,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #e 
,PSY*OLOGICAL ,EXPOSITION ,( ,! ,IDEA ,( ,JU/ICE ,& ,9JU/ICE1 ,& ,A ,DET]M9ATION ,( ,! ,PR9CIPLE ,( ,GOV]NM5T ,& ,( ,RI<T 

#ahdahd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,V4 ,PSY*OLOGICAL ,EXPOSITION ,( ,! ,IDEA ,( ,JU/ICE ,& ,9JU/ICE1 ,& ,A ,DET]M9ATION ,( ,! ,PR9CIPLE ,( ,GOV]NM5T ,& ,( ,RI<T4 

,PROP]TY IS IMPOSSIBLE2 EQUALITY DOES NOT EXI/4 ,WE HATE ! =M]1 & YET WI% TO POSSESS IT2 ! LATT] RULES ALL \R ?\<TS1 YET WE KN[ NOT H[ TO REA* IT4 ,:O WILL EXPLA9 ?IS PR(\ND ANTAGONISM BETWE5 \R CONSCI5CE & \R WILL8 ,:O WILL PO9T \T ! CAUSES ( ?IS P]NICI\S ]ROR1 :I* HAS BECOME ! MO/ SACR$ PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE & SOCIETY8 

,I AM BOLD 5\< TO UND]TAKE ! TASK1 & ,I HOPE TO SUCCE$4 

,BUT BE=E EXPLA9+ :Y MAN HAS VIOLAT$ JU/ICE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DET]M9E :AT JU/ICE IS4 

,P>T ,FIR/4 

8 #a4 -- ,( ! ,MORAL ,S5SE 9 ,MAN & ! ,ANIMALS4 

,! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE 5DEAVOR$ (T5 TO LOCATE ! L9E :I* SEP>ATES MAN'S 9TELLIG5CE FROM ?AT ( ! BRUTES2 &1 ACCORD+ TO !IR G5]AL CU/OM1 !Y GAVE UTT]ANCE TO MU* FOOLI%NESS BE=E RESOLV+ UPON ! ONLY C\RSE POSSIBLE = !M TO TAKE1 -- OBS]VATION4 ,IT WAS RES]V$ = AN UNPRET5D+ SAVANT -- :O P]HAPS DID NOT PRIDE HIMSELF ON HIS PHILOSOPHY -- TO PUT AN 5D TO ! 9T]M9ABLE CONTROV]SY BY A SIMPLE DI/9CTION2 BUT ONE ( ?OSE LUM9\S DI/9CTIONS :I* >E WOR? MORE ?AN SY/EMS4 ,FR$]IC ,CUVI] SEP>AT$ 9/9CT FROM 9TELLIG5CE4 

,BUT1 AS YET1 NO ONE HAS PROPOS$ ?IS QUE/ION3 -- 

,IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MAN'S MORAL S5SE & ?AT ( ! BRUTE A DIFF]5CE 9 K9D OR ONLY 9 DEGREE8 

,IF1 HI!RTO1 ANY ONE HAD D>$ TO MA9TA9 ! LATT] ALT]NATIVE1 HIS >GUM5TS W\LD HAVE SEEM$ SC&AL\S1 BLASPHEM\S1 & (F5SIVE TO MORALITY & RELIGION4 ,! ECCLESIA/ICAL & SECUL> TRIBUNALS W\LD HAVE CONDEMN$ HIM ) ONE VOICE4 ,&1 M>K ! /YLE 9 :I* !Y W\LD HAVE BR&$ ! IMMORAL P>ADOX6 0,CONSCI5CE10 -- !Y W\LD HAVE CRI$1 -- 0CONSCI5CE1 MAN'S *IEF GLORY1 WAS GIV5 TO HIM EXCLUSIVELY2 ! NOTION ( JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE1 ( M]IT & DEM]IT1 IS HIS NOBLE PRIVILEGE2 TO MAN1 ALONE1 -- ! LORD ( CREATION1 -- BELONGS ! SUBLIME P[] TO RESI/ HIS WORLDLY PROP5SITIES1 TO *OOSE BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 & TO BR+ HIMSELF MORE & MORE 9TO ! RESEMBLANCE ( ,GOD ?R\< LIB]TY & JU/ICE444 ,NO2 ! HOLY IMAGE ( VIRTUE WAS NEV] GRAV5 SAVE ON ! HE>T ( MAN40 ,WORDS FULL ( FEEL+1 BUT VOID ( S5SE4 

,MAN IS A RATIONAL & SOCIAL ANIMAL -- ZWON LOGIKON KAI POLITIKON -- SAID ,>I/OTLE4 ,?IS DEF9ITION IS WOR? MORE ?AN ALL :I* HAVE BE5 GIV5 S9CE4 ,I DO NOT EXCEPT EV5 ,M4 DE ,BONALD'S CELEBRAT$ DEF9ITION1 -- MAN IS AN 9TELLECT S]V$ BY ORGANS -- A DEF9ITION :I* HAS ! D\BLE FAULT ( EXPLA9+ ! KN[N BY ! UNKN[N2 ?AT IS1 ! LIV+ BE+ BY ! 9TELLECT2 & ( NEGLECT+ MAN'S ESS5TIAL QUALITY1 -- ANIMALITY4 

,MAN1 !N1 IS AN ANIMAL LIV+ 9 SOCIETY4 ,SOCIETY MEANS ! SUM TOTAL ( RELATION%IPS2 9 %ORT1 SY/EM4 ,N[1 ALL SY/EMS EXI/ ONLY ON C]TA9 CONDITIONS4 ,:AT1 !N1 >E ! CONDITIONS1 ! LAWS1 ( HUMAN SOCIETY8 

,:AT >E ! RI<TS ( M5 ) RESPECT TO EA* O!R2 :AT IS JU/ICE8 

,IT AM\NTS TO NO?+ TO SAY1 -- ) ! PHILOSOPH]S ( V>I\S S*OOLS1 -- 0,IT IS A DIV9E 9/9CT1 AN IMMORTAL & HEAV5LY VOICE1 A GUIDE GIV5 US BY ,NATURE1 A LI<T REVEAL$ UNTO EV]Y MAN ON COM+ 9TO ! WORLD1 A LAW 5GRAV$ UPON \R HE>TS2 IT IS ! VOICE ( CONSCI5CE1 ! DICTUM ( REASON1 ! 9SPIRATION ( S5TIM5T1 ! P5*ANT ( FEEL+2 IT IS ! LOVE ( SELF 9 O!RS2 IT IS 5LI<T5$ SELF-9T]E/2 OR ELSE IT IS AN 9NATE IDEA1 ! IMP]ATIVE COMM& ( APPLI$ REASON1 :I* HAS ITS S\RCE 9 ! CONCEPTS ( PURE REASON2 IT IS A PASSIONAL ATTRACTION10 @&C41 @&C4 ,?IS MAY BE AS TRUE AS IT SEEMS BEAUTIFUL2 BUT IT IS UTT]LY MEAN+LESS4 ,?\< WE %\LD PROLONG ?IS LITANY ?R\< T5 PAGES 7IT HAS BE5 FILT]$ ?R\< A ?\S& VOLUMES71 WE %\LD BE NO NE>] TO ! SOLUTION ( ! QUE/ION4 

0,JU/ICE IS PUBLIC UTILITY10 SAYS ,>I/OTLE4 ,?AT IS TRUE1 BUT IT IS A TAUTOLOGY4 0,! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! PUBLIC WELF>E \<T TO BE ! OBJECT ( ! LEGISLATOR0 -- SAYS ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE 9 HIS 0,TREATISE ON ,LEGISLATION0 -- 0CANNOT BE OV]?R[N4 ,BUT LEGISLATION IS ADVANC$ NO F>!R BY ITS ANN\NCEM5T & DEMON/RATION1 ?AN IS M$IC9E :5 IT IS SAID ?AT IT IS ! BUS9ESS ( PHYSICIANS TO CURE ! SICK40 

,LET US TAKE ANO!R C\RSE4 ,RI<T IS ! SUM TOTAL ( ! PR9CIPLES :I* GOV]N SOCIETY4 ,JU/ICE1 9 MAN1 IS ! RESPECT & OBS]VATION ( ?OSE PR9CIPLES4 ,TO PRACTICE JU/ICE IS TO OBEY ! SOCIAL 9/9CT2 TO DO AN ACT ( JU/ICE IS TO DO A SOCIAL ACT4 ,IF1 !N1 WE WAT* ! CONDUCT ( M5 T[>DS EA* O!R UND] DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT WILL BE EASY = US TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! PRES5CE & ABS5CE ( SOCIETY2 FROM ! RESULT WE MAY 9DUCTIVELY 9F] ! LAW4 

,LET US COMM5CE ) ! SIMPLE/ & LEA/ D\BTFUL CASES4 

,! MO!R1 :O PROTECTS H] SON AT ! P]IL ( H] LIFE1 & SACRIFICES EV]Y ?+ TO HIS SUPPORT1 IS 9 SOCIETY ) HIM -- %E IS A GOOD MO!R4 ,%E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :O AB&ONS H] *ILD1 IS UNFAI?FUL TO ! SOCIAL 9/9CT1 -- MAT]NAL LOVE BE+ ONE ( ITS MANY FEATURES2 %E IS AN UNNATURAL MO!R4 

,IF ,I PLUNGE 9TO ! WAT] TO RESCUE A DR[N+ MAN1 ,I AM HIS BRO!R1 HIS ASSOCIATE2 IF1 9/EAD ( AID+ HIM1 ,I S9K HIM1 ,I AM HIS 5EMY1 HIS MURD]]4 

,:OEV] BE/[S ALMS TREATS ! POOR MAN AS HIS ASSOCIATE2 NOT ?OR\<LY1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT ONLY 9 RESPECT TO ! AM\NT :I* HE %>ES ) HIM4 ,:OEV] TAKES BY =CE OR /RATAGEM ?AT :I* IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR1 DE/ROYS HIS SOCIAL *>ACT] -- HE IS A BRIG&4 

,! ,SAM>ITAN :O RELIEVES ! TRAVEL] LY+ BY ! WAYSIDE1 DRESSES HIS W\NDS1 COM=TS HIM1 & SUPPLIES HIM ) MONEY1 !REBY DECL>ES HIMSELF HIS ASSOCIATE -- HIS NEI<BOR2 ! PRIE/1 :O PASSES BY ON ! O!R SIDE1 REMA9S UNASSOCIAT$1 & IS HIS 5EMY4 

,9 ALL !SE CASES1 MAN IS MOV$ BY AN 9T]NAL ATTRACTION T[>DS HIS FELL[1 BY A SECRET SYMPA?Y :I* CAUSES HIM TO LOVE1 CONGRATULATE1 & CONDOLE2 SO ?AT1 TO RESI/ ?IS ATTRACTION1 HIS WILL MU/ /RUGGLE AGA9/ HIS NATURE4 

,BUT 9 !SE RESPECTS !RE IS NO DECID$ DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MAN & ! ANIMALS4 ,) !M1 AS LONG AS ! WEAKNESS ( !IR Y\NG 5DE>S !M TO !IR MO!RS1 -- 9 A WORD1 ASSOCIATES !M ) !IR MO!RS1 -- ! LATT] PROTECT ! =M]1 AT ! P]IL ( !IR LIVES1 ) A C\RAGE :I* REM9DS US ( \R H]OES DY+ = !IR C\NTRY4 ,C]TA9 SPECIES UNITE = HUNT+ PURPOSES1 SEEK EA* O!R1 CALL EA* O!R 7A POET W\LD SAY 9VITE EA* O!R71 TO %>E !IR PREY2 9 DANG] !Y AID1 PROTECT1 & W>N EA* O!R4 ,! ELEPHANT KN[S H[ TO HELP HIS COMPANION \T ( ! DIT* 9TO :I* ! LATT] HAS FALL54 ,C[S =M A CIRCLE1 ) !IR HORNS \TW>D & !IR CALVES 9 ! C5T]1 9 ORD] TO REPEL ! ATTACKS ( WOLVES4 ,HORSES & PIGS1 ON HE>+ A CRY ( DI/RESS FROM ONE ( !IR NUMB]1 RU% TO ! SPOT :5CE IT COMES4 ,:AT DESCRIPTIONS ,I MI<T GIVE ( !IR M>RIAGES1 ! T5D]NESS ( ! MALES T[>DS ! FEMALES1 & ! FIDELITY ( !IR LOVES6 ,LET US ADD1 H[EV]1 -- TO BE 5TIRELY JU/ -- ?AT !SE T\*+ DEMON/RATIONS ( SOCIETY1 FRAT]NITY1 & LOVE ( NEI<BOR1 DO NOT PREV5T ! ANIMALS FROM QU>REL+1 FI<T+1 & \TRAGE\SLY ABUS+ ONE ANO!R :ILE GA9+ !IR LIVELIHOOD & %[+ !IR GALLANTRY2 ! RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 !M & \RSELVES IS P]FECT4 

,! SOCIAL 9/9CT1 9 MAN & BEA/1 EXI/S TO A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE -- ITS NATURE IS ! SAME4 ,MAN HAS ! GREAT] NE$ ( ASSOCIATION1 & EMPLOYS IT MORE2 ! ANIMAL SEEMS BETT] ABLE TO 5DURE ISOLATION4 ,9 MAN1 SOCIAL NE$S >E MORE IMP]ATIVE & COMPLEX2 9 ! BEA/1 !Y SEEM LESS 9T5SE1 LESS DIV]SIFI$1 LESS REGRETT$4 ,SOCIETY1 9 A WORD1 AIMS1 9 ! CASE ( MAN1 AT ! PRES]VATION ( ! RACE & ! 9DIVIDUAL2 ) ! ANIMALS1 ITS OBJECT IS MORE EXCLUSIVELY ! PRES]VATION ( ! RACE4 

,AS YET1 WE HAVE MET ) NO CLAIM :I* MAN CAN MAKE = HIMSELF ALONE4 ,! SOCIAL 9/9CT & ! MORAL S5SE HE %>ES ) ! BRUTES2 & :5 HE ?9KS TO BECOME GOD-LIKE BY A FEW ACTS ( *>ITY1 JU/ICE1 & DEVOTION1 HE DOES NOT P]CEIVE ?AT 9 SO ACT+ HE SIMPLY OBEYS AN 9/9CT :OLLY ANIMAL 9 ITS NATURE4 ,AS WE >E GOOD1 LOV+1 T5D]1 JU/1 SO WE >E PASSIONATE1 GRE$Y1 LEWD1 & V9DICTIVE2 ?AT IS1 WE >E LIKE ! BEA/S4 ,\R HI<E/ VIRTUES APPE>1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 AS BL9D1 IMPULSIVE 9/9CTS4 ,:AT SUBJECTS = CANONIZATION & APO!OSIS6 

,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 US TWO-H&$ BIP$S & O!R LIV+ CREATURES -- :AT IS IT8 

,A /UD5T ( PHILOSOPHY W\LD HA/5 TO REPLY3 0,?IS DIFF]5CE LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT WE >E CONSCI\S ( \R SOCIAL FACULTY1 :ILE ! ANIMALS >E UNCONSCI\S ( !IRS -- 9 ! FACT ?AT :ILE WE REFLECT & REASON UPON ! OP]ATION ( \R SOCIAL 9/9CT1 ! ANIMALS DO NO?+ ( ! K9D40 

,I WILL GO F>!R4 ,IT IS BY \R REFLECTIVE & REASON+ P[]S1 ) :I* WE SEEM TO BE EXCLUSIVELY 5D[$1 ?AT WE KN[ ?AT IT IS 9JURI\S1 FIR/ TO O!RS & !N TO \RSELVES1 TO RESI/ ! SOCIAL 9/9CT :I* GOV]NS US1 & :I* WE CALL JU/ICE4 ,IT IS \R REASON :I* TEA*ES US ?AT ! SELFI% MAN1 ! ROBB]1 ! MURD]] -- 9 A WORD1 ! TRAITOR TO SOCIETY -- S9S AGA9/ ,NATURE1 & IS GUILTY ) RESPECT TO O!RS & HIMSELF1 :5 HE DOES WRONG WILLFULLY4 ,F9ALLY1 IT IS \R SOCIAL S5TIM5T ON ! ONE H&1 & \R REASON ON ! O!R1 :I* CAUSE US TO ?9K ?AT BE+S SU* AS WE %\LD TAKE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( !IR ACTS4 ,SU* IS ! PR9CIPLE ( REMORSE1 REV5GE1 & P5AL JU/ICE4 

,BUT ?IS PROVES ONLY AN 9TELLECTUAL DIV]SITY BETWE5 ! ANIMALS & MAN1 NOT AT ALL AN AFFECTIONAL ONE2 =1 AL?\< WE REASON UPON \R RELATIONS ) \R FELL[S1 WE LIKEWISE REASON UPON \R MO/ TRIVIAL ACTIONS1 -- SU* AS DR9K+1 EAT+1 *OOS+ A WIFE1 OR SELECT+ A DWELL+-PLACE4 ,WE REASON UPON ?+S E>?LY & ?+S HEAV5LY2 !RE IS NO?+ TO :I* \R REASON+ P[]S >E NOT APPLICABLE4 ,N[1 JU/ AS ! KN[L$GE ( EXT]NAL PH5OM5A1 :I* WE ACQUIRE1 HAS NO 9FLU5CE UPON !IR CAUSES & LAWS1 SO REFLECTION1 BY ILLUM9AT+ \R 9/9CT1 5LI<T5S US AS TO \R S5TI5T NATURE1 BUT DOES NOT ALT] ITS *>ACT]2 IT TELLS US :AT \R MORALITY IS1 BUT NEI!R *ANGES NOR MODIFIES IT4 ,\R DISSATISFACTION ) \RSELVES AFT] DO+ WRONG1 ! 9DIGNATION :I* WE FEEL AT ! SI<T ( 9JU/ICE1 ! IDEA ( DES]V$ PUNI%M5T & DUE REMUN]ATION1 >E EFFECTS ( REFLECTION1 & NOT IMM$IATE EFFECTS ( 9/9CT & EMOTION4 ,\R APPRECIATION 7,I DO NOT SAY EXCLUSIVE APPRECIATION1 = ! ANIMALS ALSO REALIZE ?AT !Y HAVE DONE WRONG1 & >E 9DIGNANT :5 ONE ( !IR NUMB] IS ATTACK$1 BUT71 \R 9F9ITELY SUP]IOR APPRECIATION ( \R SOCIAL DUTIES1 \R KN[L$GE ( GOOD & EVIL1 DOES NOT E/ABLI%1 AS REG>DS MORALITY1 ANY VITAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MAN & ! BEA/S4 

8 #b4 -- ,( ! FIR/ & SECOND DEGREES ( ,SOCIABILITY4 

,I 9SI/ UPON ! FACT1 :I* ,I HAVE JU/ PO9T$ \T1 AS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTS ( AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,! SYMPA!TIC ATTRACTION1 :I* CAUSES US TO ASSOCIATE1 IS1 BY REASON ( ITS BL9D1 UNRULY NATURE1 ALWAYS GOV]N$ BY TEMPOR>Y IMPULSE1 )\T REG>D TO HI<] RI<TS1 & )\T DI/9CTION ( M]IT OR PRIORITY4 ,! BA/>D DOG FOLL[S 9DIFF]5TLY ALL :O CALL IT2 ! SUCKL+ *ILD REG>DS EV]Y MAN AS ITS FA!R & EV]Y WOMAN AS ITS NURSE2 EV]Y LIV+ CREATURE1 :5 DEPRIV$ ( ! SOCIETY ( ANIMALS ( ITS SPECIES1 SEEKS COMPANION%IP 9 ITS SOLITUDE4 ,?IS FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ! SOCIAL 9/9CT R5D]S 9TOL]ABLE & EV5 HATEFUL ! FRI5D%IP ( FRIVOL\S P]SONS1 LIABLE TO BE 9FATUAT$ ) EV]Y NEW FACE1 ACCOMMODAT+ TO ALL :E!R GOOD OR BAD1 & READY TO SACRIFICE1 = A PASS+ LIAISON1 ! OLDE/ & MO/ HONORABLE AFFECTIONS4 ,! FAULT ( SU* BE+S IS NOT 9 ! HE>T -- IT IS 9 ! JUDGM5T4 ,SOCIABILITY1 9 ?IS DEGREE1 IS A SORT ( MAGNETISM AWAK5$ 9 US BY ! CONTEMPLATION ( A BE+ SIMIL> TO \RSELVES1 BUT :I* NEV] GOES BEYOND ! P]SON :O FEELS IT2 IT MAY BE RECIPROCAT$1 BUT NOT COMMUNICAT$4 ,LOVE1 B5EVOL5CE1 PITY1 SYMPA?Y1 CALL IT :AT Y\ WILL1 !RE IS NO?+ 9 IT :I* DES]VES E/EEM1 -- NO?+ :I* LIFTS MAN ABOVE ! BEA/4 

,! SECOND DEGREE ( SOCIABILITY IS JU/ICE1 :I* MAY BE DEF9$ AS ! RECOGNITION ( ! EQUALITY BETWE5 ANO!R'S P]SONALITY & \R [N4 ,! S5TIM5T ( JU/ICE WE %>E ) ! ANIMALS2 WE ALONE CAN =M AN EXACT IDEA ( IT2 BUT \R IDEA1 AS HAS BE5 SAID ALREADY1 DOES NOT *ANGE ITS NATURE4 ,WE %ALL SOON SEE H[ MAN RISES TO A ?IRD DEGREE ( SOCIABILITY :I* ! ANIMALS >E 9CAPABLE ( REA*+4 ,BUT ,I MU/ FIR/ PROVE BY METAPHYSICS ?AT SOCIETY1 JU/ICE1 & EQUALITY1 >E ?REE EQUIVAL5T T]MS1 -- ?REE EXPRESSIONS MEAN+ ! SAME ?+1 -- :OSE MUTUAL CONV]SION IS ALWAYS ALL[ABLE4 

,IF1 AMID ! CONFUSION ( A %IPWRECK1 HAV+ ESCAP$ 9 A BOAT ) SOME PROVISIONS1 ,I SEE A MAN /RUGGL+ ) ! WAVES1 AM ,I B\ND TO GO TO HIS ASSI/ANCE8 ,YES1 ,I AM B\ND UND] P5ALTY ( BE+ ADJUDG$ GUILTY ( MURD] & TREASON AGA9/ SOCIETY4 

