,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #e 
,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT 

,ORIG9S 

,WE N[ TURN TO ! O!R MA9 LEFT COMMUNI/ POSITION1 ?AT ( ! ,ITALIAN LEFT4 ,LIKE ! ,G]MAN & ,DUT* ,LEFTS ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT ORIG9AT$1 9 ! YE>S BE=E ! FIR/ WORLD W> AS A LEFT OPPOSITION )9 A ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL P>TY1 9 !IR CASE ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY 7,P,S,I74 ,BUT :]EAS ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD EXPOS$ ITSELF AS BO? REACTION>Y & ACTIVELY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 ! V]Y RADICALITY ( ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS1 & CONSEQU5T /R5G? ( ! ,LEFT1 MEANT ?AT RE=MISM 9 ! ,P,S,I WAS NOT AS HEGEMONIC AS 9 ! ,S,P,D4 ,9 #aiab ! P>TY EV5 EXPELL$ AN ULTRA-RE=MI/ W+ OV] ITS SUPPORT = ,ITALY'S ,LIBYAN W>1 & :5 ! WORLD W> BROKE \T & ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS RESPOND$ ) A ,R$ ,WEEK ( RIOTS ACROSS ! C\NTRY REA*+ 9SURRECTION>Y PROPORTIONS 9 ,ANCONA1 ! ,P,S,I ALONE AMONG ! WE/]N ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES DID NOT RALLY TO ! NATION4 ,!IR APP>5T DIFF]5CE FROM ! ,S,P,D FUR!R CAME \T :5 9 #aiai ! ,P,S,I AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,COM9T]N4 ,! 5EMY ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT WAS ?US NOT AN OBVI\SLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 BUT ONE DOM9AT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PO/URE ( ',MAXIMALISM'1 ?AT IS1 COMB9+ V]BAL EXTREMISM ) OPPORTUNI/ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PRACTICE1 OR MORE TO ! PO9T1 9ACTION4 ,?IS DISCONT9UITY BETWE5 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY WAS TO GREATLY 9FLU5CE !IR !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5TS4 ,:]E ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT HAD V]Y QUICKLY REACT$ TO ! CURR5T EV5TS BY MAK+ A F9AL BREAK ) SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & GO+ = A FULL BL[N C\NCILI/ L9E1 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT REMA9$ MU* MORE FAVORABLE TO P>TYISM4 ,9 A S5SE WE C\LD SAY ?AT :ILE ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT T5D5CY WAS TO OV]COME ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC SEP>ATION ( ! 'POLITICAL' & 'ECONOMIC' /RUGGLE BY PUTT+ !IR TRU/ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y 'ECONOMIC' /RUGGLE1 ! SOLUTION ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT MOV$ TO WAS AN ABSOLUTE SUBORD9ATION ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLES TO A G5U9ELY COMMUNI/ 'POLITICAL' DIRECTION4 

,! DET]M9ATION TO DECISIVELY POLITICALLY BREAK FROM ALL RE=MISM DEVELOP$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,ITALY'S EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE -- ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO 7,R$ ,TWO ,YE>S74 ,?IS WAS A P]IOD 9 :I* WORK]S SET UP FACTORY C\NCILS1 POOR PEASANTS & DEMOBILIZ$ SOLDI]S SEIZ$ L&1 & :]E DEMON/RATIONS1 /REET ACTIONS1 RIOT+1 /RIKES & G5]AL /RIKES W]E REGUL> OCCURR5CES4 ,FROM ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#i1 :5 ! /ATE NE>LY BUCKL$ 9 ! FACE ( NE> 9SURRECTION>Y FOOD RIOTS & SYNDICALI/ =MS ( R$I/RIBUTION & C\NT] P[]1 TO ! ,OCCUPATIONS ( ! ,FACTORIES 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 REVOLUTION SEEM$ ALMO/ )9 !IR REA*4 ,H[EV]1 9/EAD ( TAK+ AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y WAVE1 ! ,P,S,I & ITS L9K$ UNIONS REFUS$ TO ACT & AT TIMES EV5 ACTIVELY SABOTAG$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 :]E ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT HAD REACT$ TO SIMIL> OCCURR5CES BY BREAK+ ) ! ,S,P,D & ID5TIFY+ ) ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T1 ! REACTION )9 ! ,ITALIAN P>TY WAS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,AB/5TIONI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,FRACTION >\ND ,BORDIGA /RUGGL+ TO ELIM9ATE ! RE=MI/S FROM ! P>TY1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO 7,L',O,N7 C5T]$ >\ND ,GRAMSCI & ORI5TAT$ TO C\NCILS1 BUT :O SAW NO NE$ TO BREAK FROM ! ',MAXIMALISM' ( ! ,P,S,I4 

