 0OBJECTIVE0 VIEW ( LIFE4 
,5C\NT]+ 9 HIMSELF ?AT 09N] VOICE0 :I* COMPELS 
US ALL TO *OOSE BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 ,TOL/OY REFUSES TO BE 
DIV]T$ FROM A MATT] :I* IS ( IMM$IATE & VITAL 
IMPORTANCE TO HIM1 BY DISCUSSIONS AS TO ! D]IVATION ( 
! EXT]NAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( CONSCI5CE :I* BIOLOGI/S 
>E ABLE TO DETECT 9 REMOTE =MS ( LIFE4 ,! REAL MY/IC1 
ON ! O!R H&1 %R9KS FROM ,TOL/OY'S DESIRE TO TRY ALL 
?+S BY ! LI<T ( REASON1 TO DEP5D ON NO?+ VAGUE1 
& TO ACCEPT NO?+ ON AU?ORITY4 ,! MAN :O DOES 
NOT TRU/ HIS [N REASON1 FE>S ?AT LIFE ?US SQU>ELY FAC$ 
WILL PROVE LESS WOR? HAV+ ?AN IT IS :5 CLO!D 9 
MI/4 

,9 ?IS WORK1 H[EV]1 ,TOL/OY DOES NOT RECAPITULATE AT 
L5G? :AT HE HAS SAID BE=E4 ,HE DOES NOT PAUSE TO 
RE-EXPLA9 :Y HE CONDEMNS ,PATRIOTISM--I4E41 EA* MAN'S 
PREF]5CE = ! PR$OM9ANCE ( HIS [N C\NTRY1 :I* 
LEADS TO ! MURD] ( MAN BY MAN 9 W>2 OR ,*UR*ES1 
:I* >E SECT>IAN--I4E41 :I* /RIV+ TO ASS]T ?AT Y\R 
DOXY IS HET]ODOXY1 BUT ?AT \R DOXY IS OR?ODOXY1 MAKE 
XXVEXT]NAL AU?ORITIES 7,POPES1 ,BIBLES1 ,C\NCILS7 SUPREME1 & 
CL+ TO SUP]/ITIONS 7!IR [N MIRACLES1 LEG5DS1 & 
MY?S71 ?US SEP>AT+ !MSELVES FROM COMMUNION ) 
! RE/ ( MANK9D4 ,NOR DOES HE RE-EXPLA9 :Y HE 7LIKE 
,*RI/7 SAYS 0PITIABLE IS Y\R PLI<T--YE RI*10 :O LIVE 
>TIFICIAL LIVES1 MA9TA9ABLE ONLY BY ! UNBRO!RLY USE ( 
=CE 7POLICE & SOLDI]S71 BUT BLESS$ >E YE POOR--:O1 
BY Y\R WAY ( LIFE1 >E )9 EASI] REA* ( BRO!RLY CONDITIONS1 
IF Y\ WILL BUT TRU/ TO REASON & CONSCI5CE1 & 
*ANGE ! DIRECTION ( Y\R HE>TS & ( Y\R LABOR1--WORK+ 
NO MORE PRIM>ILY FROM FE> OR GRE$1 BUT SEEK+ 
FIR/ ! K+DOM ( RI<TE\SNESS1 9 :I* ALL GOOD ?+S 
WILL BE ADD$ UNTO Y\4 ,HE M]ELY SUMM>IZES IT ALL 9 A 
FEW S5T5CES1 DEF9+ ! 0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION0 ( TO-DAY1 
:I* ALONE CAN DECIDE = US 0! DEGREE ( IMPORTANCE 
BO? ( ! FEEL+S TRANSMITT$ BY >T & ( ! 9=MATION 
TRANSMITT$ BY SCI5CE40 

0,! RELIGI\S P]CEPTION ( \R TIME1 9 ITS WIDE/ & 
MO/ PRACTICAL APPLICATION1 IS ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT \R 
WELL-BE+1 BO? MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL1 9DIVIDUAL & 
COLLECTIVE1 TEMPORAL & ET]NAL1 LIES 9 ! GR[? ( 
BRO!RHOOD AMONG M5--9 !IR LOV+ H>MONY ) 
ONE ANO!R0 7P4 #a#e#i74 