,BUT AM ,I ALSO B\ND TO %>E ) HIM MY PROVISIONS8 

,TO SETTLE ?IS QUE/ION1 WE MU/ *ANGE ! PHRASEOLOGY4 ,IF SOCIETY IS B9D+ ON ! BOAT1 IS IT ALSO B9D+ ON ! PROVISIONS8 ,UND\BT$LY4 ,! DUTY ( AN ASSOCIATE IS ABSOLUTE4 ,MAN'S OCCUPANCY SUCCE$S HIS SOCIAL NATURE1 & IS SUBORD9ATE TO IT2 POSSESSION CAN BECOME EXCLUSIVE ONLY :5 P]MISSION TO OCCUPY IS GRANT$ TO ALL ALIKE4 ,?AT :I* 9 ?IS 9/ANCE OBSCURES \R DUTY IS \R P[] ( =ESI<T1 :I*1 CAUS+ US TO FE> AN EV5TUAL DANG]1 IMPELS US TO USURPATION1 & MAKES US ROBB]S & MURD]]S4 ,ANIMALS DO NOT CALCULATE ! DUTY ( 9/9CT ANY MORE ?AN ! DISADVANTAGES RESULT+ TO ?OSE :O EX]CISE IT2 IT W\LD BE /RANGE IF ! 9TELLECT ( MAN -- ! MO/ SOCIABLE ( ANIMALS -- %\LD LEAD HIM TO DISOBEY ! LAW4 ,HE BETRAYS SOCIETY :O ATTEMPTS TO USE IT ONLY = HIS [N ADVANTAGE2 BETT] ?AT ,GOD %\LD DEPRIVE US ( PRUD5CE1 IF IT IS TO S]VE AS ! TOOL ( \R SELFI%NESS4 

0,:AT60 Y\ WILL SAY1 0MU/ ,I %>E MY BREAD1 ! BREAD :I* ,I HAVE E>N$ & :I* BELONGS TO ME1 ) ! /RANG] :OM ,I DO NOT KN[2 :OM ,I MAY NEV] SEE AGA91 & :O1 P]HAPS1 WILL REW>D ME ) +RATITUDE8 ,IF WE HAD E>N$ ?IS BREAD TOGE!R1 IF ?IS MAN HAD DONE SOME?+ TO OBTA9 IT1 HE MI<T DEM& HIS %>E1 S9CE HIS COOP]ATION W\LD 5TITLE HIM TO IT2 BUT AS IT IS1 :AT CLAIM HAS HE ON ME8 ,WE HAVE NOT PRODUC$ TOGE!R -- WE %ALL NOT EAT TOGE!R40 

,! FALLACY 9 ?IS >GUM5T LIES 9 ! FALSE SUPPOSITION1 ?AT EA* PRODUC] IS NOT NECESS>ILY ASSOCIAT$ ) EV]Y O!R PRODUC]4 

,:5 TWO OR MORE 9DIVIDUALS HAVE REGUL>LY ORGANIZ$ A SOCIETY1 -- :5 ! CONTRACTS HAVE BE5 AGRE$ UPON1 DRAFT$1 & SIGN$1 -- !RE IS NO DIFFICULTY AB\T ! FUTURE4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S ?AT :5 TWO M5 ASSOCIATE -- = 9/ANCE -- 9 ORD] TO FI%1 IF ONE ( !M CAT*ES NO FI%1 HE IS NONE ! LESS 5TITL$ TO ?OSE CAU<T BY HIS ASSOCIATE4 ,IF TWO M]*ANTS =M A P>TN]%IP1 :ILE ! P>TN]%IP LA/S1 ! PR(ITS & LOSSES >E DIVID$ BETWE5 !M2 S9CE EA* PRODUCES1 NOT = HIMSELF1 BUT = ! SOCIETY3 :5 ! TIME ( DI/RIBUTION >RIVES1 IT IS NOT ! PRODUC] :O IS CONSID]$1 BUT ! ASSOCIATE4 ,?AT IS :Y ! SLAVE1 TO :OM ! PLANT] GIVES /RAW & RICE2 & ! CIVILIZ$ LABOR]1 TO :OM ! CAPITALI/ PAYS A SAL>Y :I* IS ALWAYS TOO SMALL1 -- NOT BE+ ASSOCIAT$ ) !IR EMPLOY]S1 AL?\< PRODUC+ ) !M1 -- >E DISREG>D$ :5 ! PRODUCT IS DIVID$4 ,?US1 ! HORSE :O DRAWS \R COA*ES1 & ! OX :O DRAWS \R C>TS PRODUCE ) US1 BUT >E NOT ASSOCIAT$ ) US2 WE TAKE !IR PRODUCT1 BUT DO NOT %>E IT ) !M4 ,! ANIMALS & LABOR]S :OM WE EMPLOY HOLD ! SAME RELATION TO US4 ,:ATEV] WE DO = !M1 WE DO1 NOT FROM A S5SE ( JU/ICE1 BUT \T ( PURE B5EVOL5CE4.<#b#e.> 

,BUT IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT WE >E NOT ALL ASSOCIAT$8 ,LET US CALL TO M9D :AT WAS SAID 9 ! LA/ TWO *APT]S1 ,?AT EV5 ?\< WE DO NOT WANT TO BE ASSOCIAT$1 ! =CE ( ?+S1 ! NECESSITY ( CONSUMPTION1 ! LAWS ( PRODUCTION1 & ! MA!MATICAL PR9CIPLE ( EX*ANGE COMB9E TO ASSOCIATE US4 ,!RE IS BUT A S+LE EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE1 -- ?AT ( ! PROPRIETOR1 :O1 PRODUC+ BY HIS RI<T ( 9CREASE1 IS NOT ASSOCIAT$ ) ANY ONE1 & CONSEQU5TLY IS NOT OBLIG$ TO %>E HIS PRODUCT ) ANY ONE2 JU/ AS NO ONE ELSE IS B\ND TO %>E ) HIM4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ! PROPRIETOR1 WE LABOR = EA* O!R2 WE CAN DO NO?+ BY \RSELVES UNAID$ BY O!RS1 & WE CONT9UALLY EX*ANGE PRODUCTS & S]VICES ) EA* O!R4 ,IF !SE >E NOT SOCIAL ACTS1 :AT >E !Y8 

,N[1 NEI!R A COMM]CIAL1 NOR AN 9DU/RIAL1 NOR AN AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION CAN BE CONCEIV$ ( 9 ! ABS5CE ( EQUALITY2 EQUALITY IS ITS S9E QUA NON4 ,SO ?AT1 9 ALL MATT]S :I* CONC]N ?IS ASSOCIATION1 TO VIOLATE SOCIETY IS TO VIOLATE JU/ICE & EQUALITY4 ,APPLY ?IS PR9CIPLE TO HUMANITY AT L>GE4 ,AFT] :AT HAS BE5 SAID1 ,I ASSUME ?AT ! READ] HAS SUFFICI5T 9SI<T TO 5ABLE HIM TO DISP5SE ) ANY AID ( M9E4 

,BY ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ! MAN :O TAKES POSSESSION ( A FIELD1 & SAYS1 0,?IS FIELD IS M9E10 WILL NOT BE UNJU/ SO LONG AS EV]Y ONE ELSE HAS AN EQUAL RI<T ( POSSESSION2 NOR WILL HE BE UNJU/1 IF1 WI%+ TO *ANGE HIS LOCATION1 HE EX*ANGES ?IS FIELD = AN EQUIVAL5T4 ,BUT IF1 PUTT+ ANO!R 9 HIS PLACE1 HE SAYS TO HIM1 0,WORK = ME :ILE ,I RE/10 HE !N BECOMES UNJU/1 UNASSOCIAT$1 UNEQUAL4 ,HE IS A PROPRIETOR4 

,RECIPROCALLY1 ! SLUGG>D1 OR ! RAKE1 :O1 )\T P]=M+ ANY SOCIAL TASK1 5JOYS LIKE O!RS -- & (T5 MORE ?AN O!RS -- ! PRODUCTS ( SOCIETY1 %\LD BE PROCE$$ AGA9/ AS A ?IEF & A P>ASITE4 ,WE [E IT TO \RSELVES TO GIVE HIM NO?+2 BUT1 S9CE HE MU/ LIVE1 TO PUT HIM UND] SUP]VISION1 & COMPEL HIM TO LABOR4 

,SOCIABILITY IS ! ATTRACTION FELT BY S5TI5T BE+S = EA* O!R4 ,JU/ICE IS ?IS SAME ATTRACTION1 ACCOMPANI$ BY ?\<T & KN[L$GE4 ,BUT UND] :AT G5]AL CONCEPT1 9 :AT CATEGORY ( ! UND]/&+1 IS JU/ICE PLAC$8 ,9 ! CATEGORY ( EQUAL QUANTITIES4 ,H5CE1 ! ANCI5T DEF9ITION ( JU/ICE -- ,JU/UM AEQUALE E/1 9JU/UM 9AEQUALE4 ,:AT IS IT1 !N1 TO PRACTICE JU/ICE8 ,IT IS TO GIVE EQUAL WEAL? TO EA*1 ON CONDITION ( EQUAL LABOR4 ,IT IS TO ACT SOCIALLY4 ,\R SELFI%NESS MAY COMPLA92 !RE IS NO ESCAPE FROM EVID5CE & NECESSITY4 

,:AT IS ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY8 ,IT IS A NATURAL ME?OD ( DIVID+ ! E>?1 BY R$UC+ EA* LABOR]'S %>E AS FA/ AS NEW LABOR]S PRES5T !MSELVES4 ,?IS RI<T DISAPPE>S IF ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ REQUIRES IT2 :I*1 BE+ ! SOCIAL 9T]E/1 IS ALSO ?AT ( ! OCCUPANT4 

,:AT IS ! RI<T ( LABOR8 ,IT IS ! RI<T TO OBTA9 ONE'S %>E ( WEAL? BY FULFILL+ ! REQUIR$ CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS ! RI<T ( SOCIETY1 ! RI<T ( EQUALITY4 

,JU/ICE1 :I* IS ! PRODUCT ( ! COMB9ATION ( AN IDEA & AN 9/9CT1 MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 MAN AS SOON AS HE IS CAPABLE ( FEEL+1 & ( =M+ IDEAS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT HAS BE5 REG>D$ AS AN 9NATE & ORIG9AL S5TIM5T2 BUT ?IS OP9ION IS LOGICALLY & *RONOLOGICALLY FALSE4 ,BUT JU/ICE1 BY ITS COMPOSITION HYBRID -- IF ,I MAY USE ! T]M1 -- JU/ICE1 BORN ( EMOTION & 9TELLECT COMB9$1 SEEMS TO ME ONE ( ! /RONGE/ PRO(S ( ! UNITY & SIMPLICITY ( ! EGO2 ! ORGANISM BE+ NO MORE CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ SU* A MIXTURE BY ITSELF1 ?AN >E ! COMB9$ S5SES ( HE>+ & SI<T ( =M+ A B9>Y S5SE1 HALF AUDITORY & HALF VISUAL4 

,?IS D\BLE NATURE ( JU/ICE GIVES US ! DEF9ITIVE BASIS ( ALL ! DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,*APT]S ,I,I41 ,I,I,I41 & ,I,V4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! IDEA ( JU/ICE BE+ ID5TICAL ) ?AT ( SOCIETY1 & SOCIETY NECESS>ILY IMPLY+ EQUALITY1 EQUALITY MU/ UND]LIE ALL ! SOPHISMS 9V5T$ 9 DEF5SE ( PROP]TY2 =1 S9CE PROP]TY CAN BE DEF5D$ ONLY AS A JU/ & SOCIAL 9/ITUTION1 & PROP]TY BE+ 9EQUALITY1 9 ORD] TO PROVE ?AT PROP]TY IS 9 H>MONY ) SOCIETY1 IT MU/ BE %[N ?AT 9JU/ICE IS JU/ICE1 & ?AT 9EQUALITY IS EQUALITY1 -- A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 S9CE ! IDEA ( EQUALITY -- ! SECOND ELEM5T ( JU/ICE -- HAS ITS S\RCE 9 ! MA!MATICAL PROPORTIONS ( ?+S2 & S9CE PROP]TY1 OR ! UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? AMONG LABOR]S1 DE/ROYS ! NECESS>Y BALANCE BETWE5 LABOR1 PRODUCTION1 & CONSUMPTION1 -- PROP]TY MU/ BE IMPOSSIBLE4 

,ALL M51 !N1 >E ASSOCIAT$2 ALL >E 5TITL$ TO ! SAME JU/ICE2 ALL >E EQUAL4 ,DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT ! PREF]5CES ( LOVE & FRI5D%IP >E UNJU/8 

,?IS REQUIRES EXPLANATION4 ,I HAVE ALREADY SUPPOS$ ! CASE ( A MAN 9 P]IL1 ,I BE+ 9 A POSITION TO HELP HIM4 ,N[1 ,I SUPPOSE MYSELF APPEAL$ TO AT ! SAME TIME BY TWO M5 EXPOS$ TO DANG]4 ,AM ,I NOT ALL[$ -- AM ,I NOT COMM&$ EV5 -- TO RU% FIR/ TO ! AID ( HIM :O IS 5DE>$ TO ME BY TIES ( BLOOD1 FRI5D%IP1 ACQUA9TANCE1 OR E/EEM1 AT ! RISK ( LEAV+ ! O!R TO P]I%8 ,YES4 ,& :Y8 ,BECAUSE )9 UNIV]SAL SOCIETY !RE EXI/ = EA* ( US AS MANY SPECIAL SOCIETIES AS !RE >E 9DIVIDUALS2 & WE >E B\ND1 BY ! PR9CIPLE ( SOCIABILITY ITSELF1 TO FULFILL ! OBLIGATIONS :I* !SE IMPOSE UPON US1 ACCORD+ TO ! 9TIMACY ( \R RELATIONS ) !M4 ,!RE=E WE MU/ GIVE \R FA!R1 MO!R1 *ILDR51 FRI5DS1 RELATIVES1 @&C41 ! PREF]5CE OV] ALL O!RS4 ,BUT 9 :AT CONSI/S ?IS PREF]5CE8 

,A JUDGE HAS A CASE TO DECIDE1 9 :I* ONE ( ! P>TIES IS HIS FRI5D1 & ! O!R HIS 5EMY4 ,%\LD HE1 9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 PREF] HIS 9TIMATE ASSOCIATE TO HIS DI/ANT ASSOCIATE2 & DECIDE ! CASE 9 FAVOR ( HIS FRI5D1 9 SPITE ( EVID5CE TO ! CONTR>Y8 ,NO3 =1 IF HE %\LD FAVOR HIS FRI5D'S 9JU/ICE1 HE W\LD BECOME HIS ACCOMPLICE 9 HIS VIOLATION ( ! SOCIAL COMPACT2 HE W\LD =M ) HIM A SORT ( CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! SOCIAL BODY4 ,PREF]5CE %\LD BE %[N ONLY 9 P]SONAL MATT]S1 SU* AS LOVE1 E/EEM1 CONFID5CE1 OR 9TIMACY1 :5 ALL CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AT ONCE4 ,?US1 9 CASE ( FIRE1 A FA!R W\LD SAVE HIS [N *ILD BE=E ?9K+ ( HIS NEI<BOR'S2 BUT ! RECOGNITION ( A RI<T NOT BE+ AN OPTIONAL MATT] ) A JUDGE1 HE IS NOT AT LIB]TY TO FAVOR ONE P]SON TO ! DETRIM5T ( ANO!R4 

,! !ORY ( !SE SPECIAL SOCIETIES -- :I* >E =M$ CONC5TRICALLY1 SO TO SPEAK1 BY EA* ( US 9SIDE ( ! MA9 BODY -- GIVES ! KEY TO ALL ! PROBLEMS :I* >ISE FROM ! OPPOSITION & CONFLICT ( ! DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( SOCIAL DUTY1 -- PROBLEMS UPON :I* ! ANCI5T TRAG$IES >E BAS$4 

,! JU/ICE PRACTIC$ AMONG ANIMALS IS1 9 A C]TA9 DEGREE1 NEGATIVE4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( PROTECT+ !IR Y\NG1 HUNT+ & PLUND]+ 9 TROOPS1 UNIT+ = COMMON DEF5SE & SOMETIMES = 9DIVIDUAL ASSI/ANCE1 IT CONSI/S MORE 9 PREV5TION ?AN 9 ACTION4 ,A SICK ANIMAL :O CANNOT >ISE FROM ! GR\ND1 OR AN IMPRUD5T ONE :O HAS FALL5 OV] A PRECIPICE1 RECEIVES NEI!R M$IC9E NOR N\RI%M5T4 ,IF HE CANNOT CURE HIMSELF1 NOR RELIEVE HIMSELF ( HIS TR\BLE1 HIS LIFE IS 9 DANG]3 HE WILL NEI!R BE C>$ = 9 B$1 NOR F$ 9 A PRISON4 ,!IR NEGLECT ( !IR FELL[S >ISES AS MU* FROM ! WEAKNESS ( !IR 9TELLECT AS FROM !IR LACK ( RES\RCES4 ,/ILL1 ! DEGREES ( 9TIMACY COMMON AMONG M5 >E NOT UNKN[N TO ! ANIMALS4 ,!Y HAVE FRI5D%IPS ( HABIT & ( *OICE2 FRI5D%IPS NEI<BORLY1 & FRI5D%IPS P>5TAL4 ,9 COMP>ISON ) US1 !Y HAVE FEEBLE MEMORIES1 SLUGGI% FEEL+S1 & >E ALMO/ DE/ITUTE ( 9TELLIG5CE2 BUT ! ID5TITY ( !SE FACULTIES IS PRES]V$ TO SOME EXT5T1 & \R SUP]IORITY 9 ?IS RESPECT >ISES 5TIRELY FROM \R UND]/&+4 

,IT IS \R /R5G? ( MEMORY & P5ETRATION ( JUDGM5T :I* 5ABLE US TO MULTIPLY & COMB9E ! ACTS :I* \R SOCIAL 9/9CT IMPELS US TO P]=M1 & :I* TEA*ES US H[ TO R5D] !M MORE EFFECTIVE1 & H[ TO DI/RIBUTE !M JU/LY4 ,! BEA/S :O LIVE 9 SOCIETY PRACTICE JU/ICE1 BUT >E IGNORANT ( ITS NATURE1 & DO NOT REASON UPON IT2 !Y OBEY !IR 9/9CT )\T ?\<T OR PHILOSOPHY4 ,!Y KN[ NOT H[ TO UNITE ! SOCIAL S5TIM5T ) ! IDEA ( EQUALITY1 :I* !Y DO NOT POSSESS2 ?IS IDEA BE+ AN AB/RACT ONE4 ,WE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 />T+ ) ! PR9CIPLE ?AT SOCIETY IMPLIES EQUALITY1 CAN1 BY \R REASON+ FACULTY1 UND]/& & AGREE ) EA* O!R 9 SETTL+ \R RI<TS2 WE HAVE EV5 US$ \R JUDGM5T TO A GREAT EXT5T4 ,BUT 9 ALL ?IS \R CONSCI5CE PLAYS A SMALL P>T1 AS IS PROV$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! IDEA ( RI<T -- ( :I* WE CAT* A GLIMPSE 9 C]TA9 ANIMALS :O APPROA* NE>] ?AN ANY O!RS TO \R /&>D ( 9TELLIG5CE -- SEEMS TO GR[1 FROM ! L[ LEVEL AT :I* IT /&S 9 SAVAGES1 TO ! L(TY HEI<T :I* IT REA*ES 9 A ,PLATO OR A ,FRANKL94 ,IF WE TRACE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORAL S5SE 9 9DIVIDUALS1 & ! PROGRESS ( LAWS 9 NATIONS1 WE %ALL BE CONV9C$ ?AT ! IDEAS ( JU/ICE & LEGISLATIVE P]FECTION >E ALWAYS PROPORTIONAL TO 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! NOTION ( JU/ICE -- :I* HAS BE5 REG>D$ BY SOME PHILOSOPH]S AS SIMPLE -- IS !N1 9 REALITY1 COMPLEX4 ,IT SPR+S FROM ! SOCIAL 9/9CT ON ! ONE H&1 & ! IDEA ( EQUALITY ON ! O!R2 JU/ AS ! NOTION ( GUILT >ISES FROM ! FEEL+ ?AT JU/ICE HAS BE5 VIOLAT$1 & FROM ! IDEA ( FREE-WILL4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 9/9CT IS NOT MODIFI$ BY ACQUA9TANCE ) ITS NATURE2 & ! FACTS ( SOCIETY1 :I* WE HAVE ?US F> OBS]V$1 OCCUR AMONG BEA/S AS WELL AS M54 ,WE KN[ ! MEAN+ ( JU/ICE2 9 O!R WORDS1 ( SOCIABILITY VIEW$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( EQUALITY4 ,WE HAVE MET ) NO?+ :I* SEP>ATES US FROM ! ANIMALS4 

8 #c4 -- ,( ! ?IRD DEGREE ( ,SOCIABILITY4 

,! READ]1 P]HAPS1 HAS NOT =GOTT5 :AT WAS SAID 9 ! ?IRD *APT] CONC]N+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! SPECIALTY ( TAL5TS4 ,! SUM TOTAL ( ! TAL5TS & CAPACITIES ( ! RACE IS ALWAYS ! SAME1 & !IR NATURE IS ALWAYS SIMIL>4 ,WE >E ALL BORN POETS1 MA!MATICIANS1 PHILOSOPH]S1 >TI/S1 >TISANS1 OR F>M]S1 BUT WE >E NOT BORN EQUALLY 5D[$2 & BETWE5 ONE MAN & ANO!R 9 SOCIETY1 OR BETWE5 ONE FACULTY & ANO!R 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL1 !RE IS AN 9F9ITE DIFF]5CE4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE ( DEGREE 9 ! SAME FACULTIES1 ?IS PR$OM9ANCE ( TAL5T 9 C]TA9 DIRECTIONS1 IS1 WE HAVE SAID1 ! V]Y F\NDATION ( \R SOCIETY4 ,9TELLIG5CE & NATURAL G5IUS HAVE BE5 DI/RIBUT$ BY ,NATURE SO ECONOMICALLY1 & YET SO LIB]ALLY1 ?AT 9 SOCIETY !RE IS NO DANG] ( EI!R A SURPLUS OR A SC>CITY ( SPECIAL TAL5TS2 & ?AT EA* LABOR]1 BY DEVOT+ HIMSELF TO HIS FUNCTION1 MAY ALWAYS ATTA9 TO ! DEGREE ( PR(ICI5CY NECESS>Y TO 5ABLE HIM TO B5EFIT BY ! LABORS & DISCOV]IES ( HIS FELL[S4 ,[+ TO ?IS SIMPLE & WISE PRECAUTION ( ,NATURE1 ! LABOR] IS NOT ISOLAT$ BY HIS TASK4 ,HE COMMUNICATES ) HIS FELL[S ?R\< ! M9D1 BE=E HE IS UNIT$ ) !M 9 HE>T2 SO ?AT ) HIM LOVE IS BORN ( 9TELLIG5CE4 

