,:AT IS ,WRONG ) ?IS ,PICTURE8 ,A CRITIQUE ( A NEO-FUTURI/'S VISION ( ! DECL9E ( WORK 

#aiie 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,5D ( ,WORK3 ,! ,DECL9E ( ! ,GLOBAL ,LABOR ,=CE & ! ,DAWN ( ! ,PO/-,M>KET ,]A 

,BY ,J]EMY ,RIFK9 

,NEW ,YORK3 ,G4,P4 ,PUTNAM'S ,SONS1 #a#i#i#e4 

,FUTURI/S HAVE ANN\NC$ ! NEW PO/-9DU/RIAL EPO* ALMO/ AS (T5 AS ,M>XI/S US$ TO ANN\NCE ! F9AL CRISIS ( CAPITALISM4 ,ADMITT+ AS MU*1 ,J]EMY ,RIFK9 9SI/S ?AT ?IS TIME1 ! FUTURE IS F9ALLY H]E1 & H]E TO /AY4 ,HE MAY BE RI<T4 

,NO ORIG9AL ?9K]1 ,RIFK9 IS A LUCID CONCAT5ATOR & POPUL>IZ] ( IMPORTANT 9=MATION1 S]V$ UP = EASY DIGE/ION4 ,ALMO/ ANYBODY W\LD COME AWAY FROM READ+ ?IS BOOK KN[+ MORE AB\T TR5DS 9 TE*NOLOGY & ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK :I* HAVE ALREADY TRANS=M$ EV]YDAY LIFE WORLDWIDE &1 :ATEV] !IR ULTIMATE IMPACT1 >E C]TA9 TO EFFECT PR(\ND] *ANGES /ILL4 ,ALONG ! WAY1 ?\<1 ,RIFK9 MAKES 5\< CRUCIAL MI/AKES = HIS RE=M S*EMES1 PROSAIC ?\< !Y >E1 TO ASSURE !IR CONSIGNM5T TO ! UTOPIAN SCRAPHEAP4 

,AL?\< ,RIFK9 PROVIDES PL5TY ( DETAILS1 !Y NEV] DETRACT FROM ! BIG1 BASIC MESSAGE4 ,! WORLD AS WE HAVE KN[N IT ?R\<\T HI/ORIC TIME HAS BE5 A WORLD ( WORK4 ,= ALL BUT AN ELITE FEW 7& EV5 = MO/ ( !M71 !IR WORK HAS 7AS ,RIFK9 SAYS7 0/RUCTUR$0 !IR LIVES4 ,= ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATIONS S9CE ! DAWN ( CIVILIZATION1 WORK AS QUOTIDIAN FATALITY HAS 7TO LIFT A L9E FROM ,WILLIAM ,FAULKN]7 NOT ONLY 5DUR$1 IT HAS PREVAIL$4 ,9DE$1 WORK WAS LONG]1 H>D] & DULL] AFT] ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION & AFT] ! ,NEOLI?IC ,REVOLUTION BE=E IT4 ,POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS HAVE WORK$ PR(\ND *ANGES1 BUT NOT PR(\ND *ANGES 9 WORK4 

,?AT'S ALL BEG9N+ TO *ANGE1 ACCORD+ TO ,RIFK94 

,! GLOBAL ECONOMY HAS NEV] BE5 MORE PRODUCTIVE1 BUT WORLDWIDE1 UNEMPLOYM5T IS AT ITS HI<E/ S9CE ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION4 ,NEW TE*NOLOGY1 ESPECIALLY 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY1 IS ALWAYS CAPITAL-9T5SIVE4 ,IT'S BL9D FAI? & %E] FANTASY TO SUPPOSE ?AT NEW TE*NOLOGY ALWAYS REPLACES ! JOBS IT DE/ROYS4 ,ALL ! EVID5CE1 AS ,RIFK9 REL5TLESSLY & RI<TLY 9SI/S1 IS TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,IT'S NONS5SICAL & CRUEL TO RETRA9 T5 WORK]S = A JOB ONLY ONE ( !M MI<T GET 7BUT PROBABLY WON'T1 S9CE A Y\NG NEW 5TRY 9TO ! WORK=CE IS PROBABLY HEAL?I]1 MORE TRACTABLE1 & UNBURD5$ BY MEMORIES ( ! GOOD OLD DAYS74 ,WE'RE MOV+ T[>D A 0NE>-WORK]LESS WORLD40 ,\T ( #abd MILLION ,AM]ICAN JOBS1 #i MILLION 0>E POT5TIALLY VULN]ABLE TO REPLACEM5T BY MA*9ES40 

