,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #b 
,PROP]TY ,CONSID]$ ,AS ,A ,NATURAL ,RI<T4 -- ,OCCUPATION ,& ,CIVIL ,LAW ,AS ,EFFICI5T ,BASES ,( ,PROP]TY4 ,DEF9ITIONS 

#ahdahd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

 ,*APT] ,I,I4 ,PROP]TY ,CONSID]$ ,AS ,A ,NATURAL ,RI<T4 -- ,OCCUPATION ,& ,CIVIL ,LAW ,AS ,EFFICI5T ,BASES ,( ,PROP]TY4 ,DEF9ITIONS4 

,! ,ROMAN LAW DEF9$ PROP]TY AS ! RI<T TO USE & ABUSE ONE'S [N )9 ! LIMITS ( ! LAW -- JUS UT5DI ET ABUT5DI RE SUA1 GUAT5US JURIS RATIO PATITUR4 ,A JU/IFICATION ( ! WORD ABUSE HAS BE5 ATTEMPT$1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT IT SIGNIFIES1 NOT S5SELESS & IMMORAL ABUSE1 BUT ONLY ABSOLUTE DOMA94 ,VA9 DI/9CTION6 9V5T$ AS AN EXCUSE = PROP]TY1 & P[]LESS AGA9/ ! FR5ZY ( POSSESSION1 :I* IT NEI!R PREV5TS NOR REPRESSES4 ,! PROPRIETOR MAY1 IF HE *OOSES1 ALL[ HIS CROPS TO ROT UND] FOOT2 S[ HIS FIELD ) SALT2 MILK HIS C[S ON ! S&2 *ANGE HIS V9EY>D 9TO A DES]T1 & USE HIS VEGETABLE-G>D5 AS A P>K3 DO !SE ?+S CON/ITUTE ABUSE1 OR NOT8 ,9 ! MATT] ( PROP]TY1 USE & ABUSE >E NECESS>ILY 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS1 PUBLI%$ AS A PREFACE TO ! ,CON/ITUTION ( '#i#c1 PROP]TY IS 0! RI<T TO 5JOY & DISPOSE AT WILL ( ONE'S GOODS1 ONE'S 9COME1 & ! FRUIT ( ONE'S LABOR & 9DU/RY40 

,CODE ,NAPOLEON1 >TICLE #e#d#d3 0,PROP]TY IS ! RI<T TO 5JOY & DISPOSE ( ?+S 9 ! MO/ ABSOLUTE MANN]1 PROVID$ WE DO NOT OV]/EP ! LIMITS PRESCRIB$ BY ! LAWS & REGULATIONS40 

,!SE TWO DEF9ITIONS DO NOT DIFF] FROM ?AT ( ! ,ROMAN LAW3 ALL GIVE ! PROPRIETOR AN ABSOLUTE RI<T OV] A ?+2 & AS = ! RE/RICTION IMPOS$ BY ! CODE1 -- PROVID$ WE DO NOT OV]/EP ! LIMITS PRESCRIB$ BY ! LAWS & REGULATIONS1 -- ITS OBJECT IS NOT TO LIMIT PROP]TY1 BUT TO PREV5T ! DOMA9 ( ONE PROPRIETOR FROM 9T]F]+ ) ?AT ( ANO!R4 ,?AT IS A CONFIRMATION ( ! PR9CIPLE1 NOT A LIMITATION ( IT4 

,!RE >E DIFF]5T K9DS ( PROP]TY3 #a4 ,PROP]TY PURE & SIMPLE1 ! DOM9ANT & SEIGNIORIAL P[] OV] A ?+2 OR1 AS !Y T]M IT1 NAK$ PROP]TY4 #b4 ,POSSESSION4 0,POSSESSION10 SAYS ,DURANTON1 0IS A MATT] ( FACT1 NOT ( RI<T40 ,T\LLI]3 0,PROP]TY IS A RI<T1 A LEGAL P[]2 POSSESSION IS A FACT40 ,! T5ANT1 ! F>M]1 ! COMM&ITE1 ! USUFRUCTU>Y1 >E POSSESSORS2 ! [N] :O LETS & L5DS = USE1 ! HEIR :O IS TO COME 9TO POSSESSION ON ! DEA? ( A USUFRUCTU>Y1 >E PROPRIETORS4 ,IF ,I MAY V5TURE ! COMP>ISON3 A LOV] IS A POSSESSOR1 A HUSB& IS A PROPRIETOR4 

,?IS D\BLE DEF9ITION ( PROP]TY -- DOMA9 & POSSESSION -- IS ( ! HI<E/ IMPORTANCE2 & IT MU/ BE CLE>LY UND]/OOD1 9 ORD] TO COMPREH5D :AT IS TO FOLL[4 

,FROM ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POSSESSION & PROP]TY >ISE TWO SORTS ( RI<TS3 ! JUS 9 RE1 ! RI<T 9 A ?+1 ! RI<T BY :I* ,I MAY RECLAIM ! PROP]TY :I* ,I HAVE ACQUIR$1 9 :ATEV] H&S ,I F9D IT2 & ! JUS AD REM1 ! RI<T TO A ?+1 :I* GIVES ME A CLAIM TO BECOME A PROPRIETOR4 ,?US ! RI<T ( ! P>TN]S TO A M>RIAGE OV] EA* O!R'S P]SON IS ! JUS 9 RE2 ?AT ( TWO :O >E BETRO!D IS ONLY ! JUS AD REM4 ,9 ! FIR/1 POSSESSION & PROP]TY >E UNIT$2 ! SECOND 9CLUDES ONLY NAK$ PROP]TY4 ,) ME :O1 AS A LABOR]1 HAVE A RI<T TO ! POSSESSION ( ! PRODUCTS ( ,NATURE & MY [N 9DU/RY1 -- & :O1 AS A PROLETAIRE1 5JOY NONE ( !M1 -- IT IS BY VIRTUE ( ! JUS AD REM ?AT ,I DEM& ADMITTANCE TO ! JUS 9 RE4 

,?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! JUS 9 RE & ! JUS AD REM IS ! BASIS ( ! FAM\S DI/9CTION BETWE5 POSSESSOIRE & PETITOIRE1 -- ACTUAL CATEGORIES ( JURISPRUD5CE1 ! :OLE ( :I* IS 9CLUD$ )9 !IR VA/ B\ND>IES4 ,PETITOIRE REF]S TO EV]Y ?+ RELAT+ TO PROP]TY2 POSSESSOIRE TO ?AT RELAT+ TO POSSESSION4 ,9 WRIT+ ?IS MEMOIR AGA9/ PROP]TY1 ,I BR+ AGA9/ UNIV]SAL SOCIETY AN ACTION PETITOIRE3 ,I PROVE ?AT ?OSE :O DO NOT POSSESS TO-DAY >E PROPRIETORS BY ! SAME TITLE AS ?OSE :O DO POSSESS2 BUT1 9/EAD ( 9F]R+ !REFROM ?AT PROP]TY %\LD BE %>$ BY ALL1 ,I DEM&1 9 ! NAME ( G5]AL SECURITY1 ITS 5TIRE ABOLITION4 ,IF ,I FAIL TO W9 MY CASE1 !RE IS NO?+ LEFT = US 7! PROLET>IAN CLASS & MYSELF7 BUT TO CUT \R ?ROATS3 WE CAN ASK NO?+ MORE FROM ! JU/ICE ( NATIONS2 =1 AS ! CODE ( PROC$URE 7>T #b#f7 TELLS US 9 ITS 5]GETIC /YLE1 ! PLA9TIFF :O HAS BE5 NON-SUIT$ 9 AN ACTION PETITOIRE1 IS DEB>R$ !REBY FROM BR++ AN ACTION POSSESSOIRE4 ,IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I GA9 ! CASE1 WE MU/ !N COMM5CE AN ACTION POSSESSOIRE1 ?AT WE MAY BE RE9/AT$ 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( ! WEAL? ( :I* WE >E DEPRIV$ BY PROP]TY4 ,I HOPE ?AT WE %ALL NOT BE =C$ TO ?AT EXTREMITY2 BUT !SE TWO ACTIONS CANNOT BE PROSECUT$ AT ONCE1 SU* A C\RSE BE+ PROHIBIT$ BY ! SAME CODE ( PROC$URE4 

,BE=E GO+ TO ! HE>T ( ! QUE/ION1 IT WILL NOT BE USELESS TO (F] A FEW PRELIM9>Y REM>KS4 

8 #a4 -- ,PROP]TY AS A ,NATURAL ,RI<T4 

,! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS HAS PLAC$ PROP]TY 9 ITS LI/ ( ! NATURAL & 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( MAN1 F\R 9 ALL3 LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 PROP]TY1 SECURITY4 ,:AT RULE DID ! LEGISLATORS ( 

'#i#c FOLL[ 9 COMPIL+ ?IS LI/8 ,NONE4 ,!Y LAID D[N PR9CIPLES1 JU/ AS !Y DISCUSS$ SOV]EIGNTY & ! LAWS2 FROM A G5]AL PO9T ( VIEW1 & ACCORD+ TO !IR [N OP9ION4 ,!Y DID EV]Y ?+ 9 !IR [N BL9D WAY4 

,IF WE CAN BELIEVE ,T\LLI]3 0,! ABSOLUTE RI<TS CAN BE R$UC$ TO ?REE3 SECURITY1 LIB]TY1 PROP]TY40 ,EQUALITY IS ELIM9AT$ BY ! ,R5NES PR(ESSOR2 :Y8 ,IS IT BECAUSE LIB]TY IMPLIES IT1 OR BECAUSE PROP]TY PROHIBITS IT8 ,ON ?IS PO9T ! AU?OR ( 0,DROIT ,CIVIL ,EXPLIQUE0 IS SIL5T3 IT HAS NOT EV5 OCCURR$ TO HIM ?AT ! MATT] IS UND] DISCUSSION4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IF WE COMP>E !SE ?REE OR F\R RI<TS ) EA* O!R1 WE F9D ?AT PROP]TY BE>S NO RESEMBLANCE :ATEV] TO ! O!RS2 ?AT = ! MAJORITY ( CITIZ5S IT EXI/S ONLY POT5TIALLY1 & AS A DORMANT FACULTY )\T EX]CISE2 ?AT = ! O!RS1 :O DO 5JOY IT1 IT IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( C]TA9 TRANSACTIONS & MODIFICATIONS :I* DO NOT H>MONIZE ) ! IDEA ( A NATURAL RI<T2 ?AT1 9 PRACTICE1 GOV]NM5TS1 TRIBUNALS1 & LAWS DO NOT RESPECT IT2 & F9ALLY ?AT EV]YBODY1 SPONTANE\SLY & ) ONE VOICE1 REG>DS IT AS *IM]ICAL4 

,LIB]TY IS 9VIOLABLE4 ,I CAN NEI!R SELL NOR ALI5ATE MY LIB]TY2 EV]Y CONTRACT1 EV]Y CONDITION ( A CONTRACT1 :I* HAS 9 VIEW ! ALI5ATION OR SUSP5SION ( LIB]TY1 IS NULL3 ! SLAVE1 :5 HE PLANTS HIS FOOT UPON ! SOIL ( LIB]TY1 AT ?AT MOM5T BECOMES A FREE MAN4 ,:5 SOCIETY SEIZES A MALEFACTOR & DEPRIVES HIM ( HIS LIB]TY1 IT IS A CASE ( LEGITIMATE DEF5SE3 :OEV] VIOLATES ! SOCIAL COMPACT BY ! COMMISSION ( A CRIME DECL>ES HIMSELF A PUBLIC 5EMY2 9 ATTACK+ ! LIB]TY ( O!RS1 HE COMPELS !M TO TAKE AWAY HIS [N4 ,LIB]TY IS ! ORIG9AL CONDITION ( MAN2 TO R5\NCE LIB]TY IS TO R5\NCE ! NATURE ( MAN3 AFT] ?AT1 H[ C\LD WE P]=M ! ACTS ( MAN8 

,LIKEWISE1 EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW SUFF]S NEI!R RE/RICTION NOR EXCEPTION4 ,ALL ,FR5*M5 >E EQUALLY ELIGIBLE TO (FICE3 CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?IS EQUALITY1 CONDITION & FAMILY HAVE1 9 MANY CASES1 NO 9FLU5CE UPON *OICE4 ,! POORE/ CITIZ5 CAN OBTA9 JUDGM5T 9 ! C\RTS AGA9/ ONE OCCUPY+ ! MO/ EXALT$ /ATION4 ,LET ! MILLIONAIRE1 ,AHAB1 BUILD A *ATEAU UPON ! V9EY>D ( ,NABO?3 ! C\RT WILL HAVE ! P[]1 ACCORD+ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO ORD] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! *ATEAU1 ?\< IT HAS CO/ MILLIONS2 & TO =CE ! TRESPASS] TO RE/ORE ! V9EY>D TO ITS ORIG9AL /ATE1 & PAY ! DAMAGES4 ,! LAW WI%ES ALL PROP]TY1 ?AT HAS BE5 LEGITIMATELY ACQUIR$1 TO BE KEPT 9VIOLATE )\T REG>D TO VALUE1 & )\T RESPECT = P]SONS4 

,! *>T] DEM&S1 IT IS TRUE1 = ! EX]CISE ( C]TA9 POLITICAL RI<TS1 C]TA9 CONDITIONS ( =TUNE & CAPACITY2 BUT ALL PUBLICI/S KN[ ?AT ! LEGISLATOR'S 9T5TION WAS NOT TO E/ABLI% A PRIVILEGE1 BUT TO TAKE SECURITY4 ,PROVID$ ! CONDITIONS FIX$ BY LAW >E COMPLI$ )1 EV]Y CITIZ5 MAY BE AN ELECTOR1 & EV]Y ELECTOR ELIGIBLE4 ,! RI<T1 ONCE ACQUIR$1 IS ! SAME = ALL2 ! LAW COMP>ES NEI!R P]SONS NOR VOTES4 ,I DO NOT ASK N[ :E!R ?IS SY/EM IS ! BE/2 IT IS 5\< ?AT1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! *>T] & 9 ! EYES ( EV]Y ONE1 EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW IS ABSOLUTE1 &1 LIKE LIB]TY1 ADMITS ( NO COMPROMISE4 

,IT IS ! SAME ) ! RI<T ( SECURITY4 ,SOCIETY PROMISES ITS MEMB]S NO HALF-WAY PROTECTION1 NO %AM DEF5SE2 IT B9DS ITSELF TO !M AS !Y B9D !MSELVES TO IT4 ,IT DOES NOT SAY TO !M1 0,I WILL %IELD Y\1 PROVID$ IT CO/S ME NO?+2 ,I WILL PROTECT Y\1 IF ,I RUN NO RISKS !REBY40 ,IT SAYS1 0,I WILL DEF5D Y\ AGA9/ EV]YBODY2 ,I WILL SAVE & AV5GE Y\1 OR P]I% MYSELF40 ,! :OLE /R5G? ( ! ,/ATE IS AT ! S]VICE ( EA* CITIZ52 ! OBLIGATION :I* B9DS !M TOGE!R IS ABSOLUTE4 

,H[ DIFF]5T ) PROP]TY6 ,WOR%IP$ BY ALL1 IT IS ACKN[L$G$ BY NONE3 LAWS1 MORALS1 CU/OMS1 PUBLIC & PRIVATE CONSCI5CE1 ALL PLOT ITS DEA? & RU94 

,TO MEET ! EXP5SES ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAS >MIES TO SUPPORT1 TASKS TO P]=M1 & (FIC]S TO PAY1 TAXES >E NE$$4 ,LET ALL CONTRIBUTE TO !SE EXP5SES3 NO?+ MORE JU/4 ,BUT :Y %\LD ! RI* PAY MORE ?AN ! POOR8 ,?AT IS JU/1 !Y SAY1 BECAUSE !Y POSSESS MORE4 ,I CONFESS ?AT SU* JU/ICE IS BEYOND MY COMPREH5SION4 

