,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNALISM8 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,DIM5SION ,( ,AN>*ISM 

#aiid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 LAWS ( ! M>KETPLACE1 DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM1 DEGREE ( FREE EXPRESSION1 LEAD]S ( ! CLAM%ELL1 MONTREAL BLACK ROSE BOOKS1 COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 COMMUNE ( COMMUNES1 DE FACTO LEAD]S1 BLACK ROSE BOOKS1 L SUSAN BR[N4 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS MANUSCRIPT WAS PROVID$ TO ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES BY ! AU?OR 

,:AT IS ,COMMUNALISM8 

,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,DIM5SION ( ,AN>*ISM 

BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  

,PHOTO BY ,BEV]LY ,YU5 ,?OMPSON1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,SELDOM HAVE SOCIALLY IMPORTANT WORDS BECOME MORE CONFUS$ & DIVE/$ ( !IR HI/ORIC MEAN+ ?AN !Y >E AT PRES5T4 ,TWO C5TURIES AGO1 IT IS (T5 =GOTT51 0DEMOCRACY0 WAS DEPRECAT$ BY MON>*I/S & REPUBLICANS ALIKE AS 0MOB RULE40 ,TODAY1 DEMOCRACY IS HAIL$ AS 0REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY10 AN OXYMORON ?AT REF]S TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A REPUBLICAN OLIG>*Y ( ! *OS5 FEW :O O/5SIBLY SPEAK = ! P[]LESS MANY4 

0,COMMUNISM10 = ITS P>T1 ONCE REF]R$ TO A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY ?AT W\LD BE BAS$ MORALLY ON MUTUAL RESPECT & ON AN ECONOMY 9 :I* EA* CONTRIBUT$ TO ! SOCIAL LABOR FUND ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] ABILITY & RECEIV$ ! MEANS ( LIFE ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S4 ,TODAY1 0COMMUNISM0 IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,/AL9I/ GULAG & :OLLY REJECT$ AS TOTALIT>IAN4 ,ITS C\S91 0SOCIALISM0 -- :I* ONCE D5OT$ A POLITICALLY FREE SOCIETY BAS$ ON V>I\S =MS ( COLLECTIVISM & EQUITABLE MAT]IAL RETURNS = LABOR -- IS CURR5TLY 9T]*ANGEABLE ) A SOME:AT HUMANI/IC B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 

,DUR+ ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS1 AS ! 5TIRE SOCIAL & POLITICAL SPECTRUM HAS %IFT$ IDEOLOGICALLY TO ! RI<T1 0AN>*ISM0 ITSELF HAS NOT BE5 IMMUNE TO R$EF9ITION4 ,9 ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN SPH]E1 AN>*ISM IS BE+ DIVE/$ ( ITS SOCIAL IDEAL BY AN EMPHASIS ON P]SONAL AUTONOMY1 AN EMPHASIS ?AT IS DRA9+ IT ( ITS HI/ORIC VITALITY4 ,A ,/IRN]ITE 9DIVIDUALISM -- M>K$ BY AN ADVOCACY ( LIFE/YLE *ANGES1 ! CULTIVATION ( BEHAVIORAL IDIOSYNCRASIES & EV5 AN EMBRACE ( \TRI<T MY/ICISM -- HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY PROM95T4 ,?IS P]SONALI/IC 0LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM0 IS /EADILY ]OD+ ! SOCIALI/IC CORE ( AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM4 

,LET ME /RESS ?AT 9 ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL TRADITION1 AUTONOMY & FRE$OM >E NOT EQUIVAL5T T]MS4 ,BY 9SI/+ ! NE$ TO ELIM9ATE P]SONAL DOM9ATION1 AUTONOMY FOCUSES ON ! 9DIVIDUAL AS ! =MATIVE COMPON5T & LOCUS ( SOCIETY4 ,BY CONTRA/1 FRE$OM1 DESPITE ITS LOOS] USAGES1 D5OTES ! ABS5CE ( DOM9ATION 9 SOCIETY1 ( :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL IS P>T4 ,?IS CONTRA/ BECOMES V]Y IMPORTANT :5 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S EQUATE COLLECTIVISM AS SU* ) ! TYRANNY ( ! COMMUNITY OV] ITS MEMB]S4 

,TODAY1 IF AN AN>*I/ !ORI/ LIKE ,L4 ,SUSAN ,BR[N CAN ASS]T ?AT 0A GR\P IS A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 NO MORE & NO LESS10 ROOT+ AN>*ISM 9 ! AB/RACT 9DIVIDUAL1 WE HAVE REASON TO BE CONC]N$4 ,NOT ?AT ?IS VIEW IS 5TIRELY NEW TO AN>*ISM2 V>I\S AN>*I/ HI/ORIANS HAVE DESCRIB$ IT AS IMPLICIT 9 ! LIB]T>IAN \TLOOK4 ,?US ! 9DIVIDUAL APPE>S AB NOVO1 5D[$ ) NATURAL RI<TS & B]EFT ( ROOTS 9 SOCIETY OR HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4#a 

,BUT :5CE DOES ?IS 0AUTONOM\S0 9DIVIDUAL D]IVE8 ,:AT IS ! BASIS = ITS 0NATURAL RI<TS10 BEYOND A PRIORI PREMISES & HAZY 9TUITIONS8 ,:AT ROLE DOES HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T PLAY 9 ITS =MATION8 ,:AT SOCIAL PREMISES GIVE BIR? TO IT1 SU/A9 IT1 9DE$ N\RI% IT8 ,H[ CAN A 0COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS0 9/ITUTIONALIZE ITSELF SU* AS TO GIVE RISE TO SOME?+ MORE ?AN AN AUTONOMY ?AT CONSI/S M]ELY 9 REFUS+ TO IMPAIR ! 0LIB]TIES0 ( O!RS -- OR 0NEGATIVE LIB]TY10 AS ,ISAIAH ,B]L9 CALL$ IT 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO 0POSITIVE LIB]TY10 :I* IS SUB/ANTIVE FRE$OM1 9 \R CASE CON/RUCT$ ALONG SOCIALI/IC L9ES8 

,9 ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS1 0AUTONOMY10 REF]R+ TO /RICTLY P]SONAL 0SELF-RULE10 F\ND ITS ANCI5T APOGEE 9 ! IMP]IAL ,ROMAN CULT ( LIB]TAS4 ,DUR+ ! RULE ( ! ,JULIAN-,CLAUDIAN ,CAES>S1 ! ,ROMAN CITIZ5 5JOY$ A GREAT DEAL ( AUTONOMY TO 9DULGE HIS [N DESIRES -- & LU/S -- )\T REPROVAL FROM ANY AU?ORITY1 PROVID$ ?AT HE DID NOT 9T]F]E ) ! BUS9ESS & ! NE$S ( ! /ATE4 ,9 ! MORE !ORETICALLY DEVELOP$ LIB]AL TRADITION ( ,JOHN ,LOCKE & ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 AUTONOMY ACQUIR$ A MORE EXPANSIVE S5SE ?AT WAS OPPOS$ IDEOLOGICALLY TO EXCESSIVE /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IF !RE WAS ANY S+LE SUBJECT ?AT GA9$ ! 9T]E/ ( CLASSICAL LIB]ALS1 IT WAS POLITICAL ECONOMY1 :I* !Y (T5 CONCEIV$ NOT ONLY AS ! /UDY ( GOODS & S]VICES1 BUT ALSO AS A SY/EM ( MORALITY4 ,9DE$1 LIB]AL ?\<T G5]ALLY R$UC$ ! SOCIAL TO ! ECONOMIC4 ,EXCESSIVE /ATE AU?ORITY WAS OPPOS$ 9 FAVOR ( A PRESUM$ ECONOMIC AUTONOMY4 ,IRONICALLY1 LIB]ALS (T5 9VOK$ ! WORD FRE$OM1 9 ! S5SE ( 0AUTONOMY10 AS !Y DO TO ! PRES5T DAY4#b 