,& AGA93 

0,H[EV] DIFF]5TLY 9 =M PEOPLE BELONG+ TO \R 
,*RI/IAN WORLD MAY DEF9E ! DE/9Y ( MAN2 :E!R 
!Y SEE IT 9 HUMAN PROGRESS 9 :ATEV] S5SE ( ! 
WORDS1 9 ! UNION ( ALL M5 9 A SOCIALI/IC REALM1 OR 9 
! E/ABLI%M5T ( A COMMUNE2 :E!R !Y LOOK =W>D 
TO ! UNION ( MANK9D UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ONE UNIV]SAL 
,*UR*1 OR TO ! F$]ATION ( ! WORLD1--H[EV] 
V>I\S 9 =M !IR DEF9ITIONS ( ! DE/9ATION ( HUMAN 
LIFE MAY BE1 ALL M5 9 \R TIMES ALREADY ADMIT ?AT ! 
HI<E/ WELL-BE+ ATTA9ABLE BY M5 IS TO BE REA*$ BY 
!IR UNION ) ONE ANO!R0 7P4 #a#h#h74 

XXVI,?IS IS ! F\NDATION ON :I* ! :OLE WORK IS BAS$4 
,IT FOLL[S NECESS>ILY FROM ?IS P]CEPTION ?AT WE %\LD 
CONSID] AS MO/ IMPORTANT 9 SCI5CE 09VE/IGATIONS 9TO 
! RESULTS ( GOOD & BAD ACTIONS1 CONSID]ATIONS ( ! 
REASONABL5ESS OR UNREASONABL5ESS ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS 
& BELIEFS1 CONSID]ATIONS ( H[ HUMAN LIFE %\LD BE 
LIV$ 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ! GREATE/ WELL-BE+ = EA*2 AS 
TO :AT ONE MAY & \<T1 & :AT ONE CANNOT & 
%\LD NOT BELIEVE2 H[ TO SUBDUE ONE'S PASSIONS1 & H[ 
TO ACQUIRE ! HABIT ( VIRTUE40 ,?IS IS ! SCI5CE ?AT 
0OCCUPI$ ,MOSES1 ,SOLON1 ,SOCRATES1 ,EPICTETUS1 ,CONFUCIUS1 
,M5CIUS1 ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS1 ,SP9OZA1 & ALL ?OSE :O HAVE 
TAU<T M5 TO LIVE A MORAL LIFE10 & IT IS PRECISELY ! K9D 
( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION TO :I* ,TOL/OY HAS DEVOT$ MO/ 
( ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S1 & = ! SAKE ( :I* HE IS 
(T5 SAID TO HAVE 0AB&ON$ >T40 

,S9CE SCI5CE1 LIKE >T1 IS A 0HUMAN ACTIVITY10 ?AT SCI5CE 
BE/ DES]VES \R E/EEM1 BE/ DES]VES TO BE 0*OS51 
TOL]AT$1 APPROV$1 & DIFFUS$10 :I* TREATS ( :AT IS 
SUPREMELY IMPORTANT TO MAN2 :I* DEALS ) URG5T1 
VITAL1 9EVITABLE PROBLEMS ( ACTUAL LIFE4 ,SU* SCI5CE AS 
?IS BR+S 0TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( M5 ! TRU?S ?AT 
FL[ FROM ! RELIGI\S P]CEPTION ( \R TIMES10 & 
09DICATES ! V>I\S ME?ODS ( APPLY+ ?IS CONSCI\SNESS 
TO LIFE40 0,>T %\LD TRANS=M ?IS P]CEPTION 9TO 
FEEL+40 

,! 0SCI5CE0 :I* IS OCCUPI$ 9 0P\R+ LIQUIDS 
FROM ONE J> 9TO ANO!R1 OR ANALYZ+ ! SPECTRUM1 OR 
CUTT+ UP FROGS & PORPOISES10 IS NO USE = R5D]+ SU* 
GUIDANCE TO >T1 ?\< CAPABLE ( PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 
:I*1 UND] A MORE RI<TE\S SY/EM ( SOCIETY1 MI<T 
GREATLY HAVE LI<T5$ ! SUFF]+S ( MANK9D4 