,:Y >E TAXES PAID8 ,TO PROTECT ALL 9 ! EX]CISE ( !IR NATURAL RI<TS -- LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 SECURITY1 & PROP]TY2 TO MA9TA9 ORD] 9 ! ,/ATE2 TO FURNI% ! PUBLIC ) USEFUL & PLEASANT CONV5I5CES4 

,N[1 DOES IT CO/ MORE TO DEF5D ! RI* MAN'S LIFE & LIB]TY ?AN ! POOR MAN'S8 ,:O1 9 TIME ( 9VASION1 FAM9E1 OR PLAGUE1 CAUSES MORE TR\BLE1 -- ! L>GE PROPRIETOR :O ESCAPES ! EVIL )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! ,/ATE1 OR ! LABOR] :O SITS 9 HIS COTTAGE UNPROTECT$ FROM DANG]8 

,IS PUBLIC ORD] 5DANG]$ MORE BY ! WOR?Y CITIZ51 OR BY ! >TISAN & J\RNEYMAN8 ,:Y1 ! POLICE HAVE MORE TO FE> FROM A FEW HUNDR$ LABOR]S1 \T ( WORK1 ?AN FROM TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& ELECTORS6 

,DOES ! MAN ( L>GE 9COME APPRECIATE MORE KE5LY ?AN ! POOR MAN NATIONAL FE/IVITIES1 CLEAN /REETS1 & BEAUTIFUL MONUM5TS8 ,:Y1 HE PREF]S HIS C\NTRY-SEAT TO ALL ! POPUL> PLEASURES2 & :5 HE WANTS TO 5JOY HIMSELF1 HE DOES NOT WAIT = ! GREAS$ POLE6 

,ONE ( TWO ?+S IS TRUE3 EI!R ! PROPORTIONAL TAX AF=DS GREAT] SECURITY TO ! L>G] TAX-PAY]S1 OR ELSE IT IS A WRONG4 ,BECAUSE1 IF PROP]TY IS A NATURAL RI<T1 AS ! ,DECL>ATION ( '#i#c DECL>ES1 ALL ?AT BELONGS TO ME BY VIRTUE ( ?IS RI<T IS AS SACR$ AS MY P]SON2 IT IS MY BLOOD1 MY LIFE1 MYSELF3 :OEV] T\*ES IT (F5DS ! APPLE ( MY EYE4 ,MY 9COME ( ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& FRANCS IS AS 9VIOLABLE AS ! GRISETTE'S DAILY WAGE ( SEV5TY-FIVE C5TIMES2 H] ATTIC IS NO MORE SACR$ ?AN MY SUITE ( AP>TM5TS4 ,! TAX IS NOT LEVI$ 9 PROPORTION TO /R5G?1 SIZE1 OR SKILL3 NO MORE %\LD IT BE LEVI$ 9 PROPORTION TO PROP]TY4 

,IF1 !N1 ! ,/ATE TAKES MORE FROM ME1 LET IT GIVE ME MORE 9 RETURN1 OR CEASE TO TALK ( EQUALITY ( RI<TS2 = O!RWISE1 SOCIETY IS E/ABLI%$1 NOT TO DEF5D PROP]TY1 BUT TO DE/ROY IT4 ,! ,/ATE1 ?R\< ! PROPORTIONAL TAX1 BECOMES ! *IEF ( ROBB]S2 ! ,/ATE SETS ! EXAMPLE ( SY/EMATIC PILLAGE3 ! ,/ATE %\LD BE BR\<T TO ! B> ( JU/ICE AT ! HEAD ( ?OSE HIDE\S BRIG&S1 ?AT EXECRABLE MOB :I* IT N[ KILLS FROM MOTIVES ( PR(ESSIONAL JEAL\SY4 

,BUT1 !Y SAY1 ! C\RTS & ! POLICE =CE >E E/ABLI%$ TO RE/RA9 ?IS MOB2 GOV]NM5T IS A COMPANY1 NOT EXACTLY = 9SURANCE1 = IT DOES NOT 9SURE1 BUT = V5GEANCE & REPRESSION4 ,! PREMIUM :I* ?IS COMPANY EXACTS1 ! TAX1 IS DIVID$ 9 PROPORTION TO PROP]TY2 ?AT IS1 9 PROPORTION TO ! TR\BLE :I* EA* PIECE ( PROP]TY OCCASIONS ! AV5G]S & REPRESS]S PAID BY ! GOV]NM5T4 

,?IS IS ANY ?+ BUT ! ABSOLUTE & 9ALI5ABLE RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM ! POOR & ! RI* DI/RU/1 & MAKE W> UPON1 EA* O!R4 ,BUT :AT IS ! OBJECT ( ! W>8 ,PROP]TY4 ,SO ?AT PROP]TY IS NECESS>ILY ACCOMPANI$ BY W> UPON PROP]TY4 ,! LIB]TY & SECURITY ( ! RI* DO NOT SUFF] FROM ! LIB]TY & SECURITY ( ! POOR2 F> FROM ?AT1 !Y MUTUALLY /R5G!N & SU/A9 EA* O!R4 ,! RI* MAN'S RI<T ( PROP]TY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HAS TO BE CONT9UALLY DEF5D$ AGA9/ ! POOR MAN'S DESIRE = PROP]TY4 ,:AT A CONTRADICTION6 ,9 ,5GL& !Y HAVE A POOR-RATE3 !Y WI% ME TO PAY ?IS TAX4 ,BUT :AT RELATION EXI/S BETWE5 MY NATURAL & 9ALI5ABLE RI<T ( PROP]TY & ! HUNG] FROM :I* T5 MILLION WRET*$ PEOPLE >E SUFF]+8 ,:5 RELIGION COMM&S US TO ASSI/ \R FELL[S1 IT SPEAKS 9 ! NAME ( *>ITY1 NOT 9 ! NAME ( LAW4 ,! OBLIGATION ( B5EVOL5CE1 IMPOS$ UPON ME BY ,*RI/IAN MORALITY1 CANNOT BE IMPOS$ UPON ME AS A POLITICAL TAX = ! B5EFIT ( ANY P]SON OR POOR-H\SE4 ,I WILL GIVE ALMS :5 ,I SEE FIT TO DO SO1 :5 ! SUFF]+S ( O!RS EXCITE 9 ME ?AT SYMPA?Y ( :I* PHILOSOPH]S TALK1 & 9 :I* ,I DO NOT BELIEVE3 ,I WILL NOT BE =C$ TO BE/[ !M4 ,NO ONE IS OBLIG$ TO DO MORE ?AN COMPLY ) ?IS 9JUNCTION3 ,9 ! EX]CISE ( Y\R [N RI<TS DO NOT 5CROA* UPON ! RI<TS ( ANO!R2 AN 9JUNCTION :I* IS ! EXACT DEF9ITION ( LIB]TY4 ,N[1 MY POSSESSIONS >E MY [N2 NO ONE HAS A CLAIM UPON !M3 ,I OBJECT TO ! PLAC+ ( ! ?IRD !OLOGICAL VIRTUE 9 ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 

,EV]YBODY1 9 ,FRANCE1 DEM&S ! CONV]SION ( ! FIVE P] C5T4 BONDS2 !Y DEM& !REBY ! COMPLETE SACRIFICE ( ONE SPECIES ( PROP]TY4 ,!Y HAVE ! RI<T TO DO IT1 IF PUBLIC NECESSITY REQUIRES IT2 BUT :]E IS ! JU/ 9DEMNITY PROMIS$ BY ! *>T]8 ,NOT ONLY DOES NONE EXI/1 BUT ?IS 9DEMNITY IS NOT EV5 POSSIBLE2 =1 IF ! 9DEMNITY W]E EQUAL TO ! PROP]TY SACRIFIC$1 ! CONV]SION W\LD BE USELESS4 

,! ,/ATE OCCUPIES ! SAME POSITION TO-DAY T[>D ! BONDHOLD]S ?AT ! CITY ( ,CALAIS DID1 :5 BESIEG$ BY ,$W>D ,I,I,I41 T[>D ITS NOTABLES4 ,! ,5GLI% CONQU]OR CONS5T$ TO SP>E ITS 9HABITANTS1 PROVID$ IT W\LD SURR5D] TO HIM ITS MO/ DI/+UI%$ CITIZ5S TO DO ) AS HE PLEAS$4 ,EU/A*E & SEV]AL O!RS (F]$ !MSELVES2 IT WAS NOBLE 9 !M1 & \R M9I/]S %\LD RECOMM5D !IR EXAMPLE TO ! BONDHOLD]S4 ,BUT HAD ! CITY ! RI<T TO SURR5D] !M8 ,ASSUR$LY NOT4 ,! RI<T TO SECURITY IS ABSOLUTE2 ! C\NTRY CAN REQUIRE NO ONE TO SACRIFICE HIMSELF4 ,! SOLDI] /&+ GU>D )9 ! 5EMY'S RANGE IS NO EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ,:]EV] A CITIZ5 /&S GU>D1 ! C\NTRY /&S GU>D ) HIM3 TO-DAY IT IS ! TURN ( ! ONE1 TO-MORR[ ( ! O!R4 ,:5 DANG] & DEVOTION >E COMMON1 FLI<T IS P>RICIDE4 ,NO ONE HAS ! RI<T TO FLEE FROM DANG]2 NO ONE CAN S]VE AS A SCAPEGOAT4 ,! MAXIM ( ,CAIAPHAS -- IT IS RI<T ?AT A MAN %\LD DIE = HIS NATION -- IS ?AT ( ! POPULACE & ( TYRANTS2 ! TWO EXTREMES ( SOCIAL DEGRADATION4 

,IT IS SAID ?AT ALL P]PETUAL ANNUITIES >E ESS5TIALLY R$EEMABLE4 ,?IS MAXIM ( CIVIL LAW1 APPLI$ TO ! ,/ATE1 IS GOOD = ?OSE :O WI% TO RETURN TO ! NATURAL EQUALITY ( LABOR & WEAL?2 BUT1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! PROPRIETOR1 & 9 ! M\? ( CONV]SIONI/S1 IT IS ! LANGUAGE ( BANKRUPTS4 ,! ,/ATE IS NOT ONLY A BORR[]1 IT IS AN 9SUR] & GU>DIAN ( PROP]TY2 GRANT+ ! BE/ ( SECURITY1 IT ASSURES ! MO/ 9VIOLABLE POSSESSION4 ,H[1 !N1 CAN IT =CE OP5 ! H&S ( ITS CR$ITORS1 :O HAVE CONFID5CE 9 IT1 & !N TALK TO !M ( PUBLIC ORD] & SECURITY ( PROP]TY8 ,! ,/ATE1 9 SU* AN OP]ATION1 IS NOT A DEBTOR :O DIS*>GES HIS DEBT2 IT IS A /OCK-COMPANY :I* ALLURES ITS /OCKHOLD]S 9TO A TRAP1 & !RE1 CONTR>Y TO ITS AU!NTIC PROMISE1 EXACTS FROM !M TW5TY1 ?IRTY1 OR =TY P] C5T4 ( ! 9T]E/ ON !IR CAPITAL4 

,?AT IS NOT ALL4 ,! ,/ATE IS A UNIV]SITY ( CITIZ5S JO9$ TOGE!R UND] A COMMON LAW BY AN ACT ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS ACT SECURES ALL 9 ! POSSESSION ( !IR PROP]TY2 GU>ANTEES TO ONE HIS FIELD1 TO ANO!R HIS V9EY>D1 TO A ?IRD HIS R5TS1 & TO ! BONDHOLD]1 :O MI<T HAVE B\<T REAL E/ATE BUT :O PREF]R$ TO COME TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! TREASURY1 HIS BONDS4 ,! ,/ATE CANNOT DEM&1 )\T (F]+ AN EQUIVAL5T1 ! SACRIFICE ( AN ACRE ( ! FIELD OR A CORN] ( ! V9EY>D2 /ILL LESS CAN IT L[] R5TS3 :Y %\LD IT HAVE ! RI<T TO DIM9I% ! 9T]E/ ON BONDS8 ,?IS RI<T C\LD NOT JU/LY EXI/1 UNLESS ! BONDHOLD] C\LD 9VE/ HIS FUNDS ELSE:]E TO EQUAL ADVANTAGE2 BUT BE+ CONF9$ TO ! ,/ATE1 :]E CAN HE F9D A PLACE TO 9VE/ !M1 S9CE ! CAUSE ( CONV]SION1 ?AT IS1 ! P[] TO BORR[ TO BETT] ADVANTAGE1 LIES 9 ! ,/ATE8 ,?AT IS :Y A GOV]NM5T1 BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY1 CANNOT R$EEM ITS ANNUITIES )\T ! CONS5T ( !IR HOLD]S4 ,! MONEY DEPOSIT$ ) ! REPUBLIC IS PROP]TY :I* IT HAS NO RI<T TO T\* :ILE O!R K9DS ( PROP]TY >E RESPECT$2 TO =CE !IR R$EMPTION IS TO VIOLATE ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 & \TLAW ! BONDHOLD]S4 

,! :OLE CONTROV]SY AS TO ! CONV]SION ( BONDS F9ALLY R$UCES ITSELF TO ?IS3 -- 

,QUE/ION4 ,IS IT JU/ TO R$UCE TO MIS]Y =TY-FIVE ?\S& FAMILIES :O D]IVE AN 9COME FROM !IR BONDS ( ONE HUNDR$ FRANCS OR LESS8 

,ANSW]4 ,IS IT JU/ TO COMPEL SEV5 OR EI<T MILLIONS ( TAX-PAY]S TO PAY A TAX ( FIVE FRANCS1 :5 !Y %\LD PAY ONLY ?REE8 ,IT IS CLE>1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT ! REPLY IS 9 REALITY NO REPLY2 BUT1 TO MAKE ! WRONG MORE APP>5T1 LET US *ANGE IT ?US3 ,IS IT JU/ TO 5DANG] ! LIVES ( ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& M51 :5 WE CAN SAVE !M BY SURR5D]+ ONE HUNDR$ HEADS TO ! 5EMY8 ,READ]1 DECIDE6 

,ALL ?IS IS CLE>LY UND]/OOD BY ! DEF5D]S ( ! PRES5T SY/EM4 ,YET1 NEV]!LESS1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ! CONV]SION WILL BE EFFECT$ & PROP]TY BE VIOLAT$1 BECAUSE NO O!R C\RSE IS POSSIBLE2 BECAUSE PROP]TY1 REG>D$ AS A RI<T1 & NOT BE+ A RI<T1 MU/ ( RI<T P]I%2 BECAUSE ! =CE ( EV5TS1 ! LAWS ( CONSCI5CE1 & PHYSICAL & MA!MATICAL NECESSITY MU/1 9 ! 5D1 DE/ROY ?IS ILLUSION ( \R M9DS4 

,TO SUM UP3 LIB]TY IS AN ABSOLUTE RI<T1 BECAUSE IT IS TO MAN :AT IMP5ETRABILITY IS TO MATT]1 -- A S9E QUA NON ( EXI/5CE2 EQUALITY IS AN ABSOLUTE RI<T1 BECAUSE )\T EQUALITY !RE IS NO SOCIETY2 SECURITY IS AN ABSOLUTE RI<T1 BECAUSE 9 ! EYES ( EV]Y MAN HIS [N LIB]TY & LIFE >E AS PRECI\S AS ANO!R'S4 ,!SE ?REE RI<TS >E ABSOLUTE2 ?AT IS1 SUSCEPTIBLE ( NEI!R 9CREASE NOR DIM9UTION2 BECAUSE 9 SOCIETY EA* ASSOCIATE RECEIVES AS MU* AS HE GIVES1 -- LIB]TY = LIB]TY1 EQUALITY = EQUALITY1 SECURITY = SECURITY1 BODY = BODY1 S\L = S\L1 9 LIFE & 9 DEA?4 