,IT IS NOT SO ) SOCIETIES ( ANIMALS4 ,9 EV]Y SPECIES1 ! APTITUDES ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS -- ?\< V]Y LIMIT$ -- >E EQUAL 9 NUMB] & 7:5 !Y >E NOT ! RESULT ( 9/9CT7 9 9T5SITY4 ,EA* ONE DOES AS WELL AS ALL ! O!RS :AT ALL ! O!RS DO2 PROVIDES HIS FOOD1 AVOIDS ! 5EMY1 BURR[S 9 ! E>?1 BUILDS A NE/1 @&C4 ,NO ANIMAL1 :5 FREE & HEAL?Y1 EXPECTS OR REQUIRES ! AID ( HIS NEI<BOR2 :O1 9 HIS TURN1 IS EQUALLY 9DEP5D5T4 

,ASSOCIAT$ ANIMALS LIVE SIDE BY SIDE )\T ANY 9TELLECTUAL 9T]C\RSE OR 9TIMATE COMMUNICATION1 -- ALL DO+ ! SAME ?+S1 HAV+ NO?+ TO LE>N OR TO REMEMB]2 !Y SEE1 FEEL1 & COME 9 CONTACT ) EA* O!R1 BUT NEV] P5ETRATE EA* O!R4 ,MAN CONT9UALLY EX*ANGES ) MAN IDEAS & FEEL+S1 PRODUCTS & S]VICES4 ,EV]Y DISCOV]Y & ACT 9 SOCIETY IS NECESS>Y TO HIM4 ,BUT ( ?IS IMM5SE QUANTITY ( PRODUCTS & IDEAS1 ?AT :I* EA* ONE HAS TO PRODUCE & ACQUIRE = HIMSELF IS BUT AN ATOM 9 ! SUN4 ,MAN W\LD NOT BE MAN W]E IT NOT = SOCIETY1 & SOCIETY IS SUPPORT$ BY ! BALANCE & H>MONY ( ! P[]S :I* COMPOSE IT4 

,SOCIETY1 AMONG ! ANIMALS1 IS SIMPLE2 ) MAN IT IS COMPLEX4 ,MAN IS ASSOCIAT$ ) MAN BY ! SAME 9/9CT :I* ASSOCIATES ANIMAL ) ANIMAL2 BUT MAN IS ASSOCIAT$ DIFF]5TLY FROM ! ANIMAL1 & IT IS ?IS DIFF]5CE 9 ASSOCIATION :I* CON/ITUTES ! DIFF]5CE 9 MORALITY4 

,I HAVE PROV$1 -- AT TOO GREAT L5G?1 P]HAPS1 -- BO? BY ! SPIRIT ( ! LAWS :I* REG>D PROP]TY AS ! BASIS ( SOCIETY1 & BY POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ?AT 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS JU/IFI$ NEI!R BY PRIORITY ( OCCUPATION NOR SUP]IORITY ( TAL5T1 S]VICE1 9DU/RY1 & CAPACITY4 ,BUT1 AL?\< EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( NATURAL RI<T1 ( LIB]TY1 ( ! LAWS ( PRODUCTION1 ( ! CAPACITY ( PHYSICAL NATURE1 & ( ! PR9CIPLE ( SOCIETY ITSELF1 -- IT DOES NOT PREV5T ! SOCIAL S5TIM5T FROM /EPP+ OV] ! B\ND>IES ( DEBT & CR$IT4 ,! FIELDS ( B5EVOL5CE & LOVE EXT5D F> BEYOND2 & :5 ECONOMY HAS ADJU/$ ITS BALANCE1 ! M9D BEG9S TO B5EFIT BY ITS [N JU/ICE1 & ! HE>T EXP&S 9 ! B\NDLESSNESS ( ITS AFFECTION4 

,! SOCIAL S5TIM5T !N TAKES ON A NEW *>ACT]1 :I* V>IES ) DIFF]5T P]SONS4 ,9 ! /RONG1 IT BECOMES ! PLEASURE ( G5]OSITY2 AMONG EQUALS1 FRANK & CORDIAL FRI5D%IP2 9 ! WEAK1 ! PLEASURE ( ADMIRATION & GRATITUDE4 

,! MAN :O IS SUP]IOR 9 /R5G?1 SKILL1 OR C\RAGE1 KN[S ?AT HE [ES ALL ?AT HE IS TO SOCIETY1 )\T :I* HE C\LD NOT EXI/4 ,HE KN[S ?AT1 9 TREAT+ HIM PRECISELY AS IT DOES ! L[E/ ( ITS MEMB]S1 SOCIETY DIS*>GES ITS :OLE DUTY T[>DS HIM4 ,BUT HE DOES NOT UND]RATE HIS FACULTIES2 HE IS NO LESS CONSCI\S ( HIS P[] & GREATNESS2 & IT IS ?IS VOLUNT>Y REV]5CE :I* HE PAYS TO HUMANITY1 ?IS AV[AL ?AT HE IS BUT AN 9/RUM5T ( ,NATURE1 -- :O IS ALONE WOR?Y ( GLORY & WOR%IP1 -- IT IS1 ,I SAY1 ?IS SIMULTANE\S CONFESSION ( ! HE>T & ! M9D1 ?IS G5U9E ADORATION ( ! ,GREAT ,BE+1 ?AT DI/+UI%ES & ELEVATES MAN1 & LIFTS HIM TO A DEGREE ( SOCIAL MORALITY TO :I* ! BEA/ IS P[]LESS TO ATTA94 ,H]CULES DE/ROY+ ! MON/]S & PUNI%+ BRIG&S = ! SAFETY ( ,GREECE1 ,ORPHEUS TEA*+ ! R\< & WILD ,PELASGIANS1 -- NEI!R ( !M PUTT+ A PRICE UPON !IR S]VICES1 -- !RE WE SEE ! NOBLE/ CREATIONS ( POETRY1 ! L(TIE/ EXPRESSION ( JU/ICE & VIRTUE4 

,! JOYS ( SELF-SACRIFICE >E 9EFFABLE4 

,IF ,I W]E TO COMP>E HUMAN SOCIETY TO ! OLD ,GREEK TRAG$IES1 ,I %\LD SAY ?AT ! PHALANX ( NOBLE M9DS & L(TY S\LS DANCES ! /ROPHE1 & ! HUMBLE MULTITUDE ! ANTI/ROPHE4 ,BURD5$ ) PA9FUL & DISAGREEABLE TASKS1 BUT R5D]$ OMNIPOT5T BY !IR NUMB] & ! H>MONIC >RANGEM5T ( !IR FUNCTIONS1 ! LATT] EXECUTE :AT ! O!RS PLAN4 ,GUID$ BY !M1 !Y [E !M NO?+2 !Y HONOR !M1 H[EV]1 & LAVI% UPON !M PRAISE & APPROBATION4 

,GRATITUDE FILLS PEOPLE ) ADORATION & 5?USIASM4 

,BUT EQUALITY DELI<TS MY HE>T4 ,B5EVOL5CE DEG5]ATES 9TO TYRANNY1 & ADMIRATION 9TO S]VILITY4 ,FRI5D%IP IS ! DAU<T] ( EQUALITY4 ,O MY FRI5DS6 MAY ,I LIVE 9 Y\R MID/ )\T EMULATION1 & )\T GLORY2 LET EQUALITY BR+ US TOGE!R1 & FATE ASSIGN US \R PLACES4 ,MAY ,I DIE )\T KN[+ TO :OM AMONG Y\ ,I [E ! MO/ E/EEM6 

,FRI5D%IP IS PRECI\S TO ! HE>TS ( ! *ILDR5 ( M54 

,G5]OSITY1 GRATITUDE 7,I MEAN H]E ONLY ?AT GRATITUDE :I* IS BORN ( ADMIRATION ( A SUP]IOR P[]71 & FRI5D%IP >E ?REE DI/9CT %ADES ( A S+LE S5TIM5T :I* ,I WILL CALL 

EQUITE1 OR SOCIAL PROPORTIONALITY4.<#b#f.> ,EQUITE DOES NOT *ANGE JU/ICE3 BUT1 ALWAYS TAK+ EQUITE = ! BASE1 IT SUP]ADDS E/EEM1 & !REBY =MS 9 MAN A ?IRD DEGREE ( SOCIABILITY4 ,EQUITE MAKES IT AT ONCE \R DUTY & \R PLEASURE TO AID ! WEAK :O HAVE NE$ ( US1 & TO MAKE !M \R EQUALS2 TO PAY TO ! /RONG A JU/ TRIBUTE ( GRATITUDE & HONOR1 )\T 5SLAV+ \RSELVES TO !M2 TO *]I% \R NEI<BORS1 FRI5DS1 & EQUALS1 = ?AT :I* WE RECEIVE FROM !M1 EV5 BY RI<T ( EX*ANGE4 ,EQUITE IS SOCIABILITY RAIS$ TO ITS IDEAL BY REASON & JU/ICE2 ITS COMMONE/ MANIFE/ATION IS URBANITY OR POLIT5ESS1 :I*1 AMONG C]TA9 NATIONS1 SUMS UP 9 A S+LE WORD NE>LY ALL ! SOCIAL DUTIES4 

,N[1 ?IS FEEL+ IS UNKN[N AMONG ! BEA/S1 :O LOVE & CL+ TO EA* O!R1 & %[ !IR PREF]5CES1 BUT :O CANNOT CONCEIVE ( E/EEM1 & :O >E 9CAPABLE ( G5]OSITY1 ADMIRATION1 OR POLIT5ESS4 

,?IS FEEL+ DOES NOT SPR+ FROM 9TELLIG5CE1 :I* CALCULATES1 COMPUTES1 & BALANCES1 BUT DOES NOT LOVE2 :I* SEES1 BUT DOES NOT FEEL4 ,AS JU/ICE IS ! PRODUCT ( SOCIAL 9/9CT & REFLECTION COMB9$1 SO EQUITE IS A PRODUCT ( JU/ICE & TA/E COMB9$ -- ?AT IS1 ( \R P[]S ( JUDG+ & ( IDEALIZ+4 

,?IS PRODUCT -- ! ?IRD & LA/ DEGREE ( HUMAN SOCIABILITY -- IS DET]M9$ BY \R COMPLEX MODE ( ASSOCIATION2 9 :I* 9EQUALITY1 OR RA!R ! DIV]G5CE ( FACULTIES1 & ! SPECIALTY ( FUNCTIONS -- T5D+ ( !MSELVES TO ISOLATE LABOR]S -- DEM& A MORE ACTIVE SOCIABILITY4 

,?AT IS :Y ! =CE :I* OPPRESSES :ILE PROTECT+ IS EXECRABLE2 :Y ! SILLY IGNORANCE :I* VIEWS ) ! SAME EYE ! M>VELS ( >T1 & ! PRODUCTS ( ! RUDE/ 9DU/RY1 EXCITES UNUTT]ABLE CONTEMPT2 :Y PR\D M$IOCRITY1 :I* GLORIES 9 SAY+1 0,I HAVE PAID Y\ -- ,I [E Y\ NO?+10 IS ESPECIALLY ODI\S4 

,SOCIABILITY1 JU/ICE1 EQUITE -- SU*1 9 ITS TRIPLICITY1 IS ! EXACT DEF9ITION ( ! 9/9CTIVE FACULTY :I* LEADS US 9TO COMMUNICATION ) \R FELL[S1 & :OSE PHYSICAL MANIFE/ATION IS EXPRESS$ BY ! =MULA3 ,EQUALITY 9 NATURAL WEAL?1 & ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR4 

,!SE ?REE DEGREES ( SOCIABILITY SUPPORT & IMPLY EA* O!R4 ,EQUITE CANNOT EXI/ )\T JU/ICE2 SOCIETY )\T JU/ICE IS A SOLECISM4 ,IF1 9 ORD] TO REW>D TAL5T1 ,I TAKE FROM ONE TO GIVE TO ANO!R1 9 UNJU/LY /RIPP+ ! FIR/1 ,I DO NOT E/EEM HIS TAL5T AS ,I \<T2 IF1 9 SOCIETY1 ,I AW>D MORE TO MYSELF ?AN TO MY ASSOCIATE1 WE >E NOT REALLY ASSOCIAT$4 ,JU/ICE IS SOCIABILITY AS MANIFE/$ 9 ! DIVISION ( MAT]IAL ?+S1 SUSCEPTIBLE ( WEI<T & MEASURE2 EQUITE IS JU/ICE ACCOMPANI$ BY ADMIRATION & E/EEM1 -- ?+S :I* CANNOT BE MEASUR$4 

,FROM ?IS SEV]AL 9F]5CES MAY BE DRAWN4 

#a4 ,?\< WE >E FREE TO GRANT \R E/EEM TO ONE MORE ?AN TO ANO!R1 & 9 ALL POSSIBLE DEGREES1 YET WE %\LD GIVE NO ONE MORE ?AN HIS PROPORTION ( ! COMMON WEAL?2 BECAUSE ! DUTY ( JU/ICE1 BE+ IMPOS$ UPON US BE=E ?AT ( EQUITE1 MU/ ALWAYS TAKE PREC$5CE ( IT4 ,! WOMAN HONOR$ BY ! ANCI5TS1 :O1 :5 =C$ BY A TYRANT TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! DEA? ( H] BRO!R & ?AT ( H] HUSB&1 SACRIFIC$ ! LATT] ON ! GR\ND ?AT %E C\LD F9D ANO!R HUSB& BUT NOT ANO!R BRO!R1 -- ?AT WOMAN1 ,I SAY1 9 OBEY+ H] S5SE ( EQUITE1 FAIL$ 9 PO9T ( JU/ICE1 & DID A BAD DE$1 BECAUSE CONJUGAL ASSOCIATION IS A CLOS] RELATION ?AN FRAT]NAL ASSOCIATION1 & BECAUSE ! LIFE ( \R NEI<BOR IS NOT \R PROP]TY4 

,BY ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 9EQUALITY ( WAGES CANNOT BE ADMITT$ BY LAW ON ! GR\ND ( 9EQUALITY ( TAL5TS2 BECAUSE ! JU/ DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? IS ! FUNCTION ( ECONOMY1 -- NOT ( 5?USIASM4 

,F9ALLY1 AS REG>DS DONATIONS1 WILLS1 & 9H]ITANCE1 SOCIETY1 C>EFUL BO? ( ! P]SONAL AFFECTIONS & ITS [N RI<TS1 MU/ NEV] P]MIT LOVE & P>TIALITY TO DE/ROY JU/ICE4 ,&1 ?\< IT IS PLEASANT TO ?9K ?AT ! SON1 :O HAS BE5 LONG ASSOCIAT$ ) HIS FA!R 9 BUS9ESS1 IS MORE CAPABLE ?AN ANY ONE ELSE ( C>RY+ IT ON2 & ?AT ! CITIZ51 :O IS SURPRIS$ 9 ! MID/ ( HIS TASK BY DEA?1 IS BE/ FITT$1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( HIS NATURAL TA/E = HIS OCCUPATION1 TO DESIGNATE HIS SUCCESSOR2 & ?\< ! HEIR %\LD BE ALL[$ ! RI<T ( *OICE 9 CASE ( MORE ?AN ONE 9H]ITANCE1 -- NEV]!LESS1 SOCIETY CAN TOL]ATE NO CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & 9DU/RY = ! B5EFIT ( A S+LE MAN1 NO MONOPOLY ( LABOR1 NO 5CROA*M5T4.<#b#g.> 

#b4 ,EQUITE1 JU/ICE1 & SOCIETY1 CAN EXI/ ONLY BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME SPECIES4 ,!Y =M NO P>T ( ! RELATIONS ( DIFF]5T RACES TO EA* O!R1 -- = 9/ANCE1 ( ! WOLF TO ! GOAT1 ( ! GOAT TO MAN1 ( MAN TO ,GOD1 MU* LESS ( ,GOD TO MAN4 ,! ATTRIBUTION ( JU/ICE1 EQUITY1 & LOVE TO ! ,SUPREME ,BE+ IS PURE AN?ROPOMORPHISM2 & ! ADJECTIVES JU/1 M]CIFUL1 PITIFUL1 & ! LIKE1 %\LD BE /RICK5 FROM \R LITANIES4 ,GOD CAN BE REG>D$ AS JU/1 EQUITABLE1 & GOOD1 ONLY TO ANO!R ,GOD4 ,N[1 ,GOD HAS NO ASSOCIATE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 HE CANNOT EXP]I5CE SOCIAL AFFECTIONS1 -- SU* AS GOODNESS1 EQUITE1 & JU/ICE4 ,IS ! %EPH]D SAID TO BE JU/ TO HIS %EEP & HIS DOGS8 ,NO3 & IF HE SAW FIT TO %E> AS MU* WOOL FROM A LAMB SIX MON?S OLD1 AS FROM A RAM ( TWO YE>S2 OR1 IF HE REQUIR$ AS MU* WORK FROM A Y\NG DOG AS FROM AN OLD ONE1 -- !Y W\LD SAY1 NOT ?AT HE WAS UNJU/1 BUT ?AT HE WAS FOOLI%4 ,BETWE5 MAN & BEA/ !RE IS NO SOCIETY1 ?\< !RE MAY BE AFFECTION4 ,MAN LOVES ! ANIMALS AS ?+S1 -- AS S5TI5T ?+S1 IF Y\ WILL1 -- BUT NOT AS P]SONS4 ,PHILOSOPHY1 AFT] HAV+ ELIM9AT$ FROM ! IDEA ( ,GOD ! PASSIONS ASCRIB$ TO HIM BY SUP]/ITION1 WILL !N BE OBLIG$ TO ELIM9ATE ALSO ! VIRTUES :I* \R LIB]AL PIETY AW>DS TO HIM4.<#b#h.> 

,IF ,GOD %\LD COME D[N TO E>?1 & DWELL AMONG US1 WE C\LD NOT LOVE HIM UNLESS HE BECAME LIKE US2 NOR GIVE HIM ANY ?+ UNLESS HE PRODUC$ SOME?+2 NOR LI/5 TO HIM UNLESS HE PROV$ US MI/AK52 NOR WOR%IP HIM UNLESS HE MANIFE/$ HIS P[]4 ,ALL ! LAWS ( \R NATURE1 AFFECTIONAL1 ECONOMICAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL1 W\LD PREV5T US FROM TREAT+ HIM AS WE TREAT \R FELL[-M51 -- ?AT IS1 ACCORD+ TO REASON1 JU/ICE1 & EQUITE4 ,I 9F] FROM ?IS ?AT1 IF ,GOD %\LD WI% EV] TO PUT HIMSELF 9TO IMM$IATE COMMUNICATION ) MAN1 HE W\LD HAVE TO BECOME A MAN4 

,N[1 IF K+S >E IMAGES ( ,GOD1 & EXECUTORS ( HIS WILL1 !Y CANNOT RECEIVE LOVE1 WEAL?1 OB$I5CE1 & GLORY FROM US1 UNLESS !Y CONS5T TO LABOR & ASSOCIATE ) US -- PRODUCE AS MU* AS !Y CONSUME1 REASON ) !IR SUBJECTS1 & DO WOND]FUL ?+S4 ,/ILL MORE2 IF1 AS SOME PRET5D1 K+S >E PUBLIC FUNCTION>IES1 ! LOVE :I* IS DUE !M IS MEASUR$ BY !IR P]SONAL AMIABILITY2 \R OBLIGATION TO OBEY !M1 BY ! WISDOM ( !IR COMM&S2 & !IR CIVIL LI/1 BY ! TOTAL SOCIAL PRODUCTION DIVID$ BY ! NUMB] ( CITIZ5S4 

,?US1 JURISPRUD5CE1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & PSY*OLOGY AGREE 9 ADMITT+ ! LAW ( EQUALITY4 ,RI<T & DUTY -- ! DUE REW>D ( TAL5T & LABOR -- ! \TBUR/S ( LOVE & 5?USIASM1 -- ALL >E REGULAT$ 9 ADVANCE BY AN 9V>IABLE /&>D2 ALL DEP5D UPON NUMB] & BALANCE4 ,EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS ! LAW ( SOCIETY1 & UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY IS ! RATIFICATION ( ?IS LAW4 

,EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS HAS NEV] BE5 REALIZ$1 ?ANKS TO \R PASSIONS & \R IGNORANCE2 BUT \R OPPOSITION TO ?IS LAW HAS MADE IT ALL ! MORE A NECESSITY4 ,TO ?AT FACT HI/ORY BE>S P]PETUAL TE/IMONY1 & ! C\RSE ( EV5TS REVEALS IT TO US4 ,SOCIETY ADVANCES FROM EQUATION TO EQUATION4 ,TO ! EYES ( ! ECONOMI/1 ! REVOLUTIONS ( EMPIRES SEEM N[ LIKE ! R$UCTION ( ALGEBRAIC QUANTITIES1 :I* >E 9T]-D$UCIBLE2 N[ LIKE ! DISCOV]Y ( UNKN[N QUANTITIES1 9DUC$ BY ! 9EVITABLE 9FLU5CE ( TIME4 ,FIGURES >E ! PROVID5CE ( HI/ORY4 ,UND\BT$LY !RE >E O!R ELEM5TS 9 HUMAN PROGRESS2 BUT 9 ! MULTITUDE ( HIDD5 CAUSES :I* AGITATE NATIONS1 !RE IS NONE MORE P[]FUL OR CON/ANT1 NONE LESS OBSCURE1 ?AN ! P]IODICAL EXPLOSIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ PROP]TY4 ,PROP]TY1 ACT+ BY EXCLUSION & 5CROA*M5T1 :ILE POPULATION WAS 9CREAS+1 HAS BE5 ! LIFE-PR9CIPLE & DEF9ITIVE CAUSE ( ALL REVOLUTIONS4 ,RELIGI\S W>S1 & W>S ( CONQUE/1 :5 !Y HAVE /OPP$ %ORT ( ! EXT]M9ATION ( RACES1 HAVE BE5 ONLY ACCID5TAL DI/URBANCES1 SOON REPAIR$ BY ! MA!MATICAL PROGRESSION ( ! LIFE ( NATIONS4 ,! D[NFALL & DEA? ( SOCIETIES >E DUE TO ! P[] ( ACCUMULATION POSSESS$ BY PROP]TY4 