,NATURALLY 5\<1 ! LA/ *APT] ( ! BOOK DEALS ) 
! RELATION BETWE5 SCI5CE & >T4 ,& ! CONCLUSION 
IS ?AT3 

XXVII0,! DE/9Y ( >T 9 \R TIME IS TO TRANSMIT FROM ! 
REALM ( REASON TO ! REALM ( FEEL+ ! TRU? ?AT WELL-BE+ 
= M5 CONSI/S 9 BE+ UNIT$ TOGE!R1 & TO SET 
UP1 9 PLACE ( ! EXI/+ REIGN ( =CE1 ?AT K+DOM ( 
,GOD1 I4E4 ( LOVE1 :I* WE ALL RECOGNIZE TO BE ! HI<E/ 
AIM ( HUMAN LIFE40 

,& ?IS >T ( ! FUTURE WILL NOT BE POOR]1 BUT F> 
RI*]1 9 SUBJECT-MATT] ?AN ! >T ( TO-DAY4 ,FROM ! 
LULLABY--?AT WILL DELI<T MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 G5]ATION AFT] 
G5]ATION--TO ! HI<E/ RELIGI\S >T1 DEAL+ ) /RONG1 
RI*1 & V>I$ EMOTIONS FL[+ FROM A FRE% \TLOOK UPON 
LIFE & ALL ITS PROBLEMS--! FIELD OP5 = GOOD >T IS 
5ORM\S4 ,) SO MU* TO SAY ?AT IS URG5TLY IMPORTANT 
TO ALL1 ! >T ( ! FUTURE WILL1 9 MATT] ( =M ALSO1 BE 
F> SUP]IOR TO \R >T 9 0CLE>NESS1 BEAUTY1 SIMPLICITY1 & 
COMPRESSION0 7P4 #a#i#d74 

,= BEAUTY 7I4E41 0?AT :I* PLEASES07--?\< IT DEP5DS 
ON TA/E1 & CAN FURNI% NO CRIT]ION = >T--WILL BE A 
NATURAL *>ACT]I/IC ( WORK DONE1 NOT = HIRE1 NOR EV5 
= FAME1 BUT BECAUSE M51 LIV+ A NATURAL & HEAL?Y LIFE1 
WI% TO %>E ! 0HI<E/ SPIRITUAL /R5G? :I* PASSES 
?R\< !M0 ) ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE NUMB] ( O!RS4 
,! FEEL+S SU* AN >TI/ WI%ES TO %>E1 HE WILL TRANSMIT 
9 A WAY ?AT WILL PLEASE HIM1 & WILL PLEASE O!R M5 
:O %>E HIS NATURE4 

,MORALITY IS 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S--WE CANNOT ESCAPE IT4 

,9 A SOCIETY :]E EA* MAN SETS HIMSELF TO OBTA9 
WEAL?1 ! DIFFICULTY ( OBTA9+ AN HONE/ LIV+ T5DS TO 
BECOME GREAT] & GREAT]4 ,! MORE KE5LY A SOCIETY 
PANTS TO OBTA9 0?AT :I* PLEASES10 & PUTS ?IS =W>D 
AS ! FIR/ & GREAT CONSID]ATION1 ! MORE PU]ILE 
& WOR?LESS WILL !IR >T BECOME4 ,BUT 9 A SOCIETY :I* 
S\<T1 PRIM>ILY1 = RI<T RELATIONS BETWE5 ITS MEMB]S1 
AN ABUNDANCE W\LD EASILY BE OBTA9ABLE = ALL2 & 
:5 0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION0 GUIDES A PEOPLE'S >T--BEAUTY 
XXVIII9EVITABLY RESULTS1 AS HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! CASE :5 M5 
HAVE SEIZ$ A FRE% P]CEPTION ( LIFE & ( ITS PURPOSE4 

,AN ILLU/RATION :I* ,TOL/OY /RUCK \T ( ! WORK 
:ILE IT WAS BE+ PR9T$1 MAY S]VE TO ILLU/RATE H[1 ) 
! AID ( ! PR9CIPLES EXPLA9$ ABOVE1 WE MAY JUDGE ( 
! M]ITS ( ANY WORK PR(ESS+ TO BE >T4 

