,*APT] #bf 

#aidaid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,H[ CAN A MAN :O CONSID]S HIMSELF TO BE1--WE WILL NOT SAY A ,*RI/IAN OR AN $UCAT$ & HUMANE MAN1--BUT SIMPLY A MAN NOT 5TIRELY DEVOID ( REASON & ( CONSCI5CE1--H[ CAN HE1 ,I SAY1 LIVE 9 SU* A WAY1 TAK+ NO P>T 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ALL MANK9D = LIFE1 ONLY SWALL[+ UP ! LABOR ( O!RS /RUGGL+ = EXI/5CE1 & BY HIS [N CLAIMS 9CREAS+ ! LABOR ( ?OSE :O /RUGGLE & ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O P]I% 9 !  
/RUGGLE8 

,SU* M5 AB\ND 9 \R SO-CALL$ ,*RI/IAN & CULTUR$ WORLD2 & NOT ONLY DO !Y AB\ND 9 \R WORLD BUT ! V]Y IDEAL ( ! M5 ( \R ,*RI/IAN1 CULTUR$ WORLD1 IS TO GET ! L>GE/ AM\NT ( PROP]TY1--?AT IS1 WEAL?1--:I* SECURES ALL COM=TS & IDL5ESS ( LIFE BY FREE+ ITS POSSESSORS FROM ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 & 5ABL+ !M1 AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 TO PR(IT BY ! LABOR ( ?OSE BRO!RS ( !IRS :O P]I% 9 ?AT /RUGGLE4 

,H[ C\LD M5 HAVE FALL5 9TO SU* A/\ND+ ]ROR8 

,H[ C\LD !Y HAVE COME TO SU* A /ATE ?AT !Y CAN NEI!R SEE NOR HE> NOR UND]/& ) !IR HE>T :AT IS SO CLE>1 OBVI\S1 & C]TA98 

,ONE NE$ ONLY ?9K = A MOM5T 9 ORD] TO BE T]RIFI$ AT ! WAY \R LIVES CONTRADICT :AT WE PR(ESS TO BELIEVE1 :E!R WE BE ,*RI/IAN OR ONLY HUMANE $UCAT$ PEOPLE4 ,:E!R IT BE ,GOD OR A LAW ( NATURE ?AT GOV]NS ! WORLD & M51 GOOD OR BAD1 ! POSITION ( M5 9 ?IS WORLD1 SO LONG AS WE KN[ IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 SU* ?AT NAK$ M51--)\T WOOL ON !IR BODIES1 )\T HOLES 9 :I* TO TAKE REFUGE1 )\T FOOD :I* !Y MI<T F9D 9 ! FIELD LIKE ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE ON HIS ISL&1-->E PUT 9TO A POSITION ( CONT9UAL & 9CESSANT /RUGGLE ) NATURE 9 ORD] TO COV] !IR BODIES BY MAK+ CLO!S = !MSELVES1 TO PROTECT !MSELVES BY A RO( OV] !IR HEADS1 & TO E>N FOOD 9 ORD] TWICE OR ?RICE A DAY TO SATISFY !IR HUNG] & ?AT ( !IR *ILDR5 & !IR P>5TS4 

,:]EV] & :5EV] & TO :ATEV] EXT5T WE OBS]VE ! LIVES ( M51 :E!R 9 ,EUROPE1 ,AM]ICA1 ,*9A1 OR ,RUSSIA2 :E!R WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ALL MANK9D OR A SMALL PORTION1 :E!R 9 OLD5 TIMES 9 A  
  NOMAD /ATE1 OR 9 MOD]N TIMES ) /EAM-5G9ES1 /EAM-PL[S1 SEW+-MA*9ES1 & ELECTRIC LI<T1--WE %ALL SEE ONE & ! SAME ?+ GO+ ON1--?AT M51 WORK+ CON/ANTLY & 9CESSANTLY1 >E NOT ABLE TO GET CLO!S1 %ELT]1 & FOOD = !MSELVES1 !IR LITTLE ONES1 & ! OLD1 & ?AT ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( M5 9 OLD5 TIMES AS WELL AS N[1 P]I% SL[LY FROM WANT ( ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE & FROM OV]WORK4 