,DESPITE !IR ASS]TIONS ( AUTONOMY & DI/RU/ ( /ATE AU?ORITY1 H[EV]1 !SE CLASSICAL LIB]AL ?9K]S DID NOT 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE HOLD TO ! NOTION ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS COMPLETELY FREE FROM LAWFUL GUIDANCE4 ,9DE$1 !IR 9T]PRETATION ( AUTONOMY ACTUALLY PRESUPPOS$ QUITE DEF9ITE >RANGEM5TS BEYOND ! 9DIVIDUAL -- NOTABLY1 ! LAWS ( ! M>KETPLACE4 ,9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY TO ! CONTR>Y1 !SE LAWS CON/ITUTE A SOCIAL ORGANIZ+ SY/EM 9 :I* ALL 0COLLECTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS0 >E HELD UND] ! SWAY ( ! FAM\S 09VISIBLE H&0 ( COMPETITION4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 ! LAWS ( ! M>KETPLACE OV]RIDE ! EX]CISE ( 0FREE WILL0 BY ! SAME SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUALS :O O!RWISE CON/ITUTE ! 0COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS40 

,NO RATIONALLY =M$ SOCIETY CAN EXI/ )\T 9/ITUTIONS & IF A SOCIETY AS A 0COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 NO MORE & NO LESS0 W]E EV] TO EM]GE1 IT W\LD SIMPLY DISSOLVE4 ,SU* A DISSOLUTION1 TO BE SURE1 W\LD NEV] HAPP5 9 REALITY4 ,! LIB]ALS1 NONE!LESS1 CAN CL+ TO ! NOTION ( A 0FREE M>KET0 & 0FREE COMPETITION0 GUID$ BY ! 09EXORABLE LAWS0 ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,ALT]NATIVELY1 FRE$OM1 A WORD ?AT %>ES ETYMOLOGICAL ROOTS ) ! ,G]MAN ,FREIHEIT 7= :I* !RE IS NO EQUIVAL5T 9 ,ROMANCE LANGUAGES71 TAKES ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE NOT FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL BUT FROM ! COMMUNITY OR1 MORE BROADLY1 FROM SOCIETY4 ,9 ! LA/ C5TURY & E>LY 9 ! PRES5T ONE1 AS ! GREAT SOCIALI/ !ORI/S FUR!R SOPHI/ICAT$ IDEAS ( FRE$OM1 ! 9DIVIDUAL & HIS OR H] DEVELOPM5T W]E CONSCI\SLY 9T]TW9$ ) SOCIAL EVOLUTION -- SPECIFICALLY1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT DI/+UI% SOCIETY FROM M]E ANIMAL AGGREGATIONS4 

,:AT MADE !IR FOCUS UNIQUELY E?ICAL WAS ! FACT ?AT AS SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES !Y ASK$ ! KEY QUE/ION -- ,:AT CON/ITUTES A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 -- A QUE/ION ?AT ABOLI%ES ! C5TRALITY ( ECONOMICS 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,:]E LIB]AL ?\<T G5]ALLY R$UC$ ! SOCIAL TO ! ECONOMIC1 V>I\S SOCIALISMS 7AP>T FROM ,M>XISM71 AMONG :I* ,KROPOTK9 D5OT$ AN>*ISM ! 0LEFT W+10 DISSOLV$ ! ECONOMIC 9TO ! SOCIAL4#c 

,9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 AS ,5LI<T5M5T ?\<T & ITS D]IVATIVES BR\<T ! IDEA ( ! MUTABILITY ( 9/ITUTIONS TO ! =EGR\ND ( SOCIAL ?\<T1 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 TOO1 CAME TO BE SE5 AS MUTABLE4 ,TO ! SOCIALI/IC ?9K]S ( ! P]IOD1 A 0COLLECTION0 WAS A TOTALLY ALI5 WAY ( D5OT+ SOCIETY2 !Y PROP]LY CONSID]$ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM TO BE CONGRU5T ) SOCIAL FRE$OM &1 V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 !Y DEF9$ FRE$OM AS SU* AS AN EVOLV+1 AS WELL AS A UNIFY+1 CONCEPT4 

,9 %ORT1 BO? SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL W]E HI/ORICIZ$ 9 ! BE/ S5SE ( ?IS T]M3 AS AN EV]-DEVELOP+1 SELF-G5]ATIVE & CREATIVE PROCESS 9 :I* EA* EXI/$ )9 & ?R\< ! O!R4 ,HOPEFULLY1 ?IS HI/ORICIZATION W\LD BE ACCOMPANI$ BY EV]-EXP&+ NEW RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,! SLOGAN ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 9 FACT1 WAS ! DEM&1 0,NO RI<TS )\T DUTIES1 NO DUTIES )\T RI<TS0 -- A DEM& ?AT LAT] APPE>$ ON ! MAS!ADS ( AN>*OSYNDICALI/ P]IODICALS 9 ,SPA9 & ELSE:]E WELL 9TO ! PRES5T C5TURY4 

,?US1 = CLASSICAL SOCIALI/ ?9K]S1 TO CONCEIVE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL )\T SOCIETY WAS AS MEAN+LESS AS TO CONCEIVE ( SOCIETY )\T 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!Y S\<T TO REALIZE BO? 9 RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ?AT FO/]$ ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( FREE EXPRESSION 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,I,I 

,9DIVIDUALISM1 AS CONCEIV$ BY CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM1 RE/$ ON A FICTION TO BEG9 )4 ,ITS V]Y PRESUPPOSITION ( A SOCIAL 0LAWFULNESS0 MA9TA9$ BY M>KETPLACE COMPETITION WAS F> REMOV$ FROM ITS MY? ( ! TOTALLY SOV]EIGN1 0AUTONOM\S0 9DIVIDUAL4 ,) EV5 FEW] PRESUPPOSITIONS TO SUPPORT ITSELF1 ! WOEFULLY UND]!ORIZ$ WORK ( ,MAX ,/IRN] %>$ A SIMIL> DISJUNCTION3 ! IDEOLOGICAL DISJUNCTION BETWE5 ! EGO & SOCIETY4 

,! PIVOTAL ISSUE ?AT REVEALS ?IS DISJUNCTION -- 9DE$1 ?IS CONTRADICTION -- IS ! QUE/ION ( DEMOCRACY4 ,BY DEMOCRACY1 ( C\RSE1 ,I DO NOT MEAN 0REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T0 9 ANY =M1 BUT RA!R FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 ,) REG>D TO ITS ORIG9S 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS1 DEMOCRACY AS ,I USE IT IS ! IDEA ( ! DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( ! POLIS BY ITS CITIZ5RY 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES -- :I* IS NOT TO D[NPLAY ! FACT ?AT ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY WAS SC>R$ BY PATRI>*Y1 SLAV]Y1 CLASS RULE & ! RE/RICTION ( CITIZ5%IP TO MALES ( PUTATIVE ,A!NIAN BIR?4 ,:AT ,I AM REF]R+ TO IS AN EVOLV+ TRADITION ( 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES1 NOT A SOCIAL 0MODEL40#d ,DEMOCRACY G5]ICALLY DEF9$1 !N1 IS ! DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES -- 9 :I* POLICY IS =MULAT$ BY ! RESID5T CITIZ5RY & ADM9I/RATION IS EXECUT$ BY M&AT$ & DELEGAT$ C\NCILS4 

,LIB]T>IANS COMMONLY CONSID] DEMOCRACY1 EV5 9 ?IS S5SE1 AS A =M ( 0RULE0 -- S9CE 9 MAK+ DECISIONS1 A MAJORITY VIEW PREVAILS & ?US 0RULES0 OV] A M9ORITY4 ,AS SU*1 DEMOCRACY IS SAID TO BE 9CONSI/5T ) A TRULY LIB]T>IAN IDEAL4 ,EV5 SO KN[L$GEABLE A HI/ORIAN ( AN>*ISM AS ,PET] ,M>%ALL OBS]VES ?AT1 = AN>*I/S1 0! MAJORITY HAS NO MORE RI<T TO DICTATE TO ! M9ORITY1 EV5 A M9ORITY ( ONE1 ?AN ! M9ORITY TO ! MAJORITY40#e ,SCORES ( LIB]T>IANS HAVE E*O$ ?IS IDEA TIME & AGA94 