,9 ! MIDDLE AGES1 TAKE ,FLOR5CE1 -- A REPUBLIC ( M]*ANTS & BROK]S1 ALWAYS R5T BY ITS WELL-KN[N FACTIONS1 ! ,GUELPHS & ,<IBELL9ES1 :O W]E1 AFT] ALL1 ONLY ! PEOPLE & ! PROPRIETORS FI<T+ AGA9/ EA* O!R1 -- ,FLOR5CE1 RUL$ BY BANK]S1 & BORNE D[N AT LA/ BY ! WEI<T ( H] DEBTS2.<#b#i.> 9 ANCI5T TIMES1 TAKE ,ROME1 PREY$ UPON FROM ITS BIR? BY USURY1 FL\RI%+1 NEV]!LESS1 AS LONG AS ! KN[N WORLD FURNI%$ ITS T]RIBLE PROLETAIRES ) LABOR1 /A9$ ) BLOOD BY CIVIL W> AT EV]Y 9T]VAL ( RE/1 & DY+ ( EXHAU/ION :5 ! PEOPLE LO/1 TOGE!R ) !IR =M] 5]GY1 !IR LA/ SP>K ( MORAL S5SE2 ,C>?AGE1 A COMM]CIAL & F9ANCIAL CITY1 CONT9UALLY DIVID$ BY 9T]NAL COMPETITION2 ,TIRE1 ,SIDON1 ,J]USALEM1 ,N9EVEH1 ,BABYLON1 RU9$1 9 TURN1 BY COMM]CIAL RIVALRY &1 AS WE N[ EXPRESS IT1 BY PANICS 9 ! M>KET1 -- DO NOT !SE FAM\S EXAMPLES %[ CLE>LY 5\< ! FATE :I* AWAITS MOD]N NATIONS1 UNLESS ! PEOPLE1 UNLESS ,FRANCE1 ) A SUDD5 BUR/ ( H] P[]FUL VOICE1 PROCLAIMS 9 ?UND]-TONES ! ABOLITION ( ! REGIME ( PROP]TY8 

,H]E MY TASK %\LD 5D4 ,I HAVE PROV$ ! RI<T ( ! POOR2 ,I HAVE %[N ! USURPATION ( ! RI*4 ,I DEM& JU/ICE2 IT IS NOT MY BUS9ESS TO EXECUTE ! S5T5CE4 ,IF IT %\LD BE >GU$ -- 9 ORD] TO PROLONG = A FEW YE>S AN ILLEGITIMATE PRIVILEGE -- ?AT IT IS NOT 5\< TO DEMON/RATE EQUALITY1 ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y ALSO TO ORGANIZE IT1 & ABOVE ALL TO E/ABLI% IT PEACEFULLY1 ,I MI<T REPLY3 ,! WELF>E ( ! OPPRESS$ IS ( MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN (FICIAL COMPOSURE4 ,EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS A NATURAL LAW UPON :I* PUBLIC ECONOMY & JURISPRUD5CE >E BAS$4 ,! RI<T TO LABOR1 & ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 CANNOT GIVE WAY TO ! ANXIETIES ( P[]4 ,IT IS NOT = ! PROLETAIRE TO RECONCILE ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! CODES1 /ILL LESS TO SUFF] = ! ]RORS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! DUTY ( ! CIVIL & ADM9I/RATIVE P[] TO RECON/RUCT ITSELF ON ! BASIS ( POLITICAL EQUALITY4 ,AN EVIL1 :5 KN[N1 %\LD BE CONDEMN$ & DE/ROY$4 ,! LEGISLATOR CANNOT PLEAD IGNORANCE AS AN EXCUSE = UPHOLD+ A GL>+ 9IQUITY4 ,RE/ITUTION %\LD NOT BE DELAY$4 ,JU/ICE1 JU/ICE6 RECOGNITION ( RI<T6 RE9/ATEM5T ( ! PROLETAIRE6 -- :5 !SE RESULTS >E ACCOMPLI%$1 !N1 JUDGES & CONSULS1 Y\ MAY ATT5D TO Y\R POLICE1 & PROVIDE A GOV]NM5T = ! ,REPUBLIC6 

,= ! RE/1 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT A S+LE ONE ( MY READ]S ACCUSES ME ( KN[+ H[ TO DE/ROY1 BUT ( NOT KN[+ H[ TO CON/RUCT4 ,9 DEMON/RAT+ ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY1 ,I HAVE LAID ! F\NDATION ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ,I HAVE DONE MORE4 ,I HAVE GIV5 AN EXAMPLE ( ! TRUE ME?OD ( SOLV+ POLITICAL & LEGISLATIVE PROBLEMS4 ,( ! SCI5CE ITSELF1 ,I CONFESS ?AT ,I KN[ NO?+ MORE ?AN ITS PR9CIPLE2 & ,I KN[ ( NO ONE AT PRES5T :O CAN BOA/ ( HAV+ P5ETRAT$ DEEP]4 ,MANY PEOPLE CRY1 0,COME TO ME1 & ,I WILL TEA* Y\ ! TRU?60 ,!SE PEOPLE MI/AKE = ! TRU? !IR *]I%$ OP9ION & >D5T CONVICTION1 :I* IS USUALLY ANY ?+ BUT ! TRU?4 ,! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY -- LIKE ALL HUMAN SCI5CES -- WILL BE = EV] 9COMPLETE4 ,! DEP? & V>IETY ( ! QUE/IONS :I* IT EMBRACES >E 9F9ITE4 ,WE H>DLY KN[ ! ,A ,B ,C ( ?IS SCI5CE1 AS IS PROV$ BY ! FACT ?AT WE HAVE NOT YET EM]G$ FROM ! P]IOD ( SY/EMS1 & HAVE NOT CEAS$ TO PUT ! AU?ORITY ( ! MAJORITY 9 ! PLACE ( FACTS4 ,A C]TA9 PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY DECID$ L+UI/IC QUE/IONS BY A PLURALITY ( VOTES4 ,\R P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATES -- W]E !IR RESULTS LESS P]NICI\S -- W\LD BE EV5 MORE RIDICUL\S4 ,! TASK ( ! TRUE PUBLICI/1 9 ! AGE 9 :I* WE LIVE1 IS TO CLOSE ! M\?S ( QUACKS & *>LATANS1 & TO TEA* ! PUBLIC TO DEM& DEMON/RATIONS1 9/EAD ( BE+ CONT5T$ ) SYMBOLS & PROGRAMS4 ,BE=E TALK+ ( ! SCI5CE ITSELF1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO ASC]TA9 ITS OBJECT1 & DISCOV] ITS ME?OD & PR9CIPLE4 ,! GR\ND MU/ BE CLE>$ ( ! PREJUDICES :I* 5CUMB] IT4 ,SU* IS ! MISSION ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,= MY P>T1 ,I HAVE SWORN FIDELITY TO MY WORK ( DEMOLITION1 & ,I WILL NOT CEASE TO PURSUE ! TRU? ?R\< ! RU9S & RUBBI%4 ,I HATE TO SEE A ?+ HALF DONE2 & IT WILL BE BELIEV$ )\T ANY ASSURANCE ( M9E1 ?AT1 HAV+ D>$ TO RAISE MY H& AGA9/ ! ,HOLY ,>K1 ,I %ALL NOT RE/ CONT5T$ ) ! REMOVAL ( ! COV]4 ,! MY/]IES ( ! SANCTU>Y ( 9IQUITY MU/ BE UNVEIL$1 ! TABLES ( ! OLD ALLIANCE BROK51 & ALL ! OBJECTS ( ! ANCI5T FAI? ?R[N 9 A HEAP TO ! SW9E4 ,A *>T] HAS BE5 GIV5 TO US1 -- A RESUME ( POLITICAL SCI5CE1 ! MONUM5T ( TW5TY LEGISLATURES4 ,A CODE HAS BE5 WRITT51 -- ! PRIDE ( A CONQU]OR1 & ! SUMM>Y ( ANCI5T WISDOM4 ,WELL6 ( ?IS *>T] & ?IS CODE NOT ONE >TICLE %ALL BE LEFT /&+ UPON ANO!R6 ,! TIME HAS COME = ! WISE TO *OOSE !IR C\RSE1 & PREP>E = RECON/RUCTION4 

,BUT1 S9CE A DE/ROY$ ]ROR NECESS>ILY IMPLIES A C\NT]-TRU?1 ,I WILL NOT F9I% ?IS TREATISE )\T SOLV+ ! FIR/ PROBLEM ( POLITICAL SCI5CE1 -- ?AT :I* RECEIVES ! ATT5TION ( ALL M9DS4 

,:5 PROP]TY IS ABOLI%$1 :AT WILL BE ! =M ( SOCIETY6 ,WILL IT BE COMMUNISM8 

,P>T ,SECOND4 

8 #a4 -- ,( ! ,CAUSES ( \R ,MI/AKES4 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,PROP]TY4 

,! TRUE =M ( HUMAN SOCIETY CANNOT BE DET]M9$ UNTIL ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION HAS BE5 SOLV$3 -- 

,PROP]TY NOT BE+ \R NATURAL CONDITION1 H[ DID IT GA9 A FOO?OLD8 ,:Y HAS ! SOCIAL 9/9CT1 SO TRU/WOR?Y AMONG ! ANIMALS1 ]R$ 9 ! CASE ( MAN8 ,:Y IS MAN1 :O WAS BORN = SOCIETY1 NOT YET ASSOCIAT$8 

,I HAVE SAID ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY IS COMPLEX 9 ITS NATURE4 ,?\< ?IS EXPRESSION IS 9ACCURATE1 ! FACT TO :I* IT REF]S IS NONE ! LESS TRUE2 NAMELY1 ! CLASSIFICATION ( TAL5TS & CAPACITIES4 ,BUT :O DOES NOT SEE ?AT !SE TAL5TS & CAPACITIES1 [+ TO !IR 9F9ITE V>IETY1 GIVE RISE TO AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( WILLS1 & ?AT ! *>ACT]1 ! 9CL9ATIONS1 & -- IF ,I MAY V5TURE TO USE ! EXPRESSION -- ! =M ( ! EGO1 >E NECESS>ILY *ANG$2 SO ?AT 9 ! ORD] ( LIB]TY1 AS 9 ! ORD] ( 9TELLIG5CE1 !RE >E AS MANY TYPES AS 9DIVIDUALS1 AS MANY *>ACT]S AS HEADS1 :OSE TA/ES1 FANCIES1 & PROP5SITIES1 BE+ MODIFI$ BY DISSIMIL> IDEAS1 MU/ NECESS>ILY CONFLICT8 ,MAN1 BY HIS NATURE & HIS 9/9CT1 IS PR$E/9$ TO SOCIETY2 BUT HIS P]SONALITY1 EV] V>Y+1 IS ADV]SE TO IT4 

,9 SOCIETIES ( ANIMALS1 ALL ! MEMB]S DO EXACTLY ! SAME ?+S4 ,! SAME G5IUS DIRECTS !M2 ! SAME WILL ANIMATES !M4 ,A SOCIETY ( BEA/S IS A COLLECTION ( ATOMS1 R\ND1 HOOK$1 CUBICAL1 OR TRIANGUL>1 BUT ALWAYS P]FECTLY ID5TICAL4 ,!SE P]SONALITIES DO NOT V>Y1 & WE MI<T SAY ?AT A S+LE EGO GOV]NS !M ALL4 ,! LABORS :I* ANIMALS P]=M1 :E!R ALONE OR 9 SOCIETY1 >E EXACT REPRODUCTIONS ( !IR *>ACT]4 ,JU/ AS ! SW>M ( BEES IS COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUAL BEES1 ALIKE 9 NATURE & EQUAL 9 VALUE1 SO ! HONEYCOMB IS =M$ ( 9DIVIDUAL CELLS1 CON/ANTLY & 9V>IABLY REPEAT$4 

,BUT MAN'S 9TELLIG5CE1 FITT$ = HIS SOCIAL DE/9Y & HIS P]SONAL NE$S1 IS ( A V]Y DIFF]5T COMPOSITION1 & !RE=E GIVES RISE TO A WOND]FUL V>IETY ( HUMAN WILLS4 ,9 ! BEE1 ! WILL IS CON/ANT & UNI=M1 BECAUSE ! 9/9CT :I* GUIDES IT IS 9V>IABLE1 & CON/ITUTES ! ANIMAL'S :OLE LIFE & NATURE4 ,9 MAN1 TAL5T V>IES1 & ! M9D WAV]S2 CONSEQU5TLY1 HIS WILL IS MULTI=M & VAGUE4 ,HE SEEKS SOCIETY1 BUT DISLIKES CON/RA9T & MONOTONY2 HE IS AN IMITATOR1 BUT FOND ( HIS [N IDEAS1 & PASSIONATELY 9 LOVE ) HIS WORKS4 

,IF1 LIKE ! BEES1 EV]Y MAN W]E BORN POSSESS$ ( TAL5T1 P]FECT KN[L$GE ( C]TA9 K9DS1 &1 9 A WORD1 AN 9NATE ACQUA9TANCE ) ! FUNCTIONS HE HAS TO P]=M1 BUT DE/ITUTE ( REFLECTIVE & REASON+ FACULTIES1 SOCIETY W\LD ORGANIZE ITSELF4 ,WE %\LD SEE ONE MAN PL[+ A FIELD1 ANO!R BUILD+ H\SES2 ?IS ONE =G+ METALS1 ?AT ONE CUTT+ CLO!S2 & /ILL O!RS /OR+ ! PRODUCTS1 & SUP]9T5D+ !IR DI/RIBUTION4 ,EA* ONE1 )\T 9QUIR+ AS TO ! OBJECT ( HIS LABOR1 & )\T TR\BL+ HIMSELF AB\T ! EXT5T ( HIS TASK1 W\LD OBEY ORD]S1 BR+ HIS PRODUCT1 RECEIVE HIS SAL>Y1 & W\LD !N RE/ = A TIME2 KEEP+ MEAN:ILE NO ACC\NTS1 5VI\S ( NOBODY1 & SATISFI$ ) ! DI/RIBUTOR1 :O NEV] W\LD BE UNJU/ TO ANY ONE4 ,K+S W\LD GOV]N1 BUT W\LD NOT REIGN2 = TO REIGN IS TO BE A PROPRIETOR A L'5GRAIS1 AS ,BONAP>TE SAID3 & HAV+ NO COMM&S TO GIVE1 S9CE ALL W\LD BE AT !IR PO/S1 !Y W\LD S]VE RA!R AS RALLY+ C5T]S ?AN AS AU?ORITIES OR C\NSELORS4 ,IT W\LD BE A /ATE ( ORD]$ COMMUNISM1 BUT NOT A SOCIETY 5T]$ 9TO DELIB]ATELY & FREELY4 

,BUT MAN ACQUIRES SKILL ONLY BY OBS]VATION & EXP]IM5T4 ,HE REFLECTS1 !N1 S9CE TO OBS]VE & EXP]IM5T IS TO REFLECT2 HE REASONS1 S9CE HE CANNOT HELP REASON+4 ,9 REFLECT+1 HE BECOMES DELUD$2 9 REASON+1 HE MAKES MI/AKES1 &1 ?9K+ HIMSELF RI<T1 P]SI/S 9 !M4 ,HE IS W$D$ TO HIS OP9IONS2 HE E/EEMS HIMSELF1 & DESPISES O!RS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE ISOLATES HIMSELF2 = HE C\LD NOT SUBMIT TO ! MAJORITY )\T R5\NC+ HIS WILL & HIS REASON1 -- ?AT IS1 )\T DIS[N+ HIMSELF1 :I* IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,& ?IS ISOLATION1 ?IS 9TELLECTUAL EGOTISM1 ?IS 9DIVIDUALITY ( OP9ION1 LA/S UNTIL ! TRU? IS DEMON/RAT$ TO HIM BY OBS]VATION & EXP]I5CE4 ,A F9AL ILLU/RATION WILL MAKE !SE FACTS /ILL CLE>]4 

,IF TO ! BL9D BUT CONV]G5T & H>MONI\S 9/9CTS ( A SW>M ( BEES %\LD BE SUDD5LY ADD$ REFLECTION & JUDGM5T1 ! LITTLE SOCIETY C\LD NOT LONG EXI/4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! BEES W\LD NOT FAIL TO TRY SOME NEW 9DU/RIAL PROCESS2 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ( MAK+ !IR CELLS R\ND OR SQU>E4 ,ALL SORTS ( SY/EMS & 9V5TIONS W\LD BE TRI$1 UNTIL LONG EXP]I5CE1 AID$ BY GEOMETRY1 %\LD %[ !M ?AT ! HEXAGONAL %APE IS ! BE/4 ,!N 9SURRECTIONS W\LD OCCUR4 ,! DRONES W\LD BE TOLD TO PROVIDE = !MSELVES1 & ! QUE5S TO LABOR2 JEAL\SY W\LD SPREAD AMONG ! LABOR]S2 DISCORDS W\LD BUR/ =?2 SOON EA* ONE W\LD WANT TO PRODUCE ON HIS [N ACC\NT2 & F9ALLY ! HIVE W\LD BE AB&ON$1 & ! BEES W\LD P]I%4 ,EVIL W\LD BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! HONEY-PRODUC+ REPUBLIC BY ! P[] ( REFLECTION1 -- ! V]Y FACULTY :I* \<T TO CON/ITUTE ITS GLORY4 

,?US1 MORAL EVIL1 OR1 9 ?IS CASE1 DISORD] 9 SOCIETY1 IS NATURALLY EXPLA9$ BY \R P[] ( REFLECTION4 ,! MO!R ( POV]TY1 CRIME1 9SURRECTION1 & W> WAS 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS2 :I* WAS ! DAU<T] ( PROP]TY1 :I* WAS BORN ( SELFI%NESS1 :I* WAS 5G5D]$ BY PRIVATE OP9ION1 :I* DESC5D$ 9 A DIRECT L9E FROM ! AUTOCRACY ( REASON4 ,MAN1 9 HIS 9FANCY1 IS NEI!R CRIM9AL NOR B>B>\S1 BUT IGNORANT & 9EXP]I5C$4 ,5D[$ ) IMP]I\S 9/9CTS :I* >E UND] ! CONTROL ( HIS REASON+ FACULTY1 AT FIR/ HE REFLECTS BUT LITTLE1 & REASONS 9ACCURATELY2 !N1 B5EFIT+ BY HIS MI/AKES1 HE RECTIFIES HIS IDEAS1 & P]FECTS HIS REASON4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IT IS ! SAVAGE SACRIFIC+ ALL HIS POSSESSIONS = A TR9KET1 & !N REP5T+ & WEEP+2 IT IS ,ESAU SELL+ HIS BIR?RI<T = A MESS ( POTTAGE1 & AFT]W>DS WI%+ TO CANCEL ! B>GA92 IT IS ! CIVILIZ$ WORKMAN LABOR+ 9 9SECURITY1 & CONT9UALLY DEM&+ ?AT HIS WAGES BE 9CREAS$1 NEI!R HE NOR HIS EMPLOY] UND]/&+ ?AT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( EQUALITY1 ANY SAL>Y1 H[EV] L>GE1 IS ALWAYS 9SUFFICI5T4 ,!N IT IS ,NABO? DY+ TO DEF5D HIS 9H]ITANCE2 ,CATO TE>+ \T HIS 5TRAILS ?AT HE MI<T NOT BE 5SLAV$2 ,SOCRATES DR9K+ ! FATAL CUP 9 DEF5SE ( LIB]TY ( ?\<T2 IT IS ! ?IRD E/ATE ( '#h#i RECLAIM+ ITS LIB]TY3 SOON IT WILL BE ! PEOPLE DEM&+ EQUALITY ( WAGES & AN EQUAL DIVISION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,MAN IS BORN A SOCIAL BE+1 -- ?AT IS1 HE SEEKS EQUALITY & JU/ICE 9 ALL HIS RELATIONS1 BUT HE LOVES 9DEP5D5CE & PRAISE4 ,! DIFFICULTY ( SATISFY+ !SE V>I\S DESIRES AT ! SAME TIME IS ! PRIM>Y CAUSE ( ! DESPOTISM ( ! WILL1 & ! APPROPRIATION :I* RESULTS FROM IT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MAN ALWAYS NE$S A M>KET = HIS PRODUCTS2 UNABLE TO COMP>E VALUES ( DIFF]5T K9DS1 HE IS SATISFI$ TO JUDGE APPROXIMATELY1 ACCORD+ TO HIS PASSION & CAPRICE2 & HE 5GAGES 9 DI%ONE/ COMM]CE1 :I* ALWAYS RESULTS 9 WEAL? & POV]TY4 ,?US1 ! GREATE/ EVILS :I* MAN SUFF]S >ISE FROM ! MISUSE ( HIS SOCIAL NATURE1 ( ?IS SAME JU/ICE ( :I* HE IS SO PR\D1 & :I* HE APPLIES ) SU* DEPLORABLE IGNORANCE4 ,! PRACTICE ( JU/ICE IS A SCI5CE :I*1 :5 ONCE DISCOV]$ & DIFFUS$1 WILL SOON] OR LAT] PUT AN 5D TO SOCIAL DISORD]1 BY TEA*+ US \R RI<TS & DUTIES4 

,?IS PROGRESSIVE & PA9FUL $UCATION ( \R 9/9CT1 ?IS SL[ & IMP]CEPTIBLE TRANS=MATION ( \R SPONTANE\S P]CEPTIONS 9TO DELIB]ATE KN[L$GE1 DOES NOT TAKE PLACE AMONG ! ANIMALS1 :OSE 9/9CTS REMA9 FIX$1 & NEV] BECOME 5LI<T5$4 

0,ACCORD+ TO ,FR$]IC ,CUVI]1 :O HAS SO CLE>LY DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 9/9CT & 9TELLIG5CE 9 ANIMALS1 '9/9CT IS A NATURAL & 9H]5T FACULTY1 LIKE FEEL+1 IRRITABILITY1 OR 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! WOLF & ! FOX :O RECOGNIZE ! TRAPS 9 :I* !Y HAVE BE5 CAU<T1 & :O AVOID !M2 ! DOG & ! HORSE1 :O UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( SEV]AL ( \R WORDS1 & :O OBEY US1 -- !REBY %[ 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! DOG :O HIDES ! REMA9S ( HIS D9N]1 ! BEE :O CON/RUCTS HIS CELL1 ! BIRD :O BUILDS HIS NE/1 ACT ONLY FROM 9/9CT4 ,EV5 MAN HAS 9/9CTS3 IT IS A SPECIAL 9/9CT :I* LEADS ! NEW-BORN *ILD TO SUCK4 ,BUT1 9 MAN1 ALMO/ EV]Y ?+ IS ACCOMPLI%$ BY 9TELLIG5CE2 & 9TELLIG5CE SUPPLEM5TS 9/9CT4 ,! OPPOSITE IS TRUE ( ANIMALS3 !IR 9/9CT IS GIV5 !M AS A SUPPLEM5T TO !IR 9TELLIG5CE4' 0 -- ,FL\R5S3 ,ANALYTICAL ,SUMM>Y ( ! ,OBS]VATIONS ( ,F4 ,CUVI]4 