,TAKE ,ROMEO & ,JULIET4 ,! CONV5TIONAL VIEW IS ?AT 
,%AKESPE> IS ! GREATE/ ( >TI/S1 & ?AT ,ROMEO & 
,JULIET IS ONE ( HIS GOOD PLAYS4 ,:Y ?IS IS SO NOBODY CAN 
TELL Y\4 ,IT IS SO3 ?AT IS ! WAY C]TA9 PEOPLE FEEL AB\T 
IT4 ,!Y >E 0! AU?ORITIES10 & TO D\BT !IR DICTUM 
IS TO %[ ?AT Y\ KN[ NO?+ AB\T >T4 ,TOL/OY DOES 
NOT AGREE ) !M 9 !IR E/IMATE ( ,%AKESPE>1 
!RE=E ,TOL/OY IS WRONG6 

,BUT N[ LET US APPLY ,TOL/OY'S VIEW ( >T TO ,ROMEO 
& ,JULIET4 ,HE DOES NOT D5Y ?AT IT 9FECTS4 0,LET US 
ADMIT ?AT IT IS A WORK ( >T1 ?AT IT 9FECTS 7?\< IT IS SO 
>TIFICIAL ?AT IT CAN 9FECT ONLY ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 C>EFULLY 
$UCAT$ !REUNTO72 BUT :AT >E ! FEEL+S IT 
TRANSMITS80 

,?AT IS TO SAY1 JUDG+ BY ! 9T]NAL TE/1 ,TOL/OY 
ADMITS ?AT ,ROMEO & ,JULIET UNITES HIM TO ITS AU?OR & 
TO O!R PEOPLE 9 FEEL+4 ,BUT ! WORK IS V]Y F> FROM 
BE+ ONE ( 0UNIV]SAL0 >T--ONLY A SMALL M9ORITY ( 
PEOPLE EV] HAVE C>$1 OR EV] WILL C>E1 = IT4 ,EV5 9 
,5GL&1 OR EV5 9 ! LAY] ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY IT 
IS BE/ ADAPT$ TO REA*1 IT ONLY T\*ES A M9ORITY1 & 
DOES NOT APPROA* ! UNIV]SALITY ATTA9$ BY ! /ORY ( 
,JOSEPH & MANY PIECES ( FOLKLORE4 

,BUT P]HAPS ! SUBJECT-MATT]1 ! FEEL+ ) :I* 
,ROMEO & ,JULIET 9FECTS ?OSE :OM IT DOES REA*1 LIFTS IT 
9TO ! CLASS ( ! HI<E/ RELIGI\S >T8 ,NOT SO4 ,! 
FEEL+ IS ONE ( ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( 0LOVE AT FIR/ SI<T40 
,A GIRL F\RTE5 YE>S OLD & A Y\NG MAN MEET AT AN 
XXIX>I/OCRATIC P>TY1 :]E !RE IS FEA/+ & PLEASURE & 
IDL5ESS1 &1 )\T KN[+ EA* O!R'S M9DS1 !Y 
FALL 9 LOVE AS ! BIRDS & BEA/S DO4 ,IF ANY FEEL+ IS 
TRANSMITT$ TO US1 IT IS ! FEEL+ ?AT !RE IS A PLEASURE 9 
!SE ?+S4 ,SOME:]E1 9 MO/ NATURES1 !RE DWELLS1 
DOM9ANT OR DORMANT1 AN 9CL9ATION TO LET SU* PHYSICAL 
SEXUAL ATTRACTION GUIDE \R C\RSE 9 LIFE4 ,TO GIVE IT A PLA9 
NAME1 IT IS 0S5SUALITY40 0,H[ CAN ,I1 FA!R OR MO!R ( 
A DAU<T] ( ,JULIET'S AGE1 WI% ?AT ?OSE F\L FEEL+S 
:I* ! PLAY TRANSMITS %\LD BE COMMUNICAT$ TO MY 
DAU<T]8 ,& IF ! FEEL+S TRANSMITT$ BY ! PLAY 
>E BAD1 H[ CAN ,I CALL IT GOOD 9 SUBJECT-MATT]80 