,:AT IS /RIK+ AB\T ASS]TIONS LIKE ,M>%ALL'S IS !IR HI<LY PEJORATIVE LANGUAGE4 ,MAJORITIES1 IT W\LD SEEM1 NEI!R 0DECIDE0 NOR 0DEBATE03 RA!R1 !Y 0RULE10 0DICTATE10 0COMM&10 0CO]CE0 & ! LIKE4 ,9 A FREE SOCIETY ?AT NOT ONLY P]MITT$1 BUT FO/]$ ! FULLE/ DEGREE ( DISS5T1 :OSE PODIUMS AT ASSEMBLIES & :OSE M$IA W]E OP5 TO ! FULLE/ EXPRESSION ( ALL VIEWS1 :OSE 9/ITUTIONS W]E TRULY =UMS = DISCUSSION -- ONE MAY REASONABLY ASK :E!R SU* A SOCIETY W\LD ACTUALLY 0DICTATE0 TO ANYONE :5 IT HAD TO >RIVE AT A DECISION ?AT CONC]N$ ! PUBLIC WELF>E4 

,H[1 !N1 W\LD SOCIETY MAKE DYNAMIC COLLECTIVE DECISIONS AB\T PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 ASIDE FROM M]E 9DIVIDUAL CONTRACTS8 ,! ONLY COLLECTIVE ALT]NATIVE TO MAJORITY VOT+ AS A MEANS ( DECISION-MAK+ ?AT IS COMMONLY PRES5T$ IS ! PRACTICE ( CONS5SUS4 ,9DE$1 CONS5SUS HAS EV5 BE5 MY/IFI$ BY AV[$ 0AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S10 :O CONSID] ,ICE ,AGE & CONTEMPOR>Y 0PRIMITIVE0 OR 0PRIMAL0 PEOPLES TO CON/ITUTE ! APOGEE ( HUMAN SOCIAL & PSY*IC ATTA9M5T4 ,I DO NOT D5Y ?AT CONS5SUS MAY BE AN APPROPRIATE =M ( DECISION-MAK+ 9 SMALL GR\PS ( PEOPLE :O >E ?OR\<LY FAMILI> ) ONE ANO!R4 ,BUT TO EXAM9E CONS5SUS 9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 MY [N EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ME ?AT :5 L>G] GR\PS TRY TO MAKE DECISIONS BY CONS5SUS1 IT USUALLY OBLIGES !M TO >RIVE AT ! L[E/ COMMON 9TELLECTUAL D5OM9ATOR 9 !IR DECISION-MAK+3 ! LEA/ CONTROV]SIAL OR EV5 ! MO/ M$IOCRE DECISION ?AT A SIZABLE ASSEMBLY ( PEOPLE CAN ATTA9 IS ADOPT$ -- PRECISELY BECAUSE EV]YONE MU/ AGREE ) IT OR ELSE )DRAW FROM VOT+ ON ?AT ISSUE4 ,MORE DI/URB+LY1 ,I HAVE F\ND ?AT IT P]MITS AN 9SIDI\S AU?ORIT>IANISM & GROSS MANIPULATIONS -- EV5 :5 US$ 9 ! NAME ( AUTONOMY OR FRE$OM4 

,TO TAKE A V]Y /RIK+ CASE 9 PO9T3 ! L>GE/ CONS5SUS-BAS$ MOVEM5T 79VOLV+ ?\S&S ( P>TICIPANTS7 9 REC5T MEMORY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS ! ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE1 :I* WAS =M$ TO OPPOSE ! ,SEABROOK NUCLE> REACTOR 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS 9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE4 ,9 H] REC5T /UDY ( ! MOVEM5T1 ,B>B>A ,EP/E9 HAS CALL$ ! ,CLAM%ELL ! 0FIR/ EF=T 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY TO BASE A MASS MOVEM5T ON NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION0 O!R ?AN ! #a#i#fS CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T4 ,AS A RESULT ( ITS APP>5T ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS1 MANY O!R REGIONAL ALLIANCES AGA9/ NUCLE> REACTORS W]E =M$ ?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,I CAN P]SONALLY ATTE/ TO ! FACT ?AT )9 ! ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE1 CONS5SUS WAS FO/]$ BY (T5 CYNICAL ,QUAK]S & BY MEMB]S ( A DUBI\SLY 0AN>*IC0 COMMUNE ?AT WAS LOCAT$ 9 ,MONTAGUE1 ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,?IS SMALL1 TI<TLY KNIT FACTION1 UNIFI$ BY ITS [N HIDD5 AG5DAS1 WAS ABLE TO MANIPULATE MANY ,CLAM%ELL MEMB]S 9TO SUBORD9AT+ !IR GOODWILL & IDEALI/IC COMMITM5TS TO ?OSE OPPORTUNI/IC AG5DAS4 ,! DE FACTO LEAD]S ( ! ,CLAM%ELL OV]RODE ! RI<TS & IDEALS ( ! 9NUM]ABLE 9DIVIDUALS :O 5T]$ IT & UND]M9$ !IR MORALE & WILL4 

,9 ORD] = ?AT CLIQUE TO CREATE FULL CONS5SUS ON A DECISION1 M9ORITY DISS5T]S W]E (T5 SUBTLY URG$ OR PSY*OLOGICALLY CO]C$ TO DECL9E TO VOTE ON A TR\BL+ ISSUE1 9ASMU* AS !IR DISS5T W\LD ESS5TIALLY AM\NT TO A ONE-P]SON VETO4 ,?IS PRACTICE1 CALL$ 0/&+ ASIDE0 9 ,AM]ICAN CONS5SUS PROCESSES1 ALL TOO (T5 9VOLV$ 9TIMIDATION ( ! DISS5T]S1 TO ! PO9T ?AT !Y COMPLETELY )DREW FROM ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS1 RA!R ?AN MAKE AN HONORABLE & CONT9U+ EXPRESSION ( !IR DISS5T BY VOT+1 EV5 AS A M9ORITY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR VIEWS4 ,HAV+ )DRAWN1 !Y CEAS$ TO BE POLITICAL BE+S -- SO ?AT A 0DECISION0 C\LD BE MADE4 ,MORE ?AN ONE 0DECISION0 9 ! ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE WAS MADE BY PRESSUR+ DISS5T]S 9TO SIL5CE &1 ?R\< A *A9 ( SU* 9TIMIDATIONS1 0CONS5SUS0 WAS ULTIMATELY A*IEV$ ONLY AFT] DISS5T+ MEMB]S NULLIFI$ !MSELVES AS P>TICIPANTS 9 ! PROCESS4 

,ON A MORE !ORETICAL LEVEL1 CONS5SUS SIL5C$ ?AT MO/ VITAL ASPECT ( ALL DIALOGUE1 DISS5SUS4 ,! ONGO+ DISS5T1 ! PASSIONATE DIALOGUE ?AT /ILL P]SI/S EV5 AFT] A M9ORITY ACC$ES TEMPOR>ILY TO A MAJORITY DECISION1 WAS REPLAC$ 9 ! ,CLAM%ELL BY DULL MONOLOGUES -- & ! UNCONTROV]T$ & DEAD5+ TONE ( CONS5SUS4 ,9 MAJORITY DECISION-MAK+1 ! DEFEAT$ M9ORITY CAN RESOLVE TO OV]TURN A DECISION ON :I* !Y HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$ -- !Y >E FREE TO OP5LY & P]SI/5TLY >TICULATE REASON$ & POT5TIALLY P]SUASIVE DISAGREEM5TS4 ,CONS5SUS1 = ITS P>T1 HONORS NO M9ORITIES1 BUT MUTES !M 9 FAVOR ( ! METAPHYSICAL 0ONE0 ( ! 0CONS5SUS0 GR\P4 