,BUT PROP]TY1 9 ITS D]IVATIVE S5SE1 & BY ! DEF9ITIONS ( LAW1 IS A RI<T \TSIDE ( SOCIETY2 = IT IS CLE> ?AT1 IF ! WEAL? ( EA* WAS SOCIAL WEAL?1 ! CONDITIONS W\LD BE EQUAL = ALL1 & IT W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION TO SAY3 ,PROP]TY IS A MAN'S RI<T TO DISPOSE AT WILL ( SOCIAL PROP]TY4 ,!N IF WE >E ASSOCIAT$ = ! SAKE ( LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & SECURITY1 WE >E NOT ASSOCIAT$ = ! SAKE ( PROP]TY2 !N IF PROP]TY IS A NATURAL RI<T1 ?IS NATURAL RI<T IS NOT SOCIAL1 BUT ANTI-SOCIAL4 ,PROP]TY & SOCIETY >E UTT]LY IRRECONCILABLE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS AS IMPOSSIBLE TO ASSOCIATE TWO PROPRIETORS AS TO JO9 TWO MAGNETS BY !IR OPPOSITE POLES4 ,EI!R SOCIETY MU/ P]I%1 OR IT MU/ DE/ROY PROP]TY4 

,IF PROP]TY IS A NATURAL1 ABSOLUTE1 IMP]SCRIPTIBLE1 & 9ALI5ABLE RI<T1 :Y1 9 ALL AGES1 HAS !RE BE5 SO MU* SPECULATION AS TO ITS ORIG98 -- = ?IS IS ONE ( ITS DI/+UI%+ *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,! ORIG9 ( A NATURAL RI<T6 ,GOOD ,GOD6 :O EV] 9QUIR$ 9TO ! ORIG9 ( ! RI<TS ( LIB]TY1 SECURITY1 OR EQUALITY8 ,!Y EXI/ BY ! SAME RI<T ?AT WE EXI/2 !Y >E BORN ) US1 !Y LIVE & DIE ) US4 ,) PROP]TY IT IS V]Y DIFF]5T1 9DE$4 ,BY LAW1 PROP]TY CAN EXI/ )\T A PROPRIETOR1 LIKE A QUALITY )\T A SUBJECT4 ,IT EXI/S = ! HUMAN BE+ :O AS YET IS NOT1 & = ! OCTOG5>IAN :O IS NO MORE4 ,& YET1 9 SPITE ( !SE WOND]FUL PR]OGATIVES :I* SAVOR ( ! ET]NAL & ! 9F9ITE1 !Y HAVE NEV] F\ND ! ORIG9 ( PROP]TY2 ! DOCTORS /ILL DISAGREE4 ,ON ONE PO9T ONLY >E !Y 9 H>MONY3 NAMELY1 ?AT ! VALIDITY ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY DEP5DS UPON ! AU!NTICITY ( ITS ORIG94 ,BUT ?IS H>MONY IS !IR CONDEMNATION4 ,:Y HAVE !Y ACKN[L$G$ ! RI<T BE=E SETTL+ ! QUE/ION ( ORIG98 

,C]TA9 CLASSES DO NOT RELI% 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! PRET5D$ TITLES TO PROP]TY1 & ITS FABUL\S & P]HAPS SC&AL\S HI/ORY4 ,!Y WI% TO HOLD TO ?IS PROPOSITION3 ?AT PROP]TY IS A FACT2 ?AT IT ALWAYS HAS BE51 & ALWAYS WILL BE4 ,) ?AT PROPOSITION ! SAVANT ,PR\DHON.<#a#a.> COMM5C$ HIS 0,TREATISE ON ! ,RI<T ( ,USUFRUCT10 REG>D+ ! ORIG9 ( PROP]TY AS A USELESS QUE/ION4 ,P]HAPS ,I W\LD SUBSCRIBE TO ?IS DOCTR9E1 BELIEV+ IT 9SPIR$ BY A COMM5DABLE LOVE ( PEACE1 W]E ALL MY FELL[-CITIZ5S 9 COM=TABLE CIRCUM/ANCES2 BUT1 NO6 ,I WILL NOT SUBSCRIBE TO IT4 

,! TITLES ON :I* !Y PRET5D TO BASE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY >E TWO 9 NUMB]3 OCCUPATION & LABOR4 ,I %ALL EXAM9E !M SUCCESSIVELY1 UND] ALL !IR ASPECTS & 9 DETAIL2 & ,I REM9D ! READ] ?AT1 TO :ATEV] AU?ORITY WE APPEAL1 ,I %ALL PROVE BEYOND A D\BT ?AT PROP]TY1 TO BE JU/ & POSSIBLE1 MU/ NECESS>ILY HAVE EQUALITY = ITS CONDITION4 

8 #b4 -- ,OCCUPATION1 AS ! ,TITLE TO ,PROP]TY4 

,IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT1 AT ?OSE MEET+S ( ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL AT :I* ! ,CODE WAS DISCUSS$1 NO CONTROV]SY >OSE AS TO ! ORIG9 & PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY4 ,ALL ! >TICLES ( ,VOL4 ,I,I41 ,BOOK #b1 CONC]N+ PROP]TY & ! RI<T ( ACCESSION1 W]E PASS$ )\T OPPOSITION OR AM5DM5T4 ,BONAP>TE1 :O ON O!R QUE/IONS HAD GIV5 HIS LEGI/S SO MU* TR\BLE1 HAD NO?+ TO SAY AB\T PROP]TY4 ,BE NOT SURPRIS$ AT IT3 9 ! EYES ( ?AT MAN1 ! MO/ SELFI% & WILLFUL P]SON ?AT EV] LIV$1 PROP]TY WAS ! FIR/ ( RI<TS1 JU/ AS SUBMISSION TO AU?ORITY WAS ! MO/ HOLY ( DUTIES4 

,! RI<T ( OCCUPATION1 OR ( ! FIR/ OCCUPANT1 IS ?AT :I* RESULTS FROM ! ACTUAL1 PHYSICAL1 REAL POSSESSION ( A ?+4 ,I OCCUPY A PIECE ( L&2 ! PRESUMPTION IS1 ?AT ,I AM ! PROPRIETOR1 UNTIL ! CONTR>Y IS PROV$4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ORIG9ALLY SU* A RI<T CANNOT BE LEGITIMATE UNLESS IT IS RECIPROCAL2 ! JURI/S SAY AS MU*4 

,CIC]O COMP>ES ! E>? TO A VA/ !AT]3 ,QUEMADMODUM !ATRUM CUM COMMUNE SIT1 RECTE TAM5 DICI POTE/ EJUS ESSE EUM LOCUM QUEM QUISQUE OCCUP>IT4 

,?IS PASSAGE IS ALL ?AT ANCI5T PHILOSOPHY HAS TO SAY AB\T ! ORIG9 ( PROP]TY4 

,! !AT]1 SAYS ,CIC]O1 IS COMMON TO ALL2 NEV]!LESS1 ! PLACE ?AT EA* ONE OCCUPIES IS CALL$ HIS [N2 ?AT IS1 IT IS A PLACE POSSESS$1 NOT A PLACE APPROPRIAT$4 ,?IS COMP>ISON ANNIHILATES PROP]TY2 MOREOV]1 IT IMPLIES EQUALITY4 ,CAN ,I1 9 A !AT]1 OCCUPY AT ! SAME TIME ONE PLACE 9 ! PIT1 ANO!R 9 ! BOXES1 & A ?IRD 9 ! GALL]Y8 ,NOT UNLESS ,I HAVE ?REE BODIES1 LIKE ,G]YON1 OR CAN EXI/ 9 DIFF]5T PLACES AT ! SAME TIME1 AS IS RELAT$ ( ! MAGICIAN ,APOLLONIUS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,CIC]O1 NO ONE HAS A RI<T TO MORE ?AN HE NE$S3 SU* IS ! TRUE 9T]PRETATION ( HIS FAM\S AXIOM -- SUUM QUIDQUE CUJUSQUE SIT1 TO EA* ONE ?AT :I* BELONGS TO HIM -- AN AXIOM ?AT HAS BE5 /RANGELY APPLI$4 ,?AT :I* BELONGS TO EA* IS NOT ?AT :I* EA* MAY POSSESS1 BUT ?AT :I* EA* HAS A RI<T TO POSSESS4 ,N[1 :AT HAVE WE A RI<T TO POSSESS8 ,?AT :I* IS REQUIR$ = \R LABOR & CONSUMPTION2 ,CIC]O'S COMP>ISON ( ! E>? TO A !AT] PROVES IT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?AT1 EA* ONE MAY TAKE :AT PLACE HE WILL1 MAY BEAUTIFY & ADORN IT1 IF HE CAN2 IT IS ALL[ABLE3 BUT HE MU/ NEV] ALL[ HIMSELF TO OV]/EP ! LIMIT :I* SEP>ATES HIM FROM ANO!R4 ,! DOCTR9E ( ,CIC]O LEADS DIRECTLY TO EQUALITY2 =1 OCCUPATION BE+ PURE TOL]ATION1 IF ! TOL]ATION IS MUTUAL 7& IT CANNOT BE O!RWISE7 ! POSSESSIONS >E EQUAL4 

,GROTIUS RU%ES 9TO HI/ORY2 BUT :AT K9D ( REASON+ IS ?AT :I* SEEKS ! ORIG9 ( A RI<T1 SAID TO BE NATURAL1 ELSE:]E ?AN 9 ,NATURE8 ,?IS IS ! ME?OD ( ! ANCI5TS3 ! FACT EXI/S1 !N IT IS NECESS>Y1 !N IT IS JU/1 !N ITS ANTEC$5TS >E JU/ ALSO4 ,NEV]!LESS1 LET US LOOK 9TO IT4 

0,ORIG9ALLY1 ALL ?+S W]E COMMON & UNDIVID$2 !Y W]E ! PROP]TY ( ALL40 ,LET US GO NO F>!R4 ,GROTIUS TELLS US H[ ?IS ORIG9AL COMMUNISM CAME TO AN 5D ?R\< AMBITION & CUPIDITY2 H[ ! AGE ( GOLD WAS FOLL[$ BY ! AGE ( IRON1 @&C4 ,SO ?AT PROP]TY RE/$ FIR/ ON W> & CONQUE/1 !N ON TREATIES & AGREEM5TS4 ,BUT EI!R !SE TREATIES & AGREEM5TS DI/RIBUT$ WEAL? EQUALLY1 AS DID ! ORIG9AL COMMUNISM 7! ONLY ME?OD ( DI/RIBUTION ) :I* ! B>B>IANS W]E ACQUA9T$1 & ! ONLY =M ( JU/ICE ( :I* !Y C\LD CONCEIVE2 & !N ! QUE/ION ( ORIG9 ASSUMES ?IS =M3 H[ DID EQUALITY AFT]W>DS DISAPPE>87 -- OR ELSE !SE TREATIES & AGREEM5TS W]E =C$ BY ! /RONG UPON ! WEAK1 & 9 ?AT CASE !Y >E NULL2 ! TACIT CONS5T ( PO/]ITY DOES NOT MAKE !M VALID1 & WE LIVE 9 A P]MAN5T CONDITION ( 9IQUITY & FRAUD4 

,WE NEV] CAN CONCEIVE H[ ! EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 HAV+ ONCE EXI/$1 C\LD AFT]W>DS HAVE PASS$ AWAY4 ,:AT WAS ! CAUSE ( SU* DEG5]ATION8 ,! 9/9CTS ( ! ANIMALS >E UN*ANGEABLE1 AS WELL AS ! DIFF]5CES ( SPECIES2 TO SUPPOSE ORIG9AL EQUALITY 9 HUMAN SOCIETY IS TO ADMIT BY IMPLICATION ?AT ! PRES5T 9EQUALITY IS A DEG5]ATION FROM ! NATURE ( ?IS SOCIETY1 -- A ?+ :I* ! DEF5D]S ( PROP]TY CANNOT EXPLA94 ,BUT ,I 9F] !REFROM ?AT1 IF ,PROVID5CE PLAC$ ! FIR/ HUMAN BE+S 9 A CONDITION ( EQUALITY1 IT WAS AN 9DICATION ( ITS DESIRES1 A MODEL ?AT IT WI%$ !M TO REALIZE 9 O!R =MS2 JU/ AS ! RELIGI\S S5TIM5T1 :I* IT PLANT$ 9 !IR HE>TS1 HAS DEVELOP$ & MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,MAN HAS BUT ONE NATURE1 CON/ANT & UNALT]ABLE3 HE PURSUES IT ?R\< 9/9CT1 HE W&]S FROM IT ?R\< REFLECTION1 HE RETURNS TO IT ?R\< JUDGM5T2 :O %ALL SAY ?AT WE >E NOT RETURN+ N[8 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GROTIUS1 MAN HAS AB&ON$ EQUALITY2 ACCORD+ TO ME1 HE WILL YET RETURN TO IT4 ,H[ CAME HE TO AB&ON IT8 ,:Y WILL HE RETURN TO IT8 ,!SE >E QUE/IONS = FUTURE CONSID]ATION4 

,REID WRITES AS FOLL[S3 -- 

0,! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS NOT 9NATE1 BUT ACQUIR$4 ,IT IS NOT GR\ND$ UPON ! CON/ITUTION ( MAN1 BUT UPON HIS ACTIONS4 ,WRIT]S ON JURISPRUD5CE HAVE EXPLA9$ ITS ORIG9 9 A MANN] ?AT MAY SATISFY EV]Y MAN ( COMMON UND]/&+4 

0,! E>? IS GIV5 TO M5 9 COMMON = ! PURPOSES ( LIFE1 BY ! B\NTY ( ,HEAV54 ,BUT TO DIVIDE IT1 & APPROPRIATE ONE P>T ( ITS PRODUCE TO ONE1 ANO!R P>T TO ANO!R1 MU/ BE ! WORK ( M5 :O HAVE P[] & UND]/&+ GIV5 !M1 BY :I* EV]Y MAN MAY ACCOMMODATE HIMSELF1 )\T HURT TO ANY O!R4 

0,?IS COMMON RI<T ( EV]Y MAN TO :AT ! E>? PRODUCES1 BE=E IT BE OCCUPI$ & APPROPRIAT$ BY O!RS1 WAS1 BY ANCI5T MORALI/S1 V]Y PROP]LY COMP>$ TO ! RI<T :I* EV]Y CITIZ5 HAD TO ! PUBLIC !AT]1 :]E EV]Y MAN ?AT CAME MI<T OCCUPY AN EMPTY SEAT1 & !REBY ACQUIRE A RI<T TO IT :ILE ! 5T]TA9M5T LA/$2 BUT NO MAN HAD A RI<T TO DISPOSSESS ANO!R4 

0,! E>? IS A GREAT !AT]1 FURNI%$ BY ! ,ALMI<TY1 ) P]FECT WISDOM & GOODNESS1 = ! 5T]TA9M5T & EMPLOYM5T ( ALL MANK9D4 ,H]E EV]Y MAN HAS A RI<T TO ACCOMMODATE HIMSELF AS A SPECTATOR1 & TO P]=M HIS P>T AS AN ACTOR2 BUT )\T HURT TO O!RS40 

,CONSEQU5CES ( ,REID'S DOCTR9E4 

#a4 ,?AT ! PORTION :I* EA* ONE APPROPRIATES MAY WRONG NO ONE1 IT MU/ BE EQUAL TO ! QUOTI5T ( ! TOTAL AM\NT ( PROP]TY TO BE %>$1 DIVID$ BY ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O >E TO %>E IT2 

#b4 ,! NUMB] ( PLACES BE+ ( NECESSITY EQUAL AT ALL TIMES TO ?AT ( ! SPECTATORS1 NO SPECTATOR CAN OCCUPY TWO PLACES1 NOR CAN ANY ACTOR PLAY SEV]AL P>TS2 

#c4 ,:5EV] A SPECTATOR COMES 9 OR GOES \T1 ! PLACES ( ALL CONTRACT OR 5L>GE CORRESPOND+LY3 =1 SAYS ,REID1 0! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS NOT 9NATE1 BUT ACQUIR$20 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS NOT ABSOLUTE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! OCCUPANCY ON :I* IT IS BAS$1 BE+ A CONDITIONAL FACT1 CANNOT 5D[ ?IS RI<T ) A /ABILITY :I* IT DOES NOT POSSESS ITSELF4 ,?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! ?\<T ( ! ,$9BUR< PR(ESSOR :5 HE ADD$3 -- 