,:]EV] WE MAY LIVE1 IF WE DRAW A CIRCLE >\ND US ( A HUNDR$ ?\S&1 OR A ?\S& OR T51 OR EV5 ONE MILE'S CIRCUMF]5CE1 & LOOK AT ! LIVES ( ?OSE M5 :O >E 9SIDE \R CIRCLE1 WE %ALL F9D HALF-/>V$ *ILDR51 OLD PEOPLE MALE & FEMALE1 PREGNANT WOM51 SICK & WEAK P]SONS1 WORK+ BEYOND !IR /R5G?1 :O HAVE NEI!R FOOD NOR RE/ 5\< TO SUPPORT !M1 & :O1 = ?IS REASON1 DIE BE=E !IR TIME3 WE %ALL SEE O!RS FULL-GR[N :O >E EV5 BE+ KILL$ BY DANG]\S & HURTFUL TASKS4 

,S9CE ! WORLD HAS EXI/$ WE F9D ?AT ) GREAT EF=TS1 SUFF]+S1 & PRIVATIONS M5 HAVE BE5 /RUGGL+ = !IR COMMON WANTS1 & HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO OV]COME ! DIFFICULTY4 

,BESIDES1 WE ALSO KN[ ?AT EV]Y ONE ( US1 :]EV] & H[EV] HE MAY LIVE1 NOL5S VOL5S1 IS EV]Y DAY1 & EV]Y H\R ( ! DAY1 ABSORB+ = HIMSELF A P>T ( ! LABOR P]=M$ BY MANK9D4 

,:]EV] & H[EV] A MAN LIVES1 ! RO( OV] HIS HEAD DID NOT GR[ ( ITSELF2 ! FIREWOOD 9 HIS /OVE DID NOT GET !RE ( ITSELF2 ! WAT] DID NOT COME ( ITSELF EI!R2 & ! BAK$ BREAD DOES NOT FALL D[N FROM ! SKY2 HIS D9N]1 HIS CLO!S1 & ! COV]+ = HIS FEET1 ALL ?IS HAS BE5 MADE = HIM1 NOT ONLY BY M5 ( PA/ G5]ATIONS1 LONG DEAD1 BUT IT IS BE+ DONE = HIM N[ BY ?OSE M5 ( :OM HUNDR$S & ?\S&S >E FA9T+ AWAY & DY+ 9 VA9 EF=TS TO GET = !MSELVES & = !IR *ILDR5 SUFFICI5T %ELT]1 FOOD1 & CLO!S1--MEANS TO SAVE !MSELVES & !IR *ILDR5 FROM SUFF]+ & A PREMATURE DEA?4 

,ALL M5 >E /RUGGL+ ) WANT4 ,!Y >E /RUGGL+ SO 9T5SELY ?AT >\ND !M ALWAYS !IR BRE?R51 FA!RS1 MO!RS1 *ILDR51 >E P]I%+4 ,M5 9 ?IS WORLD >E LIKE ?OSE ON A DISMANTL$ OR WAT]-LOGG$ %IP ) A %ORT ALL[ANCE ( FOOD2 ALL >E PUT BY ,GOD1 OR BY NATURE1 9 SU* A POSITION ?AT !Y MU/ HUSB& !IR FOOD & UNCEAS+LY W> ) WANT4 

,EA* 9T]RUPTION 9 ?IS WORK ( EV]Y ONE ( US1 EA* ABSORPTION ( ! LABOR ( O!RS :I* IS USELESS = ! COMMON WELF>E1 IS RU9\S1 ALIKE = US & !M4 

 ,H[ IS IT ?AT ! MAJORITY ( $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 )\T LABOR+1 >E QUIETLY ABSORB+ ! LABORS ( O!RS :I* >E NECESS>Y = !IR [N LIVES1 & >E CONSID]+ SU* AN EXI/5CE QUITE NATURAL & REASONABLE8 