,AS ,RIFK9 REVEALS1 ! TE*-DRIV5 D[NSIZ+ ( ! WORK=CE SP>ES NO SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ORIG9ALLY A C\NTRY ( F>M]S1 ONLY #b4#g.0 ( ! POPULATION WORKS 9 AGRICULTURE1 & H]E -- & EV]Y:]E -- 0! 5D ( \TDOOR AGRICULTURE0 IS =ESEEABLE4 ,! 9DU/RIAL SECTOR WAS NEXT4 ,& N[ ! T]TI>Y SECTOR1 :I* HAD GR[N RELATIVE TO ! O!RS1 :I* IS N[ BY F> ! L>GE/ SECTOR1 IS GETT+ P>$ D[N4 ,AUTOMATIC TELL] MA*9ES REPLACE BANK TELL]S4 ,MIDDLE MANAGEM5T IS DRAMATICALLY DIM9I%$3 ! BOSSES RELAY !IR ORD]S TO ! PRODUCTION WORK]S DIRECTLY1 BY COMPUT]1 & MONITOR !IR COMPLIANCE BY COMPUT] TOO4 

,WE APPROA* :AT ,BILL ,GATES CALLS 0FRICTIONLESS CAPITALISM03 DIRECT TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 ,CAPITALISM WILL ELIM9ATE ! M]CANTILE MIDDLEM5 :O CREAT$ IT4 ,9 ,PROLET>IAN ,HEAV51 ! H&LOOM WEAV]S MU/ BE SNICK]+4 

,:AT'S WRONG ) ?IS PICTURE8 ,FUNDAM5TALLY ?IS3 ! COMMODITIES SO ABUNDANTLY PRODUC$ 9 AN ALMO/ WORK]LESS ECONOMY HAVE TO BE SOLD1 BUT 9 ORD] TO BE SOLD1 !Y MU/ BE B\<T1 & 9 ORD] = !M TO BE B\<T1 CONSUM]S REQUIRE ! MONEY TO PAY = !M4 ,!Y GET MO/ ( ?AT MONEY AS WAGES = WORK+4 ,EV5 ,RIFK91 :O GOES TO GREAT L5G?S NOT TO S\ND RADICAL1 GRUDG+LY ADMITS ?AT A C]TA9 ,K>L ,M>X CAME UP ) ?IS NOTION ( A CRISIS ( CAPITALI/ OV]PRODUCTION RELATIVE TO PUR*AS+ P[]4 

,!RE >E O!R DIFFICULTIES TOO4 ,! WORK ( ! REMA9+ WORK]S1 ! KN[L$GE-WORK]S1 IS IMM5SELY /RESSFUL4 ,LIKE TEXT ON A COMPUT] SCRE51 IT SCROLLS >\ND 9EXORABLY1 BUT = EV]Y WORK] :O CAN'T TAKE IT1 !RE'S ANO!R 9 0! NEW RES]VE >MY0 ( ! UNEMPLOY$ 7ANO!R BORR[+ FROM Y\-KN[-:O7 DESP]ATE TO TAKE H] PLACE4 ,& ! R$UNDANT MAJORITY IS NOT JU/ AN 9SUFFICI5T M>KET1 IT'S A RES]VOIR ( DESPAIR4 ,NOT ONLY >E PEOPLE GO+ TO BE POOR1 !Y'RE GO+ TO KN[ ?AT !Y'RE USELESS4 ,:AT HAPP5$ TO ! FIR/ VICTIMS ( AUTOMATION -- S\!RN BLACKS DISPLAC$ BY AGRICULTURAL TE*NOLOGY 5D+ UP AS A P]MAN5T UND]CLASS -- WILL HAPP5 TO MANY MILLIONS ( :ITES TOO4 ,WE KN[ ! CONSEQU5CES3 CRIME1 DRUGS1 FAMILY BREAKD[N1 SOCIAL DECAY4 ,CONTROLL+ OR1 MORE REALI/ICALLY1 CONTA9+ !M WILL BE CO/LY & DIFFICULT4 

,IF ?AT IS ! FUTURI/ FUTURE1 SEEM+LY SO M5AC+ EV5 TO ?OSE :O >E =C+ US =W>D1 :AT'S WRONG ) ?IS PICTURE8 ,EMPLOY]S %\LD BE CLAMOR+ = ! RE=M :I* UND]P9S ALL ! O!RS ,RIFK9 PROPOSES3 A %ORT] WORKWEEK4 