,BUT1 OBJECTS A FRI5D1 ! MORAL ( ,ROMEO & ,JULIET IS 
EXCELL5T4 ,SEE :AT DISA/]S FOLL[$ FROM ! PHYSICAL 
0LOVE AT FIR/ SI<T40 ,BUT ?AT IS QUITE ANO!R MATT]4 
,IT IS ! FEEL+S ) :I* Y\ >E 9FECT$ :5 READ+1 
& NOT ANY MORAL Y\ CAN D$UCE1 ?AT IS SUBJECT-MATT] 
( >T4 ,POND]+ UPON ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT FL[ FROM 
,ROMEO & ,JULIET'S BEHAVIOR MAY BELONG TO ! DOMA9 
( MORAL SCI5CE1 BUT NOT TO ?AT ( >T4 

,I HAVE HESITAT$ TO USE AN ILLU/RATION ,TOL/OY HAD /RUCK 
\T1 BUT ,I ?9K IT S]VES ITS PURPOSE4 ,NO D\BT !RE >E 
O!R1 SUBORD9ATE1 FEEL+S 7E4G4 HUMOR7 TO BE F\ND 9 
,ROMEO & ,JULIET2 BUT MANY QUA9T CONCEITS ?AT >E +5I\S1 
& HAVE BE5 MU* ADMIR$1 >E NOT1 ,I ?9K1 
9FECTI\S4 

,TRI$ BY SU* TE/S1 ! 5ORM\S MAJORITY ( ! ?+S 
WE HAVE BE5 TAU<T TO CONSID] GREAT WORKS ( >T >E 
F\ND WANT+4 ,EI!R !Y FAIL TO 9FECT 7& ATTRACT 
M]ELY BY BE+ 9T]E/+1 REALI/IC1 EFFECTFUL1 OR BY BORR[+ 
FROM O!RS71 & >E !RE=E NOT WORKS ( >T AT 
ALL2 OR !Y >E WORKS ( 0EXCLUSIVE >T10 BAD 9 =M & 
CAPABLE ( 9FECT+ ONLY A SELECT AUDI5CE TRA9$ & 
HABITUAT$ TO SU* 9F]IOR >T2 OR !Y >E BAD 9 SUBJECT-MATT]1 
TRANSMITT+ FEEL+S H>MFUL TO MANK9D4 

XXX,TOL/OY DOES NOT %R9K FROM CONDEMN+ HIS [N 
>TI/IC PRODUCTIONS2 ) ! EXCEPTION ( TWO %ORT /ORIES1 
HE TELLS US !Y >E WORKS ( BAD >T4 ,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 
! NOVEL ,RESURRECTION1 :I* IS N[ APPE>+1 & ( 
:I* HE HAS1 SOME:]E1 SPOK5 DISP>AG+LY1 AS BE+ 
0WRITT5 9 MY =M] /YLE10 & BE+ !RE=E BAD >T4 
,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,! BOOK IS A MA/]PIECE 9 ITS 
[N L9E2 IT IS EAG]LY READ 9 MANY LANGUAGES2 IT UND\BT$LY 
9FECTS ITS READ]S1 & ! FEEL+S TRANSMITT$ 
>E1 9 ! MA91 SU* AS ,TOL/OY APPROVES (--9 FACT1 !Y >E 
! FEEL+S TO :I* HIS RELIGI\S P]CEPTION HAS BR\<T 
HIM4 ,IF LU/ IS FELT 9 ONE *APT]1 ! REACTION FOLL[S 
AS 9EVITABLY AS 9 REAL LIFE1 & IS TRANSMITT$ ) GREAT 
>TI/IC P[]4 ,:Y A WORK ( SU* R>E M]IT DOES NOT 
SATISFY ,TOL/OY1 IS BECAUSE IT IS A WORK ( 0EXCLUSIVE 
>T10 LAD5 ) DETAILS ( TIME & PLACE4 ,IT HAS NOT ! 
0SIMPLICITY & COMPRESSION0 NECESS>Y 9 WORKS ( 0UNIV]SAL0 
>T4 ,?+S >E M5TION$ :I* MI<T APP>5TLY 
BE QUITE WELL OMITT$4 ,! /YLE1 ALSO1 IS NOT ONE ( GREAT 
SIMPLICITY2 ! S5T5CES >E (T5 LONG & 9VOLV$1 AS IS 
COMMONLY ! CASE 9 ,TOL/OY'S WRIT+S4 ,IT IS A NOVEL 
APPEAL+ MA9LY TO ! CLASS ?AT HAS LEISURE = NOVEL READ+ 
BECAUSE IT NEGLECTS TO PRODUCE ITS [N FOOD1 MAKE ITS [N 
CLO!S1 OR BUILD ITS [N H\SES4 ,IF ,TOL/OY IS /R+5T 9 
HIS JUDGM5T ( O!R >TI/S1 HE IS MORE /R+5T /ILL 9 
HIS JUDGM5T ( HIS [N >TI/IC WORKS4 ,HAD ,RESURRECTION 
BE5 WRITT5 BY ,DICK5S1 OR BY ,HUGO1 ,TOL/OY W\LD1 ,I 
?9K1 HAVE F\ND A PLACE = IT 7) :ATEV] RES]VATIONS7 
AMONG ! EXAMPLES ( RELIGI\S >T4 ,= 9DE$1 /RIVE AS 
WE MAY TO BE CLE> & EXPLICIT1 \R APPROVAL & DISAPPROVAL 
IS A MATT] ( DEGREE4 ,! ?\<T :I* UND]LAY 
! REM>K3 0,:Y CALLE/ ?\ ME GOOD8 NONE IS GOOD1 
SAVE ONE1 EV5 ,GOD10 APPLIES NOT TO MAN ONLY1 BUT TO ALL 
?+S HUMAN4 