,! CREATIVE ROLE ( DISS5T1 VALUABLE AS AN ONGO+ DEMOCRATIC PH5OM5ON1 T5DS TO FADE AWAY 9 ! GRAY UNI=MITY REQUIR$ BY CONS5SUS4 ,ANY LIB]T>IAN BODY ( IDEAS ?AT SEEKS TO DISSOLVE HI]>*Y1 CLASSES1 DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION BY ALL[+ EV5 ,M>%ALL'S 0M9ORITY ( ONE0 TO BLOCK DECISION-MAK+ BY ! MAJORITY ( A COMMUNITY1 9DE$1 ( REGIONAL & NATIONWIDE CONF$]ATIONS1 W\LD ESS5TIALLY MUTATE 9TO A ,R\SSEAUEAN 0G5]AL WILL0 ) A NI<TM>E WORLD ( 9TELLECTUAL & PSY*IC CON=MITY4 ,9 MORE GRIPP+ TIMES1 IT C\LD EASILY 0=CE PEOPLE TO BE FREE10 AS ,R\SSEAU PUT IT -- & AS ! ,JACOB9S PRACTIC$ IT 9 #a#g#i#c-#i#d4 

,! DE FACTO LEAD]S ( ! ,CLAM%ELL W]E ABLE TO GET AWAY ) !IR BEHAVIOR PRECISELY BECAUSE ! ,CLAM%ELL WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY ORGANIZ$ & DEMOCRATICALLY /RUCTUR$1 SU* ?AT IT C\LD C\NT]VAIL ! MANIPULATION ( A WELL-ORGANIZ$ FEW4 ,! DE FACTO LEAD]S W]E SUBJECT TO FEW /RUCTURES ( ACC\NTABILITY = !IR ACTIONS4 ,! EASE ) :I* !Y CANNILY US$ CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ = !IR [N 5DS HAS BE5 ONLY P>TLY TOLD1#f BUT CONS5SUS PRACTICES F9ALLY %IPWRECK$ ?IS L>GE & EXCIT+ ORGANIZATION ) ITS ,R\SSEAUEAN 0REPUBLIC ( VIRTUE40 ,IT WAS ALSO RU9$1 ,I MAY ADD1 BY AN ORGANIZATIONAL LAXITY ?AT P]MITT$ M]E PASS]SBY TO P>TICIPATE 9 DECISION-MAK+1 !REBY DE/RUCTUR+ ! ORGANIZATION TO ! PO9T ( 9V]TEBRACY4 ,IT WAS = GOOD REASON ?AT ,I & MANY Y\NG AN>*I/S FROM ,V]MONT :O HAD ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,ALLIANCE = SOME FEW YE>S CAME TO VIEW CONS5SUS AS ANA!MA4 

,IF CONS5SUS C\LD BE A*IEV$ )\T COMPULSION ( DISS5T]S1 A PROCESS ?AT IS FEASIBLE 9 SMALL GR\PS1 :O C\LD POSSIBLY OPPOSE IT AS A DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS8 ,BUT TO R$UCE A LIB]T>IAN IDEAL TO ! UNCONDITIONAL RI<T ( A M9ORITY -- LET ALONE A 0M9ORITY ( ONE0 -- TO ABORT A DECISION BY A 0COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS0 IS TO /IFLE ! DIALECTIC ( IDEAS ?AT ?RIVES ON OPPOSITION1 CONFRONTATION &1 YES1 DECISIONS ) :I* EV]YONE NE$ NOT AGREE & %\LD NOT AGREE1 LE/ SOCIETY BECOME AN IDEOLOGICAL CEMET]Y4 ,:I* IS NOT TO D5Y DISS5T]S EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO REV]SE MAJORITY DECISIONS BY UNIMPAIR$ DISCUSSION & ADVOCACY4 

,I,I,I 

,I HAVE DWELL$ ON CONS5SUS AT SOME L5G? BECAUSE IT CON/ITUTES ! USUAL 9DIVIDUALI/IC ALT]NATIVE TO DEMOCRACY1 SO COMMONLY C\NT]POS$ AS 0NO RULE0 -- OR A FREE-FLOAT+ =M ( P]SONAL AUTONOMY -- AGA9/ MAJORITY 0RULE40 ,9ASMU* AS LIB]T>IAN IDEAS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,BRITA9 >E 9CREAS+LY DRIFT+ T[>D AFFIRMATIONS ( P]SONAL AUTONOMY1 ! *ASM BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & ANTI/ATI/ COLLECTIVISM IS BECOM+ UNBRIDGEABLE1 9 MY VIEW4 ,A P]SONALI/IC AN>*ISM HAS TAK5 DEEP ROOT AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE TODAY4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y 9CREAS+LY USE ! WORD 0AN>*Y0 TO EXPRESS NOT ONLY A P]SONALI/IC /ANCE1 BUT ALSO AN ANTIRATIONAL1 MY/ICAL1 ANTITE*NOLOGICAL & ANTICIVILIZATIONAL BODY ( VIEWS ?AT MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = AN>*I/S :O AN*OR !IR IDEAS 9 SOCIALISM TO APPLY ! WORD 0AN>*I/0 TO !MSELVES )\T A QUALIFY+ ADJECTIVE4 ,H[>D ,EHRLI*1 ONE ( \R ABLE/ & MO/ CONC]N$ ,AM]ICAN COMRADES1 USES ! PHRASE 0SOCIAL AN>*ISM0 AS ! TITLE ( HIS MAGAZ9E1 APP>5TLY TO DI/+UI% HIS VIEWS FROM AN AN>*ISM ?AT IS IDEOLOGICALLY AN*OR$ 9 LIB]ALISM & POSSIBLY WORSE4 

,I W\LD LIKE TO SUGGE/ ?AT F> MORE ?AN A QUALIFY+ ADJECTIVE IS NE$$ IF WE >E TO ELABORATE \R NOTION ( FRE$OM MORE EXPANSIVELY4 ,IT W\LD BE UN=TUNATE 9DE$ IF LIB]T>IANS TODAY HAD TO LIT]ALLY EXPLA9 ?AT !Y BELIEVE 9 A SOCIETY1 NOT A M]E COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS6 ,A C5TURY AGO1 ?IS BELIEF WAS PRESUPPOS$2 TODAY1 SO MU* HAS BE5 /RIPP$ AWAY FROM ! COLLECTIVI/IC FLE% ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM ?AT IT IS ON ! V]GE ( BECOM+ A P]SONAL LIFE-/AGE = ADOLESC5TS & A FAD = !IR MIDDLE-AG$ M5TORS1 A R\TE TO 0SELF-REALIZATION0 & ! SEEM+LY 0RADICAL0 EQUIVAL5T ( 5C\NT] GR\PS4 

,TODAY1 !RE MU/ BE A PLACE ON ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM :]E A BODY ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ?\<T ?AT ADVANCES HUMANITY'S BITT] /RUGGLE TO >RIVE AT ! REALIZATION ( ITS AU!NTIC SOCIAL LIFE -- ! FAM\S 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES0 -- CAN BE CLE>LY >TICULAT$ 9/ITUTIONALLY AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICALLY4 ,!RE MU/ BE A MEANS BY :I* SOCIALLY CONC]N$ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS CAN DEVELOP A PROGRAM & A PRACTICE = ATTEMPT+ TO *ANGE ! WORLD1 NOT M]ELY !IR PSY*ES4 ,!RE MU/ BE AN >5A ( /RUGGLE ?AT CAN MOBILIZE PEOPLE1 HELP !M TO $UCATE !MSELVES & DEVELOP AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICS1 TO USE ?IS WORD 9 ITS CLASSICAL MEAN+1 9DE$ ?AT PITS A NEW PUBLIC SPH]E AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & CAPITALISM4 