0,WE CAN =M A CLE> IDEA ( 9/9CT ONLY BY ADMITT+ ?AT ANIMALS HAVE 9 !IR S5SORIUM1 IMAGES OR 9NATE & CON/ANT S5SATIONS1 :I* 9FLU5CE !IR ACTIONS 9 ! SAME MANN] ?AT ORD9>Y & ACCID5TAL S5SATIONS COMMONLY DO4 ,IT IS A SORT ( DREAM1 OR VISION1 :I* ALWAYS FOLL[S !M & 9 ALL :I* RELATES TO 9/9CT !Y MAY BE REG>D$ AS SOMNAMBULI/S40 -- ,F4 ,CUVI]3 ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,ANIMAL ,K+DOM4 

,9TELLIG5CE & 9/9CT BE+ COMMON1 !N1 ?\< 9 DIFF]5T DEGREES1 TO ANIMALS & MAN1 :AT IS ! DI/+UI%+ *>ACT]I/IC ( ! LATT]8 ,ACCORD+ TO ,F4 ,CUVI]1 IT IS REFLECTION OR ! P[] ( 9TELLECTUALLY CONSID]+ \R [N MODIFICATIONS BY A SURVEY ( \RSELVES4 

,?IS LACKS CLE>NESS1 & REQUIRES AN EXPLANATION4 

,IF WE GRANT 9TELLIG5CE TO ANIMALS1 WE MU/ ALSO GRANT !M1 9 SOME DEGREE1 REFLECTION2 =1 ! FIR/ CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! SECOND1 AS ,F4 ,CUVI] HIMSELF HAS PROV$ BY NUM]\S EXAMPLES4 ,BUT NOTICE ?AT ! LE>N$ OBS]V] DEF9ES ! K9D ( REFLECTION :I* DI/+UI%ES US FROM ! ANIMALS AS ! P[] ( CONSID]+ \R [N MODIFICATIONS4 ,?IS ,I %ALL 5DEAVOR TO 9T]PRET1 BY DEVELOP+ TO ! BE/ ( MY ABILITY ! LACONISM ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL NATURALI/4 

,! 9TELLIG5CE ACQUIR$ BY ANIMALS NEV] MODIFIES ! OP]ATIONS :I* !Y P]=M BY 9/9CT3 IT IS GIV5 !M ONLY AS A PROVISION AGA9/ UNEXPECT$ ACCID5TS :I* MI<T DI/URB !SE OP]ATIONS4 ,9 MAN1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9/9CTIVE ACTION IS CON/ANTLY *ANG+ 9TO DELIB]ATE ACTION4 ,?US1 MAN IS SOCIAL BY 9/9CT1 & IS EV]Y DAY BECOM+ SOCIAL BY REFLECTION & *OICE4 ,AT FIR/1 HE =M$ HIS WORDS BY 9/9CT2.<#c.> HE WAS A POET BY 9SPIRATION3 TO-DAY1 HE MAKES GRAMM> A SCI5CE1 & POETRY AN >T4 ,HIS CONCEPTION ( ,GOD & A FUTURE LIFE IS SPONTANE\S & 9/9CTIVE1 & HIS EXPRESSIONS ( ?IS CONCEPTION HAVE BE51 BY TURNS1 MON/R\S1 ECC5TRIC1 BEAUTIFUL1 COM=T+1 & T]RIBLE4 ,ALL !SE DIFF]5T CRE$S1 AT :I* ! FRIVOL\S IRRELIGION ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY MOCK$1 >E MODES ( EXPRESSION ( ! RELIGI\S S5TIM5T4 ,SOME DAY1 MAN WILL EXPLA9 TO HIMSELF ! *>ACT] ( ! ,GOD :OM HE BELIEVES 91 & ! NATURE ( ?AT O!R WORLD TO :I* HIS S\L ASPIRES4 

,ALL ?AT HE DOES FROM 9/9CT MAN DESPISES2 OR1 IF HE ADMIRES IT1 IT IS AS ,NATURE'S WORK1 NOT AS HIS [N4 ,?IS EXPLA9S ! OBSCURITY :I* SURR\NDS ! NAMES ( E>LY 9V5TORS2 IT EXPLA9S ALSO \R 9DIFF]5CE TO RELIGI\S MATT]S1 & ! RIDICULE HEAP$ UPON RELIGI\S CU/OMS4 ,MAN E/EEMS ONLY ! PRODUCTS ( REFLECTION & ( REASON4 ,! MO/ WOND]FUL WORKS ( 9/9CT >E1 9 HIS EYES1 ONLY LUCKY GOD-S5DS2 HE RES]VES ! NAME DISCOV]Y -- ,I HAD ALMO/ SAID CREATION -- = ! WORKS ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,9/9CT IS ! S\RCE ( PASSION & 5?USIASM2 IT IS 9TELLIG5CE :I* CAUSES CRIME & VIRTUE4 

,9 DEVELOP+ HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 MAN MAKES USE ( NOT ONLY HIS [N OBS]VATIONS1 BUT ALSO ?OSE ( O!RS4 ,HE KEEPS AN ACC\NT ( HIS EXP]I5CE1 & PRES]VES ! RECORD2 SO ?AT ! RACE1 AS WELL AS ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BECOMES MORE & MORE 9TELLIG5T4 ,! ANIMALS DO NOT TRANSMIT !IR KN[L$GE2 ?AT :I* EA* 9DIVIDUAL ACCUMULATES DIES ) HIM4 

,IT IS NOT 5\<1 !N1 TO SAY ?AT WE >E DI/+UI%$ FROM ! ANIMALS BY REFLECTION1 UNLESS WE MEAN !REBY ! CON/ANT T5D5CY ( \R 9/9CT TO BECOME 9TELLIG5CE4 ,:ILE MAN IS GOV]N$ BY 9/9CT1 HE IS UNCONSCI\S ( HIS ACTS4 ,HE NEV] W\LD DECEIVE HIMSELF1 & NEV] W\LD BE TR\BL$ BY ]RORS1 EVILS1 & DISORD]1 IF1 LIKE ! ANIMALS1 9/9CT W]E HIS ONLY GUIDE4 ,BUT ! ,CREATOR HAS 5D[$ US ) REFLECTION1 TO ! 5D ?AT \R 9/9CT MI<T BECOME 9TELLIG5CE2 & S9CE ?IS REFLECTION & RESULT+ KN[L$GE PASS ?R\< V>I\S /AGES1 IT HAPP5S ?AT 9 ! BEG9N+ \R 9/9CT IS OPPOS$1 RA!R ?AN GUID$1 BY REFLECTION2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT \R P[] ( ?\<T LEADS US TO ACT 9 OPPOSITION TO \R NATURE & \R 5D2 ?AT1 DECEIV+ \RSELVES1 WE DO & SUFF] EVIL1 UNTIL 9/9CT :I* PO9TS US T[>DS GOOD1 & REFLECTION :I* MAKES US /UMBLE 9TO EVIL1 >E REPLAC$ BY ! SCI5CE ( GOOD & EVIL1 :I* 9V>IABLY CAUSES US TO SEEK ! ONE & AVOID ! O!R4 

,?US1 EVIL -- OR ]ROR & ITS CONSEQU5CES -- IS ! FIR/BORN SON ( ! UNION ( TWO OPPOS+ FACULTIES1 9/9CT & REFLECTION2 GOOD1 OR TRU?1 MU/ 9EVITABLY BE ! SECOND *ILD4 ,OR1 TO AGA9 EMPLOY ! FIGURE1 EVIL IS ! PRODUCT ( 9CE/ BETWE5 ADV]SE P[]S2 GOOD WILL SOON] OR LAT] BE ! LEGITIMATE *ILD ( !IR HOLY & MY/]I\S UNION4 

,PROP]TY1 BORN ( ! REASON+ FACULTY1 5TR5*ES ITSELF BEH9D COMP>ISONS4 ,BUT1 JU/ AS REFLECTION & REASON >E SUBSEQU5T TO SPONTANEITY1 OBS]VATION TO S5SATION1 & EXP]I5CE TO 9/9CT1 SO PROP]TY IS SUBSEQU5T TO COMMUNISM4 ,COMMUNISM -- OR ASSOCIATION 9 A SIMPLE =M -- IS ! NECESS>Y OBJECT & ORIG9AL ASPIRATION ( ! SOCIAL NATURE1 ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T BY :I* IT MANIFE/S & E/ABLI%ES ITSELF4 ,IT IS ! FIR/ PHASE ( HUMAN CIVILIZATION4 ,9 ?IS /ATE ( SOCIETY1 -- :I* ! JURI/S HAVE CALL$ NEGATIVE COMMUNISM -- MAN DRAWS NE> TO MAN1 & %>ES ) HIM ! FRUITS ( ! FIELD & ! MILK & FLE% ( ANIMALS4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE ?IS COMMUNISM -- NEGATIVE AS LONG AS MAN DOES NOT PRODUCE -- T5DS TO BECOME POSITIVE & ORGANIC ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( LABOR & 9DU/RY4 ,BUT IT IS !N ?AT ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ?\<T1 & ! T]RIBLE FACULTY ( REASON+ LOGICALLY OR ILLOGICALLY1 TEA* MAN ?AT1 IF EQUALITY IS ! S9E QUA NON ( SOCIETY1 COMMUNISM IS ! FIR/ SPECIES ( SLAV]Y4 ,TO EXPRESS ?IS IDEA BY AN ,HEGELIAN =MULA1 ,I WILL SAY3 

,COMMUNISM -- ! FIR/ EXPRESSION ( ! SOCIAL NATURE -- IS ! FIR/ T]M ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 -- ! !SIS2 PROP]TY1 ! REV]SE ( COMMUNISM1 IS ! SECOND T]M1 -- ! ANTI!SIS4 ,:5 WE HAVE DISCOV]$ ! ?IRD T]M1 ! SYN!SIS1 WE %ALL HAVE ! REQUIR$ SOLUTION4 ,N[1 ?IS SYN!SIS NECESS>ILY RESULTS FROM ! CORRECTION ( ! !SIS BY ! ANTI!SIS4 ,!RE=E IT IS NECESS>Y1 BY A F9AL EXAM9ATION ( !IR *>ACT]I/ICS1 TO ELIM9ATE ?OSE FEATURES :I* >E HO/ILE TO SOCIABILITY4 ,! UNION ( ! TWO REMA9D]S WILL GIVE US ! TRUE =M ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION4 

8 #b4 -- ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ,COMMUNISM & ( ,PROP]TY4 

,I4 ,I \<T NOT TO CONCEAL ! FACT ?AT PROP]TY & COMMUNISM HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ ALWAYS ! ONLY POSSIBLE =MS ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS DEPLORABLE ]ROR HAS BE5 ! LIFE ( PROP]TY4 ,! DISADVANTAGES ( COMMUNISM >E SO OBVI\S ?AT ITS CRITICS NEV] HAVE NE$$ TO EMPLOY MU* ELOQU5CE TO ?OR\<LY DISGU/ M5 ) IT4 ,! IRREP>ABILITY ( ! 9JU/ICE :I* IT CAUSES1 ! VIOL5CE :I* IT DOES TO ATTRACTIONS & REPULSIONS1 ! YOKE ( IRON :I* IT FA/5S UPON ! WILL1 ! MORAL TORTURE TO :I* IT SUBJECTS ! CONSCI5CE1 ! DEBILITAT+ EFFECT :I* IT HAS UPON SOCIETY2 &1 TO SUM IT ALL UP1 ! PI\S & /UPID UNI=MITY :I* IT 5=CES UPON ! FREE1 ACTIVE1 REASON+1 UNSUBMISSIVE P]SONALITY ( MAN1 HAVE %OCK$ COMMON S5SE1 & CONDEMN$ COMMUNISM BY AN IRREVOCABLE DECREE4 

,! AU?ORITIES & EXAMPLES CIT$ 9 ITS FAVOR DISPROVE IT4 ,! COMMUNI/IC REPUBLIC ( ,PLATO 9VOLV$ SLAV]Y2 ?AT ( ,LYCURGUS EMPLOY$ ,HELOTS1 :OSE DUTY IT WAS TO PRODUCE = !IR MA/]S1 ?US 5ABL+ ! LATT] TO DEVOTE !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO A?LETIC SPORTS & TO W>4 ,EV5 ,J4 ,J4 ,R\SSEAU -- CONF\ND+ COMMUNISM & EQUALITY -- HAS SAID SOME:]E ?AT1 )\T SLAV]Y1 HE DID NOT ?9K EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS POSSIBLE4 ,! COMMUNITIES ( ! E>LY ,*UR* DID NOT LA/ ! FIR/ C5TURY \T1 & SOON DEG5]AT$ 9TO MONA/]IES4 ,9 ?OSE ( ! ,JESUITS ( ,P>AGUAY1 ! CONDITION ( ! BLACKS IS SAID BY ALL TRAVEL]S TO BE AS MIS]ABLE AS ?AT ( SLAVES2 & IT IS A FACT ?AT ! GOOD ,FA!RS W]E OBLIG$ TO SURR\ND !MSELVES ) DIT*ES & WALLS TO PREV5T !IR NEW CONV]TS FROM ESCAP+4 ,! FOLL[]S ( ,BABOEUF -- GUID$ BY A L(TY HORROR ( PROP]TY RA!R ?AN BY ANY DEF9ITE BELIEF -- W]E RU9$ BY EXAGG]ATION ( !IR PR9CIPLES2 ! ,/4 ,SIMONIANS1 LUMP+ COMMUNISM & 9EQUALITY1 PASS$ AWAY LIKE A MASQU]ADE4 ,! GREATE/ DANG] TO :I* SOCIETY IS EXPOS$ TO-DAY IS ?AT ( ANO!R %IPWRECK ON ?IS ROCK4 

,S+UL>LY 5\<1 SY/EMATIC COMMUNISM -- ! DELIB]ATE NEGATION ( PROP]TY -- IS CONCEIV$ UND] ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ! PROPRIET>Y PREJUDICE2 & PROP]TY IS ! BASIS ( ALL COMMUNI/IC !ORIES4 

,! MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY1 IT IS TRUE1 HAVE NO PRIVATE PROP]TY2 BUT ! COMMUNITY IS PROPRIETOR1 & PROPRIETOR NOT ONLY ( ! GOODS1 BUT ( ! P]SONS & WILLS4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS PR9CIPLE ( ABSOLUTE PROP]TY1 LABOR1 :I* %\LD BE ONLY A CONDITION IMPOS$ UPON MAN BY ,NATURE1 BECOMES 9 ALL COMMUNITIES A HUMAN COMM&M5T1 & !RE=E ODI\S4 ,PASSIVE OB$I5CE1 IRRECONCILABLE ) A REFLECT+ WILL1 IS /RICTLY 5=C$4 ,FIDELITY TO REGULATIONS1 :I* >E ALWAYS DEFECTIVE1 H[EV] WISE !Y MAY BE ?\<T1 ALL[S ( NO COMPLA9T4 ,LIFE1 TAL5T1 & ALL ! HUMAN FACULTIES >E ! PROP]TY ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* HAS ! RI<T TO USE !M AS IT PLEASES = ! COMMON GOOD4 ,PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS >E /]NLY PROHIBIT$1 9 SPITE ( ! LIKES & DISLIKES ( DIFF]5T NATURES1 BECAUSE TO TOL]ATE !M W\LD BE TO 9TRODUCE SMALL COMMUNITIES )9 ! L>GE ONE1 & CONSEQU5TLY PRIVATE PROP]TY2 ! /RONG WORK = ! WEAK1 AL?\< ?IS \<T TO BE LEFT TO B5EVOL5CE1 & NOT 5=C$1 ADVIS$1 OR 5JO9$2 ! 9DU/RI\S WORK = ! LAZY1 AL?\< ?IS IS UNJU/2 ! CLEV] WORK = ! FOOLI%1 AL?\< ?IS IS ABSURD2 &1 F9ALLY1 MAN -- CA/+ ASIDE HIS P]SONALITY1 HIS SPONTANEITY1 HIS G5IUS1 & HIS AFFECTIONS -- HUMBLY ANNIHILATES HIMSELF AT ! FEET ( ! MAJE/IC & 9FLEXIBLE ,COMMUNE6 

,COMMUNISM IS 9EQUALITY1 BUT NOT AS PROP]TY IS4 ,PROP]TY IS ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WEAK BY ! /RONG4 ,COMMUNISM IS ! EXPLOITATION ( ! /RONG BY ! WEAK4 ,9 PROP]TY1 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS ! RESULT ( =CE1 UND] :ATEV] NAME IT BE DISGUIS$3 PHYSICAL & M5TAL =CE2 =CE ( EV5TS1 *ANCE1 =TUNE2 =CE ( ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY1 @&C4 ,9 COMMUNISM1 9EQUALITY SPR+S FROM PLAC+ M$IOCRITY ON A LEVEL ) EXCELL5CE4 ,?IS DAMAG+ EQUATION IS REPELL5T TO ! CONSCI5CE1 & CAUSES M]IT TO COMPLA92 =1 AL?\< IT MAY BE ! DUTY ( ! /RONG TO AID ! WEAK1 !Y PREF] TO DO IT \T ( G5]OSITY1 -- !Y NEV] WILL 5DURE A COMP>ISON4 ,GIVE !M EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ( LABOR1 & EQUAL WAGES1 BUT NEV] ALL[ !IR JEAL\SY TO BE AWAK5$ BY MUTUAL SUSPICION ( UNFAI?FULNESS 9 ! P]=MANCE ( ! COMMON TASK4 

,COMMUNISM IS OPPRESSION & SLAV]Y4 ,MAN IS V]Y WILL+ TO OBEY ! LAW ( DUTY1 S]VE HIS C\NTRY1 & OBLIGE HIS FRI5DS2 BUT HE WI%ES TO LABOR :5 HE PLEASES1 :]E HE PLEASES1 & AS MU* AS HE PLEASES4 ,HE WI%ES TO DISPOSE ( HIS [N TIME1 TO BE GOV]N$ ONLY BY NECESSITY1 TO *OOSE HIS FRI5D%IPS1 HIS RECREATION1 & HIS DISCIPL9E2 TO ACT FROM JUDGM5T1 NOT BY COMM&2 TO SACRIFICE HIMSELF ?R\< SELFI%NESS1 NOT ?R\< S]VILE OBLIGATION4 ,COMMUNISM IS ESS5TIALLY OPPOS$ TO ! FREE EX]CISE ( \R FACULTIES1 TO \R NOBLE/ DESIRES1 TO \R DEEPE/ FEEL+S4 ,ANY PLAN :I* C\LD BE DEVIS$ = RECONCIL+ IT ) ! DEM&S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL REASON & WILL W\LD 5D ONLY 9 *ANG+ ! ?+ :ILE PRES]V+ ! NAME4 ,N[1 IF WE >E HONE/ TRU?-SEEK]S1 WE %ALL AVOID DISPUTES AB\T WORDS4 

,?US1 COMMUNISM VIOLATES ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! CONSCI5CE1 & EQUALITY3 ! FIR/1 BY RE/RICT+ SPONTANEITY ( M9D & HE>T1 & FRE$OM ( ?\<T & ACTION2 ! SECOND1 BY PLAC+ LABOR & LAZ9ESS1 SKILL & /UPIDITY1 & EV5 VISE & VIRTUE ON AN EQUALITY 9 PO9T ( COM=T4 ,= ! RE/1 IF PROP]TY IS IMPOSSIBLE ON ACC\NT ( ! DESIRE TO ACCUMULATE1 COMMUNISM W\LD SOON BECOME SO ?R\< ! DESIRE TO %IRK4 

,I,I4 ,PROP]TY1 9 ITS TURN1 VIOLATES EQUALITY BY ! RI<TS ( EXCLUSION & 9CREASE1 & FRE$OM BY DESPOTISM4 ,! =M] EFFECT ( PROP]TY HAV+ BE5 SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$ 9 ! LA/ ?REE *APT]S1 ,I WILL CONT5T MYSELF H]E ) E/ABLI%+ BY A F9AL COMP>ISON1 ITS P]FECT ID5TITY ) ROBB]Y4 

,! ,LAT9 WORDS = ROBB] >E FUR & LATRO2 ! =M] TAK5 FROM ! ,GREEK =1 FROM ,G,R,E,E,K I??? OR FHRW1 ,LAT9 F]O1 ,I C>RY AWAY2 ! LATT] FROM LAQRW1 ,I PLAY ! P>T ( A BRIG&1 :I* IS D]IV$ FROM LHQW1 ,LAT9 LATEO1 ,I CONCEAL MYSELF4 ,! ,GREEKS HAVE ALSO KLEP?S1 FROM KLEPTW1 ,I FIL*1 :OSE RADICAL CONSONANTS >E ! SAME AS ?OSE ( KALNPTW1 ,I COV]1 ,I CONCEAL4 ,?US1 9 !SE LANGUAGES1 ! IDEA ( A ROBB] IS ?AT ( A MAN :O CONCEALS1 C>RIES AWAY1 OR DIV]TS1 9 ANY MANN] :ATEV]1 A ?+ :I* DOES NOT BELONG TO HIM4 

,! ,HEBREWS EXPRESS$ ! SAME IDEA BY ! WORD GANNAB1 -- ROBB]1 -- FROM ! V]B GANAB1 :I* MEANS TO PUT AWAY1 TO TURN ASIDE3 LO ?I-GNOB 7,DECALOGUE3 ,EI<? ,COMM&M5T71 ?\ %ALT NOT /EAL1 -- ?AT IS1 ?\ %ALT NOT HOLD BACK1 ?\ %ALT NOT PUT AWAY ANY ?+ = ?YSELF4 ,?AT IS ! ACT ( A MAN :O1 ON 5T]+ 9TO A SOCIETY 9TO :I* HE AGREES TO BR+ ALL ?AT HE HAS1 SECRETLY RES]VES A PORTION1 AS DID ! CELEBRAT$ DISCIPLE ,ANANIAS4 

,! ETYMOLOGY ( ! ,FR5* V]B VOL] IS /ILL MORE SIGNIFICANT4 ,VOL]1 OR FAIRE LA VOLE 7FROM ! ,LAT9 VOLA1 PALM ( ! H&71 MEANS TO TAKE ALL ! TRICKS 9 A GAME ( OMB]2 SO ?AT LE VOLEUR1 ! ROBB]1 IS ! CAPITALI/ :O TAKES ALL1 :O GETS ! LION'S %>E4 ,PROBABLY ?IS V]B VOL] HAD ITS ORIG9 9 ! PR(ESSIONAL SLANG ( ?IEVES1 :5CE IT HAS PASS$ 9TO COMMON USE1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY 9TO ! PHRASEOLOGY ( ! LAW4 