0,A RI<T TO LIFE IMPLIES A RI<T TO ! NECESS>Y MEANS ( LIFE2 & ?AT JU/ICE1 :I* =BIDS ! TAK+ AWAY ! LIFE ( AN 9NOC5T MAN1 =BIDS NO LESS ! TAK+ FROM HIM ! NECESS>Y MEANS ( LIFE4 ,HE HAS ! SAME RI<T TO DEF5D ! ONE AS ! O!R4 ,TO H9D] ANO!R MAN'S 9NOC5T LABOR1 OR TO DEPRIVE HIM ( ! FRUIT ( IT1 IS AN 9JU/ICE ( ! SAME K9D1 & HAS ! SAME EFFECT AS TO PUT HIM 9 FETT]S OR 9 PRISON1 & IS EQUALLY A JU/ OBJECT ( RES5TM5T40 

,?US ! *IEF ( ! ,SCOT* S*OOL1 )\T CONSID]+ AT ALL ! 9EQUALITY ( SKILL OR LABOR1 POSITS A PRIORI ! EQUALITY ( ! MEANS ( LABOR1 AB&ON+ !REAFT] TO EA* LABOR] ! C>E ( HIS [N P]SON1 AFT] ! ET]NAL AXIOM3 ,:OSO DOES WELL1 %ALL F>E WELL4 

,! PHILOSOPH] ,REID IS LACK+1 NOT 9 KN[L$GE ( ! PR9CIPLE1 BUT 9 C\RAGE TO PURSUE IT TO ITS ULTIMATE4 ,IF ! RI<T ( LIFE IS EQUAL1 ! RI<T ( LABOR IS EQUAL1 & SO IS ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY4 ,W\LD IT NOT BE CRIM9AL1 W]E SOME ISL&]S TO REPULSE1 9 ! NAME ( PROP]TY1 ! UN=TUNATE VICTIMS ( A %IPWRECK /RUGGL+ TO REA* ! %ORE8 ,! V]Y IDEA ( SU* CRUELTY SICK5S ! IMAG9ATION4 ,! PROPRIETOR1 LIKE ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE ON HIS ISL&1 W>DS (F ) PIKE & MUSKET ! PROLETAIRE WA%$ OV]BO>D BY ! WAVE ( CIVILIZATION1 & SEEK+ TO GA9 A FOO?OLD UPON ! ROCKS ( PROP]TY4 0,GIVE ME WORK60 CRIES HE ) ALL HIS MI<T TO ! PROPRIETOR3 0DON'T DRIVE ME AWAY1 ,I WILL WORK = Y\ AT ANY PRICE40 0,I DO NOT NE$ Y\R S]VICES10 REPLIES ! PROPRIETOR1 %[+ ! 5D ( HIS PIKE OR ! B>REL ( HIS GUN4 0,L[] MY R5T AT LEA/40 0,I NE$ MY 9COME TO LIVE UPON40 0,H[ CAN ,I PAY Y\1 :5 ,I CAN GET NO WORK80 0,?AT IS Y\R BUS9ESS40 ,!N ! UN=TUNATE PROLETAIRE AB&ONS HIMSELF TO ! WAVES2 OR1 IF HE ATTEMPTS TO L& UPON ! %ORE ( PROP]TY1 ! PROPRIETOR TAKES AIM1 & KILLS HIM4 

,WE HAVE JU/ LI/5$ TO A SPIRITUALI/2 WE WILL N[ QUE/ION A MAT]IALI/1 !N AN ECLECTIC3 & HAV+ COMPLET$ ! CIRCLE ( PHILOSOPHY1 WE WILL TURN NEXT TO LAW4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY1 PROP]TY IS A NECESSITY ( \R NATURE4 ,?AT ?IS NECESSITY 9VOLVES UNPLEASANT CONSEQU5CES1 IT W\LD BE FOLLY TO D5Y4 ,BUT !SE CONSEQU5CES >E NECESS>Y EVILS :I* DO NOT 9VALIDATE ! PR9CIPLE2 SO ?AT IT AS UNREASONABLE TO REBEL AGA9/ PROP]TY ON ACC\NT ( ! ABUSES :I* IT G5]ATES1 AS TO COMPLA9 ( LIFE BECAUSE IT IS SURE TO 5D 9 DEA?4 ,?IS BRUTAL & PITILESS PHILOSOPHY PROMISES AT LEA/ FRANK & CLOSE REASON+4 ,LET US SEE IF IT KEEPS ITS PROMISE4 

0,WE TALK V]Y GRAVELY AB\T ! CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY1 444 AS IF IT WAS \R PROV9CE TO DECIDE :AT CON/ITUTES PROP]TY444 ,IT W\LD SEEM1 TO HE> C]TA9 PHILOSOPH]S & LEGISLATORS1 ?AT AT A C]TA9 MOM5T1 SPONTANE\SLY & )\T CAUSE1 PEOPLE BEGAN TO USE ! WORDS ?9E & M9E2 & ?AT !Y MI<T HAVE1 OR \<T TO HAVE1 DISP5S$ ) !M4 ,BUT ?9E & M9E W]E NEV] 9V5T$40 

,A PHILOSOPH] Y\RSELF1 Y\ >E TOO REALI/IC4 ,?9E & M9E DO NOT NECESS>ILY REF] TO SELF1 AS !Y DO :5 ,I SAY Y\R PHILOSOPHY1 & MY EQUALITY2 = Y\R PHILOSOPHY IS Y\ PHILOSOPHIZ+1 & MY EQUALITY IS ,I PR(ESS+ EQUALITY4 ,?9E & M9E (T5] 9DICATE A RELATION1 -- Y\R C\NTRY1 Y\R P>I%1 Y\R TAILOR1 Y\R MILKMAID2 MY *AMB]1 MY SEAT AT ! !AT]1 MY COMPANY & MY BATTALION 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,9 ! =M] S5SE1 WE MAY SOMETIMES SAY MY LABOR1 MY SKILL1 MY VIRTUE2 NEV] MY GR&EUR NOR MY MAJE/Y3 9 ! LATT] S5SE ONLY1 MY FIELD1 MY H\SE1 MY V9EY>D1 MY CAPITAL1 -- PRECISELY AS ! BANK]'S CL]K SAYS MY CA%-BOX4 ,9 %ORT1 ?9E & M9E >E SIGNS & EXPRESSIONS ( P]SONAL1 BUT EQUAL1 RI<TS2 APPLI$ TO ?+S \TSIDE ( US1 !Y 9DICATE POSSESSION1 FUNCTION1 USE1 NOT PROP]TY4 

,IT DOES NOT SEEM POSSIBLE1 BUT1 NEV]!LESS1 ,I %ALL PROVE1 BY QUOTATIONS1 ?AT ! :OLE !ORY ( \R AU?OR IS BAS$ UPON ?IS PALTRY EQUIVOCATION4 

0,PRIOR TO ALL COV5ANTS1 M5 >E1 NOT EXACTLY1 AS ,HOBBES SAYS1 9 A /ATE ( HO/ILITY1 BUT ( E/RANGEM5T4 ,9 ?IS /ATE1 JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE >E UNKN[N2 ! RI<TS ( ONE BE> NO RELATION TO ! RI<TS ( ANO!R4 ,ALL HAVE AS MANY RI<TS AS NE$S1 & ALL FEEL IT !IR DUTY TO SATISFY ?OSE NE$S BY ANY MEANS AT !IR COMM&40 

,GRANT IT2 :E!R TRUE OR FALSE1 IT MATT]S NOT4 ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY CANNOT ESCAPE EQUALITY4 ,ON ?IS !ORY1 M51 :ILE 9 A /ATE ( E/RANGEM5T1 >E UND] NO OBLIGATIONS TO EA* O!R2 !Y ALL HAVE ! RI<T TO SATISFY !IR NE$S )\T REG>D TO ! NE$S ( O!RS1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! RI<T TO EX]CISE !IR P[] OV] ,NATURE1 EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS /R5G? & ABILITY4 ,?AT 9VOLVES ! GREATE/ 9EQUALITY ( WEAL?4 ,9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 !N1 IS ! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( E/RANGEM5T OR B>B>ISM3 ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( ,R\SSEAU'S IDEA4 ,BUT LET US LOOK F>!R3 -- 

0,RE/RICTIONS ( !SE RI<TS & ?IS DUTY COMM5CE AT ! TIME :5 COV5ANTS1 EI!R IMPLI$ OR EXPRESS$1 >E AGRE$ UPON4 ,!N APPE>S = ! FIR/ TIME JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE2 ?AT IS1 ! BALANCE BETWE5 ! RI<TS ( ONE & ! RI<TS ( ANO!R1 :I* UP TO ?AT TIME W]E NECESS>ILY EQUAL40 

,LI/53 RI<TS W]E EQUAL2 ?AT MEANS ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAD ! RI<T TO SATISFY HIS NE$S )\T REF]5CE TO ! NE$S ( O!RS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ALL HAD ! RI<T TO 9JURE EA* O!R2 ?AT !RE WAS NO RI<T SAVE =CE & CUNN+4 ,!Y 9JUR$ EA* O!R1 NOT ONLY BY W> & PILLAGE1 BUT ALSO BY USURPATION & APPROPRIATION4 ,N[1 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% ?IS EQUAL RI<T TO USE =CE & /RATAGEM1 -- ?IS EQUAL RI<T TO DO EVIL1 ! SOLE S\RCE ( ! 9EQUALITY ( B5EFITS & 9JURIES1 -- !Y COMM5C$ TO MAKE COV5ANTS EI!R IMPLI$ OR EXPRESS$1 & E/ABLI%$ A BALANCE4 ,!N !SE AGREEM5TS & ?IS BALANCE W]E 9T5D$ TO SECURE TO ALL EQUAL COM=T2 !N1 BY ! LAW ( CONTRADICTIONS1 IF ISOLATION IS ! PR9CIPLE ( 9EQUALITY1 SOCIETY MU/ PRODUCE EQUALITY4 ,! SOCIAL BALANCE IS ! EQUALIZATION ( ! /RONG & ! WEAK2 =1 :ILE !Y >E NOT EQUALS1 !Y >E /RANG]S2 !Y CAN =M NO ASSOCIATIONS1 -- !Y LIVE AS 5EMIES4 ,!N1 IF 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS A NECESS>Y EVIL1 SO IS ISOLATION1 = SOCIETY & 9EQUALITY >E 9COMPATIBLE ) EA* O!R4 ,!N1 IF SOCIETY IS ! TRUE CONDITION ( MAN'S EXI/5CE1 SO IS EQUALITY ALSO4 ,?IS CONCLUSION CANNOT BE AVOID$4 

,?IS BE+ SO1 H[ IS IT ?AT1 EV] S9CE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ?IS BALANCE1 9EQUALITY HAS BE5 ON ! 9CREASE8 ,H[ IS IT ?AT JU/ICE & ISOLATION ALWAYS ACCOMPANY EA* O!R8 ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY %ALL REPLY3 -- 

0,NE$S & MEANS1 RI<TS & DUTIES1 >E PRODUCTS ( ! WILL4 ,IF MAN WILL$ NO?+1 !SE W\LD NOT EXI/4 ,BUT TO HAVE NE$S & MEANS1 RI<TS & DUTIES1 IS TO HAVE1 TO POSSESS1 SOME?+4 ,!Y >E SO MANY K9DS ( PROP]TY1 US+ ! WORD 9 ITS MO/ G5]AL S5SE3 !Y >E ?+S :I* BELONG TO US40 

,%AMEFUL EQUIVOCATION1 NOT JU/IFI$ BY ! NECESSITY = G5]ALIZATION6 ,! WORD PROP]TY HAS TWO MEAN+S3 #a4 ,IT DESIGNATES ! QUALITY :I* MAKES A ?+ :AT IT IS2 ! ATTRIBUTE :I* IS PECULI> TO IT1 & ESPECIALLY DI/+UI%ES IT4 ,WE USE IT 9 ?IS S5SE :5 WE SAY ! PROP]TIES ( ! TRIANGLE OR ( NUMB]S2 ! PROP]TY ( ! MAGNET1 @&C4 #b4 ,IT EXPRESSES ! RI<T ( ABSOLUTE CONTROL OV] A ?+ BY A FREE & 9TELLIG5T BE+4 ,IT IS US$ 9 ?IS S5SE BY WRIT]S ON JURISPRUD5CE4 ,?US1 9 ! PHRASE1 IRON ACQUIRES ! PROP]TY ( A MAGNET1 ! WORD PROP]TY DOES NOT CONVEY ! SAME IDEA ?AT IT DOES 9 ?IS ONE3 ,I HAVE ACQUIR$ ?IS MAGNET AS MY PROP]TY4 ,TO TELL A POOR MAN ?AT HE ,H,A,S PROP]TY BECAUSE HE ,H,A,S >MS & LEGS1 -- ?AT ! HUNG] FROM :I* HE SUFF]S1 & HIS P[] TO SLEEP 9 ! OP5 AIR >E HIS PROP]TY1 -- IS TO PLAY UPON WORDS1 & TO ADD 9SULT TO 9JURY4 

0,! SOLE BASIS ( ! IDEA ( PROP]TY IS ! IDEA ( P]SONALITY4 ,AS SOON AS PROP]TY IS BORN AT ALL1 IT IS BORN1 ( NECESSITY1 9 ALL ITS FULLNESS4 ,AS SOON AS AN 9DIVIDUAL KN[S HIMSELF1 -- HIS MORAL P]SONALITY1 HIS CAPACITIES ( 5JOYM5T1 SUFF]+1 & ACTION1 -- HE NECESS>ILY SEES ALSO ?AT ?IS SELF IS EXCLUSIVE PROPRIETOR ( ! BODY 9 :I* IT DWELLS1 ITS ORGANS1 !IR P[]S1 FACULTIES1 @&C444 ,9ASMU* AS >TIFICIAL & CONV5TIONAL PROP]TY EXI/S1 !RE MU/ BE NATURAL PROP]TY ALSO2 = NO?+ CAN EXI/ 9 >T )\T ITS C\NT]P>T 9 ,NATURE40 

,WE \<T TO ADMIRE ! HONE/Y & JUDGM5T ( PHILOSOPH]S6 ,MAN HAS PROP]TIES2 ?AT IS1 9 ! FIR/ ACCEPTATION ( ! T]M1 FACULTIES4 ,HE HAS PROP]TY2 ?AT IS1 9 ITS SECOND ACCEPTATION1 ! RI<T ( DOMA94 ,HE HAS1 !N1 ! PROP]TY ( ! PROP]TY ( BE+ PROPRIETOR4 ,H[ A%AM$ ,I %\LD BE TO NOTICE SU* FOOLI%NESS1 W]E ,I H]E CONSID]+ ONLY ! AU?ORITY ( ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY6 ,BUT ! 5TIRE HUMAN RACE1 S9CE ! ORIG9ATION ( SOCIETY & LANGUAGE1 :5 METAPHYSICS & DIALECTICS W]E FIR/ BORN1 HAS BE5 GUILTY ( ?IS PU]ILE CONFUSION ( ?\<T4 ,ALL :I* MAN C\LD CALL HIS [N WAS ID5TIFI$ 9 HIS M9D ) HIS P]SON4 ,HE CONSID]$ IT AS HIS PROP]TY1 HIS WEAL?2 A P>T ( HIMSELF1 A MEMB] ( HIS BODY1 A FACULTY ( HIS M9D4 ,! POSSESSION ( ?+S WAS LIK5$ TO PROP]TY 9 ! P[]S ( ! BODY & M9D2 & ON ?IS FALSE ANALOGY WAS BAS$ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 -- ! IMITATION ( ,NATURE BY >T1 AS ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY SO ELEGANTLY PUTS IT4 