,?AT W\LD PUT MORE PEOPLE ON ! PAYROLL1 GIV+ !M SOME?+ TO DO BESIDES FEEL+ SORRY = !MSELVES OR1 WORSE YET1 FIGUR+ \T :O'S TO BLAME1 & PROVID+ ! PUR*AS+ P[] TO BUY ! COMMODITIES ! EMPLOY]S >E 9 BUS9ESS TO SELL4 ,BUT -- TO ,RIFK9'S APP>5T AMAZEM5T -- ?OSE ,AM]ICANS /ILL 5JOY+ ! DUBI\S PRIVILEGE ( WORK+1 WORK LONG] H\RS ?AN !Y DID 9 #a#i#d#h1 AL?\< PRODUCTIVITY HAS S9CE !N MORE ?AN D\BL$4 ,9/EAD ( R$UC+ H\RS1 EMPLOY]S >E R$UC+ !IR FULL-TIME WORK=CES1 9T5SIFY+ EXPLOITATION & 9SECURITY1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY MAXIMIZ+ ! USE ( ?R[AWAY TEMP WORK]S1 MOM5T>ILY MOBILIZ$ RES]VI/S4 

,RIFK9 IS OBVI\SLY FRU/RAT$ BY ! BOSSES' FAILURE TO APPRECIATE :AT HE HAS ASC]TA9$ TO BE !IR LONG-T]M1 5LI<T5$ SELF-9T]E/4 ,HIS [N MODE/ PROPOSAL = A K9D]1 G5TL] HI<TE* CAPITALISM ACCEPTS AS GIV5 ?AT A LOT ( PEOPLE WILL CONT9UE TO WORK :ILE A LOT ( O!RS WILL NOT4 ,= ?OSE :O WORK HE PROPOSES %ORT] H\RS1 BUT HE FRETS ?AT !Y MAY FRITT] AWAY !IR FREE TIME4 ,/ILL MORE WORRISOME >E ?OSE :OM ! ECONOMY HAS D[NLOAD$ 9TO IDL5ESS4 ,= BO? CLASSES HE HAS A SOLUTION4 ,! /ILL-EMPLOY$ >E TO 5T] 0! ?IRD SECTOR01 ! VOLUNTE] SECTOR 7AS OPPOS$ TO ! M>KET & GOV]NM5T SECTORS71 5C\RAG$ BY 0A TAX D$UCTION = EV]Y H\R GIV5-TO LEGALLY C]TIFI$ TAX-EXEMPT-ORGANIZATIONS40 

,& ! P]MAN5TLY UNEMPLOY$ WILL GET A GOV]NM5T-SUPPLI$ 0SOCIAL WAGE01 *ANNEL$ ?R\< 0NONPR(IT ORGANIZATIONS TO HELP !M RECRUIT & TRA9 ! POOR = JOBS 9 !IR ORGANIZATIONS40 

,HOLD IT RI<T !RE6 ,HASN'T ,RIFK9 REPEAT$LY 9SI/$ ?AT ! E>LY DECADES ( ! #b#a/ C5TURY1 IF NOT SOON]1 WILL BE A NE>LY WORKLESS FUTURE8 ,?AT PRODUCTIVITY WILL 9CREASE AS PRODUC]S DW9DLE8 

,:Y DOES ?IS IMP]ATIVE GOV]N ! =-PR(IT SECTOR BUT NOT ! NONPR(IT SECTOR8 

,IF !RE'S /ILL SO MU* WORK TO BE DONE1 BE IT EV] SO FEEL-GOOD & 0COMMUNITY-BAS$01 & IF PEOPLE >E TO BE PAID TO DO IT -- :ATEV] ! 0CREATIVE ACC\NT+0 BY :I* !IR WAGES >E PAID -- !N ?IS IS NO NE>LY-WORKLESS WORLD AT ALL4 ,RIFK9 IS ASSIGN+ ! O!RWISE UNEMPLOYABLE TO ! WORKH\SE OR ! *A9-GANG4 ,?AT'S1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 AN AWFULLY ODD CONCLUSION TO A BOOK TITL$ ,! ,5D ( ,WORK4 

,:AT'S WRONG 7SOME?+ OBVI\SLY IS7 ) ?IS PICTURE8 

,JU/ ?IS4 ,RIFK9 MISUND]/&S1 OR RECOILS FROM1 ! IMPLICATIONS ( HIS V]Y P[]FUL DEMON/RATION ?AT WORK IS 9CREAS+LY IRRELEVANT TO PRODUCTION4 ,:Y IS WORK GETT+ RAT*ET$ UP = ?OSE :O /ILL DO IT EV5 AS IT'S D5I$ TO ?OSE :O NE$ TO WORK TO SURVIVE8 

,>E ! BOSSES CRAZY8 

,NOT NECESS>ILY4 ,!Y MAY UND]/&1 IF ONLY 9TUITIVELY1 !IR 9T]E/S BETT] ?AN A FREELANCE DEMI-9TELLECTUAL LIKE ,RIFK9 DOES4 ,?AT SUPPOSITION IS AT LEA/ CONSI/5T ) !-4OBS]V$ FACTS ?AT ! BOSSES >E /ILL RUNN+ ! WORLD :]EAS ,J]EMY ,RIFK9 IS ONLY WRIT+ BOOKS AB\T IT4 ,RIFK9 ASSUMES ?AT WORK IS ONLY AB\T ECONOMICS1 BUT IT WAS ALWAYS MORE ?AN ?AT3 IT WAS POLITICS TOO4 