,9 %ORT1 WE MU/ RECOV] NOT ONLY ! SOCIALI/ DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM BUT ITS POLITICAL DIM5SION3 DEMOCRACY4 ,B]EFT ( ITS DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION & ITS COMMUNAL OR MUNICIPAL PUBLIC SPH]E1 AN>*ISM MAY 9DE$ D5OTE LITTLE MORE ?AN A 0COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 NO MORE & NO LESS40 ,EV5 AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 AL?\< IT IS BY F> ! MO/ PREF]ABLE ( ADJECTIVAL MODIFICATIONS ( ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL1 NONE!LESS RETA9S A /RUCTURAL VAGU5ESS ?AT TELLS US NO?+ AB\T ! 9/ITUTIONS NECESS>Y TO EXP$ITE A COMMUNI/IC DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS4 ,IT SPELLS \T A BROAD GOAL1 A DESID]ATUM -- ONE1 ALAS1 T]RIBLY T>NI%$ BY ! ASSOCIATION ( 0COMMUNISM0 ) ,BOL%EVISM & ! /ATE -- BUT ITS PUBLIC SPH]E & =MS ( 9/ITUTIONAL ASSOCIATION REMA9 UNCLE> AT BE/ & SUSCEPTIBLE TO A TOTALIT>IAN ONUS AT WOR/4 

,I WI% TO PROPOSE ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC & POT5TIALLY PRACTICABLE DIM5SION ( ! LIB]T>IAN GOAL BE EXPRESS$ AS ,COMMUNALISM1 A T]M ?AT1 UNLIKE POLITICAL T]MS ?AT ONCE /OOD UNEQUIVOCALLY = RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE1 HAS NOT BE5 HI/ORICALLY SULLI$ BY ABUSE4 ,EV5 ORD9>Y DICTION>Y DEF9ITIONS ( ,COMMUNALISM1 ,I SUBMIT1 CAPTURE TO A GREAT DEGREE ! VISION ( A 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES0 ?AT IS BE+ LO/ BY CURR5T ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN TR5DS ?AT CELEBRATE AN>*Y V>I\SLY AS 0*AOS10 AS A MY/ICAL 0ON5ESS0 ) 0NATURE10 AS SELF-FULFILLM5T OR AS 0EC/ASY10 BUT ABOVE ALL AS P]SONALI/IC4#g 

,COMMUNALISM IS DEF9$ AS 0A !ORY OR SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T .<SIC6.> 9 :I* VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S .<SIC6.> LOCAL COMMUNITIES >E LOOSELY 9 A F$]ATION40#h ,NO ,5GLI% DICTION>Y IS V]Y SOPHI/ICAT$ POLITICALLY4 ,?IS USE ( ! T]MS 0GOV]NM5T0 & 0AUTONOM\S0 DOES NOT COMMIT US TO AN ACCEPTANCE ( ! ,/ATE & P>O*IALISM1 LET ALONE 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,FUR!R1 F$]ATION IS (T5 SYNONYM\S ) CONF$]ATION1 ! T]M ,I REG>D AS MORE CONSI/5T ) ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4 ,:AT IS REM>KABLE AB\T ?IS 7AS YET7 UNSULLI$ T]M IS ITS EXTRAORD9>Y PROXIMITY TO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ! POLITICAL DIM5SION ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT ,I HAVE ADVANC$ AT L5G? ELSE:]E4 

,9 ,COMMUNALISM1 LIB]T>IANS HAVE AN AVAILABLE WORD ?AT !Y CAN 5RI* AS MU* BY EXP]I5CE AS BY !ORY4 ,MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! WORD CAN EXPRESS NOT ONLY :AT WE >E AGA9/1 BUT ALSO :AT WE >E =1 NAMELY ! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & A LIB]T>IAN =M ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS A WORD ?AT IS MEANT = A PRACTICE ?AT CAN TE> D[N ! <ETTO WALLS ?AT >E 9CREAS+LY IMPRISON+ AN>*ISM 9 CULTURAL EXOTICA & PSY*OLOGICAL 9TROV]SION4 ,IT /&S 9 EXPLICIT OPPOSITION TO ! SUFFOCAT+ 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT SITS SO COM=TABLY SIDE-BY-SIDE ) B\RGEOIS SELF-C5T]$NESS & A MORAL RELATIVISM ?AT R5D]S ANY SOCIAL ACTION IRRELEVANT1 9DE$1 9/ITUTIONALLY MEAN+LESS4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM--OR ,COMMUNALISM1 AS ,I HAVE CALL$ IT H]E--IS A DEVELOP+ \TLOOK1 A POLITICS ?AT SEEKS ULTIMATELY TO A*IEVE ! 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES40 ,AS SU*1 IT TRIES TO PROVIDE A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC CONF$]AL ALT]NATIVE TO ! /ATE & TO A C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,TO *ALL5GE ! VALIDITY ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 AS MANY LIB]ALS & ECOSOCIALI/S HAVE1 ON ! PREMISE ?AT ! SIZE ( EXI/+ URBAN 5TITIES RAISES AN 9SURM\NTABLE LOGI/ICAL OB/ACLES TO ITS SUCCESSFUL PRACTICE IS TO TURN IT 9TO A *ESS 0/RATEGY0 & FREEZE IT )9 ! GIV5 CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY1 !N TALLY UP DEBITS & CR$ITS TO DET]M9E ITS POT5TIAL = 0SUCCESS10 0EFFECTIV5ESS10 0HI< LEVELS ( P>TICIPATION10 & ! LIKE4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT A =M ( SOCIAL BOOKKEEP+ = CONDITIONS AS !Y >E BUT RA!R A TRANS=MATIVE PROCESS ?AT />TS ) :AT CAN BE *ANG$ )9 PRES5T CONDITIONS AS A VALID PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A*IEV+ :AT %\LD BE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ABOVE ALL A POLITICS1 TO USE ?IS WORD 9 ITS ORIG9AL ,HELL5IC S5SE1 ?AT IS 5GAG$ 9 ! PROCESS ( REMAK+ :AT >E N[ CALL$ 0ELECTORAL CON/ITU5TS0 OR 0TAXPAY]S0 9TO ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 & ( REMAK+ :AT >E N[ URBAN CONGLOM]ATIONS 9TO G5U9E COMMUNITIES RELAT$ TO EA* O!R ?R\< CONF$]ATIONS ?AT W\LD C\NT]VAIL & ULTIMATELY *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE4 ,TO SEE IT O!RWISE IS TO R$UCE ?IS MULTIFACET$1 PROCESSUAL DEVELOPM5T TO A C>ICATURE4 ,NOR IS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9T5D$ AS A SUB/ITUTE = ASSOCIATION AS SU*--= ! FAMILIAL & ECONOMIC ASPECTS ( LIFE--)\T :I* HUMAN EXI/5CE IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 ANY SOCIETY4#i ,IT IS RA!R AN \TLOOK & A DEVELOP+ PRACTICE = RECOV]+ & 5L>G+ ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE :AT IS N[ A DECL9+ PUBLIC SPH]E1 ONE ?AT ! /ATE HAS 9VAD$ & 9 MANY CASES VIRTUALLY ELIM9AT$4#a ,IF ! L>GE SIZE ( MUNICIPAL 5TITIES & ! DECL9E ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E >E ACCEPT$ AS UNALT]ABLE GIV5S1 !N WE >E LEFT ) NO HOPE BUT TO WORK ) ! GIV5 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY--9 :I* CASE1 AN>*I/S MI<T AS WELL JO9 ) SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS 7AS QUITE A FEW HAVE1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES7 TO WORK ) & M]ELY MODIFY ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 ! M>KET1 & A COMMODITY SY/EM ( RELATION%IPS4 ,9DE$1 ON ! BASIS ( SU* COMMONS5SICAL REASON+1 A F> /RONG] >GUM5T C\LD BE MADE = PRES]V+ ! /ATE1 ! M>KET1 ! USE ( MONEY1 & GLOBAL CORPORATIONS ?AN C\LD BE MADE M]ELY = DEC5TRALIZ+ URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS4 ,9 FACT1 MANY URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS >E ALREADY GROAN+ PHYSICALLY & LOGI/ICALLY UND] ! BURD5 ( !IR SIZE & >E RECON/ITUT+ !MSELVES 9TO SATELLITE CITIES BE=E \R V]Y EYES1 EV5 ?\< !IR POPULATIONS & PHYSICAL JURISDICTIONS >E /ILL GR\P$ UND] ! NAME ( A S+LE METROPOLIS4 