,BUT :Y DID NOT ?IS IDEOLOGI/ P]CEIVE ?AT MAN IS NOT PROPRIETOR EV5 ( HIS [N FACULTIES8 ,MAN HAS P[]S1 ATTRIBUTES1 CAPACITIES2 !Y >E GIV5 HIM BY ,NATURE ?AT HE MAY LIVE1 LE>N1 & LOVE3 HE DOES NOT [N !M1 BUT HAS ONLY ! USE ( !M2 & HE CAN MAKE NO USE ( !M ?AT DOES NOT H>MONIZE ) ,NATURE'S LAWS4 ,IF HE HAD ABSOLUTE MA/]Y OV] HIS FACULTIES1 HE C\LD AVOID HUNG] & COLD2 HE C\LD EAT UN/9T$LY1 & WALK ?R\< FIRE2 HE C\LD MOVE M\NTA9S1 WALK A HUNDR$ LEAGUES 9 A M9UTE1 CURE )\T M$IC9ES & BY ! SOLE =CE ( HIS WILL1 & C\LD MAKE HIMSELF IMMORTAL4 ,HE C\LD SAY1 0,I WI% TO PRODUCE10 & HIS TASKS W\LD BE F9I%$ ) ! WORDS2 HE C\LD SAY4 0,I WI% TO KN[10 & HE W\LD KN[2 0,I LOVE10 & HE W\LD 5JOY4 ,:AT !N8 ,MAN IS NOT MA/] ( HIMSELF1 BUT MAY BE ( HIS SURR\ND+S4 ,LET HIM USE ! WEAL? ( ,NATURE1 S9CE HE CAN LIVE ONLY BY ITS USE2 BUT LET HIM AB&ON HIS PRET5SIONS TO ! TITLE ( PROPRIETOR1 & REMEMB] ?AT HE IS CALL$ SO ONLY METAPHORICALLY4 

,TO SUM UP3 ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY CLASSES TOGE!R ! EXT]NAL PRODUCTIONS ( ,NATURE & >T1 & ! P[]S OR FACULTIES ( MAN1 MAK+ BO? ( !M SPECIES ( PROP]TY2 & UPON ?IS EQUIVOCATION HE HOPES TO E/ABLI%1 SO FIRMLY ?AT IT CAN NEV] BE DI/URB$1 ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,BUT ( !SE DIFF]5T K9DS ( PROP]TY SOME >E 9NATE1 AS MEMORY1 IMAG9ATION1 /R5G?1 & BEAUTY2 :ILE O!RS >E ACQUIR$1 AS L&1 WAT]1 & =E/S4 ,9 ! /ATE ( ,NATURE OR ISOLATION1 ! /RONGE/ & MO/ SKILLFUL 7?AT IS1 ?OSE BE/ PROVID$ ) 9NATE PROP]TY7 /& ! BE/ *ANCE ( OBTA9+ ACQUIR$ PROP]TY4 ,N[1 IT IS TO PREV5T ?IS 5CROA*M5T & ! W> :I* RESULTS !REFROM1 ?AT A BALANCE 7JU/ICE7 HAS BE5 EMPLOY$1 & COV5ANTS 7IMPLI$ OR EXPRESS$7 AGRE$ UPON3 IT IS TO CORRECT1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 9EQUALITY ( 9NATE PROP]TY BY EQUALITY ( ACQUIR$ PROP]TY4 ,AS LONG AS ! DIVISION REMA9S UNEQUAL1 SO LONG ! P>TN]S REMA9 5EMIES2 & IT IS ! PURPOSE ( ! COV5ANTS TO RE=M ?IS /ATE ( ?+S4 ,?US WE HAVE1 ON ! ONE H&1 ISOLATION1 9EQUALITY1 5MITY1 W>1 ROBB]Y1 MURD]2 ON ! O!R1 SOCIETY1 EQUALITY1 FRAT]NITY1 PEACE1 & LOVE4 ,*OOSE BETWE5 !M6 

,M4 ,JOSEPH ,DUT5S -- A PHYSICIAN1 5G9E]1 & GEOMETRICIAN1 BUT A V]Y POOR LEGI/1 & NO PHILOSOPH] AT ALL -- IS ! AU?OR ( A 0,PHILOSOPHY ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY10 9 :I* HE FELT IT HIS DUTY TO BREAK LANCES 9 BEHALF ( PROP]TY4 ,HIS REASON+ SEEMS TO BE BORR[$ FROM ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY4 ,HE COMM5CES ) ?IS DEF9ITION ( PROP]TY1 WOR?Y ( ,SGAN>ELLE3 0,PROP]TY IS ! RI<T BY :I* A ?+ IS ONE'S [N40 ,LIT]ALLY TRANSLAT$3 ,PROP]TY IS ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 

,AFT] GETT+ 5TANGL$ A FEW TIMES ON ! SUBJECTS ( WILL1 LIB]TY1 & P]SONALITY2 AFT] HAV+ DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 IMMAT]IAL-NATURAL PROP]TY1 & MAT]IAL-NATURAL PROP]TY1 A DI/9CTION SIMIL> TO ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY'S ( 9NATE & ACQUIR$ PROP]TY1 -- ,M4 ,JOSEPH ,DUT5S CONCLUDES ) !SE TWO G5]AL PROPOSITIONS3 #a4 ,PROP]TY IS A NATURAL & 9ALI5ABLE RI<T ( EV]Y MAN2 #b4 ,9EQUALITY ( PROP]TY IS A NECESS>Y RESULT ( ,NATURE1 -- :I* PROPOSITIONS >E CONV]TIBLE 9TO A SIMPL] ONE3 ,ALL M5 HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T ( UNEQUAL PROP]TY4 

,HE REBUKES ,M4 DE ,SISMONDI = HAV+ TAU<T ?AT L&$ PROP]TY HAS NO O!R BASIS ?AN LAW & CONV5TIONALITY2 & HE SAYS HIMSELF1 SPEAK+ ( ! RESPECT :I* PEOPLE FEEL = PROP]TY1 ?AT 0!IR GOOD S5SE REVEALS TO !M ! NATURE ( ! ORIG9AL CONTRACT MADE BETWE5 SOCIETY & PROPRIETORS40 

,HE CONF\NDS PROP]TY ) POSSESSION1 COMMUNISM ) EQUALITY1 ! JU/ ) ! NATURAL1 & ! NATURAL ) ! POSSIBLE4 ,N[ HE TAKES !SE DIFF]5T IDEAS TO BE EQUIVAL5TS2 N[ HE SEEMS TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 !M1 SO MU* SO ?AT IT W\LD BE 9F9ITELY EASI] TO REFUTE HIM ?AN TO UND]/& HIM4 ,ATTRACT$ FIR/ BY ! TITLE ( ! WORK1 0,PHILOSOPHY ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY10 ,I HAVE F\ND1 AMONG ! AU?OR'S OBSCURITIES1 ONLY ! MO/ ORD9>Y IDEAS4 ,= ?AT REASON ,I WILL NOT SPEAK ( HIM4 

,M4 ,C\S91 9 HIS 0,MORAL ,PHILOSOPHY10 PAGE #a#e1 TEA*ES ?AT ALL MORALITY1 ALL LAWS1 ALL RI<TS >E GIV5 TO MAN ) ?IS 9JUNCTION3 0,FREE BE+1 REMA9 FREE40 ,BRAVO6 MA/]2 ,I WI% TO REMA9 FREE IF ,I CAN4 ,HE CONT9UES3 -- 

0,\R PR9CIPLE IS TRUE2 IT IS GOOD1 IT IS SOCIAL4 ,DO NOT FE> TO PU% IT TO ITS ULTIMATE4 

0#a4 ,IF ! HUMAN P]SON IS SACR$1 ITS :OLE NATURE IS SACR$2 & P>TICUL>LY ITS 9T]IOR ACTIONS1 ITS FEEL+S1 ITS ?\<TS1 ITS VOLUNT>Y DECISIONS4 ,?IS ACC\NTS = ! RESPECT DUE TO PHILOSOPHY1 RELIGION1 ! >TS 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 & TO ALL ! RESULTS ( LIB]TY4 ,I SAY RESPECT1 NOT SIMPLY TOL]ATION2 = WE DO NOT TOL]ATE A RI<T1 WE RESPECT IT40 

,I B[ MY HEAD BE=E ?IS PHILOSOPHY4 

0#b4 ,MY LIB]TY1 :I* IS SACR$1 NE$S = ITS OBJECTIVE ACTION AN 9/RUM5T :I* WE CALL ! BODY3 ! BODY P>TICIPATES !N 9 ! SACR$NESS ( LIB]TY2 IT IS !N 9VIOLABLE4 ,?IS IS ! BASIS ( ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 

0#c4 ,MY LIB]TY NE$S1 = ITS OBJECTIVE ACTION1 MAT]IAL TO WORK UPON2 9 O!R WORDS1 PROP]TY OR A ?+4 ,?IS ?+ OR PROP]TY NATURALLY P>TICIPATES !N 9 ! 9VIOLABILITY ( MY P]SON4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,I TAKE POSSESSION ( AN OBJECT :I* HAS BECOME NECESS>Y & USEFUL 9 ! \TW>D MANIFE/ATION ( MY LIB]TY4 ,I SAY1 ',?IS OBJECT IS M9E S9CE IT BELONGS TO NO ONE ELSE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ,I POSSESS IT LEGITIMATELY4' ,SO ! LEGITIMACY ( POSSESSION RE/S ON TWO CONDITIONS4 ,FIR/1 ,I POSSESS ONLY AS A FREE BE+4 ,SUPPRESS FREE ACTIVITY1 Y\ DE/ROY MY P[] TO LABOR4 ,N[ IT IS ONLY BY LABOR ?AT ,I CAN USE ?IS PROP]TY OR ?+1 & IT IS ONLY BY US+ IT ?AT ,I POSSESS IT4 ,FREE ACTIVITY IS !N ! PR9CIPLE ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,BUT ?AT ALONE DOES NOT LEGITIMATE POSSESSION4 ,ALL M5 >E FREE2 ALL CAN USE PROP]TY BY LABOR4 ,DOES ?AT MEAN ?AT ALL M5 HAVE A RI<T TO ALL PROP]TY8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,TO POSSESS LEGITIMATELY1 ,I MU/ NOT ONLY LABOR & PRODUCE 9 MY CAPACITY ( A FREE BE+1 BUT ,I MU/ ALSO BE ! FIR/ TO OCCUPY ! PROP]TY4 ,9 %ORT1 IF LABOR & PRODUCTION >E ! PR9CIPLE ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 ! FACT ( FIR/ OCCUPANCY IS ITS 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION4 

0#d4 ,I POSSESS LEGITIMATELY3 !N ,I HAVE ! RI<T TO USE MY PROP]TY AS ,I SEE FIT4 ,I HAVE ALSO ! RI<T TO GIVE IT AWAY4 ,I HAVE ALSO ! RI<T TO BEQUEA? IT2 = IF ,I DECIDE TO MAKE A DONATION1 MY DECISION IS AS VALID AFT] MY DEA? AS DUR+ MY LIFE40 

,9 FACT1 TO BECOME A PROPRIETOR1 9 ,M4 ,C\S9'S OP9ION1 ONE MU/ TAKE POSSESSION BY OCCUPATION & LABOR4 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT ! ELEM5T ( TIME MU/ BE CONSID]$ ALSO2 = IF ! FIR/ OCCUPANTS HAVE OCCUPI$ EV]Y ?+1 :AT >E ! NEWCOM]S TO DO8 ,:AT WILL BECOME ( !M1 HAV+ AN 9/RUM5T ) :I* TO WORK1 BUT NO MAT]IAL TO WORK UPON8 ,MU/ !Y DEV\R EA* O!R8 ,A T]RIBLE EXTREMITY1 UN=ESE5 BY PHILOSOPHICAL PRUD5CE2 = ! REASON ?AT GREAT G5IUSES NEGLECT LITTLE ?+S4 

,NOTICE ALSO ?AT ,M4 ,C\S9 SAYS ?AT NEI!R OCCUPATION NOR LABOR1 TAK5 SEP>ATELY1 CAN LEGITIMATE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY2 & ?AT IT IS BORN ONLY FROM ! UNION ( ! TWO4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ,M4 ,C\S9'S ECLECTIC TURNS1 :I* HE1 MORE ?AN ANY ONE ELSE1 %\LD TAKE PA9S TO AVOID4 ,9/EAD ( PROCE$+ BY ! ME?OD ( ANALYSIS1 COMP>ISON1 ELIM9ATION1 & R$UCTION 7! ONLY MEANS ( DISCOV]+ ! TRU? AMID ! V>I\S =MS ( ?\<T & :IMSICAL OP9IONS71 HE JUMBLES ALL SY/EMS TOGE!R1 & !N1 DECL>+ EA* BO? RI<T & WRONG1 EXCLAIMS3 0,!RE Y\ HAVE ! TRU?40 

,BUT1 ADH]+ TO MY PROMISE1 ,I WILL NOT REFUTE HIM4 ,I WILL ONLY PROVE1 BY ALL ! >GUM5TS ) :I* HE JU/IFIES ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY :I* KILLS IT4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 MY SOLE 9T5T IS ?IS3 TO %[ AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL !SE POSITIONS ?AT 9EVITABLE MAJOR1 EQUALITY2 HOP+ H]EAFT] TO %[ ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY VITIATES ! V]Y ELEM5TS ( ECONOMICAL1 MORAL1 & GOV]NM5TAL SCI5CE1 ?US LEAD+ IT 9 ! WRONG DIRECTION4 

,WELL1 IS IT NOT TRUE1 FROM ,M4 ,C\S9'S PO9T ( VIEW1 ?AT1 IF ! LIB]TY ( MAN IS SACR$1 IT IS EQUALLY SACR$ 9 ALL 9DIVIDUALS2 ?AT1 IF IT NE$S PROP]TY = ITS OBJECTIVE ACTION1 ?AT IS1 = ITS LIFE1 ! APPROPRIATION ( MAT]IAL IS EQUALLY NECESS>Y = ALL2 ?AT1 IF ,I WI% TO BE RESPECT$ 9 MY RI<T ( APPROPRIATION1 ,I MU/ RESPECT O!RS 9 !IRS2 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT ?\<1 9 ! SPH]E ( ! 9F9ITE1 A P]SON'S P[] ( APPROPRIATION IS LIMIT$ ONLY BY HIMSELF1 9 ! SPH]E ( ! F9ITE ?IS SAME P[] IS LIMIT$ BY ! MA!MATICAL RELATION BETWE5 ! NUMB] ( P]SONS & ! SPACE :I* !Y OCCUPY8 ,DOES IT NOT FOLL[ ?AT IF ONE 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT PREV5T ANO!R -- HIS FELL[-MAN -- FROM APPROPRIAT+ AN AM\NT ( MAT]IAL EQUAL TO HIS [N1 NO MORE CAN HE PREV5T 9DIVIDUALS YET TO COME2 BECAUSE1 :ILE 9DIVIDUALITY PASSES AWAY1 UNIV]SALITY P]SI/S1 & ET]NAL LAWS CANNOT BE DET]M9$ BY A P>TIAL VIEW ( !IR MANIFE/ATIONS8 ,MU/ WE NOT CONCLUDE1 !RE=E1 ?AT :5EV] A P]SON IS BORN1 ! O!RS MU/ CR[D CLOS] TOGE!R2 &1 BY RECIPROCITY ( OBLIGATION1 ?AT IF ! NEW COM] IS AFT]W>DS TO BECOME AN HEIR1 ! RI<T ( SUCCESSION DOES NOT GIVE HIM ! RI<T ( ACCUMULATION1 BUT ONLY ! RI<T ( *OICE8 