,ROBB]Y IS COMMITT$ 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS1 :I* HAVE BE5 V]Y CLEV]LY DI/+UI%$ & CLASSIFI$ BY LEGISLATORS ACCORD+ TO !IR HE9\SNESS OR M]IT1 TO ! 5D ?AT SOME ROBB]S MAY BE HONOR$1 :ILE O!RS >E PUNI%$4 

,WE ROB1 -- #a4 ,BY MURD] ON ! HI<WAY2 #b4 ,ALONE1 OR 9 A B&2 #c4 ,BY BREAK+ 9TO BUILD+S1 OR SCAL+ WALLS2 #d4 ,BY AB/RACTION2 #e4 ,BY FRAUDUL5T BANKRUPTCY2 #f4 ,BY =G]Y ( ! H&WRIT+ ( PUBLIC (FICIALS OR PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS2 #g4 ,BY MANUFACTURE ( C\NT]FEIT MONEY4 

,?IS SPECIES 9CLUDES ALL ROBB]S :O PRACTICE !IR PR(ESSION ) NO O!R AID ?AN =CE & OP5 FRAUD4 ,B&ITS1 BRIG&S1 PIRATES1 ROV]S BY L& & SEA1 -- !SE NAMES W]E GLORI$ 9 BY ! ANCI5T H]OES1 :O ?\<T !IR PR(ESSION AS NOBLE AS IT WAS LUCRATIVE4 ,NIMROD1 ,!SEUS1 ,JASON & HIS ,>GONAUTS2 ,JEPH?AH1 ,DAVID1 ,CACUS1 ,ROMULUS1 ,CLOVIS & ALL HIS ,M]OV+IAN DESC5DANTS2 ,ROB]T ,GUISC>D1 ,TANCR$ DE ,HAUTEVILLE1 ,BOHEMOND1 & MO/ ( ! ,NORMAN H]OES1 -- W]E BRIG&S & ROBB]S4 ,! H]OIC *>ACT] ( ! ROBB] IS EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS L9E FROM ,HORACE1 9 REF]5CE TO ,A*ILLES1 --  0,JURA NEGET SIBI NATA1 NIHIL NON >ROGET >MIS10.<#c#a.> & BY ?IS S5T5CE FROM ! DY+ WORDS ( ,JACOB 7,G54 XLVIII471 :I* ! ,JEWS APPLY TO ,DAVID1 & ! ,*RI/IANS TO !IR ,*RI/3 ,MANUS EJUS CONTRA OMNES4 ,9 \R DAY1 ! ROBB] -- ! W>RIOR ( ! ANCI5TS -- IS PURSU$ ) ! UTMO/ VIGOR4 ,HIS PR(ESSION1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ! CODE1 5TAILS IGNOM9I\S & CORPORAL P5ALTIES1 FROM IMPRISONM5T TO ! SCAFFOLD4 ,A SAD *ANGE 9 OP9IONS H]E BEL[6 

,WE ROB1 -- #h4 ,BY *EAT+2 #i4 ,BY SW9DL+2 #a4 ,BY ABUSE ( TRU/2 #a#a4 ,BY GAMES & LOTT]IES4 

,?IS SECOND SPECIES WAS 5C\RAG$ BY ! LAWS ( ,LYCURGUS1 9 ORD] TO %>P5 ! WITS ( ! Y\NG4 ,IT IS ! K9D PRACTIC$ BY ,ULYSSES1 ,SOLON1 & ,S9ON2 BY ! ANCI5T & MOD]N ,JEWS1 FROM ,JACOB D[N TO ,DEUTZ2 & BY ! ,BOHEMIANS1 ! ,>ABS1 & ALL SAVAGE TRIBES4 ,UND] ,L\IS ,X,I,I,I4 & ,L\IS ,X,I,V41 IT WAS NOT CONSID]$ DI%ONORABLE TO *EAT AT PLAY4 ,TO DO SO WAS A P>T ( ! GAME2 & MANY WOR?Y PEOPLE DID NOT SCRUPLE TO CORRECT ! CAPRICE ( ,=TUNE BY DEXT]\S JUGGL]Y4 ,TO-DAY EV51 & 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 IT IS ?\<T A M>K ( M]IT AMONG PEASANTS1 M]*ANTS1 & %OPKEEP]S TO KN[ H[ TO MAKE A B>GA91 -- ?AT IS1 TO DECEIVE ONE'S MAN4 ,?IS IS SO UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$1 ?AT ! *EAT$ P>TY TAKES NO (F5SE4 ,IT IS KN[N ) :AT RELUCTANCE \R GOV]NM5T RESOLV$ UPON ! ABOLITION ( LOTT]IES4 ,IT FELT ?AT IT WAS DEAL+ A /AB !REBY AT PROP]TY4 ,! PICKPOCKET1 ! BLACKLEG1 & ! *>LATAN MAKE ESPECIAL USE ( !IR DEXT]ITY ( H&1 !IR SUBTLETY ( M9D1 ! MAGIC P[] ( !IR ELOQU5CE1 & !IR GREAT F]TILITY ( 9V5TION4 ,SOMETIMES !Y (F] BAIT TO CUPIDITY4 ,!RE=E ! P5AL CODE -- :I* MU* PREF]S 9TELLIG5CE TO MUSCUL> VIGOR -- HAS MADE1 ( ! F\R V>IETIES M5TION$ ABOVE1 A SECOND CATEGORY1 LIABLE ONLY TO CORRECTIONAL1 NOT TO ,IGNOM9I\S1 PUNI%M5TS4 

,LET !M N[ ACCUSE ! LAW ( BE+ MAT]IALI/IC & A!I/IC4 

,WE ROB1 -- #a#b4 ,BY USURY4 

,?IS SPECIES ( ROBB]Y1 SO ODI\S & SO SEV]ELY PUNI%$ S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,GOSPEL1 IS ! CONNECT+ L9K BETWE5 =BIDD5 & AU?ORIZ$ ROBB]Y4 ,[+ TO ITS AMBIGU\S NATURE1 IT HAS GIV5 RISE TO A MULTITUDE ( CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! LAWS & 9 MORALS1 -- CONTRADICTIONS :I* HAVE BE5 V]Y CLEV]LY TURN$ TO ACC\NT BY LAWY]S1 F9ANCI]S1 & M]*ANTS4 ,?US ! USUR]1 :O L5DS ON MORTGAGE AT T51 TWELVE1 & FIFTE5 P] C5T41 IS HEAVILY F9$ :5 DETECT$2 :ILE ! BANK]1 :O RECEIVES ! SAME 9T]E/ 7NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 UPON A LOAN1 BUT 9 ! WAY ( EX*ANGE OR DISC\NT1 -- ?AT IS1 ( SALE71 IS PROTECT$ BY ROYAL PRIVILEGE4 ,BUT ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! BANK] & ! USUR] IS A PURELY NOM9AL ONE4 ,LIKE ! USUR]1 :O L5DS ON PROP]TY1 REAL OR P]SONAL1 ! BANK] L5DS ON BUS9ESS PAP]2 LIKE ! USUR]1 HE TAKES HIS 9T]E/ 9 ADVANCE2 LIKE ! USUR]1 HE CAN RECOV] FROM ! BORR[] IF ! PROP]TY IS DE/ROY$ 7?AT IS1 IF ! NOTE IS NOT R$EEM$71 -- A CIRCUM/ANCE :I* MAKES HIM A MONEY-L5D]1 NOT A MONEY-SELL]4 ,BUT ! BANK] L5DS = A %ORT TIME ONLY1 :ILE ! USUR]'S LOAN MAY BE = ONE1 TWO1 ?REE1 OR MORE YE>S4 ,N[1 A DIFF]5CE 9 ! DURATION ( ! LOAN1 OR ! =M ( ! ACT1 DOES NOT ALT] ! NATURE ( ! TRANSACTION4 ,AS = ! CAPITALI/S :O 9VE/ !IR MONEY1 EI!R ) ! ,/ATE OR 9 COMM]CIAL OP]ATIONS1 AT ?REE1 F\R1 & FIVE P] C5T41 -- ?AT IS1 :O L5D ON USURY AT A LITTLE L[] RATE ?AN ! BANK]S & USUR]S1 -- !Y >E ! FL[] ( SOCIETY1 ! CREAM ( HONE/Y6 ,MOD]ATION 9 ROBB]Y IS ! HEI<T ( VIRTUE6.<#c#b.> 

,WE ROB1 -- #a#c4 ,BY F>M-R5T1 H\SE-R5T1 & LEASES ( ALL K9DS4 

,! AU?OR ( ! 0,PROV9CIAL ,LETT]S0 5T]TA9$ ! HONE/ ,*RI/IANS ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY AT ! EXP5SE ( ,ESCOB>1 ! ,JESUIT1 & ! CONTRACT ,MOHATRA40 ,! CONTRACT ,MOHATRA10 SAID ,ESCOB>1 0IS A CONTRACT BY :I* GOODS >E B\<T1 AT A HI< PRICE & ON CR$IT1 TO BE AGA9 SOLD AT ! SAME MOM5T TO ! SAME P]SON1 CA% D[N1 & AT A L[] PRICE40 ,ESCOB> F\ND A WAY TO JU/IFY ?IS K9D ( USURY4 ,PASCAL & ALL ! ,JANS5I/S LAU<$ AT HIM4 ,BUT :AT W\LD ! SATIRICAL ,PASCAL1 ! LE>N$ ,NICOLE1 & ! 9V9CIBLE ,>NAUD HAVE SAID1 IF ,FA!R ,ANTO9E ,ESCOB> DE ,VALLADOLID HAD ANSW]$ !M ?US3 0,A LEASE IS A CONTRACT BY :I* REAL E/ATE IS B\<T1 AT A HI< PRICE & ON CR$IT1 TO BE AGA9 SOLD1 AT ! EXPIRATION ( A C]TA9 TIME1 TO ! SAME P]SON1 AT A L[] PRICE2 ONLY1 TO SIMPLIFY ! TRANSACTION1 ! BUY] IS CONT5T TO PAY ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! FIR/ SALE & ! SECOND4 ,EI!R D5Y ! ID5TITY ( ! LEASE & ! CONTRACT ,MOHATRA1 & !N ,I WILL ANNIHILATE Y\ 9 A MOM5T2 OR1 IF Y\ ADMIT ! SIMIL>ITY1 ADMIT ALSO ! S\NDNESS ( MY DOCTR9E3 O!RWISE Y\ PROSCRIBE BO? 9T]E/ & R5T AT ONE BL[08 

,9 REPLY TO ?IS OV]:ELM+ >GUM5T ( ! ,JESUIT1 ! SIRE ( ,MONTALTE W\LD HAVE S\ND$ ! TOCS91 & W\LD HAVE %\T$ ?AT SOCIETY WAS 9 P]IL1 -- ?AT ! ,JESUITS W]E SAPP+ ITS V]Y F\NDATIONS4 

,WE ROB1 -- #a#d4 ,BY COMM]CE1 :5 ! PR(IT ( ! M]*ANT EXCE$S HIS LEGITIMATE SAL>Y4 

,EV]YBODY KN[S ! DEF9ITION ( COMM]CE -- ,! >T ( BUY+ = ?REE FRANCS ?AT :I* IS WOR? SIX1 & ( SELL+ = SIX ?AT :I* IS WOR? ?REE4 ,BETWE5 COMM]CE ?US DEF9$ & VOL A L'AM]ICA9E1 ! ONLY DIFF]5CE IS 9 ! RELATIVE PROPORTION ( ! VALUES EX*ANG$1 -- 9 %ORT1 9 ! AM\NT ( ! PR(IT4 

,WE ROB1 -- #a#e4 ,BY MAK+ PR(IT ON \R PRODUCT1 BY ACCEPT+ S9ECURES1 & BY EXACT+ EXORBITANT WAGES4 

,! F>M]1 :O SELLS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( CORN TO ! CONSUM]1 & :O DUR+ ! MEASUREM5T ?RU/S HIS H& 9TO ! BU%EL & TAKES \T A H&FUL ( GRA9S1 ROBS2 ! PR(ESSOR1 :OSE LECTURES >E PAID = BY ! ,/ATE1 & :O ?R\< ! 9T]V5TION ( A BOOKSELL] SELLS !M TO ! PUBLIC A SECOND TIME1 ROBS2 ! S9ECURI/1 :O RECEIVES AN 5ORM\S PRODUCT 9 EX*ANGE = HIS VANITY1 ROBS2 ! FUNCTION>Y1 ! LABOR]1 :ATEV] HE MAY BE1 :O PRODUCES ONLY ONE & GETS PAID F\R1 ONE HUNDR$1 OR ONE ?\S&1 ROBS2 ! PUBLI%] ( ?IS BOOK1 & ,I1 ITS AU?OR1 -- WE ROB1 BY *>G+ = IT TWICE AS MU* AS IT IS WOR?4 

,9 RECAPITULATION3 -- 

,JU/ICE1 AFT] PASS+ ?R\< ! /ATE ( NEGATIVE COMMUNISM1 CALL$ BY ! ANCI5T POETS ! AGE ( GOLD1 COMM5CES AS ! RI<T ( ! /RONGE/4 ,9 A SOCIETY :I* IS TRY+ TO ORGANIZE ITSELF1 9EQUALITY ( FACULTIES CALLS UP ! IDEA ( M]IT2 EQUITE SUGGE/S ! PLAN ( PROPORTION+ NOT ONLY E/EEM1 BUT ALSO MAT]IAL COM=TS1 TO P]SONAL M]IT2 & S9CE ! HI<E/ & ALMO/ ! ONLY M]IT !N RECOGNIZ$ IS PHYSICAL /R5G?1 ! /RONGE/1 API/OS1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! BE/1 API/OS1 IS 5TITL$ TO ! L>GE/ %>E2 & IF IT IS REFUS$ HIM1 HE V]Y NATURALLY TAKES IT BY =CE4 ,FROM ?IS TO ! ASSUMPTION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ALL ?+S1 IT IS BUT ONE /EP4 

,SU* WAS JU/ICE 9 ! H]OIC AGE1 PRES]V$1 AT LEA/ BY TRADITION1 AMONG ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS D[N TO ! LA/ DAYS ( !IR REPUBLICS4 ,PLATO1 9 ! 0,GORGIAS10 9TRODUCES A *>ACT] NAM$ ,CALLICLES1 :O SPIRIT$LY DEF5DS ! RI<T ( ! /RONGE/1 :I* ,SOCRATES1 ! ADVOCATE ( EQUALITY1 TON ISON1 S]I\SLY REFUTES4 ,IT IS RELAT$ ( ! GREAT ,POMPEY1 ?AT HE BLU%$ EASILY1 &1 NEV]!LESS1 !SE WORDS ONCE ESCAP$ HIS LIPS3 0,:Y %\LD ,I RESPECT ! LAWS1 :5 ,I HAVE >MS 9 MY H&80 ,?IS %[S HIM TO HAVE BE5 A MAN 9 :OM ! MORAL S5SE & AMBITION W]E /RUGGL+ = ! MA/]Y1 & :O S\<T TO JU/IFY HIS VIOL5CE BY ! MOTTO ( ! H]O & ! BRIG&4 

,FROM ! RI<T ( ! /RONGE/ SPR+S ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 OR BONDAGE2 USURY1 OR ! TRIBUTE LEVI$ UPON ! CONQU]$ BY ! CONQU]OR2 & ! :OLE NUM]\S FAMILY ( TAXES1 DUTIES1 MON>*ICAL PR]OGATIVES1 H\SE-R5TS1 F>M-R5TS1 @&C42 9 ONE WORD1 -- PROP]TY4 

,=CE WAS FOLL[$ BY >TIFICE1 ! SECOND MANIFE/ATION ( JU/ICE1 :I* WAS DETE/$ BY ! ANCI5T H]OES1 :O1 NOT EXCELL+ 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 W]E HEAVY LOS]S BY IT4 ,=CE WAS /ILL EMPLOY$1 BUT M5TAL =CE 9/EAD ( PHYSICAL4 ,SKILL 9 DECEIV+ AN 5EMY BY TREA*]\S PROPOSITIONS SEEM$ DES]V+ ( REW>D2 NEV]!LESS1 ! /RONG ALWAYS PRID$ !MSELVES UPON !IR HONE/Y4 ,9 ?OSE DAYS1 OA?S W]E OBS]V$ & PROMISES KEPT ACCORD+ TO ! LETT] RA!R ?AN ! SPIRIT3 ,UTI L+UA NUNCUPASSIT1 ITA JUS E/O1 -- 0,AS ! TONGUE HAS SPOK51 SO MU/ ! RI<T BE10 SAYS ! LAW ( ! ,TWELVE ,TABLES4 ,>TIFICE1 OR RA!R P]FIDY1 WAS ! MA9 ELEM5T 9 ! POLITICS ( ANCI5T ,ROME4 ,AMONG O!R EXAMPLES1 ,VICO CITES ! FOLL[+1 ALSO QUOT$ BY ,MONTESQUIEU3 ,! ,ROMANS HAD GU>ANTE$ TO ! ,C>?AG9IANS ! PRES]VATION ( !IR GOODS & !IR CITY1 -- 9T5TIONALLY US+ ! WORD CIVITAS1 ?AT IS1 ! SOCIETY1 ! ,/ATE2 ! ,C>?AG9IANS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 UND]/OOD !M TO MEAN ! MAT]IAL CITY1 URBS1 & ACCORD+LY BEGAN TO REBUILD !IR WALLS4 ,!Y W]E IMM$IATELY ATTACK$ ON ACC\NT ( !IR VIOLATION ( ! TREATY1 BY ! ,ROMANS1 :O1 ACT+ UPON ! OLD H]OIC IDEA ( RI<T1 DID NOT IMAG9E ?AT1 9 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( AN EQUIVOCATION TO SURPRISE !IR 5EMIES1 !Y W]E WAG+ UNJU/ W>4 

,FROM >TIFICE SPRANG ! PR(ITS ( MANUFACTURES1 COMM]CE1 & BANK+1 M]CANTILE FRAUDS1 & PRET5SIONS :I* >E HONOR$ ) ! BEAUTIFUL NAMES ( TAL5T & G5IUS1 BUT :I* \<T TO BE REG>D$ AS ! LA/ DEGREE ( KNAV]Y & DECEPTION2 &1 F9ALLY1 ALL SORTS ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 

,9 ?OSE =MS ( ROBB]Y :I* >E PROHIBIT$ BY LAW1 =CE & >TIFICE >E EMPLOY$ ALONE & UNDISGUIS$2 9 ! AU?ORIZ$ =MS1 !Y CONCEAL !MSELVES )9 A USEFUL PRODUCT1 :I* !Y USE AS A TOOL TO PLUND] !IR VICTIM4 

,! DIRECT USE ( VIOL5CE & /RATAGEM WAS E>LY & UNIV]SALLY CONDEMN$2 BUT NO NATION HAS YET GOT RID ( ?AT K9D ( ROBB]Y :I* ACTS ?R\< TAL5T1 LABOR1 & POSSESSION1 & :I* IS ! S\RCE ( ALL ! DILEMMAS ( CASUI/RY & ! 9NUM]ABLE CONTRADICTIONS ( JURISPRUD5CE4 

,! RI<T ( =CE & ! RI<T ( >TIFICE -- GLORIFI$ BY ! RHAPSODI/S 9 ! POEMS ( ! 0,ILIAD0 & ! 0,ODYSSEY0 -- 9SPIR$ ! LEGISLATION ( ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS1 FROM :I* !Y PASS$ 9TO \R MORALS & CODES4 ,*RI/IANITY HAS NOT *ANG$ AT ALL4 ,! ,GOSPEL %\LD NOT BE BLAM$1 BECAUSE ! PRIE/S1 AS /UPID AS ! LEGI/S1 HAVE BE5 UNABLE EI!R TO EXP\ND OR TO UND]/& IT4 ,! IGNORANCE ( C\NCILS & POPES UPON ALL QUE/IONS ( MORALITY IS EQUAL TO ?AT ( ! M>KET-PLACE & ! MONEY-*ANG]S2 & IT IS ?IS UTT] IGNORANCE ( RI<T1 JU/ICE1 & SOCIETY1 :I* IS KILL+ ! ,*UR*1 & DISCR$IT+ ITS TEA*+S = EV]4 ,! 9FIDELITY ( ! ,ROMAN *UR* & O!R ,*RI/IAN *UR*ES IS FLAGRANT2 ALL HAVE DISREG>D$ ! PRECEPT ( ,JESUS2 ALL HAVE ]R$ 9 MORAL & DOCTR9AL PO9TS2 ALL >E GUILTY ( TEA*+ FALSE & ABSURD DOGMAS1 :I* LEAD /RAI<T TO WICK$NESS & MURD]4 ,LET IT ASK P>DON ( ,GOD & M51 -- ?IS *UR* :I* CALL$ ITSELF 9FALLIBLE1 & :I* HAS GR[N SO CORRUPT 9 MORALS2 LET ITS RE=M$ SI/]S HUMBLE !MSELVES1 444 & ! PEOPLE1 UNDECEIV$1 BUT /ILL RELIGI\S & M]CIFUL1 WILL BEG9 TO ?9K4.<#c#c.> 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( RI<T HAS FOLL[$ ! SAME ORD]1 9 ITS V>I\S EXPRESSIONS1 ?AT PROP]TY HAS 9 ITS =MS4 ,EV]Y :]E WE SEE JU/ICE DRIV+ ROBB]Y BE=E IT & CONF9+ IT )9 N>R[] & N>R[] LIMITS4 ,HI!RTO ! VICTORIES ( JU/ICE OV] 9JU/ICE1 & ( EQUALITY OV] 9EQUALITY1 HAVE BE5 WON BY 9/9CT & ! SIMPLE =CE ( ?+S2 BUT ! F9AL TRIUMPH ( \R SOCIAL NATURE WILL BE DUE TO \R REASON1 OR ELSE WE %ALL FALL BACK 9TO FEUDAL *AOS4 ,EI!R ?IS GLORI\S HEI<T IS RES]V$ = \R 9TELLIG5CE1 OR ?IS MIS]ABLE DEP? = \R BAS5ESS4 

,! SECOND EFFECT ( PROP]TY IS DESPOTISM4 ,N[1 S9CE DESPOTISM IS 9SEP>ABLY CONNECT$ ) ! IDEA ( LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY1 9 EXPLA9+ ! NATURAL CAUSES ( ! FIR/1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! SECOND WILL APPE>4 