,/RANGELY1 MANY LIFE-/YLE AN>*I/S1 :O1 LIKE ,NEW ,AGE VISION>IES1 HAVE A REM>KABLE ABILITY TO IMAG9E *ANG+ EV]Y?+ T5D TO RAISE /RONG OBJECTIONS :5 !Y >E ASK$ TO ACTUALLY *ANGE ANY?+ 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY--EXCEPT TO CULTIVATE GREAT] 0SELF-EXPRESSION10 HAVE MORE MY/ICAL REV]IES1 & TURN !IR AN>*ISM 9TO AN >T =M1 RETREAT+ 9TO SOCIAL QUIETISM4 ,:5 CRITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM BEMOAN ! PROHIBITIVELY L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O >E LIKELY TO ATT5D MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES OR FUNCTION AS ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS 9 !M--& QUE/ION H[ 0PRACTICAL0 SU* ASSEMBLIES C\LD BE--9 L>GE CITIES LIKE ,NEW ,YORK1 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 & ,TOKYO1 MAY ,I SUGGE/ ?AT A ,COMMUNALI/ APPROA* RAISES ! ISSUE ( :E!R WE CAN 9DE$ *ANGE ! EXI/+ SOCIETY AT ALL & A*IEVE ! 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES40 

,IF SU* A ,COMMUNALI/ APPROA* SEEMS T]RIBLY =MIDABLE1 ,I CAN ONLY SUSPECT ?AT = LIFE-/YLE AN>*I/S ! BATTLE IS ALREADY LO/4 ,= MY P>T1 IF AN>*Y CAME TO MEAN LITTLE MORE ?AN AN ES!TICS ( 0SELF-CULTIVATION10 AN TITILLAT+ RIOT1 SPRAYCAN GRAFFITI1 OR ! H]OICS ( P]SONALI/IC ACTS N\RI%$ BY A SELF-9DULG5T 0IMAG9>Y10 ,I W\LD HAVE LITTLE 9 COMMON ) IT4 ,!ATRICAL P]SONALISM BECAME TOO MU* 9 /YLE :5 ! SIXTIES C\NT]CULTURE TURN$ 9TO ! SEV5TIES ,NEW ,AGE CULTURE--& BECAME A MODEL = B\RGEOIS FA%ION DESIGN]S & B\TIQUES4 

,I,V 

,AN>*ISM IS ON ! RETREAT TODAY4 ,IF WE FAIL TO ELABORATE ! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM1 WE WILL MISS ! OPPORTUNITY NOT ONLY TO =M A VITAL MOVEM5T1 BUT TO PREP>E PEOPLE = A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL PRAXIS 9 ! FUTURE4 ,ALAS1 WE >E WITNESS+ ! APPALL+ DESICCATION ( A GREAT TRADITION1 SU* ?AT NEO-,SITUATIONI/S1 NIHILI/S1 PRIMITIVI/S1 ANTIRATIONALI/S1 ANTICIVILIZATIONI/S & AV[$ 0*AOTICS0 >E CLOSET+ !MSELVES 9 !IR EGOS1 R$UC+ ANY?+ RESEMBL+ PUBLIC POLITICAL ACTIVITY TO JUV5ILE ANTICS4 

,NONE ( :I* IS TO D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( A LIB]T>IAN CULTURE1 ONE ?AT IS ES!TIC1 PLAYFUL1 & BROADLY IMAG9ATIVE4 ,! AN>*I/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY & P>T ( ! PRES5T ONE JU/IFIABLY TOOK PRIDE 9 ! FACT ?AT MANY 9NOVATIVE >TI/S1 P>TICUL>LY PA9T]S & NOVELI/S1 ALIGN$ !MSELVES ) AN>*IC VIEWS ( REALITY & MORALITY4 ,BUT BEHAVIOR ?AT V]GES ON A MY/IFICATION ( CRIM9ALITY1 ASOCIALITY1 9TELLECTUAL 9COH]5CE1 ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM & DISORD] = ITS [N SAKE IS SIMPLY LUMP54 ,IT FE$S ON ! DREGS ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,H[EV] MU* SU* BEHAVIOR 9VOKES ! 0RI<TS0 ( ! EGO AS IT DISSOLVES ! POLITICAL 9TO ! P]SONAL OR 9FLATES ! P]SONAL 9TO A TRANSC5D5TAL CATEGORY1 IT IS A PRIORI 9 ! S5SE ?AT HAS NO ORIG9S \TSIDE ! M9D TO EV5 POT5TIALLY SUPPORT IT4 ,AS ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ REPEAT$LY1 9DIVIDUALITY HAS NEV] EXI/$ AP>T FROM SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL'S [N EVOLUTION HAS BE5 COEXT5SIVE ) SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,TO SPEAK ( 0,! ,9DIVIDUAL0 AP>T FROM ITS SOCIAL ROOTS & SOCIAL 9VOLVEM5TS IS AS MEAN+LESS AS TO SPEAK ( A SOCIETY ?AT CONTA9S NO PEOPLE OR 9/ITUTIONS4 

,M]ELY TO EXI/1 9/ITUTIONS MU/ HAVE =M1 AS ,I >GU$ SOME ?IRTY YE>S AGO 9 MY ESSAY 0,! ,=MS ( ,FRE$OM10 LE/ FRE$OM ITSELF -- 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL -- LOSE ITS DEF9ABILITY4 ,9/ITUTIONS MU/ BE R5D]$ FUNCTIONAL1 NOT AB/RACT$ 9TO ,KANTIAN CATEGORIES ?AT FLOAT 9 A R>EFI$ ACADEMIC AIR4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE ! TANGIBILITY ( /RUCTURE1 H[EV] (F5SIVE A T]M LIKE /RUCTURE MAY BE TO 9DIVIDUALI/ LIB]T>IANS3 CONCRETELY1 !Y MU/ HAVE ! MEANS1 POLICIES & EXP]IM5TAL PRAXIS TO >RIVE AT DECISIONS4 ,UNLESS EV]YONE IS TO BE SO PSY*OLOGICALLY HOMOG5E\S & SOCIETY'S 9T]E/S SO UNI=M 9 *>ACT] ?AT DISS5T IS SIMPLY MEAN+LESS1 !RE MU/ BE ROOM = CONFLICT+ PROPOSALS1 DISCUSSION1 RATIONAL EXPLICATION & MAJORITY DECISIONS -- 9 %ORT1 DEMOCRACY4 

,LIKE IT OR NOT1 SU* A DEMOCRACY1 IF IT IS LIB]T>IAN1 WILL BE ,COMMUNALI/ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT IS FACE-TO-FACE1 DIRECT1 & GRASSROOTS1 A DEMOCRACY ?AT ADVANCES \R IDEAS BEYOND NEGATIVE LIB]TY TO POSITIVE LIB]TY4 ,A ,COMMUNALI/ DEMOCRACY OBLIGES US TO DEVELOP A PUBLIC SPH]E -- & 9 ! ,A!NIAN MEAN+ ( ! T]M1 A POLITICS -- ?AT GR[S 9 T5SION & ULTIMATELY 9 A DECISIVE CONFLICT ) ! ,/ATE4 