,! ADEQUATE BASIS = ! BREAK ) ',MAXIMALISM' WAS F9ALLY PROVID$ :51 9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS 9T5SE CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! ,ITALIAN ,P,S,I DELEGATES1 9CLUD+ ,BORDIGA1 W5T TO ! #bND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N 9 MID-#a#i#b4 ,KEY TO ?IS ,CONGRESS WAS ! SETT+ ( #ba CONDITIONS = MEMB]%IP ( AFFILIAT+ P>TIES4 ,AL?\< ,BORDIGA'S GR\P HAD TO R5\NCE !IR AB/5TIONISM1 ! OV]ALL T>GET WAS ! 'C5TRI/' & OPPORTUNI/ T5D5CIES ( ! ,P,S,I4 ,SEE+ ?AT ! OV]ALL T5D5CY )9 ! ,COM9T]N WAS 9 !IR FAVOR1 ,BORDIGA EV5 MANAG$ TO BEEF UP ! DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES SO ?AT COMPLY+ ) ! DIRECTIVES GIV5 BY ! ,COM9T]N WAS A CONDITION = AFFILIATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS TURN$ \T TO BE MASSIVELY HELPFUL TO !M 9 !IR BATTLE ) ! C5T]_/RI<T1 & AS SU* !IR ATTEMPTS TO =GE A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ,ITALY4 ,!Y CAME AWAY /R5G!N$ 9 !IR FI<T ) ! ,P,S,I BY ,L59'S AU?ORITY1 & FELT ?AT !IR FI<T = A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY WAS 9 CONV]G5CE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! IDEAS BEG9N+ TO EM]GE )9 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT -- ?AT ,BOL%EVIK PRESCRIPTIONS = ! ,WE/]N PROLET>IAT W]E NOT NECESS>ILY APPROPRIATE2 ?AT !RE MI<T EV5 BE A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ,BOL%EVISM & REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS2 & ?AT ! GOOD ( ! ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION WAS BE+ SACRIFIC$ TO ! NATIONAL NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE -- NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO RESONATE ) ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT1 BUT QUITE ! OPPOSITE SEEM$ TO BE ! CASE4 

,) ?IS RE9=CEM5T FROM ,MOSC[ ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT F9ALLY MADE !IR BREAK ) ! ,P,S,I4 ,?IS WAS PROMPT$ BY ! MOVEM5T ( FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 ?AT EXPOS$ ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! ,P,S,I & ITS ,C,G,L UNIONS4 ,AS A WAGE DISPUTE BY MEMB]S ( ! ,METAL WORK]S UNION DEVELOP$ 9TO A MASSIVE WAVE ( FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 & EV]YBODY C\LD SEE ?AT ! SITUATION WAS CRITICAL & HAD MOV$ BEYOND ECONOMIC DEM&S1 ! ,P,S,I & ! UNIONS RESPOND$ BY EXPOS+ !IR ABSOLUTE 9ABILITY TO ACT = REVOLUTION4 ,9/EAD ( TAK+ ANY REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE1 ! ,P,S,I PASS$ ! BUG TO ! ,C,G,L1 :O HAD A VOTE ON :E!R TO GO = REVOLUTION OR NOT4 ,! \TCOME WAS #d#i1 = REVOLUTION & #e#i1 AGA9/4 ,BUT :]E ! BREAK FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD L$ ! ,G]MANS TO A FULL BL[N C\NCILI/ APPROA*1 9 ,ITALY ! DEFEAT ( ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS ALSO M>K$ ! 5D ( ! C\NCILI/ APPROA* ( ,GRAMSCI'S ,L',O,N GR\P4 ,BORDIGA'S ANALYSIS ON ! NE$ = A PR9CIPL$ BREAK ) ,P,S,I'S ',MAXIMALISM' WAS N[ ACCEPT$ BY NE>LY ALL REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! P>TY1 & 9 E>LY #aiba !Y =M$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY 7,P,C,I7 UND] HIS LEAD]%IP4 