,IF WE >E TO FREE \RSELVES FROM ! LABOR PROP] & NATURAL TO ALL & LAY IT ON O!RS1 & YET NOT AT ! SAME TIME CONSID] \RSELVES TRAITORS & ?IEVES1 WE CAN DO SO ONLY BY TWO SUPPOSITIONS1--FIR/1 ?AT WE 7! M5 :O TAKE NO P>T 9 COMMON LABOR7 >E DIFF]5T BE+S FROM WORK+-M5 & HAVE A PECULI> DE/9Y TO FULFILL 9 SOCIETY 7LIKE DRONE-BEES1 OR QUE5-BEES1 :I* HAVE A DIFF]5T FUNCTION FROM ! WORK+-BEES72 OR SECONDLY1 ?AT ! BUS9ESS :I* WE 7! M5 FRE$ FROM ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE7 >E DO+ = O!R M5 IS SO USEFUL = ALL ?AT IT UND\BT$LY COMP5SATES = ?AT H>M :I* WE DO TO O!RS 9 OV]BURD5+ !M4 

,9 OLD5 TIMES M5 :O LIV$ BY ! LABOR ( O!RS ASS]T$1 FIR/1 ?AT !Y BELONG$ TO A DIFF]5T RACE2 & SECONDLY1 ?AT !Y HAD FROM ,GOD A PECULI> MISSION1--C>+ = ! WELF>E ( O!RS2 9 O!R WORDS1 TO GOV]N & TEA* !M3 & !RE=E1 !Y ASSUR$ O!RS1 & P>TLY BELIEV$ !MSELVES1 ?AT ! BUS9ESS !Y DID WAS MORE USEFUL & MORE IMPORTANT = ! PEOPLE ?AN ?OSE LABORS BY :I* !Y PR(IT4 ,?IS JU/IFICATION WAS SUFFICI5T SO LONG AS ! DIRECT 9T]F]5CE ( ,GOD 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS1 & ! 9EQUALITY ( HUMAN RACES1 WAS NOT D\BT$4 

,BUT ) ,*RI/IANITY & ?AT CONSCI\SNESS ( ! EQUALITY & UNITY ( ALL M5 :I* PROCE$S FROM IT1 ?IS JU/IFICATION C\LD NO LONG] BE EXPRESS$ 9 ITS PREVI\S =M4 

,IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO ASS]T ?AT M5 >E BORN ( DIFF]5T K9D & QUALITY & HAVE A DIFF]5T DE/9Y2 & ! OLD JU/IFICATION1 ?\< /ILL HELD BY SOME1 HAS BE5 LITTLE BY LITTLE DE/ROY$ & HAS N[ ALMO/ 5TIRELY DISAPPE>$4 

,BUT ?\< ! JU/IFICATION DISAPPE>$1 ! FACT ITSELF1--( ! FREE+ ( SOME M5 FROM LABOR1 & ! APPROPRIATION BY !M ( O!R M5'S LABOR1 REMA9$ ! SAME = ?OSE :O HAD ! P[] TO 5=CE IT4 ,= ?IS EXI/+ FACT NEW EXCUSES HAVE CON/ANTLY BE5 9V5T$1 9 ORD] ?AT )\T ASS]T+ ! DIFF]5CE ( HUMAN BE+S1 M5 MI<T BE ABLE ) APP>5T JU/ICE TO FREE !MSELVES FROM P]SONAL LABOR4 

,A GREAT MANY JU/IFICATIONS HAVE BE5 9V5T$4 ,H[EV] /RANGE IT MAY SEEM1 ! MA9 OBJECT ( ALL ?AT HAS BE5 CALL$ SCI5CE1 & ! RUL+ T5D5CY ( SCI5CE1 HAS BE5 TO SEEK \T SU* EXCUSES4 