,CONF$]AL1 ANTIHI]>*ICAL1 & COLLECTIVI/1 BAS$ ON ! MUNICIPAL MANAGEM5T ( ! MEANS ( LIFE RA!R ?AN !IR CONTROL BY VE/$ 9T]E/S 7SU* AS WORK]S' CONTROL1 PRIVATE CONTROL1 & MORE DANG]\SLY1 ,/ATE CONTROL71 IT MAY JU/LY BE REG>D$ AS ! PROCESSUAL ACTUALIZATION ( ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL AS A DAILY PRAXIS4#i 

,! FACT ?AT A ,COMMUNALI/ POLITICS 5TAILS P>TICIPATION 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS -- BAS$1 TO BE SURE1 ON AN UNYIELD+ PROGRAM ?AT DEM&S ! =MATION ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & !IR CONF$]ATION -- DOES NOT MEAN ?AT 5TRY 9TO EXI/+ VILLAGE1 T[N & CITY C\NCILS 9VOLVES P>TICIPATION 9 /ATE ORGANS1 ANY MORE ?AN E/ABLI%+ AN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNION 9 A PRIVATELY [N$ FACTORY 9VOLVES P>TICIPATION 9 CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY TURN TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#i#d TO SEE H[ SEEM+LY /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 LIKE ! MUNICIPAL 0DI/RICTS0 E/ABLI%$ UND] ! MON>*Y 9 #a<i TO EXP$ITE ELECTIONS TO ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL1 W]E TRANS=M$ F\R YE>S LAT] 9TO L>GELY REVOLUTION>Y BODIES1 OR 0SECTIONS10 ?AT NE>LY GAVE RISE TO ! 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES40 ,!IR MOVEM5T = A SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY WAS DEFEAT$ DUR+ ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JUNE #b1 #agic -- NOT AT ! H&S ( ! MON>*Y1 BUT BY ! TREA*]Y ( ! ,JACOB9S4 

,CAPITALISM WILL NOT G5]\SLY PROVIDE US ! POPUL> DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS WE NE$4 ,ITS CONTROL OV] SOCIETY TODAY IS UBIQUIT\S1 NOT ONLY 9 :AT LITTLE REMA9S ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 BUT 9 ! M9DS ( MANY SELF-/YL$ RADICALS4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE MU/ EI!R ASS]T !IR CONTROL OV] 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E BASIC TO !IR PUBLIC LIVES -- :I* ,BAKUN9 CORRECTLY P]CEIV$ TO BE !IR MUNICIPAL C\NCILS -- OR ELSE !Y WILL HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO )DRAW 9TO !IR PRIVATE LIVES1 AS IS ALREADY HAPP5+ ON AN EPIDEMIC SCALE TODAY4#a ,IT W\LD BE IRONIC1 9DE$1 IF AN 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM & ITS V>I\S MUTATIONS1 FROM ! ACADEMIC & TRANSC5D5TALLY MORAL TO ! *AOTIC & ! LUMP51 9 ! C\RSE ( REJECT+ DEMOCRACY EV5 = 0A M9ORITY ( ONE10 W]E TO FUR!R RAISE ! WALLS ( DOGMA ?AT >E /EADILY GR[+ >\ND ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL1 & IF1 WITT+LY OR NOT1 AN>*ISM W]E TO TURN 9TO ANO!R N>CISSI/IC CULT ?AT SNUGLY FITS 9TO AN ALI5AT$1 COMMODIFI$1 9TROV]T$ & EGOC5TRIC SOCIETY4 

-- ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #aiid 

#a ,L4 ,SUSAN ,BR[N3 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,9DIVIDUALISM 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#c71 P4 #a#b4 ,I DO NOT QUE/ION ! S9C]ITY ( ,BR[N'S LIB]T>IAN VIEWS2 %E REG>DS H]SELF AS AN AN>*O-COMMUNI/1 AS DO ,I4 ,BUT %E MAKES NO DIRECT ATTEMPT TO RECONCILE H] 9DIVIDUALI/IC VIEWS ) COMMUNISM 9 ANY =M4 ,BO? ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 W\LD HAVE /RONGLY DISAGRE$ ) H] =MULATION ( :AT CON/ITUTES 0A GR\P10 :ILE ,M>G>ET ,?AT*]1 CLE>LY = REASONS ( H] [N1 MI<T BE RA!R PLEAS$ ) IT1 S9CE IT IS SO AK9 TO ! =M] ,BRITI% PRIME M9I/]'S NOTORI\S /ATEM5T ?AT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS SOCIETY -- !RE >E ONLY 9DIVIDUALS4 ,C]TA9LY ,BR[N IS NOT A ,?AT*]ITE1 NOR ,?AT*] AN AN>*I/1 BUT H[EV] DIFF]5T !Y MAY BE 9 O!R RESPECTS1 BO? HAVE IDEOLOGICAL FILIATIONS ) CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM ?AT MAKE !IR %>$ AFFIRMATIONS ( ! 0AUTONOMY0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL POSSIBLE4 ,I CANNOT IGNORE ! FACT1 H[EV]1 ?AT NEI!R ,BAKUN9'S1 ,KROPOTK9'S NOR MY [N VIEWS >E TREAT$ ) ANY DEP? 9 ,BR[N'S BOOK 7PP4 #a#e#f-#f#b71 & H] ACC\NT ( !M IS FILL$ ) S]I\S 9ACCURACIES4 

#b ,LIB]ALS W]E NOT ALWAYS 9 ACCORD ) EA* O!R NOR DID !Y HOLD NOTABLY COH]5T DOCTR9ES4 ,MILL1 A FREE-?9K+ HUMANIT>IAN & UTILIT>IAN1 9 FACT EXHIBIT$ A MEASURE ( SYMPA?Y = SOCIALISM4 ,I AM NOT S+L+ \T H]E ANY P>TICUL> LIB]AL !ORI/1 BE HE ,MILL1 ,ADAM ,SMI? OR ,FRI$RI* ,HAYEK4 ,EA* HAD OR HAS HIS OR H] 9DIVIDUAL ECC5TRICITY OR P]SONAL L9E ( ?\<T4 ,I AM SPEAK+ ( TRADITIONAL LIB]ALISM AS A :OLE1 :OSE G5]AL FEATURES 9VOLVE A BELIEF 9 ! 0LAWS0 ( ! M>KETPLACE & 0FREE0 COMPETITION4 ,M>X WAS BY NO MEANS FREE ( ?IS 9FLU5CE3 HE1 TOO1 UNREL5T+LY TRI$ TO DISCOV] 0LAWS0 ( SOCIETY1 AS DID MANY SOCIALI/S DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY1 9CLUD+ UTOPIANS LIKE ,*>LES ,F\RI]4 

#c ,SEE ,KROPOTK9'S 0,AN>*ISM10 ! FAM\S ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA >TICLE ?AT BECAME ONE ( HIS MO/ WIDELY READ WORKS4 ,REPUBLI%$ 9 ,ROG] ,N4 ,BALDW91 $41 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS3 ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,WRIT+S BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,DOV]1 #a#i#g74 

#d ,I HAVE NEV] REG>D$ ! CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY AS A 0MODEL0 OR AN 0IDEAL0 TO BE RE/OR$ 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,I HAVE LONG CIT$ ,A!NS ) ADMIRATION = ONE REASON3 ! POLIS >\ND ,P]ICLEAN TIMES PROVIDES US ) /RIK+ EVID5CE ?AT C]TA9 /RUCTURES CAN EXI/ -- POLICY-MAK+ BY AN ASSEMBLY1 ROTATION & LIMITATION ( PUBLIC (FICES & DEF5SE BY A NONPR(ESSIONAL >M$ CITIZ5RY4 ,! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD ( ! FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C4,E4 WAS L>GELY BAS$ ON MON>*ICAL AU?ORITY & REPRESSIVE CU/OM4 ,?AT ALL ,M$IT]RANEAN SOCIETIES ( ?AT TIME REQUIR$ OR EMPLOY$ PATRI>*Y1 SLAV]Y & ! ,/ATE 7USUALLY 9 AN ABSOLUTI/ =M7 MAKES ! ,A!NIAN EXP]I5CE ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE = :AT IT UNIQUELY 9TRODUC$ 9TO SOCIAL LIFE1 9CLUD+ AN UNPREC$5T$ DEGREE ( FREE EXPRESSION4 ,IT W\LD BE NAIVE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ,A!NS C\LD HAVE RIS5 ABOVE ! MO/ BASIC ATTRIBUTES ( ANCI5T SOCIETY 9 ITS DAY1 :I*1 FROM A DI/ANCE ( #b1#d YE>S WE N[ HAVE ! PRIVILEGE ( JUDG+ AS UGLY & 9HUMAN4 ,REGRETTABLY1 NO SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE TODAY >E WILL+ TO JUDGE ! PA/ BY ! PRES5T4 