,H[EV]1 ! COM+ TOGE!R ( ! COMMUNI/ ELEM5TS CAME TOO LATE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! ,BI5NO ,ROSSO A FAIL$ REVOLUTION1 BUT A FASCI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS ON ! C>DS4 ,) ! TACIT SUPPORT ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 FASCI/ SQUADRI/A MOV$ FROM !IR RURAL /RON<OLDS TO ATTACK WORK]S NEI<BORHOODS & WORK] ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AL?\< COMMUNI/ & O!R WORK]S =M$ >M$ DETA*M5TS TO FI<T BACK1 ! SORT ( WORK+ CLASS REACTION ?AT 9 ,G]MANY DEFEAT$ ! ,KAPP PUTS* DID NOT MAT]IALIZE1 & BY ! 5D ( #aibb ,MUSSOL9I WAS 9 P[]4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SETBACKS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT JU/ CONF9$ TO ,ITALY1 BUT WAS A G5]AL 9T]NATIONAL PH5OM5ON4 ,BUT 9/EAD ( RECOGNIZ+ ?IS AS BE+ ! RESULT ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 7OR ! FAILURE ( !SE P>TIES TO LEAD ! /RUGGLES 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION1 AS ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT SAW IT71 ! ,COM9T]N RESPOND$ BY IMPOS+ ITS POLICY ( A 'UNIT$ FRONT'4 ,= ,ITALY ! 'UNIT$ FRONT' L9E MEANT DEM&+ ! ,P,C,I FUZE ) ,S]RATI'S ,P,S,I1 ONLY ASK+ ?AT IT FIR/ EXPEL ITS RI<T W+ >\ND ,TURATTI4 ,= ,BORDIGA & ! ,P,C,I1 AFT] !IR H>D F\<T BATTLE TO DIS5TANGLE !MSELVES FROM ! PSEUDO REVOLUTION>Y MAXIMILISM ( ,S]RATI1 ! DEM& !Y UNITE ) HIM WAS ANA!MA4.<#i#a.> ,!Y FELT ?AT 9 ! TURN TO !SE FLEXIBLE TACTICS1 ! COMMUNI/ POLITICAL PROGRAM !Y HAD >RIV$ AT WAS 9 DANG] ( BE+ DILUT$ OR LO/4 