,AS ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE WANES1 WORK'S CONTROL FUNCTION COMES TO ! =E4 ,WORK1 LIKE ! /ATE1 IS AN 9/ITUTION = ! CONTROL ( ! MANY BY ! FEW4 ,IT PREEMPTS MO/ ( \R WAK+ H\RS4 ,IT'S (T5 PHYSICALLY OR M5TALLY 5]VAT+4 ,= MO/ PEOPLE IT 9VOLVES PROTRACT$ DAILY DIRECT SUBMISSION TO AU?ORITY ON A SCALE O!RWISE UNKN[N TO ADULTS :O >E NOT 9C>C]AT$4 ,WORK WR+S ! 5]GY \T ( WORK]S1 LEAV+ JU/ 5\< = COMMUT+ & CONSUM+4 ,?IS IMPLIES ?AT DEMOCRACY -- IF BY ?IS IS MEANT SOME SORT ( 9=M$ P>TICIPATION BY A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! POPULATION 9 ITS [N GOV]NANCE -- IS -ILLUSORY4 ,POLITICS IS JU/ ONE MORE1 & MORE ?AN USUALLY UNSAVORY MANIFE/ATION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 7AS ! WORK-SY/EM IS REF]R$ TO AFT] ITS T>T+-UP BY ACADEMIC COSMETOLOGI/S74 ,POLITICS IS WORK = POLITICOS1 !RAPY = ACTIVI/S & A SPECTATOR SPORT = EV]YBODY ELSE4 

,IF WE HYPO!SIZE ?AT WORK IS ESS5TIALLY AB\T SOCIAL CONTROL & ONLY 9CID5TALLY AB\T PRODUCTION1 ! BOSS BEHAVIOR :I* ,RIFK9 F9DS SO P]V]SELY /UBBORN MAKES P]FECT S5SE ON ITS [N TWI/$ T]MS4 ,P>T ( ! POPULATION IS OV]WORK$4 ,ANO!R P>T IS EJECT$ FROM ! WORK=CE4 ,:AT DO !Y HAVE 9 COMMON8 ,TWO ?+S -- MUTUAL HO/ILITY & ABJECT DEP5D5CE4 ,! FIR/ P]PETUATES ! SECOND1 & EA* IS DISEMP[]+4 

,RIFK9 WOND]S H[ ! SY/EM CAN DEAL ) VA/ NUMB]S ( NEWLY SUP]FLU\S PEOPLE4 ,AS HE'S HIMSELF DISCLOS$1 IT'S HAD PL5TY ( PRACTICE4 ,! CREATION & MANAGEM5T ( AN UND]CLASS IS ALREADY A DONE DEAL4 ,! BRAVE NEW WORLD ( TE*NO-DRIV5 ABUNDANCE -- IF BY ABUNDANCE Y\ MEAN ONLY MORE COMMODITIES -- LOOKS TO LOOK LIKE ?IS3 

,! ,A,L,P,H,A,S3 ,A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( T5D]S ( HI<TE*1 ALLI$ ) ESS5TIAL T5D]S ( PEOPLE 75T]TA9]S1 POLITICIANS1 CL]GY1 MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 J\RNALI/S1 POLICE *IEFS1 ETC474 ,!Y WILL CONT9UE TO WORK -- H>D]1 9 MANY CASES1 ?AN ANYBODY -- TO KEEP ! SY/EM1 & EA* O!R1 WORK+4 

,! ,B,E,T,A,S3 ,9 LIEU ( ! OLD-TIME MIDDLE CLASS & MIDDLE MANAGEM5T :I*1 AS ,RIFK9 EXPLA9S1 >E OBSOLETE1 !RE WILL BE A SOCIAL CONTROL CLASS ( POLICE1 SECURITY GU>DS1 SOCIAL 0WORK]S01 S*OOLTEA*]S1 DAYC>E WORK]S1 CL9ICAL PSY*OLOGI/S1 )-IT P>5TS1 ETC4 ,IT M]ITS SPECIAL ATT5TION ?AT ! MORE ROBU/ & AGGRESSIVE MEMB]S ( :AT US$ TO BE ! WORK+ CLASS WILL BE COOPT$ TO POLICE ?OSE !Y LEFT BEH9D 7AS ONE ,GILD$ ,AGE ROBB] B>ON PUT IT1 0,I CAN HIRE ONE-HALF ! WORK+ CLASS TO KILL ! O!R HALF074 ,?US ! UND]CLASS LOSES ITS LEAD]S EV5 AS IT'S DI/RACT$ BY ! PHANTASM ( UPW>D MOBILITY4 