,I HAVE FOLL[$ ,M4 ,C\S9 SO F> AS TO IMITATE HIS /YLE1 & ,I AM A%AM$ ( IT4 ,DO WE NE$ SU* HI<-S\ND+ T]MS1 SU* SONOR\S PHRASES1 TO SAY SU* SIMPLE ?+S8 ,MAN NE$S TO LABOR 9 ORD] TO LIVE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 HE NE$S TOOLS TO WORK ) & MAT]IALS TO WORK UPON4 ,HIS NE$ TO PRODUCE CON/ITUTES HIS RI<T TO PRODUCE4 ,N[1 ?IS RI<T IS GU>ANTE$ HIM BY HIS FELL[S1 ) :OM HE MAKES AN AGREEM5T TO ?AT EFFECT4 ,ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 SETTLE 9 A L>GE C\NTRY LIKE ,FRANCE ) NO 9HABITANTS3 EA* MAN HAS A RI<T TO #a_/#a1 ( ! L&4 ,IF ! NUMB] ( POSSESSORS 9CREASES1 EA* ONE'S PORTION DIM9I%ES 9 CONSEQU5CE2 SO ?AT1 IF ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS RISES TO ?IRTY-F\R MILLIONS1 EA* ONE WILL HAVE A RI<T ONLY TO #a_/#c#d114 ,N[1 SO REGULATE ! POLICE SY/EM & ! GOV]NM5T1 LABOR1 EX*ANGE1 9H]ITANCE1 @&C41 ?AT ! MEANS ( LABOR %ALL BE %>$ BY ALL EQUALLY1 & ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL %ALL BE FREE2 & !N SOCIETY WILL BE P]FECT4 

,( ALL ! DEF5D]S ( PROP]TY1 ,M4 ,C\S9 HAS GONE ! F>!/4 ,HE HAS MA9TA9$ AGA9/ ! ECONOMI/S ?AT LABOR DOES NOT E/ABLI% ! RI<T ( PROP]TY UNLESS PREC$$ BY OCCUPATION1 & AGA9/ ! JURI/S ?AT ! CIVIL LAW CAN DET]M9E & APPLY A NATURAL RI<T1 BUT CANNOT CREATE IT4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO SAY1 0,! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( PROP]TY2 ! FUNCTION ( ! CIVIL LAW IS PURELY DECL>ATORY40 ,TO SAY ?AT1 IS TO CONFESS ?AT !RE IS NO REPLY TO ?OSE :O QUE/ION ! LEGITIMACY ( ! FACT ITSELF4 ,EV]Y RI<T MU/ BE JU/IFIABLE 9 ITSELF1 OR BY SOME ANTEC$5T RI<T2 PROP]TY IS NO EXCEPTION4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ,M4 ,C\S9 HAS S\<T TO BASE IT UPON ! SANCTITY ( ! HUMAN P]SONALITY1 & ! ACT BY :I* ! WILL ASSIMILATES A ?+4 0,ONCE T\*$ BY MAN10 SAYS ONE ( ,M4 ,C\S9'S DISCIPLES1 0?+S RECEIVE FROM HIM A *>ACT] :I* TRANS=MS & HUMANIZES !M40 ,I CONFESS1 = MY P>T1 ?AT ,I HAVE NO FAI? 9 ?IS MAGIC1 & ?AT ,I KN[ ( NO?+ LESS HOLY ?AN ! WILL ( MAN4 ,BUT ?IS !ORY1 FRAGILE AS IT SEEMS TO PSY*OLOGY AS WELL AS JURISPRUD5CE1 IS NEV]!LESS MORE PHILOSOPHICAL & PR(\ND ?AN ?OSE !ORIES :I* >E BAS$ UPON LABOR OR ! AU?ORITY ( ! LAW4 ,N[1 WE HAVE JU/ SE5 TO :AT ?IS !ORY ( :I* WE >E SPEAK+ LEADS1 -- TO ! EQUALITY IMPLI$ 9 ! T]MS ( ITS /ATEM5T4 

,BUT P]HAPS PHILOSOPHY VIEWS ?+S FROM TOO L(TY A /&PO9T1 & IS NOT SUFFICI5TLY PRACTICAL2 P]HAPS FROM ! EXALT$ SUMMIT ( SPECULATION M5 SEEM SO SMALL TO ! METAPHYSICIAN ?AT HE CANNOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 !M2 P]HAPS1 9DE$1 ! EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS ONE ( ?OSE PR9CIPLES :I* >E V]Y TRUE & SUBLIME AS G5]ALITIES1 BUT :I* IT W\LD BE RIDICUL\S & EV5 DANG]\S TO ATTEMPT TO RIGOR\SLY APPLY TO ! CU/OMS ( LIFE & TO SOCIAL TRANSACTIONS4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ?IS IS A CASE :I* CALLS = IMITATION ( ! WISE RES]VE ( MORALI/S & JURI/S1 :O W>N US AGA9/ C>RY+ ?+S TO EXTREMES1 & :O ADVISE US TO SUSPECT EV]Y DEF9ITION2 BECAUSE !RE IS NOT ONE1 !Y SAY1 :I* CANNOT BE UTT]LY DE/ROY$ BY DEVELOP+ ITS DISA/R\S RESULTS -- ,OMNIS DEF9ITIO 9 JURE CIVILI P]ICULOSA E/3 P>UM E/ 5IM UT NON SUBV]TI POSSIT4 ,EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 -- A T]RIBLE DOGMA 9 ! E>S ( ! PROPRIETOR1 A CONSOL+ TRU? AT ! POOR-MAN'S SICK-B$1 A FRI<TFUL REALITY UND] ! KNIFE ( ! ANATOMI/1 -- EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 E/ABLI%$ 9 ! POLITICAL1 CIVIL1 & 9DU/RIAL SPH]ES1 IS ONLY AN ALLUR+ IMPOSSIBILITY1 AN 9VIT+ BAIT1 A SATANIC DELUSION4 

,IT IS NEV] MY 9T5TION TO SURPRISE MY READ]4 ,I DETE/1 AS ,I DO DEA?1 ! MAN :O EMPLOYS SUBT]FUGE 9 HIS WORDS & CONDUCT4 ,FROM ! FIR/ PAGE ( ?IS BOOK1 ,I HAVE EXPRESS$ MYSELF SO PLA9LY & DECID$LY ?AT ALL CAN SEE ! T5D5CY ( MY ?\<T & HOPES2 & !Y WILL DO ME ! JU/ICE TO SAY1 ?AT IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXHIBIT MORE FRANKNESS & MORE BOLDNESS AT ! SAME TIME4 ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO DECL>E ?AT ! TIME IS NOT F> DI/ANT :5 ?IS RES]VE1 N[ SO MU* ADMIR$ 9 PHILOSOPH]S -- ?IS HAPPY M$IUM SO /RONGLY RECOMM5D$ BY PR(ESSORS ( MORAL & POLITICAL SCI5CE -- WILL BE REG>D$ AS ! DISGRACEFUL FEATURE ( A SCI5CE )\T PR9CIPLE1 & AS ! SEAL ( ITS REPROBATION4 ,9 LEGISLATION & MORALS1 AS WELL AS 9 GEOMETRY1 AXIOMS >E ABSOLUTE1 DEF9ITIONS >E C]TA92 & ALL ! RESULTS ( A PR9CIPLE >E TO BE ACCEPT$1 PROVID$ !Y >E LOGICALLY D$UC$4 ,DEPLORABLE PRIDE6 ,WE KN[ NO?+ ( \R NATURE1 & WE *>GE \R BLUND]S TO IT2 &1 9 A FIT ( UNAFFECT$ IGNORANCE1 CRY \T1 0,! TRU? IS 9 D\BT1 ! BE/ DEF9ITION DEF9ES NO?+60 ,WE %ALL KN[ SOME TIME :E!R ?IS DI/RESS+ UNC]TA9TY ( JURISPRUD5CE >ISES FROM ! NATURE ( ITS 9VE/IGATIONS1 OR FROM \R PREJUDICES2 :E!R1 TO EXPLA9 SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO *ANGE \R HYPO!SIS1 AS DID ,COP]NICUS :5 HE REV]S$ ! SY/EM ( ,PTOLEMY4 

,BUT :AT WILL BE SAID :5 ,I %[1 AS ,I SOON %ALL1 ?AT ?IS SAME JURISPRUD5CE CONT9UALLY TRIES TO BASE PROP]TY UPON EQUALITY8 ,:AT REPLY CAN BE MADE8 

8 #c4 -- ,CIVIL ,LAW AS ! ,F\NDATION & ,SANCTION ( ,PROP]TY4 

,PO?I] SEEMS TO ?9K ?AT PROP]TY1 LIKE ROYALTY1 EXI/S BY DIV9E RI<T4 ,HE TRACES BACK ITS ORIG9 TO ,GOD HIMSELF -- AB ,JOVE PR9CIPIUM4 ,HE BEG9S 9 ?IS WAY3 -- 

0,GOD IS ! ABSOLUTE RUL] ( ! UNIV]SE & ALL ?AT IT CONTA9S3 ,DOM9I E/ T]RA ET PL5ITUDO EJUS1 ORBIS ET UNIV]SI QUI HABITANT 9 EO4 ,= ! HUMAN RACE HE HAS CREAT$ ! E>? & ALL ITS CREATURES1 & HAS GIV5 IT A CONTROL OV] !M SUBORD9ATE ONLY TO HIS [N4 ',?\ MADE/ HIM TO HAVE DOM9ION OV] ! WORKS ( ?Y H&S2 ?\ HA/ PUT ALL ?+S UND] HIS FEET1' SAYS ! ,PSALMI/4 ,GOD ACCOMPANI$ ?IS GIFT ) !SE WORDS1 ADDRESS$ TO \R FIR/ P>5TS AFT] ! CREATION3 ',BE FRUITFUL1 & MULTIPLY & REPL5I% ! E>?1' 0 @&C4 

,AFT] ?IS MAGNIFIC5T 9TRODUCTION1 :O W\LD REFUSE TO BELIEVE ! HUMAN RACE TO BE AN IMM5SE FAMILY LIV+ 9 BRO!RLY UNION1 & UND] ! PROTECTION ( A V5]ABLE FA!R8 ,BUT1 HEAV5S6 >E BRO!RS 5EMIES8 ,>E FA!RS UNNATURAL1 & *ILDR5 PRODIGAL8 

,GOD GAVE ! E>? TO ! HUMAN RACE3 :Y !N HAVE ,I RECEIV$ NONE8 ,HE HAS PUT ALL ?+S UND] MY FEET1 -- & ,I HAVE NOT :]E TO LAY MY HEAD6 ,MULTIPLY1 HE TELLS US ?R\< HIS 9T]PRET]1 ,PO?I]4 ,AH1 LE>N$ ,PO?I]6 ?AT IS AS EASY TO DO AS TO SAY2 BUT Y\ MU/ GIVE MOSS TO ! BIRD = ITS NE/4 

0,! HUMAN RACE HAV+ MULTIPLI$1 M5 DIVID$ AMONG !MSELVES ! E>? & MO/ ( ! ?+S UPON IT2 ?AT :I* FELL TO EA*1 FROM ?AT TIME EXCLUSIVELY BELONG$ TO HIM4 ,?AT WAS ! ORIG9 ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY40 

,SAY1 RA!R1 ! RI<T ( POSSESSION4 ,M5 LIV$ 9 A /ATE ( COMMUNISM2 :E!R POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE IT MATT]S LITTLE4 ,!N !RE WAS NO PROP]TY1 NOT EV5 PRIVATE POSSESSION4 ,! G5ESIS & GR[? ( POSSESSION GRADUALLY =C+ PEOPLE TO LABOR = !IR SUPPORT1 !Y AGRE$ EI!R =MALLY OR TACITLY1 -- IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :I*1 -- ?AT ! LABOR] %\LD BE SOLE PROPRIETOR ( ! FRUIT ( HIS LABOR2 ?AT IS1 !Y SIMPLY DECL>$ ! FACT ?AT !REAFT] NONE C\LD LIVE )\T WORK+4 ,IT NECESS>ILY FOLL[$ ?AT1 TO OBTA9 EQUALITY ( PRODUCTS1 !RE MU/ BE EQUALITY ( LABOR2 & ?AT1 TO OBTA9 EQUALITY ( LABOR1 !RE MU/ BE EQUALITY ( FACILITIES = LABOR4 ,:OEV] )\T LABOR GOT POSSESSION1 BY =CE OR BY /RATEGY1 ( ANO!R'S MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 DE/ROY$ EQUALITY1 & PLAC$ HIMSELF ABOVE OR \TSIDE ( ! LAW4 ,:OEV] MONOPOLIZ$ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ON ! GR\ND ( GREAT] 9DU/RY1 ALSO DE/ROY$ EQUALITY4 ,EQUALITY BE+ !N ! EXPRESSION ( RI<T1 :OEV] VIOLAT$ IT WAS UNJU/4 

,?US1 LABOR GIVES BIR? TO PRIVATE POSSESSION2 ! RI<T 9 A ?+ -- JUS 9 RE4 ,BUT 9 :AT ?+8 ,EVID5TLY 9 ! PRODUCT1 NOT 9 ! SOIL4 ,SO ! ,>ABS HAVE ALWAYS UND]/OOD IT2 & SO1 ACCORD+ TO ,CAES> & ,TACITUS1 ! ,G]MANS =M]LY HELD4 0,! ,>ABS10 SAYS ,M4 DE ,SISMONDI1 0:O ADMIT A MAN'S PROP]TY 9 ! FLOCKS :I* HE HAS RAIS$1 DO NOT REFUSE ! CROP TO HIM :O PLANT$ ! SE$2 BUT !Y DO NOT SEE :Y ANO!R1 HIS EQUAL1 %\LD NOT HAVE A RI<T TO PLANT 9 HIS TURN4 ,! 9EQUALITY :I* RESULTS FROM ! PRET5D$ RI<T ( ! FIR/ OCCUPANT SEEMS TO !M TO BE BAS$ ON NO PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE2 & :5 ALL ! L& FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS1 !RE RESULTS A MONOPOLY 9 !IR FAVOR AGA9/ ! RE/ ( ! NATION1 TO :I* !Y DO NOT WI% TO SUBMIT40 

,WELL1 !Y HAVE %>$ ! L&4 ,I ADMIT ?AT !REFROM RESULTS A MORE P[]FUL ORGANIZATION ( LABOR2 & ?AT ?IS ME?OD ( DI/RIBUTION1 FIX$ & DURABLE1 IS ADVANTAGE\S TO PRODUCTION3 BUT H[ C\LD ?IS DIVISION GIVE TO EA* A TRANSF]ABLE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 A ?+ TO :I* ALL HAD AN 9ALI5ABLE RI<T ( POSSESSION8 ,9 ! T]MS ( JURISPRUD5CE1 ?IS METAMORPHOSIS FROM POSSESSOR TO PROPRIETOR IS LEGALLY IMPOSSIBLE2 IT IMPLIES 9 ! JURISDICTION ( ! C\RTS ! UNION ( POSSESSOIRE & PETITOIRE2 & ! MUTUAL CONCESSIONS ( ?OSE :O %>E ! L& >E NO?+ LESS ?AN TRAFFIC 9 NATURAL RI<TS4 ,! ORIG9AL CULTIVATORS ( ! L&1 :O W]E ALSO ! ORIG9AL MAK]S ( ! LAW1 W]E NOT AS LE>N$ AS \R LEGISLATORS1 ,I ADMIT2 & HAD !Y BE51 !Y C\LD NOT HAVE DONE WORSE3 !Y DID NOT =ESEE ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! TRANS=MATION ( ! RI<T ( PRIVATE POSSESSION 9TO ! RI<T ( ABSOLUTE PROP]TY4 ,BUT :Y HAVE NOT ?OSE1 :O 9 LAT] TIMES HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 JUS 9 RE & JUS AD REM1 APPLI$ IT TO ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY ITSELF8 