,:AT IS TO BE ! =M ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! FUTURE8 HE> SOME ( MY Y\NG] READ]S REPLY3 0,:Y1 H[ CAN Y\ ASK SU* A QUE/ION8 ,Y\ >E A REPUBLICAN40 0,A REPUBLICAN6 ,YES2 BUT ?AT WORD SPECIFIES NO?+4 ,RES PUBLICA2 ?AT IS1 ! PUBLIC ?+4 ,N[1 :OEV] IS 9T]E/$ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS -- NO MATT] UND] :AT =M ( GOV]NM5T -- MAY CALL HIMSELF A REPUBLICAN4 ,EV5 K+S >E REPUBLICANS40 -- 

0,WELL6 Y\ >E A DEMOCRAT80 -- 0,NO40 -- 0,:AT6 Y\ W\LD HAVE A MON>*Y40 -- 0,NO40 -- 0,A CON/ITUTIONALI/80 -- 0,GOD =BID60 -- 0,Y\ >E !N AN >I/OCRAT80 -- 0,NOT AT ALL40 -- 0,Y\ WANT A MIX$ GOV]NM5T80 -- 0,/ILL LESS40 -- 0,:AT >E Y\1 !N80 -- 0,I AM AN AN>*I/40 

0,OH6 ,I UND]/& Y\2 Y\ SPEAK SATIRICALLY4 ,?IS IS A HIT AT ! GOV]NM5T40 -- 0,BY NO MEANS4 ,I HAVE JU/ GIV5 Y\ MY S]I\S & WELL-CONSID]$ PR(ESSION ( FAI?4 ,AL?\< A FIRM FRI5D ( ORD]1 ,I AM 79 ! FULL =CE ( ! T]M7 AN AN>*I/4 ,LI/5 TO ME40 

,9 ALL SPECIES ( SOCIABLE ANIMALS1 0! WEAKNESS ( ! Y\NG IS ! PR9CIPLE ( !IR OB$I5CE TO ! OLD1 :O >E /RONG2 & FROM HABIT1 :I* IS A K9D ( CONSCI5CE ) !M1 ! P[] REMA9S ) ! OLDE/1 AL?\< HE F9ALLY BECOMES ! WEAKE/4 ,:5EV] ! SOCIETY IS UND] ! CONTROL ( A *IEF1 ?IS *IEF IS ALMO/ ALWAYS ! OLDE/ ( ! TROOP4 ,I SAY ALMO/ ALWAYS1 BECAUSE ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] MAY BE DI/URB$ BY VIOL5T \TBREAKS4 ,!N ! AU?ORITY PASSES TO ANO!R2 &1 HAV+ BE5 REE/ABLI%$ BY =CE1 IT IS AGA9 MA9TA9$ BY HABIT4 ,WILD HORSES GO 9 H]DS3 !Y HAVE A *IEF :O M>*ES AT !IR HEAD1 :OM !Y CONFID5TLY FOLL[1 & :O GIVES ! SIGNAL = FLI<T OR BATTLE4 

0,! %EEP :I* WE HAVE RAIS$ FOLL[S US1 BUT IT FOLL[S 9 COMPANY ) ! FLOCK 9 ! MID/ ( :I* IT WAS BORN4 ,IT REG>DS MAN AS ! *IEF ( ITS FLOCK444 ,MAN IS REG>D$ BY DOME/IC ANIMALS AS A MEMB] ( !IR SOCIETY4 ,ALL ?AT HE HAS TO DO IS TO GET HIMSELF ACCEPT$ BY !M AS AN ASSOCIATE3 HE SOON BECOMES !IR *IEF1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( HIS SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE4 ,HE DOES NOT1 !N1 *ANGE ! NATURAL CONDITION ( !SE ANIMALS1 AS ,BUFFON HAS SAID4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE USES ?IS NATURAL CONDITION TO HIS [N ADVANTAGE2 9 O!R WORDS1 HE F9DS SOCIABLE ANIMALS1 & R5D]S !M DOME/IC BY BECOM+ !IR ASSOCIATE & *IEF4 ,?US1 ! DOME/ICITY ( ANIMALS IS ONLY A SPECIAL CONDITION1 A SIMPLE MODIFICATION1 A DEF9ITIVE CONSEQU5CE ( !IR SOCIABILITY4 ,ALL DOME/IC ANIMALS >E BY NATURE SOCIABLE ANIMALS40 444 -- ,FL\R5S3 ,SUMM>Y ( ! ,OBS]VATIONS ( ,F4 ,CUVI]4 

,SOCIABLE ANIMALS FOLL[ !IR *IEF BY 9/9CT2 BUT TAKE NOTICE ( ! FACT 7:I* ,F4 ,CUVI] OMITT$ TO /ATE71 ?AT ! FUNCTION ( ! *IEF IS ALTOGE!R ONE ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! *IEF DOES NOT TEA* ! O!RS TO ASSOCIATE1 TO UNITE UND] HIS LEAD1 TO REPRODUCE !IR K9D1 TO TAKE TO FLI<T1 OR TO DEF5D !MSELVES4 ,CONC]N+ EA* ( !SE P>TICUL>S1 HIS SUBORD9ATES >E AS WELL 9=M$ AS HE4 ,BUT IT IS ! *IEF :O1 BY HIS ACCUMULAT$ EXP]I5CE1 PROVIDES AGA9/ ACCID5TS2 HE IT IS :OSE PRIVATE 9TELLIG5CE SUPPLEM5TS1 9 DIFFICULT SITUATIONS1 ! G5]AL 9/9CT2 HE IT IS :O DELIB]ATES1 DECIDES1 & LEADS2 HE IT IS1 9 %ORT1 :OSE 5LI<T5$ PRUD5CE REGULATES ! PUBLIC R\T9E = ! GREATE/ GOOD ( ALL4 

,MAN 7NATURALLY A SOCIABLE BE+7 NATURALLY FOLL[S A *IEF4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 ! *IEF IS ! FA!R1 ! PATRI>*1 ! ELD]2 9 O!R WORDS1 ! GOOD & WISE MAN1 :OSE FUNCTIONS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 >E EXCLUSIVELY ( A REFLECTIVE & 9TELLECTUAL NATURE4 ,! HUMAN RACE -- LIKE ALL O!R RACES ( SOCIABLE ANIMALS -- HAS ITS 9/9CTS1 ITS 9NATE FACULTIES1 ITS G5]AL IDEAS1 & ITS CATEGORIES ( S5TIM5T & REASON4 ,ITS *IEFS1 LEGISLATORS1 OR K+S HAVE DEVIS$ NO?+1 SUPPOS$ NO?+1 IMAG9$ NO?+4 ,!Y HAVE ONLY GUID$ SOCIETY BY !IR ACCUMULAT$ EXP]I5CE1 ALWAYS H[EV] 9 CON=MITY ) OP9IONS & BELIEFS4 

,?OSE PHILOSOPH]S :O 7C>RY+ 9TO MORALS & 9TO HI/ORY !IR GLOOMY & FACTI\S :IMS7 AFFIRM ?AT ! HUMAN RACE HAD ORIG9ALLY NEI!R *IEFS NOR K+S1 KN[ NO?+ ( ! NATURE ( MAN4 ,ROYALTY1 & ABSOLUTE ROYALTY1 IS -- AS TRULY & MORE TRULY ?AN DEMOCRACY -- A PRIMITIVE =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,P]CEIV+ ?AT1 9 ! REMOTE/ AGES1 CR[NS & K+%IPS W]E WORN BY H]OES1 BRIG&S1 & KNI<T-]RANTS1 !Y CONF\ND ! TWO ?+S1 -- ROYALTY & DESPOTISM4 ,BUT ROYALTY DATES FROM ! CREATION ( MAN2 IT EXI/$ 9 ! AGE ( NEGATIVE COMMUNISM4 ,ANCI5T H]OISM 7& ! DESPOTISM :I* IT 5G5D]$7 COMM5C$ ONLY ) ! FIR/ MANIFE/ATION ( ! IDEA ( JU/ICE2 ?AT IS1 ) ! REIGN ( =CE4 ,AS SOON AS ! /RONGE/1 9 ! COMP>ISON ( M]ITS1 WAS DECID$ TO BE ! BE/1 ! OLDE/ HAD TO AB&ON HIS POSITION1 & ROYALTY BECAME DESPOTIC4 

,! SPONTANE\S1 9/9CTIVE1 & -- SO TO SPEAK -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ORIG9 ( ROYALTY GIVES IT1 9 ! BEG9N+1 A SUP]HUMAN *>ACT]4 ,! NATIONS CONNECT$ IT ) ! GODS1 FROM :OM !Y SAID ! FIR/ K+S DESC5D$4 ,?IS NOTION WAS ! ORIG9 ( ! DIV9E G5EALOGIES ( ROYAL FAMILIES1 ! 9C>NATIONS ( GODS1 & ! MESSIANIC FABLES4 ,FROM IT SPRANG ! DOCTR9E ( DIV9E RI<T1 :I* IS /ILL *AMPION$ BY A FEW S+UL> *>ACT]S4 

,ROYALTY WAS AT FIR/ ELECTIVE1 BECAUSE -- AT A TIME :5 MAN PRODUC$ BUT LITTLE & POSSESS$ NO?+ -- PROP]TY WAS TOO WEAK TO E/ABLI% ! PR9CIPLE ( H]$ITY1 & SECURE TO ! SON ! ?RONE ( HIS FA!R2 BUT AS SOON AS FIELDS W]E CLE>$1 & CITIES BUILT1 EA* FUNCTION WAS1 LIKE EV]Y ?+ ELSE1 APPROPRIAT$1 & H]$IT>Y K+%IPS & PRIE/HOODS W]E ! RESULT4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( H]$ITY WAS C>RI$ 9TO EV5 ! MO/ ORD9>Y PR(ESSIONS1 -- A CIRCUM/ANCE :I* L$ TO CLASS DI/9CTIONS1 PRIDE ( /ATION1 & ABJECTION ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 & :I* CONFIRMS MY ASS]TION1 CONC]N+ ! PR9CIPLE ( PATRIMONIAL SUCCESSION1 ?AT IT IS A ME?OD SUGGE/$ BY ,NATURE ( FILL+ VACANCIES 9 BUS9ESS1 & COMPLET+ UNF9I%$ TASKS4 

,FROM TIME TO TIME1 AMBITION CAUS$ USURP]S1 OR SUPPLANT]S ( K+S1 TO />T UP2 &1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 SOME W]E CALL$ K+S BY RI<T1 OR LEGITIMATE K+S1 & O!RS TYRANTS4 ,BUT WE MU/ NOT LET !SE NAMES DECEIVE US4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 EXECRABLE K+S1 & V]Y TOL]ABLE TYRANTS4 ,ROYALTY MAY ALWAYS BE GOOD1 :5 IT IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE =M ( GOV]NM5T2 LEGITIMATE IT IS NEV]4 ,NEI!R H]$ITY1 NOR ELECTION1 NOR UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 NOR ! EXCELL5CE ( ! SOV]EIGN1 NOR ! CONSECRATION ( RELIGION & ( TIME1 CAN MAKE ROYALTY LEGITIMATE4 ,:ATEV] =M IT TAKES1 -- MON>*IC1 OLIG>*IC1 OR DEMOCRATIC1 -- ROYALTY1 OR ! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN1 IS ILLEGITIMATE & ABSURD4 

,MAN1 9 ORD] TO PROCURE AS SPE$ILY AS POSSIBLE ! MO/ ?OR\< SATISFACTION ( HIS WANTS1 SEEKS RULE4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 ?IS RULE IS TO HIM LIV+1 VISIBLE1 & TANGIBLE4 ,IT IS HIS FA!R1 HIS MA/]1 HIS K+4 ,! MORE IGNORANT MAN IS1 ! MORE OB$I5T HE IS1 & ! MORE ABSOLUTE IS HIS CONFID5CE 9 HIS GUIDE4 ,BUT1 IT BE+ A LAW ( MAN'S NATURE TO CON=M TO RULE1 -- ?AT IS1 TO DISCOV] IT BY HIS P[]S ( REFLECTION & REASON1 -- MAN REASONS UPON ! COMM&S ( HIS *IEFS4 ,N[1 SU* REASON+ AS ?AT IS A PROTE/ AGA9/ AU?ORITY1 -- A BEG9N+ ( DISOB$I5CE4 ,AT ! MOM5T ?AT MAN 9QUIRES 9TO ! MOTIVES :I* GOV]N ! WILL ( HIS SOV]EIGN1 -- AT ?AT MOM5T MAN REVOLTS4 ,IF HE OBEYS NO LONG] BECAUSE ! K+ COMM&S1 BUT BECAUSE ! K+ DEMON/RATES ! WISDOM ( HIS COMM&S1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT H5CE=? HE WILL RECOGNIZE NO AU?ORITY1 & ?AT HE HAS BECOME HIS [N K+4 ,UNHAPPY HE :O %ALL D>E TO COMM& HIM1 & %ALL (F]1 AS HIS AU?ORITY1 ONLY ! VOTE ( ! MAJORITY2 =1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ! M9ORITY WILL BECOME ! MAJORITY1 & ?IS IMPRUD5T DESPOT WILL BE OV]?R[N1 & ALL HIS LAWS ANNIHILAT$4 

,9 PROPORTION AS SOCIETY BECOMES 5LI<T5$1 ROYAL AU?ORITY DIM9I%ES4 ,?AT IS A FACT TO :I* ALL HI/ORY BE>S WITNESS4 ,AT ! BIR? ( NATIONS1 M5 REFLECT & REASON 9 VA94 ,)\T ME?ODS1 )\T PR9CIPLES1 NOT KN[+ H[ TO USE !IR REASON1 !Y CANNOT JUDGE ( ! JU/ICE ( !IR CONCLUSIONS4 ,!N ! AU?ORITY ( K+S IS IMM5SE1 NO KN[L$GE HAV+ BE5 ACQUIR$ ) :I* TO CONTRADICT IT4 ,BUT1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 EXP]I5CE PRODUCES HABITS1 :I* DEVELOP 9TO CU/OMS2 !N ! CU/OMS >E =MULAT$ 9 MAXIMS1 LAID D[N AS PR9CIPLES1 -- 9 %ORT1 TRANS=M$ 9TO LAWS1 TO :I* ! K+1 ! LIV+ LAW1 HAS TO B[4 ,!RE COMES A TIME :5 CU/OMS & LAWS >E SO NUM]\S ?AT ! WILL ( ! PR9CE IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 5TW9$ BY ! PUBLIC WILL2 & ?AT1 ON TAK+ ! CR[N1 HE IS OBLIG$ TO SWE> ?AT HE WILL GOV]N 9 CON=MITY ) E/ABLI%$ CU/OMS & USAGES2 & ?AT HE IS BUT ! EXECUTIVE P[] ( A SOCIETY :OSE LAWS >E MADE 9DEP5D5TLY ( HIM4 

,UP TO ?IS PO9T1 ALL IS DONE 9/9CTIVELY1 &1 AS IT W]E1 UNCONSCI\SLY2 BUT SEE :]E ?IS MOVEM5T MU/ 5D4 

,BY MEANS ( SELF-9/RUCTION & ! ACQUISITION ( IDEAS1 MAN F9ALLY ACQUIRES ! IDEA ( SCI5CE1 -- ?AT IS1 ( A SY/EM ( KN[L$GE 9 H>MONY ) ! REALITY ( ?+S1 & 9F]R$ FROM OBS]VATION4 ,HE SE>*ES = ! SCI5CE1 OR ! SY/EM1 ( 9ANIMATE BODIES1 -- ! SY/EM ( ORGANIC BODIES1 ! SY/EM ( ! HUMAN M9D1 & ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE3 :Y %\LD HE NOT ALSO SE>* = ! SY/EM ( SOCIETY8 ,BUT1 HAV+ REA*$ ?IS HEI<T1 HE COMPREH5DS ?AT POLITICAL TRU?1 OR ! SCI5CE ( POLITICS1 EXI/S QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! WILL ( SOV]EIGNS1 ! OP9ION ( MAJORITIES1 & POPUL> BELIEFS1 -- ?AT K+S1 M9I/]S1 MAGI/RATES1 & NATIONS1 AS WILLS1 HAVE NO CONNECTION ) ! SCI5CE1 & >E WOR?Y ( NO CONSID]ATION4 ,HE COMPREH5DS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ?AT1 IF MAN IS BORN A SOCIABLE BE+1 ! AU?ORITY ( HIS FA!R OV] HIM CEASES ON ! DAY :51 HIS M9D BE+ =M$ & HIS $UCATION F9I%$1 HE BECOMES ! ASSOCIATE ( HIS FA!R2 ?AT HIS TRUE *IEF & HIS K+ IS ! DEMON/RAT$ TRU?2 ?AT POLITICS IS A SCI5CE1 NOT A /RATAGEM2 & ?AT ! FUNCTION ( ! LEGISLATOR IS R$UC$1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 TO ! ME?ODICAL SE>* = TRU?4 

,?US1 9 A GIV5 SOCIETY1 ! AU?ORITY ( MAN OV] MAN IS 9V]SELY PROPORTIONAL TO ! /AGE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T :I* ?AT SOCIETY HAS REA*$2 & ! PROBABLE DURATION ( ?AT AU?ORITY CAN BE CALCULAT$ FROM ! MORE OR LESS G5]AL DESIRE = A TRUE GOV]NM5T1 -- ?AT IS1 = A SCI5TIFIC GOV]NM5T4 ,& JU/ AS ! RI<T ( =CE & ! RI<T ( >TIFICE RETREAT BE=E ! /EADY ADVANCE ( JU/ICE1 & MU/ F9ALLY BE EXT+UI%$ 9 EQUALITY1 SO ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! WILL YIELDS TO ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! REASON1 & MU/ AT LA/ BE LO/ 9 SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,PROP]TY & ROYALTY HAVE BE5 CRUMBL+ TO PIECES EV] S9CE ! WORLD BEGAN4 ,AS MAN SEEKS JU/ICE 9 EQUALITY1 SO SOCIETY SEEKS ORD] 9 AN>*Y4 

,AN>*Y1 -- ! ABS5CE ( A MA/]1 ( A SOV]EIGN1.<#c#d.> -- SU* IS ! =M ( GOV]NM5T TO :I* WE >E EV]Y DAY APPROXIMAT+1 & :I* \R ACCU/OM$ HABIT ( TAK+ MAN = \R RULE1 & HIS WILL = LAW1 LEADS US TO REG>D AS ! HEI<T ( DISORD] & ! EXPRESSION ( *AOS4 ,! /ORY IS TOLD1 ?AT A CITIZ5 ( ,P>IS 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY HAV+ HE>D IT SAID ?AT 9 ,V5ICE !RE WAS NO K+1 ! GOOD MAN C\LD NOT RECOV] FROM HIS A/ONI%M5T1 & NE>LY DI$ FROM LAU<T] AT ! M]E M5TION ( SO RIDICUL\S A ?+4 ,SO /RONG IS \R PREJUDICE4 ,AS LONG AS WE LIVE1 WE WANT A *IEF OR *IEFS2 & AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T ,I HOLD 9 MY H& A BRO*URE1 :OSE AU?OR -- A ZEAL\S COMMUNI/ -- DREAMS1 LIKE A SECOND ,M>AT1 ( ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,! MO/ ADVANC$ AMONG US >E ?OSE :O WI% ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE NUMB] ( SOV]EIGNS1 -- !IR MO/ >D5T WI% IS = ! ROYALTY ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,SOON1 UND\BT$LY1 SOME ONE1 JEAL\S ( ! CITIZ5 MILITIA1 WILL SAY1 0,EV]YBODY IS K+40 ,BUT1 :5 HE HAS SPOK51 ,I WILL SAY1 9 MY TURN1 0,NOBODY IS K+2 WE >E1 :E!R WE WILL OR NO1 ASSOCIAT$40 ,EV]Y QUE/ION ( DOME/IC POLITICS MU/ BE DECID$ BY DEP>TM5TAL /ATI/ICS2 EV]Y QUE/ION ( =EIGN POLITICS IS AN AFFAIR ( 9T]NATIONAL /ATI/ICS4 ,! SCI5CE ( GOV]NM5T RI<TLY BELONGS TO ONE ( ! SECTIONS ( ! ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES1 :OSE P]MAN5T SECRET>Y IS NECESS>ILY PRIME M9I/]2 &1 S9CE EV]Y CITIZ5 MAY ADDRESS A MEMOIR TO ! ,ACADEMY1 EV]Y CITIZ5 IS A LEGISLATOR4 ,BUT1 AS ! OP9ION ( NO ONE IS ( ANY VALUE UNTIL ITS TRU? HAS BE5 PROV51 NO ONE CAN SUB/ITUTE HIS WILL = REASON1 -- NOBODY IS K+4 

,ALL QUE/IONS ( LEGISLATION & POLITICS >E MATT]S ( SCI5CE1 NOT ( OP9ION4 ,! LEGISLATIVE P[] BELONGS ONLY TO ! REASON1 ME?ODICALLY RECOGNIZ$ & DEMON/RAT$4 ,TO ATTRIBUTE TO ANY P[] :ATEV] ! RI<T ( VETO OR ( SANCTION1 IS ! LA/ DEGREE ( TYRANNY4 ,JU/ICE & LEGALITY >E TWO ?+S AS 9DEP5D5T ( \R APPROVAL AS IS MA!MATICAL TRU?4 ,TO COMPEL1 !Y NE$ ONLY TO BE KN[N2 TO BE KN[N1 !Y NE$ ONLY TO BE CONSID]$ & /UDI$4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS ! NATION1 IF IT IS NOT ! SOV]EIGN1 -- IF IT IS NOT ! S\RCE ( ! LEGISLATIVE P[]8 ,! NATION IS ! GU>DIAN ( ! LAW -- ! NATION IS ! EXECUTIVE P[]4 ,EV]Y CITIZ5 MAY ASS]T3 0,?IS IS TRUE2 ?AT IS JU/2 0BUT HIS OP9ION CONTROLS NO ONE BUT HIMSELF4 ,?AT ! TRU? :I* HE PROCLAIMS MAY BECOME A LAW1 IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$4 ,N[1 :AT IS IT TO RECOGNIZE A LAW8 ,IT IS TO V]IFY A MA!MATICAL OR A METAPHYSICAL CALCULATION2 IT IS TO REPEAT AN EXP]IM5T1 TO OBS]VE A PH5OM5ON1 TO E/ABLI% A FACT4 ,ONLY ! NATION HAS ! RI<T TO SAY1 0,BE IT KN[N & DECRE$40 