#e ,PET] ,M>%ALL1 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON3 ,H>P],COLL9S1 #a#i#i#b71 P4 #b#b4 

#f ,B>B>A ,EP/E91 ,POLITICAL ,PROTE/ & ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION3 ,NON-,VIOL5T ,DIRECT ,ACTION 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS 7,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a71 ESPECIALLY PP4 #e#i1 #g#h1 #h#i1 #i#d-#i#e1 #a#f#g-#f#h1 #a#g#g4 ,AL?\< ,I DISAGREE ) SOME ( ! FACTS & CONCLUSIONS 9 ,EP/E9'S BOOK -- BAS$ ON MY P]SONAL AS WELL AS G5]AL KN[L$GE ( ! ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE -- %E VIVIDLY PORTRAYS ! FAILURE ( CONS5SUS 9 ?IS MOVEM5T4 

#g ,! ASSOCIATION ( 0*AOS10 0NOMADISM10 & 0CULTURAL T]RORISM0 ) 0ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y0 7AS ?\< ! B\RGEOISIE HAD NOT TURN$ SU* ANTICS 9TO AN 0EC/ASY 9DU/RY0 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 IS FULLY EXPLICAT$ 9 ,HAKIM ,BEY'S 7A4K4A4 ,PET] ,LAMBORN ,WILSON7 ,T4,A4,Z43 ,! ,TEMPOR>Y ,AUTONOM\S ,ZONE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,AUTONOM$IA1 #a#i#h#e74 ,! ,YUPPIE ,:OLE ,E>? ,REVIEW CELEBRATES ?IS PAMPHLET AS ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL & WIDELY READ 0MANIFE/O0 ( ,AM]ICA'S C\NT]CULTURAL Y\?1 NOT+ ) APPROVAL ?AT IT IS HAPPILY FREE ( CONV5TIONAL AN>*I/ ATTACKS UPON CAPITALISM4 ,?IS K9D ( DETRITUS FROM ! #a#i#fS IS E*O$ 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R BY MO/ ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ NEWS%EETS ?AT P&] TO Y\? :O HAVE NOT YET 0HAD !IR FUN BE=E IT IS TIME TO GR[ UP0 7A COMM5T ,I HE>D YE>S LAT] FROM ,P>ISIAN /UD5T ACTIVI/S ( '#f#h7 & BECOME REAL E/ATE AG5TS & ACC\NTANTS4 

,= AN 0EC/ATIC EXP]I5CE10 VISITORS TO ,NEW ,YORK'S ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE 7NE> ,/4 ,M>K'S ,PLACE7 CAN D9E1 ,I AM TOLD1 AT ,AN>*Y ,CAFE4 ,?IS E/ABLI%M5T (F]S F9E D9+ FROM AN EXP5SIVE M5U1 A REPRODUCTION ( ! FAM\S MURAL ,! ,F\R? ,E/ATE ON ! WALL1 P]HAPS TO AID 9 DIGE/ION1 & A MAITRE D' TO GREET ,YUPPIE CU/OM]S4 ,I CANNOT ATTE/ TO :E!R ! WRIT+S ( ,GUY ,DEBORD1 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM1 ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN & ,HAKIM ,BEY >E ON SALE !RE OR :E!R COPIES ( ,AN>*Y3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,DESIRE ,>M$1 ,! ,FIF? ,E/ATE OR ,DEMOLITION ,D]BY >E AVAILABLE = P]USAL1 BUT HAPPILY !RE >E 5\< EXOTIC BOOK/ORES NE>BY TO BUY !M4 

#h ,QUOT$ FROM ,! ,AM]ICAN ,H]ITAGE ,DICTION>Y ( ! ,5GLI% ,LANGUAGE 7,BO/ON3 ,H\<TON ,MIFFL9 ,CO41 #a#i#g#h74 

#i ,HI/ORY PROVIDES NO 0MODEL0 = LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 BE IT ,P]ICLEAN ,A!NS1 OR A TRIBE1 VILLAGE1 T[N1 OR CITY--OR A HIPPIE COMMUNE OR ,BUDDHI/ A%RAM4 ,NOR IS ! 0AFF9ITY GR\P0 A MODEL--! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S US$ ?IS WORD 9T]*ANGEABLY ) 0ACTION GR\P0 TO REF] TO AN ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT = ! ,F,A,I1 NOT TO ! 9/ITUTIONAL BASIS = A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

#a ,A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! SOCIAL DOMA91 :I* 9CLUDES ! WAYS 9 :I* WE ASSOCIATE = P]SONAL & ECONOMIC 5DS2 ! PUBLIC SPH]E OR POLITICAL DOMA92 & ! /ATE 9 ALL ITS PHASES & =MS ( DEVELOPM5T CAN BE F\ND 9 MY BOOK ,URBANIZATION ,)\T ,CITIES 7#a#i#h#g2 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#b74 

#aa ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT ,I AM NOT C\NT]POS+ A ,COMMUNALI/ DEMOCRACY TO SU* 5T]PRISES AS COOP]ATIVES1 PEOPLE'S CL9ICS1 COMMUNES1 & ! LIKE4 ,BUT !RE %\LD BE NO ILLUSIONS ?AT SU* 5T]PRISES >E MORE ?AN EX]CISES 9 POPUL> CONTROL & WAYS ( BR++ PEOPLE TOGE!R 9 A HI<LY ATOMIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,NO FOOD COOP]ATIVE CAN REPLACE GIANT RETAIL FOOD M>KETS UND] CAPITALISM & NO CL9IC CAN REPLACE HOSPITAL COMPLEXES1 ANY MORE ?AN A CRAFT %OP CAN REPLACE FACTORIES OR PLANTS4 ,I %\LD OBS]VE ?AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 ALMO/ FROM !IR 9CEPTION1 TOOK FULL NOTE ( ! LIMITS ( ! COOP]ATIVI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#h#hS1 :5 SU* MOVEM5TS W]E 9 FACT MORE FEASIBLE ?AN !Y >E TODAY1 & !Y SIGNIFICANTLY SEP>AT$ !MSELVES FROM COOP]ATIVISM PROGRAMMATICALLY4 

#ab ,= ,BAKUN91 ! PEOPLE 0HAVE A HEAL?Y1 PRACTICAL COMMON S5SE :5 IT COMES TO COMMUNAL AFFAIRS4 ,!Y >E FAIRLY WELL 9=M$ & KN[ H[ TO SELECT FROM !IR MID/ ! MO/ CAPABLE (FICIALS4 ,?IS IS :Y MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ALWAYS BE/ REFLECT ! REAL ATTITUDE & WILL ( ! PEOPLE40 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 $4 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#g#b2 REPUBLI%$ BY ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS3 ,MONTREAL71 P4 #b#b#c4 ,I HAVE OMITT$ ! QUEASY 9T]POLATIONS ?AT ,DOLG(F 9S]T$ TO 0MODIFY0 ,BAKUN9'S MEAN+4 ,IT MAY BE WELL TO NOTE ?AT AN>*ISM 9 ! LA/ C5TURY WAS MORE PLA/IC & FLEXIBLE ?AN IT IS TODAY4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #aiid 3 ,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNALISM8 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,DIM5SION ,( ,AN>*ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNALISM8 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,DIM5SION ,( ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNALISM8 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,DIM5SION ,( ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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