,! ,G,A,M,M,A,S4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 :AT ,NICOLA ,TESLA CALL$ 0MEAT-MA*9ES01 :AT ,LEE ,KUAN ,YEW CALLS 0DIGITS10 :AT ,J]EMY ,RIFK9 IS TOO EMB>RASS$ TO CALL ANY?+4 ,!Y CANNOT BE CONTROLL$1 AS ! O!R CLASSES CAN1 BY WORK1 BECAUSE !Y DON'T WORK4 ,!Y WILL BE MANAG$ BY BREAD & CIRCUSES4 ,! BREAD CONSI/S ( MODE/ TRANSF] PAYM5TS MA9TA9+ ! USELESS POOR AT SUBSI/5CE LEVEL AS HELPLESS W>DS ( ! /ATE4 ,! CIRCUSES WILL BE PROVID$ BY ! AWESOME TE*NO-SPECTACLES ( :AT1 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,GULF ,W>1 CAN ONLY BE CALL$ ! MILIT>Y-5T]TA9M5T COMPLEX4 ,HOLLYWOOD & TNE ,P5TAGON WILL ALWAYS BE !RE = EA* O!R4 

,GAMMAS =M A MASS1 NOT A CLASS1 A SIMPLE AGGREGATION ( HOMOLOG\S MULTITUDES1 AS ,M>X *>ACT]IZ$ ! PEASANTRY1 0JU/ AS POTATOES 9 A BAG =M A BAG ( POTATOES40 ,!Y 5JOY C]TA9 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS -- TO *ANGE *ANNELS1 TO *ECK !IR ,E-,MAIL1 TO VOTE -- & A FEW O!RS ( NO PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CE4 ,W>S1 PR(ESSIONAL SPORTS1 ELECTIONS & ADV]TIS+ CAMPAIGNS AF=D !M ! OPPORTUNITY TO ID5TIFY ) LIKE-M9D$ SPECTATORS4 ,IT DOESN'T MATT] H[ !Y DIVIDE !MSELVES UP AS LONG AS !Y DO4 ,AS !Y REALLY >E ALL ! SAME ANY DIFF]5TIATION !Y SEIZE UPON IS >BITR>Y1 BUT ANY DIFF]5TIATION WILL DO4 ,!Y *OOSE UP TEAMS BY RACE1 G5D]1 HOBBY1 G5]ATION1 DIET1 RELIGION1 EV]Y :I* WAY BUT LOOSE4 ,9 CONDITIONS ( COLLECTIVE SUBS]VI5CE1 !SE DI/9CTIONS HAVE EXACTLY1 & ONLY1 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( A BOYS' TREE-H\SE ) A 0,NO ,GIRLS0 SIGN PO/$ \TSIDE4 ,GAMMAS >E ESS5TIALLY FANS1 & ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( FANS IS EXHAU/$ 9 !IR =MATION ( FAN-CLUBS4 ,!Y >E POTATOES :O BAG !MSELVES4 

,! ,D,E,L,T,A,S3 ,?IS SET-UP WILL 5G5D] ITS [N CONTRADICTIONS CLASS SOCIETIES ALWAYS DO4 ,BILL ,GATES TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 FRICTIONLESS CAPITALISM IS AN OXYMORON4 ,!RE'LL BE PL5TY ( PO?OLES ON ! 9=MATION SUP]HI<WAY4 ,EV]Y CLASS WILL CONTRIBUTE A PORTION ( DROP-\TS1 DEVIANTS & DISSID5TS4 ,SOME WILL REBEL FROM PR9CIPLE1 SOME FROM PA?OLOGY1 SOME FROM BO?4 ,& !IR REBELLION WILL BE FUNCTIONAL AS LONG AS IT DOESN'T GET \T ( H&4 ,! ,DELTAS1 ! RECALCITRANTS & UNASSIMILABLES1 WILL FURNI% WORK = ! ,BETAS & TABLOID-TYPE 5T]TA9M5T = ! ,GAMMAS4 ,9 AN EV] MORE BOR+1 PR$ICTABLE WORLD1 CRAZIES & CRIM9ALS WILL PROVIDE ! ZE/1 ! RISK1 ! MY/]Y :I* ! CONSCI\SNESS 9DU/RY IS 9CREAS+LY 9ADEQUATE TO SIMULATE4 ,V,R1 MORPH+1 COMPUT] GRAPHICS -- ALL V]Y IMPRESSIVE1 = A:ILE1 BUT !RE'S NO?+ LIKE A :IFF ( FE>1 ! SC5T ( REAL BLOOD1 LIKE ! SPECTACLES NOBODY DID BETT] ?AN ! ,ROMANS & ! ,AZTECS4 ,! %[ !Y CALL 0,AM]ICA'S ,MO/ ,WANT$0 -- ?AT'S A D\BLE 5TR5DRE4 ,SOCIETIES DON'T NECESS>ILY GET1 AS SOME SAY1 ! CRIM9ALS !Y DES]VE1 BUT N[ADAYS !Y GET ! CRIM9ALS !Y WANT4 