,I CONFESS ?AT ?IS IS AN OV]TURN+ ( RECEIV$ IDEAS1 & ?AT ,I SEEM TO BE ATTEMPT+ TO REVOLUTIONIZE \R POLITICAL SY/EM2 BUT ,I BEG ! READ] TO CONSID] ?AT1 HAV+ BEGUN ) A P>ADOX1 ,I MU/1 IF ,I REASON CORRECTLY1 MEET ) P>ADOXES AT EV]Y /EP1 & MU/ 5D ) P>ADOXES4 ,= ! RE/1 ,I DO NOT SEE H[ ! LIB]TY ( CITIZ5S W\LD BE 5DANG]$ BY 5TRU/+ TO !IR H&S1 9/EAD ( ! P5 ( ! LEGISLATOR1 ! SWORD ( ! LAW4 ,! EXECUTIVE P[]1 BELONG+ PROP]LY TO ! WILL1 CANNOT BE CONFID$ TO TOO MANY PROXIES4 ,?AT IS ! TRUE SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION4.<#c#e.> 

,! PROPRIETOR1 ! ROBB]1 ! H]O1 ! SOV]EIGN -- = ALL !SE TITLES >E SYNONYM\S -- IMPOSES HIS WILL AS LAW1 & SUFF]S NEI!R CONTRADICTION NOR CONTROL2 ?AT IS1 HE PRET5DS TO BE ! LEGISLATIVE & ! EXECUTIVE P[] AT ONCE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! SCI5TIFIC & TRUE LAW = ! ROYAL WILL IS ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY BY A T]RIBLE /RUGGLE2 & ?IS CON/ANT SUB/ITUTION IS1 AFT] PROP]TY1 ! MO/ POT5T ELEM5T 9 HI/ORY1 ! MO/ PROLIFIC S\RCE ( POLITICAL DI/URBANCES4 ,EXAMPLES >E TOO NUM]\S & TOO /RIK+ TO REQUIRE 5UM]ATION4 

,N[1 PROP]TY NECESS>ILY 5G5D]S DESPOTISM1 -- ! GOV]NM5T ( CAPRICE1 ! REIGN ( LIBID9\S PLEASURE4 ,?AT IS SO CLE>LY ! ESS5CE ( PROP]TY ?AT1 TO BE CONV9C$ ( IT1 ONE NE$ BUT REMEMB] :AT IT IS1 & OBS]VE :AT HAPP5S >\ND HIM4 ,PROP]TY IS ! RI<T TO USE & ABUSE4 ,IF1 !N1 GOV]NM5T IS ECONOMY1 -- IF ITS OBJECT IS PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR & PRODUCTS1 -- H[ IS GOV]NM5T POSSIBLE :ILE PROP]TY EXI/S8 ,& IF GOODS >E PROP]TY1 :Y %\LD NOT ! PROPRIETORS BE K+S1 & DESPOTIC K+S -- K+S 9 PROPORTION TO !IR FACULTES BONITAIRES8 ,& IF EA* PROPRIETOR IS SOV]EIGN LORD )9 ! SPH]E ( HIS PROP]TY1 ABSOLUTE K+ ?R\<\T HIS [N DOMA91 H[ C\LD A GOV]NM5T ( PROPRIETORS BE ANY ?+ BUT *AOS & CONFUSION8 

8 #c4 -- ,DET]M9ATION ( ! ?IRD =M ( ,SOCIETY4 ,CONCLUSION4 

,!N1 NO GOV]NM5T1 NO PUBLIC ECONOMY1 NO ADM9I/RATION1 IS POSSIBLE1 :I* IS BAS$ UPON PROP]TY4 

,COMMUNISM SEEKS EQUALITY & LAW4 ,PROP]TY1 BORN ( ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! REASON1 & ! S5SE ( P]SONAL M]IT1 WI%ES ABOVE ALL ?+S 9DEP5D5CE & PROPORTIONALITY4 

,BUT COMMUNISM1 MI/AK+ UNI=MITY = LAW1 & LEVELISM = EQUALITY1 BECOMES TYRANNICAL & UNJU/4 ,PROP]TY1 BY ITS DESPOTISM & 5CROA*M5TS1 SOON PROVES ITSELF OPPRESSIVE & ANTI-SOCIAL4 

,! OBJECTS ( COMMUNISM & PROP]TY >E GOOD -- !IR RESULTS >E BAD4 ,& :Y8 ,BECAUSE BO? >E EXCLUSIVE1 & EA* DISREG>DS TWO ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY4 ,COMMUNISM REJECTS 9DEP5D5CE & PROPORTIONALITY2 PROP]TY DOES NOT SATISFY EQUALITY & LAW4 

,N[1 IF WE IMAG9E A SOCIETY BAS$ UPON !SE F\R PR9CIPLES1 -- EQUALITY1 LAW1 9DEP5D5CE1 & PROPORTIONALITY1 -- WE F9D3 -- 

#a4 ,?AT EQUALITY1 CONSI/+ ONLY 9 EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 ?AT IS1 ( MEANS1 & NOT 9 EQUALITY ( COM=T1 -- :I* IT IS ! BUS9ESS ( ! LABOR]S TO A*IEVE = !MSELVES1 :5 PROVID$ ) EQUAL MEANS1 -- 9 NO WAY VIOLATES JU/ICE & EQUITE4 

#b4 ,?AT LAW1 RESULT+ FROM ! KN[L$GE ( FACTS1 & CONSEQU5TLY BAS$ UPON NECESSITY ITSELF1 NEV] CLA%ES ) 9DEP5D5CE4 

#c4 ,?AT 9DIVIDUAL 9DEP5D5CE1 OR ! AUTONOMY ( ! PRIVATE REASON1 ORIG9AT+ 9 ! DIFF]5CE 9 TAL5TS & CAPACITIES1 CAN EXI/ )\T DANG] )9 ! LIMITS ( ! LAW4 

#d4 ,?AT PROPORTIONALITY1 BE+ ADMITT$ ONLY 9 ! SPH]E ( 9TELLIG5CE & S5TIM5T1 & NOT AS REG>DS MAT]IAL OBJECTS1 MAY BE OBS]V$ )\T VIOLAT+ JU/ICE OR SOCIAL EQUALITY4 

,?IS ?IRD =M ( SOCIETY1 ! SYN!SIS ( COMMUNISM & PROP]TY1 WE WILL CALL LIB]TY4.<#c#f.> 

,9 DET]M9+ ! NATURE ( LIB]TY1 WE DO NOT UNITE COMMUNISM & PROP]TY 9DISCRIM9ATELY2 SU* A PROCESS W\LD BE ABSURD ECLECTICISM4 ,WE SE>* BY ANALYSIS = ?OSE ELEM5TS 9 EA* :I* >E TRUE1 & 9 H>MONY ) ! LAWS ( ,NATURE & SOCIETY1 DISREG>D+ ! RE/ ALTOGE!R2 & ! RESULT GIVES US AN ADEQUATE EXPRESSION ( ! NATURAL =M ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 -- 9 ONE WORD1 LIB]TY4 

,LIB]TY IS EQUALITY1 BECAUSE LIB]TY EXI/S ONLY 9 SOCIETY2 & 9 ! ABS5CE ( EQUALITY !RE IS NO SOCIETY4 

,LIB]TY IS AN>*Y1 BECAUSE IT DOES NOT ADMIT ! GOV]NM5T ( ! WILL1 BUT ONLY ! AU?ORITY ( ! LAW2 ?AT IS1 ( NECESSITY4 

,LIB]TY IS 9F9ITE V>IETY1 BECAUSE IT RESPECTS ALL WILLS )9 ! LIMITS ( ! LAW4 

,LIB]TY IS PROPORTIONALITY1 BECAUSE IT ALL[S ! UTMO/ LATITUDE TO ! AMBITION = M]IT1 & ! EMULATION ( GLORY4 

,WE CAN N[ SAY1 9 ! WORDS ( ,M4 ,C\S93 0,\R PR9CIPLE IS TRUE2 IT IS GOOD1 IT IS SOCIAL2 LET US NOT FE> TO PU% IT TO ITS ULTIMATE40 

,MAN'S SOCIAL NATURE BECOM+ JU/ICE ?R\< REFLECTION1 EQUITE ?R\< ! CLASSIFICATION ( CAPACITIES1 & HAV+ LIB]TY = ITS =MULA1 IS ! TRUE BASIS ( MORALITY1 -- ! PR9CIPLE & REGULATOR ( ALL \R ACTIONS4 ,?IS IS ! UNIV]SAL MOTOR1 :I* PHILOSOPHY IS SE>*+ =1 :I* RELIGION /R5G!NS1 :I* EGOTISM SUPPLANTS1 & :OSE PLACE PURE REASON NEV] CAN FILL4 ,DUTY & RI<T >E BORN ( NE$1 :I*1 :5 CONSID]$ 9 CONNECTION ) O!RS1 IS A RI<T1 & :5 CONSID]$ 9 CONNECTION ) \RSELVES1 A DUTY4 

,WE NE$ TO EAT & SLEEP4 ,IT IS \R RI<T TO PROCURE ?OSE ?+S :I* >E NECESS>Y TO RE/ & N\RI%M5T4 ,IT IS \R DUTY TO USE !M :5 ,NATURE REQUIRES IT4 

,WE NE$ TO LABOR 9 ORD] TO LIVE4 ,TO DO SO IS BO? \R RI<T & \R DUTY4 

,WE NE$ TO LOVE \R WIVES & *ILDR54 ,IT IS \R DUTY TO PROTECT & SUPPORT !M4 ,IT IS \R RI<T TO BE LOV$ 9 PREF]5CE TO ALL O!RS4 ,CONJUGAL FIDELITY IS JU/ICE4 ,ADULT]Y IS HI< TREASON AGA9/ SOCIETY4 

,WE NE$ TO EX*ANGE \R PRODUCTS = O!R PRODUCTS4 ,IT IS \R RI<T ?AT ?IS EX*ANGE %\LD BE ONE ( EQUIVAL5TS2 & S9CE WE CONSUME BE=E WE PRODUCE1 IT W\LD BE \R DUTY1 IF WE C\LD CONTROL ! MATT]1 TO SEE TO IT ?AT \R LA/ PRODUCT %ALL FOLL[ \R LA/ CONSUMPTION4 ,SUICIDE IS FRAUDUL5T BANKRUPTCY4 

,WE NE$ TO LIVE \R LIVES ACCORD+ TO ! DICTATES ( \R REASON4 ,IT IS \R RI<T TO MA9TA9 \R FRE$OM4 ,IT IS \R DUTY TO RESPECT ?AT ( O!RS4 

,WE NE$ TO BE APPRECIAT$ BY \R FELL[S4 ,IT IS \R DUTY TO DES]VE !IR PRAISE4 ,IT IS \R RI<T TO BE JUDG$ BY \R WORKS4 

,LIB]TY IS NOT OPPOS$ TO ! RI<TS ( SUCCESSION & BEQUE/4 ,IT CONT5TS ITSELF ) PREV5T+ VIOLATIONS ( EQUALITY4 0,*OOSE10 IT TELLS US1 0BETWE5 TWO LEGACIES1 BUT DO NOT TAKE !M BO?40 ,ALL \R LEGISLATION CONC]N+ TRANSMISSIONS1 5TAILM5TS1 ADOPTIONS1 &1 IF ,I MAY V5TURE TO USE SU* A WORD1 COADJUTOR]IES1 REQUIRES REMODEL+4 

,LIB]TY FAVORS EMULATION1 9/EAD ( DE/ROY+ IT4 ,9 SOCIAL EQUALITY1 EMULATION CONSI/S 9 ACCOMPLI%+ UND] LIKE CONDITIONS2 IT IS ITS [N REW>D4 ,NO ONE SUFF]S BY ! VICTORY4 

,LIB]TY APPLAUDS SELF-SACRIFICE1 & HONORS IT ) ITS VOTES1 BUT IT CAN DISP5SE ) IT4 ,JU/ICE ALONE SUFFICES TO MA9TA9 ! SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM4 ,SELF-SACRIFICE IS AN ACT ( SUP]]OGATION4 ,HAPPY1 H[EV]1 ! MAN :O CAN SAY1 0,I SACRIFICE MYSELF40.<#c#g.> 

,LIB]TY IS ESS5TIALLY AN ORGANIZ+ =CE4 ,TO 9SURE EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 & PEACE AMONG NATIONS1 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 & ! C5T]S ( $UCATION1 BUS9ESS1 & /ORAGE1 MU/ BE DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO ! CLIMATE & ! GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION ( ! C\NTRY1 ! NATURE ( ! PRODUCTS1 ! *>ACT] & NATURAL TAL5TS ( ! 9HABITANTS1 @&C41 9 PROPORTIONS SO JU/1 SO WISE1 SO H>MONI\S1 ?AT 9 NO PLACE %ALL !RE EV] BE EI!R AN EXCESS OR A LACK ( POPULATION1 CONSUMPTION1 & PRODUCTS4 ,!RE COMM5CES ! SCI5CE ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE RI<T1 ! TRUE POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,IT IS = ! WRIT]S ON JURISPRUD5CE1 H5CE=? UNEMB>RASS$ BY ! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY1 TO DESCRIBE ! NEW LAWS1 & BR+ PEACE UPON E>?4 ,KN[L$GE & G5IUS !Y DO NOT LACK2 ! F\NDATION IS N[ LAID = !M4.<#c#h.> 

,I HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ MY TASK2 PROP]TY IS CONQU]$1 NEV] AGA9 TO >ISE4 ,:]EV] ?IS WORK IS READ & DISCUSS$1 !RE WILL BE DEPOSIT$ ! G]M ( DEA? TO PROP]TY2 !RE1 SOON] OR LAT]1 PRIVILEGE & S]VITUDE WILL DISAPPE>1 & ! DESPOTISM ( WILL WILL GIVE PLACE TO ! REIGN ( REASON4 ,:AT SOPHISMS1 9DE$1 :AT PREJUDICES 7H[EV] OB/9ATE7 CAN /& BE=E ! SIMPLICITY ( ! FOLL[+ PROPOSITIONS3 -- 

,I4 ,9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION.<#c#i.> IS ! CONDITION ( SOCIAL LIFE2 FIVE ?\S& YE>S ( PROP]TY DEMON/RATE IT4 ,PROP]TY IS ! SUICIDE ( SOCIETY4 ,POSSESSION IS A RI<T2 PROP]TY IS AGA9/ RI<T4 ,SUPPRESS PROP]TY :ILE MA9TA9+ POSSESSION1 &1 BY ?IS SIMPLE MODIFICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE1 Y\ WILL REVOLUTIONIZE LAW1 GOV]NM5T1 ECONOMY1 & 9/ITUTIONS2 Y\ WILL DRIVE EVIL FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?4 

,I,I4 ,ALL HAV+ AN EQUAL RI<T ( OCCUPANCY1 POSSESSION V>IES ) ! NUMB] ( POSSESSORS2 PROP]TY CANNOT E/ABLI% ITSELF4 

,I,I,I4 ,! EFFECT ( LABOR BE+ ! SAME = ALL1 PROP]TY IS LO/ 9 ! COMMON PROSP]ITY4 

,I,V4 ,ALL HUMAN LABOR BE+ ! RESULT ( COLLECTIVE =CE1 ALL PROP]TY BECOMES1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 COLLECTIVE & UNIT>Y4 ,TO SPEAK MORE EXACTLY1 LABOR DE/ROYS PROP]TY4 

,V4 ,EV]Y CAPACITY = LABOR BE+1 LIKE EV]Y 9/RUM5T ( LABOR1 AN ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL1 & A COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 9EQUALITY ( WAGES & =TUNES 7ON ! GR\ND ( 9EQUALITY ( CAPACITIES7 IS1 !RE=E1 9JU/ICE & ROBB]Y4 

,V,I4 ,! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS ( COMM]CE >E ! LIB]TY ( ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES & ! EQUIVAL5CE ( ! PRODUCTS EX*ANG$4 ,N[1 VALUE BE+ EXPRESS$ BY ! AM\NT ( TIME & \TLAY :I* EA* PRODUCT CO/S1 & LIB]TY BE+ 9VIOLABLE1 ! WAGES ( LABOR]S 7LIKE !IR RI<TS & DUTIES7 %\LD BE EQUAL4 

,V,I,I4 ,PRODUCTS >E B\<T ONLY BY PRODUCTS4 ,N[1 ! CONDITION ( ALL EX*ANGE BE+ EQUIVAL5CE ( PRODUCTS1 PR(IT IS IMPOSSIBLE & UNJU/4 ,OBS]VE ?IS ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLE ( ECONOMY1 & PAUP]ISM1 LUXURY1 OPPRESSION1 VISE1 CRIME1 & HUNG] WILL DISAPPE> FROM \R MID/4 

,V,I,I,I4 ,M5 >E ASSOCIAT$ BY ! PHYSICAL & MA!MATICAL LAW ( PRODUCTION1 BE=E !Y >E VOLUNT>ILY ASSOCIAT$ BY *OICE4 ,!RE=E1 EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS DEM&$ BY JU/ICE2 ?AT IS1 BY /RICT SOCIAL LAW3 E/EEM1 FRI5D%IP1 GRATITUDE1 ADMIRATION1 ALL FALL )9 ! DOMA9 ( EQUITABLE OR PROPORTIONAL LAW ONLY4 

,I,X4 ,FREE ASSOCIATION1 LIB]TY -- :OSE SOLE FUNCTION IS TO MA9TA9 EQUALITY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EQUIVAL5CE 9 EX*ANGES -- IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE1 ! ONLY JU/1 ! ONLY TRUE =M ( SOCIETY4 

,X4 ,POLITICS IS ! SCI5CE ( LIB]TY4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN 7UND] :ATEV] NAME IT BE DISGUIS$7 IS OPPRESSION4 ,SOCIETY F9DS ITS HI<E/ P]FECTION 9 ! UNION ( ORD] ) AN>*Y4 

,! OLD CIVILIZATION HAS RUN ITS RACE2 A NEW SUN IS RIS+1 & WILL SOON R5EW ! FACE ( ! E>?4 ,LET ! PRES5T G5]ATION P]I%1 LET ! OLD PREV>ICATORS DIE 9 ! DES]T6 ! HOLY E>? %ALL NOT COV] !IR BONES4 ,Y\NG MAN1 EXASP]AT$ BY ! CORRUPTION ( ! AGE1 & ABSORB$ 9 Y\R ZEAL = JU/ICE6 -- IF Y\R C\NTRY IS DE> TO Y\1 & IF Y\ HAVE ! 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AT HE>T1 HAVE ! C\RAGE TO ESP\SE ! CAUSE ( LIB]TY6 ,CA/ (F Y\R OLD SELFI%NESS1 & PLUNGE 9TO ! RIS+ FLOOD ( POPUL> EQUALITY6 ,!RE Y\R REG5]ATE S\L WILL ACQUIRE NEW LIFE & VIGOR2 Y\R 5]VAT$ G5IUS WILL RECOV] UNCONQU]ABLE 5]GY2 & Y\R HE>T1 P]HAPS ALREADY WI!R$1 WILL BE REJUV5AT$6 ,EV]Y ?+ WILL WE> A DIFF]5T LOOK TO Y\R ILLUM9AT$ VISION2 NEW S5TIM5TS WILL 5G5D] NEW IDEAS )9 Y\2 RELIGION1 MORALITY1 POETRY1 >T1 LANGUAGE WILL APPE> BE=E Y\ 9 NOBL] & FAIR] =MS2 & !NCE=?1 SURE ( Y\R FAI?1 & ?\<TFULLY 5?USIA/IC1 Y\ WILL HAIL ! DAWN ( UNIV]SAL REG5]ATION6 

,& Y\1 SAD VICTIMS ( AN ODI\S LAW6 -- Y\1 :OM A JE/+ WORLD DESPOILS & \TRAGES6 -- Y\1 :OSE LABOR HAS ALWAYS BE5 FRUITLESS1 & :OSE RE/ HAS BE5 )\T HOPE1 -- TAKE C\RAGE6 Y\R TE>S >E NUMB]$6 ,! FA!RS HAVE S[N 9 AFFLICTION1 ! *ILDR5 %ALL REAP 9 REJOIC+S6 

,O ,GOD ( LIB]TY6 ,GOD ( EQUALITY6 ,?\ :O DID/ PLACE 9 MY HE>T ! S5TIM5T ( JU/ICE1 BE=E MY REASON C\LD COMPREH5D IT1 HE> MY >D5T PRAY]6 ,?\ HA/ DICTAT$ ALL ?AT ,I HAVE WRITT52 ,?\ HA/ %AP$ MY ?\<T2 ,?\ HA/ DIRECT$ MY /UDIES2 ,?\ HA/ WEAN$ MY M9D FROM CURIOSITY & MY HE>T FROM ATTA*M5T1 ?AT ,I MI<T PUBLI% ,?Y TRU? TO ! MA/] & ! SLAVE4 ,I HAVE SPOK5 ) :AT =CE & TAL5T ,?\ HA/ GIV5 ME3 IT IS ,?9E TO F9I% ! WORK4 ,?\ KN[E/ :E!R ,I SEEK MY WELF>E OR ,?Y GLORY1 ,O ,GOD ( LIB]TY6 ,AH6 P]I% MY MEMORY1 & LET HUMANITY BE FREE6 ,LET ME SEE FROM MY OBSCURITY ! PEOPLE AT LA/ 9/RUCT$2 LET NOBLE TEA*]S 5LI<T5 !M2 LET G5]\S SPIRITS GUIDE !M6 ,ABRIDGE1 IF POSSIBLE1 ! TIME ( \R TRIAL2 /IFLE PRIDE & AV>ICE 9 EQUALITY2 ANNIHILATE ?IS LOVE ( GLORY :I* 5SLAVES US2 TEA* !SE POOR *ILDR5 ?AT 9 ! BOSOM ( LIB]TY !RE >E NEI!R H]OES NOR GREAT M56 ,9SPIRE ! P[]FUL MAN1 ! RI* MAN1 HIM :OSE NAME MY LIPS %ALL NEV] PRON\NCE 9 ,?Y PRES5CE1 ) A HORROR ( HIS CRIMES2 LET HIM BE ! FIR/ TO APPLY = ADMISSION TO ! R$EEM$ SOCIETY2 LET ! PROMPTNESS ( HIS REP5TANCE BE ! GR\ND ( HIS =GIV5ESS6 ,!N1 GREAT & SMALL1 WISE & FOOLI%1 RI* & POOR1 WILL UNITE 9 AN 9EFFABLE FRAT]NITY2 &1 S++ 9 UNISON A NEW HYMN1 WILL REBUILD ,?Y ALT>1 ,O ,GOD ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY6 

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