,:AT IS ,>T8 ITSELF IS A WORK ( SCI5CE--?\< 
XXXIMANY PASSAGES1 & EV5 SOME :OLE *APT]S1 APPEAL TO US 
AS WORKS ( >T1 & WE FEEL ! CONTAGION ( ! AU?OR'S HOPE1 
HIS ANXIETY TO S]VE ! CAUSE ( TRU? & LOVE1 HIS 9DIGNATION 
7SOMETIMES RA!R %>PLY EXPRESS$7 ) :AT 
BLOCKS ! PA? ( ADVANCE1 & HIS CONTEMPT = MU* 
?AT ! 0CULTUR$ CR[D10 9 \R ]UDITE1 P]V]T$ SOCIETY1 
HAVE P]SUAD$ !MSELVES1 & W\LD FA9 P]SUADE O!RS1 
IS ! HI<E/ >T4 

,ONE RESULT :I* FOLL[S 9EVITABLY FROM ,TOL/OY'S VIEW 
7& :I* ILLU/RATES H[ WIDELY HIS VIEWS DIFF] FROM ! 
FA%IONABLE AES!TIC MY/ICISM71 IS ?AT >T IS NOT /ATION>Y 
BUT PROGRESSIVE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT \R HI<E/ RELIGI\S P]CEPTION 
F\ND EXPRESSION EI<TE5 HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 & 
!N S]V$ AS ! BASIS ( AN >T :I* IS /ILL UNMAT*$2 
& SIMIL> CASES CAN BE 9/ANC$ FROM ! 
,EA/4 ,BUT ALL[+ = SU* GREAT EXCEPTIONS1--TO :I*1 
NOT 9APTLY1 ! T]M ( 09SPIRATION0 HAS BE5 SPECIALLY 
APPLI$1--! SUBJECT-MATT] ( >T IMPROVES1 ?\< LONG 
P]IODS ( TIME MAY HAVE TO BE CONSID]$ 9 ORD] TO 
MAKE ?IS OBVI\S4 ,\R P[] ( V]BAL EXPRESSION1 = 
9/ANCE1 MAY N[ BE NO BETT] ?AN IT WAS 9 ! DAYS ( 
,DAVID1 BUT WE MU/ NO LONG] E/EEM AS GOOD 9 SUBJECT-MATT] 
POEMS :I* APPEAL TO ! ,ET]NAL TO DE/ROY A 
MAN'S PRIVATE OR NATIONAL FOES2 = WE HAVE REA*$ A 
0RELIGI\S P]CEPTION0 :I* BIDS US HAVE NO FOES1 & 
! ULTIMATE S\RCE 7UNDEF9ABLE BY US7 FROM :I* ?IS 
CONSCI\SNESS HAS COME1 IS :AT WE MEAN :5 WE SPEAK 
( ,GOD4 

,A,Y,L,M,] ,M,A,U,D,E4 

,WICKHAM'S ,F>M1 

,NE> ,DANBURY1 ,ESSEX1 
#b#cRD ,M>* #a#h#i#i4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahif 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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