0,:E!R A UTOPIAN OR DY/OPIAN FUTURE AWAITS US DEP5DS01 CONCLUDES ,RIFK91 0TO A GREAT MEASURE ON H[ ! PRODUCTIVITY GA9S ( ! ,9=MATION ,AGE >E DI/RIBUT$40 ,NONE ( HIS EVID5CE SUB/ANTIATES ?IS IPSE DIXIT1 ANN\NC$ SO E>LY ON ?AT BY ! TIME ! READ] HAS MADE IT TO ! POLICY PROPOSALS1 HE PROBABLY ASSUMES ?AT ! PRO( MU/ HAVE BE5 LURK+ AMID ALL ?OSE FACTS LOBB$ AT HIM ALONG ! WAY4 ,9 FACT1 ,RIFK9'S CR$IBILITY 9 PR$ICT+ ! FUTURE IS /RA9$ BY HIS POOR P]=MANCE PR$ICT+ ! PA/4 

,RIFK9 ASS]TS1 ALMO/ AS AN ASIDE1 ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN EXP]I5CE ( ! LA/ #d TO #e YE>S -- HI<] PRODUCTIVITY & LONG] H\RS ( WORK -- IS AN AB]RATION )\T HI/ORICAL PREC$5T4 7,& ?US1 PRESUMABLY1 A WR9KLE EASILY IRON$ \T BY \R /ATESM5 ONCE IT'S DRAWN TO !IR ATT5TION BY ,J]EMY ,RIFK91 TRIBUNE ( ! PEOPLE47 ,BO? ! ,NEOLI?IC 7AGRICULTURAL7 & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTIONS SPURR$ PRODUCTIVITY & ALSO L5G!N$ ! H\RS ( WORK WORK 7AS WELL AS DEGRAD+ WORK QUALITATIVELY1 AS AN EXP]I5CE74 ,PRODUCTIVITY GA9S NEV] U%]$ 9 UTOPIA BE=E1 :Y %\LD !Y N[8 ,MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( ! WEAL? NEV] U%]$ 9 UTOPIA BE=E1 :Y %\LD IT N[8 ,IT'S NOT ?AT ,J]EMY ,RIFK9 KN[S SOME?+ HE ISN'T TELL+ US4 ,RA!R1 HE DOESN'T KN[ SOME?+ HE IS TELL+ US4 

,RIFK9'S UTOPIA TURNS \T TO BE ! ,NEW ,DEAL4 ,! /ATEC]TIFI$1 /ATE-SUBSIDIZ$ ?IRD SECTOR IS JU/ ! ,W,P,A3 PUBLICWORKS PROJECTS4 ,%ORT5+ ! WORKWEEK BY A M]E T5 H\RS AM\NTS TO NO MORE ?AN BR++ ,NEW ,DEAL WAGES-&-H\RS LEGISLATION UP TO DATE JU/ AS ! M9IMUM WAGE HAS TO BE RAIS$ FROM TIME TO TIME TO ADJU/ = 9FLATION4 ,IT'S F> FROM OBVI\S ?AT !SE RE=MS W\LD DO MU* IF ANY?+ TO REV]SE ! TRICKLE-UP R$I/RIBUTION ( WEAL? :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! #h'S4 ,IT WAS ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 AFT] ALL1 NOT ,NEW ,DEAL SOCIAL LEGISLATION1 :I* EFFECTUAT$ ?IS C\NTRY'S MO/ REC5T -- & QUITE MODE/ -- ECONOMIC LEVEL+4 ,:AT ,RIFK9 CALLS ! 0SOCIAL WAGE0 SMACKS ( :AT ,REPUBLICANS CALL 0WORKF>E40 ,& US+ TAX BREAKS TO 5C\RAGE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE 5T]PRISE IS AB\T AS UTOPIAN AS ALL[+ *>ITABLE D$UCTIONS1 BUT PROBABLY NOT AS RADICAL AS R$UC+ ! CAPITAL-GA9S TAX4 

,RIFK91 LIKE ALL FUTURI/S1 IS 9CAPABLE ( PROPHESY+ A PLAUSIBLE UTOPIAN FUTURE4 ,A FUTURI/ IS BY DEF9ITION A =ECA/] ( ! CONT9UATION ( PRES5T TR5DS1 BUT IF ! PRES5T ISN'T UTOPIAN1 :Y %\LD ! FUTURE-AS-!-SAME-ONLY-MORE BE UTOPIAN8 