 ,?IS HAS BE5 ! OBJECT ( ! !OLOGICAL SCI5CES & ( ! SCI5CE ( LAW3 ?IS WAS ! OBJECT ( SO-CALL$ PHILOSOPHY1 & ?IS BECAME LATELY ! OBJECT ( MOD]N RATIONALI/IC SCI5CE1 H[EV] /RANGE IT APPE>S TO US1 ! CONTEMPOR>IES1 :O USE ?IS JU/IFICATION4 

,ALL ! !OLOGICAL SUBTLETIES :I* AIM$ AT PROV+ ?AT A C]TA9 *UR* IS ! ONLY TRUE SUCCESSOR ( ,*RI/1 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 %E ALONE HAS FULL & UNCONTROLL$ P[] OV] ! S\LS & BODIES ( M51 HAD 9 VIEW ?IS V]Y OBJECT4 

,ALL ! LEGAL SCI5CES1--?OSE ( /ATE LAW1 P5AL LAW1 CIVIL LAW1 & 9T]NATIONAL LAW1--HAVE ?IS SOLE AIM4 

,! MAJORITY ( PHILOSOPHICAL !ORIES1 ESPECIALLY ?AT ( ,HEGEL1 :I* REIGN$ OV] ! M9DS ( M5 = SU* A LONG TIME1 & MA9TA9$ ! ASS]TION ?AT EV]Y?+ :I* EXI/S IS REASONABLE1 & ?AT ! /ATE IS A NECESS>Y =M ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN P]SONALITY1 HAD ONLY ?IS ONE OBJECT 9 VIEW4 

,COMTE'S POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY & ITS \TCOME1 ! DOCTR9E ?AT MANK9D IS AN ORGANISM2 ,D>W9'S DOCTR9E ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 DIRECT+ LIFE & ITS CONCLUSION1 ! !ORY ( ! DIV]SITY ( HUMAN RACES1 ! AN?ROPOLOGY N[ SO POPUL>1 BIOLOGY1 & SOCIOLOGY1--ALL HAVE ! SAME AIM4 ,!SE SCI5CES HAVE BECOME FAVORITES1 BECAUSE !Y ALL S]VE = ! JU/IFICATION ( ! EXI/+ FACT ( SOME M5 BE+ ABLE TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! HUMAN DUTY ( LABOR1 & TO CONSUME O!R M5'S LABOR4 

,ALL !SE !ORIES1 AS IS ALWAYS ! CASE1 >E WORK$ \T 9 ! MY/]I\S SANCTUMS ( AUGURS1 & 9 VAGUE1 UN9TELLIGIBLE EXPRESSIONS >E SPREAD ABROAD AMONG ! MASSES & ADOPT$ BY !M4 

,AS 9 OLD5 TIMES ! SUBTLETIES ( !OLOGY1 :I* JU/IFI$ VIOL5CE 9 *UR* & /ATE1 W]E ! SPECIAL PROP]TY ( PRIE/S2 & AMONG ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 ! CONCLUSIONS1 TAK5 BY FAI?1 & READY MADE = !M1 W]E CIRCULAT$1 ?AT ! P[] ( K+S1 CL]GY & NOBILITY WAS SACR$3 SO AFT]W>DS1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL & LEGAL SUBTLETIES ( SO-CALL$ SCI5CE BECAME ! PROP]TY ( ! PRIE/S ( SCI5CE2 & ?R\< ! MASSES ONLY ! READY-MADE CONCLUSION1 ACCEPT$ BY FAI?1--?AT SOCIAL ORD] 7! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY7 MU/ BE SU* AS IT IS1 & CANNOT BE O!RWISE1--WAS DIFFUS$4 