,LET ME CALL ! ATT5TION ( ! WRIT]S ON JURISPRUD5CE TO !IR [N MAXIMS4 

,! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 PROVID$ IT CAN HAVE A CAUSE1 CAN HAVE BUT ONE -- ,DOM9IUM NON POTE/ NISI EX UNA CAUSA CONT+]E4 ,I CAN POSSESS BY SEV]AL TITLES2 ,I CAN BECOME PROPRIETOR BY ONLY ONE -- ,NON UT EX PLURIBUS CAUSIS IDEM NOBIS DEB]I POTE/1 ITA EX PLURIBUS CAUSIS IDEM POTE/ NO/RUM ESSE4 ,! FIELD :I* ,I HAVE CLE>$1 :I* ,I CULTIVATE1 ON :I* ,I HAVE BUILT MY H\SE1 :I* SUPPORTS MYSELF1 MY FAMILY1 & MY LIVE/OCK1 ,I CAN POSSESS3 #a/4 ,AS ! ORIG9AL OCCUPANT2 #bD4 ,AS A LABOR]2 #cD4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT :I* ASSIGNS IT TO ME AS MY %>E4 ,BUT NONE ( !SE TITLES CONF] UPON ME ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,=1 IF ,I ATTEMPT TO BASE IT UPON OCCUPANCY1 SOCIETY CAN REPLY1 0,I AM ! ORIG9AL OCCUPANT40 ,IF ,I APPEAL TO MY LABOR1 IT WILL SAY1 0,IT IS ONLY ON ?AT CONDITION ?AT Y\ POSSESS40 ,IF ,I SPEAK ( AGREEM5TS1 IT WILL RESPOND1 0,!SE AGREEM5TS E/ABLI% ONLY Y\R RI<T ( USE40 ,SU*1 H[EV]1 >E ! ONLY TITLES :I* PROPRIETORS ADVANCE4 ,!Y NEV] HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DISCOV] ANY O!RS4 ,9DE$1 EV]Y RI<T -- IT IS ,PO?I] :O SAYS IT -- SUPPOSES A PRODUC+ CAUSE 9 ! P]SON :O 5JOYS IT2 BUT 9 MAN :O LIVES & DIES1 9 ?IS SON ( E>? :O PASSES AWAY LIKE A %AD[1 !RE EXI/S1 ) RESPECT TO EXT]NAL ?+S1 ONLY TITLES ( POSSESSION1 NOT ONE TITLE ( PROP]TY4 ,:Y1 !N1 HAS SOCIETY RECOGNIZ$ A RI<T 9JURI\S TO ITSELF1 :]E !RE IS NO PRODUC+ CAUSE8 ,:Y1 9 ACCORD+ POSSESSION1 HAS IT ALSO CONC$$ PROP]TY8 ,:Y HAS ! LAW SANCTION$ ?IS ABUSE ( P[]8 

,! ,G]MAN ,ANCILLON REPLIES ?US3 -- 

0,SOME PHILOSOPH]S PRET5D ?AT MAN1 9 EMPLOY+ HIS =CES UPON A NATURAL OBJECT1 -- SAY A FIELD OR A TREE1 -- ACQUIRES A RI<T ONLY TO ! IMPROVEM5TS :I* HE MAKES1 TO ! =M :I* HE GIVES TO ! OBJECT1 NOT TO ! OBJECT ITSELF4 ,USELESS DI/9CTION6 ,IF ! =M C\LD BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! OBJECT1 P]HAPS !RE W\LD BE ROOM = QUE/ION2 BUT AS ?IS IS ALMO/ ALWAYS IMPOSSIBLE1 ! APPLICATION ( MAN'S /R5G? TO ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! VISIBLE WORLD IS ! F\NDATION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 ! PRIM>Y ORIG9 ( RI*ES40 

,VA9 PRETEXT6 ,IF ! =M CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! OBJECT1 NOR PROP]TY FROM POSSESSION1 POSSESSION MU/ BE %>$2 9 ANY CASE1 SOCIETY RES]VES ! RI<T TO FIX ! CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT AN APPROPRIAT$ F>M YIELDS A GROSS 9COME ( T5 ?\S& FRANCS2 &1 AS V]Y SELDOM HAPP5S1 ?AT ?IS F>M CANNOT BE DIVID$4 ,LET US SUPPOSE F>!R ?AT1 BY ECONOMICAL CALCULATION1 ! ANNUAL EXP5SES ( A FAMILY >E ?REE ?\S& FRANCS3 ! POSSESSOR ( ?IS F>M %\LD BE OBLIG$ TO GU>D HIS REPUTATION AS A GOOD FA!R ( A FAMILY1 BY PAY+ TO SOCIETY T5 ?\S& FRANCS1 -- LESS ! TOTAL CO/S ( CULTIVATION1 & ! ?REE ?\S& FRANCS REQUIR$ = ! MA9T5ANCE ( HIS FAMILY4 ,?IS PAYM5T IS NOT R5T1 IT IS AN 9DEMNITY4 

,:AT SORT ( JU/ICE IS IT1 !N1 :I* MAKES SU* LAWS AS ?IS3 -- 

0,:]EAS1 S9CE LABOR SO *ANGES ! =M ( A ?+ ?AT ! =M & SUB/ANCE CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ )\T DE/ROY+ ! ?+ ITSELF1 EI!R SOCIETY MU/ BE DIS9H]IT$1 OR ! LABOR] MU/ LOSE ! FRUIT ( HIS LABOR2 & 

0,:]EAS1 9 EV]Y O!R CASE1 PROP]TY 9 RAW MAT]IAL W\LD GIVE A TITLE TO ADD$ IMPROVEM5TS1 M9US !IR CO/2 & :]EAS1 9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 PROP]TY 9 IMPROVEM5TS \<T TO GIVE A TITLE TO ! PR9CIPAL2 

0,!RE=E1 ! RI<T ( APPROPRIATION BY LABOR %ALL NEV] BE ADMITT$ AGA9/ 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ONLY AGA9/ SOCIETY40 

,9 SU* A WAY DO LEGISLATORS ALWAYS REASON 9 REG>D TO PROP]TY4 ,! LAW IS 9T5D$ TO PROTECT M5'S MUTUAL RI<TS1 -- ?AT IS1 ! RI<TS ( EA* AGA9/ EA*1 & EA* AGA9/ ALL2 &1 AS IF A PROPORTION C\LD EXI/ ) LESS ?AN F\R T]MS1 ! LAW-MAK]S ALWAYS DISREG>D ! LATT]4 ,AS LONG AS MAN IS OPPOS$ TO MAN1 PROP]TY (FSETS PROP]TY1 & ! TWO =CES BALANCE EA* O!R2 AS SOON AS MAN IS ISOLAT$1 ?AT IS1 OPPOS$ TO ! SOCIETY :I* HE HIMSELF REPRES5TS1 JURISPRUD5CE IS AT FAULT3 ,!MIS HAS LO/ ONE SCALE ( H] BALANCE4 

,LI/5 TO ! PR(ESSOR ( ,R5NES1 ! LE>N$ ,T\LLI]3 -- 

0,H[ C\LD ?IS CLAIM1 MADE VALID BY OCCUPATION1 BECOME /ABLE & P]MAN5T PROP]TY1 :I* MI<T CONT9UE TO /&1 & :I* MI<T BE RECLAIM$ AFT] ! FIR/ OCCUPANT HAD REL9QUI%$ POSSESSION8 

0,AGRICULTURE WAS A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! MULTIPLICATION ( ! HUMAN RACE1 & AGRICULTURE1 9 ITS TURN1 FAVORS POPULATION1 & NECESSITATES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( P]MAN5T PROP]TY2 = :O W\LD TAKE ! TR\BLE TO PL[ & S[1 IF HE W]E NOT C]TA9 ?AT HE W\LD REAP80 

,TO SATISFY ! HUSB&MAN1 IT WAS SUFFICI5T TO GU>ANTEE HIM POSSESSION ( HIS CROP2 ADMIT EV5 ?AT HE %\LD HAVE BE5 PROTECT$ 9 HIS RI<T ( OCCUPATION ( L&1 AS LONG AS HE REMA9$ ITS CULTIVATOR4 ,?AT WAS ALL ?AT HE HAD A RI<T TO EXPECT2 ?AT WAS ALL ?AT ! ADVANCE ( CIVILIZATION DEM&$4 ,BUT PROP]TY1 PROP]TY6 ! RI<T ( ES*EAT OV] L&S :I* ONE NEI!R OCCUPIES NOR CULTIVATES1 -- :O HAD AU?ORITY TO GRANT IT8 :O PRET5D$ TO HAVE IT8 

0,AGRICULTURE ALONE WAS NOT SUFFICI5T TO E/ABLI% P]MAN5T PROP]TY2 POSITIVE LAWS W]E NE$$1 & MAGI/RATES TO EXECUTE !M2 9 A WORD1 ! CIVIL ,/ATE WAS NE$$4 

0,! MULTIPLICATION ( ! HUMAN RACE HAD R5D]$ AGRICULTURE NECESS>Y2 ! NE$ ( SECUR+ TO ! CULTIVATOR ! FRUIT ( HIS LABOR MADE P]MAN5T PROP]TY NECESS>Y1 & ALSO LAWS = ITS PROTECTION4 ,SO WE >E 9DEBT$ TO PROP]TY = ! CREATION ( ! CIVIL ,/ATE40 

,YES1 ( \R CIVIL ,/ATE1 AS Y\ HAVE MADE IT2 A ,/ATE :I*1 AT FIR/1 WAS DESPOTISM1 !N MON>*Y1 !N >I/OCRACY1 TODAY DEMOCRACY1 & ALWAYS TYRANNY4 

0,)\T ! TIES ( PROP]TY IT NEV] W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO SUBORD9ATE M5 TO ! :OLESOME YOKE ( ! LAW2 & )\T P]MAN5T PROP]TY ! E>? W\LD HAVE REMA9$ A VA/ =E/4 ,LET US ADMIT1 !N1 ) ! MO/ C>EFUL WRIT]S1 ?AT IF TRANSI5T PROP]TY1 OR ! RI<T ( PREF]5CE RESULT+ FROM OCCUPATION1 EXI/$ PRIOR TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 P]MAN5T PROP]TY1 AS WE KN[ IT TO-DAY1 IS ! WORK ( CIVIL LAW4 ,IT IS ! CIVIL LAW :I* HOLDS ?AT1 :5 ONCE ACQUIR$1 PROP]TY CAN BE LO/ ONLY BY ! ACTION ( ! PROPRIETOR1 & ?AT IT EXI/S EV5 AFT] ! PROPRIETOR HAS REL9QUI%$ POSSESSION ( ! ?+1 & IT HAS FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( A ?IRD P>TY4 

0,?US PROP]TY & POSSESSION1 :I* ORIG9ALLY W]E CONF\ND$1 BECAME ?R\< ! CIVIL LAW TWO DI/9CT & 9DEP5D5T ?+S2 TWO ?+S :I*1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ! LAW1 HAVE NO?+ :ATEV] 9 COMMON4 ,9 ?IS WE SEE :AT A WOND]FUL *ANGE HAS BE5 EFFECT$ 9 PROP]TY1 & TO :AT AN EXT5T ,NATURE HAS BE5 ALT]$ BY ! CIVIL LAWS40 

,?US ! LAW1 9 E/ABLI%+ PROP]TY1 HAS NOT BE5 ! EXPRESSION ( A PSY*OLOGICAL FACT1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NATURAL LAW1 ! APPLICATION ( A MORAL PR9CIPLE4 ,IT HAS LIT]ALLY CREAT$ A RI<T \TSIDE ( ITS [N PROV9CE4 ,IT HAS REALIZ$ AN AB/RACTION1 A METAPHOR1 A FICTION2 & ?AT )\T DEIGN+ TO LOOK AT ! CONSEQU5CES1 )\T CONSID]+ ! DISADVANTAGES1 )\T 9QUIR+ :E!R IT WAS RI<T OR WRONG4 

,IT HAS SANCTION$ SELFI%NESS2 IT HAS 5DORS$ MON/R\S PRET5SIONS2 IT HAS RECEIV$ ) FAVOR IMPI\S V[S1 AS IF IT W]E ABLE TO FILL UP A BOTTOMLESS PIT1 & TO SATIATE HELL6 ,BL9D LAW2 ! LAW ( ! IGNORANT MAN2 A LAW :I* IS NOT A LAW2 ! VOICE ( DISCORD1 DECEIT1 & BLOOD6 ,?IS IT IS :I*1 CONT9UALLY REVIV$1 RE9/AT$1 REJUV5AT$1 RE/OR$1 RE9=C$ -- AS ! PALLADIUM ( SOCIETY -- HAS TR\BL$ ! CONSCI5CES ( ! PEOPLE1 HAS OBSCUR$ ! M9DS ( ! MA/]S1 & HAS 9DUC$ ALL ! CATA/ROPHES :I* HAVE BEFALL5 NATIONS4 ,?IS IT IS :I* ,*RI/IANITY HAS CONDEMN$1 BUT :I* ITS IGNORANT M9I/]S DEIFY2 :O HAVE AS LITTLE DESIRE TO /UDY ,NATURE & MAN1 AS ABILITY TO READ !IR ,SCRIPTURES4 

,BUT1 9DE$1 :AT GUIDE DID ! LAW FOLL[ 9 CREAT+ ! DOMA9 ( PROP]TY8 ,:AT PR9CIPLE DIRECT$ IT8 ,:AT WAS ITS /&>D8 

,W\LD Y\ BELIEVE IT8 ,IT WAS EQUALITY4 

,AGRICULTURE WAS ! F\NDATION ( T]RITORIAL POSSESSION1 & ! ORIG9AL CAUSE ( PROP]TY4 ,IT WAS ( NO USE TO SECURE TO ! F>M] ! FRUIT ( HIS LABOR1 UNLESS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E AT ! SAME TIME SECUR$ TO HIM4 ,TO =TIFY ! WEAK AGA9/ ! 9VASION ( ! /RONG1 TO SUPPRESS SPOLIATION & FRAUD1 ! NECESSITY WAS FELT ( E/ABLI%+ BETWE5 POSSESSORS P]MAN5T L9ES ( DIVISION1 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLES4 ,EV]Y YE> SAW ! PEOPLE MULTIPLY1 & ! CUPIDITY ( ! HUSB&MAN 9CREASE3 IT WAS ?\<T BE/ TO PUT A BRIDLE ON AMBITION BY SETT+ B\ND>IES :I* AMBITION W\LD 9 VA9 ATTEMPT TO OV]/EP4 ,?US ! SOIL CAME TO BE APPROPRIAT$ ?R\< NE$ ( ! EQUALITY :I* IS ESS5TIAL TO PUBLIC SECURITY & PEACEABLE POSSESSION4 ,UND\BT$LY ! DIVISION WAS NEV] GEOGRAPHICALLY EQUAL2 A MULTITUDE ( RI<TS1 SOME F\ND$ 9 ,NATURE1 BUT WRONGLY 9T]PRET$ & /ILL MORE WRONGLY APPLI$1 9H]ITANCE1 GIFT1 & EX*ANGE2 O!RS1 LIKE ! PRIVILEGES ( BIR? & POSITION1 ! ILLEGITIMATE CREATIONS ( IGNORANCE & BRUTE =CE1 -- ALL OP]AT$ TO PREV5T ABSOLUTE EQUALITY4 ,BUT1 NEV]!LESS1 ! PR9CIPLE REMA9$ ! SAME3 EQUALITY HAD SANCTION$ POSSESSION2 EQUALITY SANCTION$ PROP]TY4 

,! HUSB&MAN NE$$ EA* YE> A FIELD TO S[2 :AT MORE CONV5I5T & SIMPLE >RANGEM5T = ! B>B>IANS1 -- 9/EAD ( 9DULG+ 9 ANNUAL QU>RELS & FI<TS1 9/EAD ( CONT9UALLY MOV+ !IR H\SES1 FURNITURE1 & FAMILIES FROM SPOT TO SPOT1 -- ?AN TO ASSIGN TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL A FIX$ & 9ALI5ABLE E/ATE8 