,NOT TO SAY IT CAN'T POSSIBLY BE1 JU/ TO SAY ?AT ,RIFK9 HAS SOME EXPLA9+ TO DO4 ,HE HASN'T TAK5 S]I\SLY OR EV5 ACKN[L$G$ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT A REAL 5D ( WORK IS A PRACTICAL UTOPIAN POSSIBILITY1 NOT JU/ AN EYECAT*+ TITLE = A POP-FUTURI/ BOOK4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD 9VOLVE RE?9K+ WORK 9 A RADICALLY DIFF]5T WAY4 

,?OMAS ,$ISON SAID 7BUT PROBABLY KNEW BETT]7 ?AT G5IUS IS #a.0 9SPIRATION & #i#i.0 P]SPIRATION4 ,UTOPIA IS #a.0 P]SPIRATION & #i#i.0 9SPIRATION4 ,IT S PRACTICAL POSSIBILITY WAS NEV] DET]M9$ BY TE*NOLOGY OR PRODUCTIVITY1 AL?\< TE*NOLOGY & PRODUCTIVITY HAVE SOME?+ TO DO ) IT1 = BETT] OR = WORSE4 ,HUXLEY & ,ORWELL 9 T&EM1 ) ! ADVANTAGE ( NOT KN[+ NE>LY AS MU* AS ,BILL ,GATES & ,J]EMY ,RIFK91 LONG AGO SAW FUR!R ?AN !Y DO4 ,TE* WAS ! DEP5D5T1 NOT ! 9DEP5D5T V>IABLE -- ! CONSEQU5CE1 NOT ! CAUSE4 ,!RE'S ONE & ONLY ONE PR(\NDLY IMPORTANT CONCLUSION ( ,RIFK9'S1 & ! IRONY IS1 HE DOESN'T REALLY MEAN IT4 ,IT'S HIS IMPLICIT EQUATION ( UTOPIA ) ! 5D ( WORK4 ,BUT ,RIFK9 HAS NO IDEA :AT ! 5D ( WORK W\LD MEAN BECAUSE HE'S GIV5 NO ?\<T TO :AT WORK MEANS4 ,O!RWISE HE C\LD H>DLY HAVE ?\<T WORK IS 5D$ BY BE+ P]=M$ 9 A DIFF]5T 0SECTOR0 ( ! ECONOMY4 ,?AT'S LIKE SAY+ ?AT EXPLOITATION IS 5D$ ONCE EV]YBODY'S EMPLOY] IS A WORK]S' /ATE4 

,TO SPEAK ( ! 05D0 ( WORK IS TO SPEAK 9 ! PASSIVE VOICE AS IF WORK IS 5D+ ITSELF1 & NE$S ONLY A NUDGE FROM PROGRESSIVE POLICIES TO W9D D[N )\T A FUSS4 ,BUT WORK IS NOT A NATURAL PROCESS LIKE COMBU/ION OR 5TROPY :I* RUNS ITS C\RSE ( ITSELF4 ,WORK IS A SOCIAL PRACTICE REPRODUC$ BY REPEAT$1 MULTITUD9\S P]SONAL *OICES4 ,NOT FREE *OICES USUALLY -- 0Y\R MONEY OR Y\R LIFE0 IS1 AFT] ALL1 A *OICE -- BUT NONE!LESS ACTS ( HUMAN 9T5TION4 ,IT IS 7! 9T]ACTION ( MANY7 ACTS ( WILL :I* P]PETUATE WORK1 & IT IS 7! 9T]ACTION ( MANY7 ACTS ( WILL :I* WILL ABOLI% IT BY A COLLECTIVE ADV5TURE SPEAK+ 9 ! ACTIVE VOICE4 ,WORK WILL 5D1 IF IT DOES1 BECAUSE WORK]S 5D IT BY *OOS+ TO DO SOME?+ ELSE -- BY LIV+ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 

,:AT1 AFT] ALL1 IS WORK8 ,NUANCES ASIDE 7AS 9SI<TFUL AS EXPLOR+ !M CAN BE71 WORK IS PRODUCTION =C$ BY & = SURVIVAL4 ,ITS OBJECTIONABLE ASPECT ISN'T PRODUCTION1 IT'S =C$ LABOR TO LIVE4 ,PRODUCTION )\T CO]CION IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE1 IT'S OMNIPRES5T4 ,RIFK9 PO9TS \T ?AT HALF ! ADULT POPULATION ALREADY DOES VOLUNTE] 0WORK0 7A MISNOM]7 ) NO ECONOMIC 5C\RAGEM5T AT ALL4 ,?AT'S NOT A BAD PLACE TO />T TO ?9K AB\T H[ TO RECONCILE PRODUCTION & FRE$OM4 

,AS ,RIFK9 COMPLA9S1 PEOPLE :O VOLUNTE] MONEY TO *>ITIES CAN TAKE TAX D$UCTIONS1 BUT PEOPLE :O ,VOLUNTE] !IR S]VICES CANNOT4 