,SO IT IS N[4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ! SANCTU>IES ( ! MOD]N SAGES ?AT ! LAWS ( LIFE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ORGANISMS >E ANALYZ$4 ,:]EAS 9 ! CR[D1 ! READY-MADE CONCLUSION1 ACCEPT$ ON TRU/1--?AT DIVISION ( LABOR IS A LAW CONFIRM$ BY SCI5CE1 & !RE=E IT  
  MU/ BE ?AT SOME />VE & TOIL & O!RS ET]NALLY FEA/1 & ?AT ?IS V]Y RU9 ( SOME & FEA/+ ( O!RS IS ! UND\BT$ LAW ( MAN'S LIFE1 TO :I* WE MU/ SUBMIT1--IS CIRCULAT$4 

,! CURR5T JU/IFICATION ( !IR IDL5ESS BY ALL SO-CALL$ $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 ) !IR V>I\S ACTIVITIES1 FROM ! RAILWAY PROPRIETOR D[N TO ! AU?OR OR >TI/1 IS ?IS3 ,WE M5 :O HAVE FRE$ \RSELVES FROM ! COMMON HUMAN DUTY ( TAK+ P>T 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 >E FUR!R+ PROGRESS1 & SO WE >E ( GREAT USE TO ALL HUMAN SOCIETY1 ( SU* USE ?AT WE C\NT]BALANCE ALL ! H>M WE DO ! PEOPLE BY CONSUM+ !IR LABOR4 

,?IS REASON+ SEEMS TO ! M5 ( \R DAY TO BE NOT AT ALL LIKE ! REASON+ BY :I* ! =M] NON-WORK]S JU/IFI$ !MSELVES2 JU/ AS ! REASON+ ( ! ,ROMAN EMP]ORS & CITIZ5S1 ?AT BUT = !M ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD W\LD GO TO RU91 SEEM$ TO !M TO BE ( QUITE ANO!R ORD] FROM ?AT ( ! ,EGYPTIANS & ,P]SIANS2 & SO ALSO AN EXACTLY SIMIL> K9D ( REASON+ SEEM$ 9 TURN TO ! KNI<TS & CL]GY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! ,ROMANS4 

,BUT IT ONLY SEEMS4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY REFLECT ON ! JU/IFICATION ( \R TIME 9 ORD] TO ASC]TA9 ?AT !RE IS NO?+ NEW 9 IT4 ,IT IS ONLY A LITTLE DIFF]5TLY DRESS$ UP1 BUT IT IS ! SAME BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 ,EV]Y JU/IFICATION ( ONE MAN'S CONSUMPTION ( ! LABOR ( O!RS1 :ILE PRODUC+ NONE HIMSELF1 AS ) ,PH>AOH & HIS SOO?SAY]S1 ! EMP]ORS ( ,ROME & ?OSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & !IR CITIZ5S1 KNI<TS1 PRIE/S1 & CL]GY1 ALWAYS CONSI/S 9 !SE TWO ASS]TIONS3 ,FIR/1 WE TAKE ! LABOR ( ! MASSES BECAUSE WE >E DIFF]5T FROM O!RS1 PEOPLE CALL$ BY ,GOD TO GOV]N !M & TO TEA* !M DIV9E TRU?S3 ,SECONDLY1 ?OSE :O COMPOSE ! MASSES CANNOT BE JUDGES ( ! MEASURE ( LABOR :I* WE TAKE FROM !M = ! GOOD WE DO = !M1 BECAUSE1 AS IT HAS BE5 SAID BY ! ,PH>ISEES1 0,?IS MULTITUDE :I* KN[E? NOT ! LAW >E ACCURS$0 7,JOHN VII4 #d#i74 

,! PEOPLE DO NOT UND]/& :AT IS = !IR GOOD1 & !RE=E !Y CANNOT BE JUDGES ( ! B5EFITS DONE TO !M4 ,! JU/IFICATION ( \R TIME1 NOT)/&+ ALL APP>5T ORIG9ALITY1 CONSI/S 9 FACTS ( ! SAME FUNDAM5TAL ASS]TIONS3 ,FIR/1 WE >E A DIFF]5T PEOPLE1--WE >E AN $UCAT$ PEOPLE1--WE FUR!R PROGRESS & CIVILIZATION1 & BY ?IS FACT WE PROCURE = ! MASSES A GREAT ADVANTAGE4 ,SECONDLY1 ! UN$UCAT$ CR[D DOES NOT UND]/& ! ADVANTAGES WE PROCURE = !M1 & !RE=E CANNOT BE JUDGES ( !M4 