,IT WAS NOT RI<T ?AT ! SOLDI]1 ON RETURN+ FROM AN EXP$ITION1 %\LD F9D HIMSELF DISPOSSESS$ ON ACC\NT ( ! S]VICES :I* HE HAD JU/ R5D]$ TO HIS C\NTRY2 HIS E/ATE \<T TO BE RE/OR$ TO HIM4 ,IT BECAME1 !RE=E1 CU/OM>Y TO RETA9 PROP]TY BY 9T5T ALONE -- NUDO ANIMO2 IT C\LD BE SACRIFIC$ ONLY ) ! CONS5T & BY ! ACTION ( ! PROPRIETOR4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ! EQUALITY 9 ! DIVISION %\LD BE KEPT UP FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ANO!R1 )\T A NEW DI/RIBUTION ( ! L& UPON ! DEA? ( EA* FAMILY2 IT APPE>$ !RE=E NATURAL & JU/ ?AT *ILDR5 & P>5TS1 ACCORD+ TO ! DEGREE ( RELATION%IP :I* !Y BORE TO ! DECEAS$1 %\LD BE ! HEIRS ( !IR ANCE/ORS4 ,!NCE CAME1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! FEUDAL & PATRI>*AL CU/OM ( RECOGNIZ+ ONLY ONE HEIR2 !N1 BY A QUITE CONTR>Y APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY1 ! ADMISSION ( ALL ! *ILDR5 TO A %>E 9 !IR FA!R'S E/ATE1 &1 V]Y REC5TLY ALSO AMONG US1 ! DEF9ITIVE ABOLITION ( ! RI<T ( PRIMOG5ITURE4 

,BUT :AT IS !RE 9 COMMON BETWE5 !SE RUDE \TL9ES ( 9/9CTIVE ORGANIZATION & ! TRUE SOCIAL SCI5CE8 ,H[ C\LD !SE M51 :O NEV] HAD ! FA9TE/ IDEA ( /ATI/ICS1 VALUATION1 OR POLITICAL ECONOMY1 FURNI% US ) PR9CIPLES ( LEGISLATION8 

0,! LAW10 SAYS A MOD]N WRIT] ON JURISPRUD5CE1 0IS ! EXPRESSION ( A SOCIAL WANT1 ! DECL>ATION ( A FACT3 ! LEGISLATOR DOES NOT MAKE IT1 HE DECL>ES IT4 ',?IS DEF9ITION IS NOT EXACT4 ,! LAW IS A ME?OD BY :I* SOCIAL WANTS MU/ BE SATISFI$2 ! PEOPLE DO NOT VOTE IT1 ! LEGISLATOR DOES NOT EXPRESS IT3 ! SAVANT DISCOV]S & =MULATES IT4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 ! LAW1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE1 :O HAS DEVOT$ HALF A VOLUME TO ITS DEF9ITION1 WAS 9 ! BEG9N+ ONLY ! EXPRESSION ( A WANT1 & ! 9DICATION ( ! MEANS ( SUPPLY+ IT2 & UP TO ?IS TIME IT HAS BE5 NO?+ ELSE4 ,! LEGI/S -- ) ME*ANICAL FIDELITY1 FULL ( OB/9ACY1 5EMIES ( PHILOSOPHY1 BURI$ 9 LIT]ALITIES -- HAVE ALWAYS MI/AK5 = ! LA/ WORD ( SCI5CE ?AT :I* WAS ONLY ! 9CONSID]ATE ASPIRATION ( M5 :O1 TO BE SURE1 W]E WELL-MEAN+1 BUT WANT+ 9 =ESI<T4 

,!Y DID NOT =ESEE1 !SE OLD F\ND]S ( ! DOMA9 ( PROP]TY1 ?AT ! P]PETUAL & ABSOLUTE RI<T TO RETA9 ONE'S E/ATE1 -- A RI<T :I* SEEM$ TO !M EQUITABLE1 BECAUSE IT WAS COMMON1 -- 9VOLVES ! RI<T TO TRANSF]1 SELL1 GIVE1 GA91 & LOSE IT2 ?AT IT T5DS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TO NO?+ LESS ?AN ! DE/RUCTION ( ?AT EQUALITY :I* !Y E/ABLI%$ IT TO MA9TA94 ,& ?\< !Y %\LD HAVE =ESE5 IT1 !Y DISREG>D$ IT2 ! PRES5T WANT OCCUPI$ !IR :OLE ATT5TION1 &1 AS ORD9>ILY HAPP5S 9 SU* CASES1 ! DISADVANTAGES W]E AT FIR/ SC>CELY P]CEPTIBLE1 & !Y PASS$ UNNOTIC$4 

,!Y DID NOT =ESEE1 !SE +5U\S LEGISLATORS1 ?AT IF PROP]TY IS RETA9ABLE BY 9T5T ALONE -- NUDO ANIMO -- IT C>RIES ) IT ! RI<T TO LET1 TO LEASE1 TO LOAN AT 9T]E/1 TO PR(IT BY EX*ANGE1 TO SETTLE ANNUITIES1 & TO LEVY A TAX ON A FIELD :I* 9T5T RES]VES1 :ILE ! BODY IS BUSY ELSE:]E4 

,!Y DID NOT =ESEE1 !SE FA!RS ( \R JURISPRUD5CE1 ?AT1 IF ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE IS ANY ?+ O!R ?AN ,NATURE'S ME?OD ( PRES]V+ EQUALITY ( WEAL?1 FAMILIES WILL SOON BECOME VICTIMS ( ! MO/ DISA/R\S EXCLUSIONS2 & SOCIETY1 PI]C$ TO ! HE>T BY ONE ( ITS MO/ SACR$ PR9CIPLES1 WILL COME TO ITS DEA? ?R\< OPUL5CE & MIS]Y4.<#a#b.> 

,!Y DID NOT =ESEE444 ,BUT :Y NE$ ,I GO F>!R8 

,UND] :ATEV] =M ( GOV]NM5T WE LIVE1 IT CAN ALWAYS BE SAID ?AT LE MORT SAISIT LE VIF2 ?AT IS1 ?AT 9H]ITANCE & SUCCESSION WILL LA/ = EV]1 :OEV] MAY BE ! RECOGNIZ$ HEIR4 ,BUT ! ,/4 ,SIMONIANS WI% ! HEIR TO BE DESIGNAT$ BY ! MAGI/RATE2 O!RS WI% HIM TO BE *OS5 BY ! DECEAS$1 OR ASSUM$ BY ! LAW TO BE SO *OS53 ! ESS5TIAL PO9T IS ?AT ,NATURE'S WI% BE SATISFI$1 SO F> AS ! LAW ( EQUALITY ALL[S4 ,TO-DAY ! REAL CONTROLL] ( 9H]ITANCE IS *ANCE OR CAPRICE2 N[1 9 MATT]S ( LEGISLATION1 *ANCE & CAPRICE CANNOT BE ACCEPT$ AS GUIDES4 ,IT IS = ! PURPOSE ( AVOID+ ! MANIFOLD DI/URBANCES :I* FOLL[ 9 ! WAKE ( *ANCE ?AT ,NATURE1 AFT] HAV+ CREAT$ US EQUAL1 SUGGE/S TO US ! PR9CIPLE ( H]$ITY2 :I* S]VES AS A VOICE BY :I* SOCIETY ASKS US TO *OOSE1 FROM AMONG ALL \R BRO!RS1 HIM :OM WE JUDGE BE/ FITT$ TO COMPLETE \R UNF9I%$ WORK4 

,! CONSEQU5CES >E PLA9 5\<1 & ?IS IS NOT ! TIME TO CRITICIZE ! :OLE ,CODE4 

,! HI/ORY ( PROP]TY AMONG ! ANCI5T NATIONS IS1 !N1 SIMPLY A MATT] ( RESE>* & CURIOSITY4 ,IT IS A RULE ( JURISPRUD5CE ?AT ! FACT DOES NOT SUB/ANTIATE ! RI<T4 ,N[1 PROP]TY IS NO EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE3 !N ! UNIV]SAL RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY DOES NOT LEGITIMATE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,MAN IS MI/AK5 AS TO ! CON/ITUTION ( SOCIETY1 ! NATURE ( RI<T1 & ! APPLICATION ( JU/ICE2 JU/ AS HE WAS MI/AK5 REG>D+ ! CAUSE ( METEORS & ! MOVEM5T ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES4 ,HIS OLD OP9IONS CANNOT BE TAK5 = >TICLES ( FAI?4 ,( :AT CONSEQU5CE IS IT TO US ?AT ! ,9DIAN RACE WAS DIVID$ 9TO F\R CLASSES2 ?AT1 ON ! BANKS ( ! ,NILE & ! ,GANGES1 BLOOD & POSITION =M]LY DET]M9$ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&2 ?AT ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS PLAC$ PROP]TY UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! GODS2 ?AT !Y ACCOMPANI$ ) RELIGI\S C]EMONIES ! WORK ( P>TITION+ ! L& & APPRAIS+ !IR GOODS8 ,! V>IETY ( ! =MS ( PRIVILEGE DOES NOT SANCTION 9JU/ICE4 ,! FAI? ( ,JUPIT]1 ! PROPRIETOR1.<#a#c.> PROVES NO MORE AGA9/ ! EQUALITY ( CITIZ5S1 ?AN DO ! MY/]IES ( ,V5US1 ! WANTON1 AGA9/ CONJUGAL *A/ITY4 

,! AU?ORITY ( ! HUMAN RACE IS ( NO EFFECT AS EVID5CE 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 BECAUSE ?IS RI<T1 RE/+ ( NECESSITY UPON EQUALITY1 CONTRADICTS ITS PR9CIPLE2 ! DECISION ( ! RELIGIONS :I* HAVE SANCTION$ IT IS ( NO EFFECT1 BECAUSE 9 ALL AGES ! PRIE/ HAS SUBMITT$ TO ! PR9CE1 & ! GODS HAVE ALWAYS SPOK5 AS ! POLITICIANS DESIR$2 ! SOCIAL ADVANTAGES1 ATTRIBUT$ TO PROP]TY1 CANNOT BE CIT$ 9 ITS BEHALF1 BECAUSE !Y ALL SPR+ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY ( POSSESSION4 

,:AT MEANS1 !N1 ?IS DI?YRAMB UPON PROP]TY8 

0,! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS40 444 

,YES2 AS MON>*Y IS ! MO/ GLORI\S4 

0,! ORIG9AL CAUSE ( MAN'S PROSP]ITY UPON E>?40 

,BECAUSE JU/ICE WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ITS PR9CIPLE4 

0,PROP]TY BECAME ! LEGITIMATE 5D ( HIS AMBITION1 ! HOPE ( HIS EXI/5CE1 ! %ELT] ( HIS FAMILY2 9 A WORD1 ! CORN]-/ONE ( ! DOME/IC DWELL+1 ( COMMUNITIES1 & ( ! POLITICAL ,/ATE40 

,POSSESSION ALONE PRODUC$ ALL ?AT4 

0,ET]NAL PR9CIPLE1 -- 0 

,PROP]TY IS ET]NAL1 LIKE EV]Y NEGATION1 -- 

0,( ALL SOCIAL & CIVIL 9/ITUTIONS40 

,= ?AT REASON1 EV]Y 9/ITUTION & EV]Y LAW BAS$ ON PROP]TY WILL P]I%4 

0,IT IS A BOON AS PRECI\S AS LIB]TY40 

,= ! RI* PROPRIETOR4 

0,9 FACT1 ! CAUSE ( ! CULTIVATION ( ! HABITABLE E>?40 

,IF ! CULTIVATOR CEAS$ TO BE A T5ANT1 W\LD ! L& BE WORSE C>$ =8 

0,! GU>ANTEE & ! MORALITY ( LABOR40 

,UND] ! REGIME ( PROP]TY1 LABOR IS NOT A CONDITION1 BUT A PRIVILEGE4 

0,! APPLICATION ( JU/ICE40 

,:AT IS JU/ICE )\T EQUALITY ( =TUNES8 ,A BALANCE ) FALSE WEI<TS4 

0,ALL MORALITY1 -- 0 

,A FAMI%$ /OMA* KN[S NO MORALITY1 -- 

0,ALL PUBLIC ORD]1 -- 0 

,C]TA9LY1 ! PRES]VATION ( PROP]TY1 -- 

0,RE/ ON ! RI<T ( PROP]TY40.<#a#d.> 

,CORN]-/ONE ( ALL :I* IS1 /UMBL+-BLOCK ( ALL :I* \<T TO BE1 -- SU* IS PROP]TY4 

,TO SUM UP & CONCLUDE3 -- 

,NOT ONLY DOES OCCUPATION LEAD TO EQUALITY1 IT PREV5TS PROP]TY4 ,=1 S9CE EV]Y MAN1 FROM ! FACT ( HIS EXI/5CE1 HAS ! RI<T ( OCCUPATION1 &1 9 ORD] TO LIVE1 MU/ HAVE MAT]IAL = CULTIVATION ON :I* HE MAY LABOR2 & S9CE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! NUMB] ( OCCUPANTS V>IES CONT9UALLY ) ! BIR?S & DEA?S1 -- IT FOLL[S ?AT ! QUANTITY ( MAT]IAL :I* EA* LABOR] MAY CLAIM V>IES ) ! NUMB] ( OCCUPANTS2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT OCCUPATION IS ALWAYS SUBORD9ATE TO POPULATION4 ,F9ALLY1 ?AT1 9ASMU* AS POSSESSION1 9 RI<T1 CAN NEV] REMA9 FIX$1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 9 FACT1 ?AT IT CAN EV] BECOME PROP]TY4 

,EV]Y OCCUPANT IS1 !N1 NECESS>ILY A POSSESSOR OR USUFRUCTU>Y1 -- A FUNCTION :I* EXCLUDES PROPRIETOR%IP4 ,N[1 ?IS IS ! RI<T ( ! USUFRUCTU>Y3 HE IS RESPONSIBLE = ! ?+ 5TRU/$ TO HIM2 HE MU/ USE IT 9 CON=MITY ) G5]AL UTILITY1 ) A VIEW TO ITS PRES]VATION & DEVELOPM5T2 HE HAS NO P[] TO TRANS=M IT1 TO DIM9I% IT1 OR TO *ANGE ITS NATURE2 HE CANNOT SO DIVIDE ! USUFRUCT ?AT ANO!R %ALL P]=M ! LABOR :ILE HE RECEIVES ! PRODUCT4 ,9 A WORD1 ! USUFRUCTU>Y IS UND] ! SUP]VISION ( SOCIETY1 SUBMITT$ TO ! CONDITION ( LABOR & ! LAW ( EQUALITY4 

,?US IS ANNIHILAT$ ! ,ROMAN DEF9ITION ( PROP]TY -- ! RI<T ( USE & ABUSE -- AN IMMORALITY BORN ( VIOL5CE1 ! MO/ MON/R\S PRET5SION ?AT ! CIVIL LAWS EV] SANCTION$4 ,MAN RECEIVES HIS USUFRUCT FROM ! H&S ( SOCIETY1 :I* ALONE IS ! P]MAN5T POSSESSOR4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL PASSES AWAY1 SOCIETY IS DEA?LESS4 

,:AT A PR(\ND DISGU/ FILLS MY S\L :ILE DISCUSS+ SU* SIMPLE TRU?S 6 ,DO WE D\BT !SE ?+S TO-DAY8 ,WILL IT BE NECESS>Y TO AGA9 TAKE >MS = !IR TRIUMPH8 ,& CAN =CE1 9 DEFAULT ( REASON1 ALONE 9TRODUCE !M 9TO \R LAWS8 

,ALL HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T ( OCCUPANCY4  

,! AM\NT OCCUPI$ BE+ MEASUR$1 NOT BY ! WILL1 BUT BY ! V>IABLE CONDITIONS ( SPACE & NUMB]1 PROP]TY CANNOT EXI/4 

,?IS NO CODE HAS EV] EXPRESS$2 ?IS NO CON/ITUTION CAN ADMIT6 ,!SE >E AXIOMS :I* ! CIVIL LAW & ! LAW ( NATIONS D5Y6 444 4 

,BUT ,I HE> ! EXCLAMATIONS ( ! P>TISANS ( ANO!R SY/EM3 0,LABOR1 LABOR6 ?AT IS ! BASIS ( PROP]TY60 

,READ]1 DO NOT BE DECEIV$4 ,?IS NEW BASIS ( PROP]TY IS WORSE ?AN ! FIR/1 & ,I %ALL SOON HAVE TO ASK Y\R P>DON = HAV+ DEMON/RAT$ ?+S CLE>]1 & REFUT$ PRET5SIONS MORE UNJU/1 ?AN ANY :I* WE HAVE YET CONSID]$4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahci 3 ,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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