,SO :Y >E !Y DONAT+ !IR S]VICES8 ,TO OV]SIMPLIFY1 TWO MA9 MOTIVES >E PROBABLY OP]ATIVE4 ,! FIR/ IS B5EVOL5CE4 ,MANY PEOPLE D]IVE SATISFACTION FROM HELP+ O!R PEOPLE4 ,! SECOND IS SATISFACTION 9 ! ACTIVITY ITSELF3 ! SC\TMA/] :O 5JOYS ! COMPANY ( KIDS1 ! FOOD-KIT*5 COOK :O 5JOYS COOK+1 OR ANYBODY ) A CRAFT OR SKILL HE *]I%ES SO MU* HE WANTS TO PASS IT ON TO O!RS4 ,& !SE MOTIVES (T5 OV]LAP & RE9=CE EA* O!R4 ,(T5 Y\ CAN'T HELP PEOPLE BETT] ?AN BY IMP>T+ Y\R SKILLS TO !M4 ,MO/ PEOPLE HAVE MORE ABILITY ?AN MONEY1 & %>+ !IR ABILITIES1 UNLIKE %>+ !IR MONEY1 DOESN'T DEPRIVE !M ( ANY?+4 ,!Y GA9 SATISFACTION & !Y LOSE NO?+4 ,MI<T !RE BE A CLUE H]E TO REALLY 5D+ WORK8 

,RIFK9 ONLY DISC]NS1 & ONLY VAGUELY1 ?AT ! VOLUNT>I/ SPIRIT HAS A P>T TO PLAY 9 ! 5D ( WORK4 ,HE DOESN'T NOTICE ?AT SELF-9T]E/$ ACTIVITY DOES TOO -- ?AT PLAY HAS A P>T TO PLAY4 ,M>Y ,POPP9S P]HAPS EXAGG]AT$ 9 SAY+ ?AT 09 EV]Y?+ ?AT MU/ BE DONE1 !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( FUN01 BUT 9 MANY ?+S ?AT MU/ BE DONE1 !RE C\LD BE ELEM5TS ( FUN4 ,PRODUCTION & PLAY >5'T NECESS>ILY ! SAME1 BUT !Y'RE NOT NECESS>ILY DIFF]5T EI!R4 ,9COME & ALTRUISM >5'T ! ONLY SPR+S ( ACTION4 ,CRAFTS1 SPORTS1 FEA/S1 SEX1 GAMES1 SONG & CONV]SATION GRATIFY BY ! %E] DO+ ( !M4 ,RIFK9'S NO RADICAL1 BUT HE'S C]TA9LY A LEFTI/1 ) ! ,JUDEO-,CALV9I/ PRESUMPTION ?AT IF Y\ 5JOY DO+ SOME?+1 ESPECIALLY ) O!RS1 IT MU/ BE IMMORAL OR FRIVOL\S4 

,WE F9ALLY KN[ :AT'S WRONG ) ?IS PICTURE3 WE'VE SE5 IT BE=E1 & WE KN[ H[ IT 5DS4 ,! FUTURE ACCORD+ TO ! VISION>Y ,RIFK9 IS ! PRES5T ) BETT] SPECIAL EFFECTS4 ,PUTT+ PEOPLE \T ( WORK DOES NO?+ TO PUT AN 5D TO WORK4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T MAKES WORK MORE1 NOT LESS IMPORTANT4 ,MORE MAKEWORK DOES NOT MEAN LESS WORK1 JU/ LESS WORK IT IS POSSIBLE TO P]=M ) EV5 A VE/IGE ( SELF-RESPECT4 ,NO?+ ,RIFK9 =ECA/S1 NOT EV5 RIS+ CRIME1 (F]S ANY PROMISE ( EV] 5D+ WORK4 ,NO?+ ,RIFK9 PROPOSES DOES EI!R4 ,SO /RONGLY DOES HE BELIEVE 9 ! WORK-E?IC ?AT HE S*EMES TO P]PETUATE IT EV5 AFT] ! DEMISE ( ! TOIL IT HALL[S4 ,HE BELIEVES 9 <O/S1 NOTABLY ! <O/ 9 ! MA*9E4 ,BUT A SPECT] IS HAUNT+ ,RIFK93 ! SPECT] ( ! ABOLITION ( WORK BY ! COLLECTIVE CREATIVITY ( WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiid 3 ,:AT IS ,WRONG ) ?IS ,PICTURE8 ,A CRITIQUE ( A NEO-FUTURI/'S VISION ( ! DECL9E ( WORK -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,:AT IS ,WRONG ) ?IS ,PICTURE8 ,A CRITIQUE ( A NEO-FUTURI/'S VISION ( ! DECL9E ( WORK -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,:AT IS ,WRONG ) ?IS ,PICTURE8 ,A CRITIQUE ( A NEO-FUTURI/'S VISION ( ! DECL9E ( WORK -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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