 ,! FUNDAM5TAL ASS]TIONS >E ! SAME4 ,WE FREE \RSELVES FROM LABOR1 APPROPRIATE ! LABOR ( O!RS1 & BY ?IS 9CREASE ! BURD5 ( \R FELL[S2 & !N ASS]T ?AT 9 COMP5SATION = ?IS WE BR+ !M A GREAT ADVANTAGE1 ( :I* !Y1 [+ TO IGNORANCE1 CANNOT BE JUDGES4 

,IS IT NOT1 !N1 ! SAME ?+8 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE LIES 9 ?IS3 ?AT =M]LY ! CLAIMS ON O!R M5'S LABOR W]E MADE BY CITIZ5S1 ,ROMAN PRIE/S1 KNI<TS1 & NOBILITY1 & N[ !SE CLAIMS >E PUT =W>D BY A CA/E :O T]M !MSELVES $UCAT$4 

,! LIE IS ! SAME1 BECAUSE ! M5 :O JU/IFY !MSELVES >E 9 ! SAME FALSE POSITION4 ,! LIE CONSI/S 9 ! FACT1 ?AT1 BE=E BEG9N+ TO REASON AB\T ! ADVANTAGES CONF]R$ ON ! WORK]S BY PEOPLE :O HAVE FRE$ !MSELVES FROM LABOR1--C]TA9 M51 ,PH>AOHS1 PRIE/S1 OR WE \RSELVES1 $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 ASSUME ?IS POSITION FIR/1 & ONLY AFT]W>DS MANUFACTURE A JU/IFICATION = IT4 

,! V]Y POSITION UNIV]SALLY S]VES AS A BASIS = ! JU/IFICATION4 ,! DIFF]5CE ( \R JU/IFICATION FROM ! ANCI5T ONES CONSI/S M]ELY 9 ! FACT ?AT IT IS MORE FALSE & LESS WELL GR\ND$4 ,! OLD EMP]ORS & POPES1 IF !Y !MSELVES1 & ! PEOPLE1 BELIEV$ 9 !IR DIV9E CALL+1 C\LD EASILY EXPLA9 :Y !Y W]E TO CONTROL ! LABOR ( O!RS3 !Y ASS]T$ ?AT !Y W]E APPO9T$ BY ,GOD HIMSELF = ?IS V]Y ?+1 & FROM ,GOD !Y HAD A COMM&M5T TO TEA* ! PEOPLE DIV9E TRU?S REVEAL$ TO !M1 & TO GOV]N !M4 

,BUT MOD]N1 $UCAT$ M51 :O DO NOT LABOR ) !IR H&S1 & :O ACKN[L$GE ! EQUALITY ( ALL M51 CANNOT EXPLA9 :Y !Y & !IR *ILDR5 7= $UCATION IS ONLY BY MONEY2 ?AT IS1 BY P[]7 %\LD BE ?OSE LUCKY P]SONS CALL$ TO AN EASY1 IDLE LIFE1 \T ( ?OSE MILLIONS :O BY HUNDR$S & ?\S&S >E P]I%+ TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE = !M TO BE $UCAT$4 ,!IR ONLY JU/IFICATION CONSI/S 9 ?IS1 ?AT1 JU/ AS !Y >E1 9/EAD ( DO+ H>M TO ! WORK]S BY FREE+ !MSELVES FROM LABOR1 & BY SWALL[+ UP LABOR1 !Y BR+ TO ! PEOPLE SOME ADVANTAGES1 UN9TELLIGIBLE TO !M1 :I* COMP5SATE = ALL ! EVIL !Y P]PETRATE4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,FEBRU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #bf -- ,ADD$4 

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