,BUT :]E ?IS1 9 ,G]MANY1 L$ TO ! F9AL BREAK ) ,BOL%EVISM1 9 ,ITALY IT RESULT$ 9 A TOTAL ,BOL%EVISATION ( ! ,P,C,I4 ,IRONICALLY IT WAS ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT ?AT HAD NOT ONLY F\<T TO MAKE ! ,ITALIAN ,P>TY ,BOL%EVIK 79 T]MS ( !IR P]CEPTION ( ! MEAN+ ( ?AT T]M71 BUT HAD ALSO 9SI/$ ON ! ,COM9T]N'S DISCIPL9>Y ROLE ON NATIONAL SECTIONS4 ,BUT N[ !Y W]E TO BECOME ONE ( ! MA9 VICTIMS ( ?AT DISCIPL9E4 ,!IR 9SI/5CE ?AT SOCIALISM WAS ONLY POSSIBLE IF C>RI$ \T ON A WORLD-SCALE & L$ BY AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 AS WELL AS !IR FAILURE TO SEE ?AT ! ,COM9T]N WAS L>GELY DOM9AT$ BY ,RUSSIA & US$ = ITS [N NATIONAL PURPOSES1 MEANT ?AT !Y /ILL P]CEIV$ ! ,COM9T]N AS ?IS 9T]NATIONAL & REVOLUTION>Y AG5T4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS MEANT ?AT !Y W]E WILL+ TO ACCEPT ! RIGORS ( DISCIPL9E TO POLICIES !Y TOTALLY OPPOS$ & 9DE$ FELT W]E BETRAY+ ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM1 9 ORD] TO HOLD ON = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS EV5 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,BORDIGA1 DESPITE HIS OV]ALL MAJORITY 9 ! ,P,C,I1 CONC$$ LEAD]%IP TO A SMALL FACTION ( ! P>TY L$ BY ,GRAMSCI1 :I* WAS WILL+ TO OBEY ,MOSC[ & IMPOSE ',BOL%EVISATION' ON ! P>TY4 ,LAT] ,BORDIGA & ! FRACTION >\ND HIM W]E =C$ \T ( ! P>TY !Y HAD CREAT$4.<#i#b.> ,/ILL1 IT W\LD BE MANY YE>S BE=E W\LD FULLY ID5TIFY ,RUSSIA AS CAPITALI/4 

,BORDIGA'S !ORY 

,SO :]E ! ,G]MANS1 9 !IR C\NCILISM1 HAD TAK5 AN \TRI<T ANTI-,L59I/ /ANCE1 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT TOOK A MU* MORE ,L59I/ APPROA*4 ,9DE$ :5 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT HAD F9ALLY1 9 EXILE1 />T$ TO QUE/ION ! NATURE ( ,RUSSIA1 IT WAS 9 A MANN] ?AT SEEM$ AT FIR/ CLOS] TO ?AT ( ,TROTSKY'S1 RA!R ?AN ! !ORIES COM+ \T ( LEFT COMMUNI/S ELSE:]E4 ,AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN LEFT COMMUNI/S1 !Y HAD 9SI/$ ?AT ! >GUM5T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 B\RGEOIS FROM ! />T1 WAS A LOSS ( ! :OLE 9T]NATIONAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT HAD BE5 %>$ BY ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y FRACTIONS AT ! TIME4 ,BUT :IL/ ?IS PO9T C]TA9LY ALL[$ ! ,ITALIANS NOT TO LOSE ! REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICANCE ( ,OCTOB]1 !IR LOGIC ?AT IF ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! /ATE WAS A PROLET>IAN /ATE ?AT HAD DEG5]AT$1 HAD ! D[N-SIDE ( APPE>+ TO BE A V]SION ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE4 

,! ',L59I/' SIDE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT BECAME ESPECIALLY CLE> ) ,BORDIGA :51 9 HIS ATTEMPT TO GA9 AN UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( ,RUSSIA1 PUT GREAT EMPHASIS ON ! V]Y TEXT ?AT ,L59 HAD US$ TO ATTACK ! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 NAMELY ! ,TAX 9 ,K9D PAMPHLET4 ,BY RETURN+ TO ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION ,BORDIGA BYPASS$ A LOT ( /ATE CAPITALI/ CONC]NS4 ,LOOK$ AT ECONOMICALLY1 HE >GUES1 ,RUSSIA DID NOT HAVE ! PR]EQUISITES = SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM1 & ! TASKS ?AT FAC$ IT W]E B\RGEOIS TASKS1 NAMELY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES = :I* RESOLV+ ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,H[EV]1 ! W> ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS P>T ( WAS AN IMP]IALI/ W> ?AT EXPRESS$ ?AT ! CAPITALI/ WORLD AS A :OLE WAS READY = SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION & ,RUSSIA HAD NOT ONLY A PROLET>IAT :O C>RI$ \T ! REVOLUTION1 BUT A PROLET>IAN P>TY ORI5T$ TO WORLD REVOLUTION HAD BE5 PUT 9 P[]4 ,?US ON ! 'PRIMACY ( ! POLITICAL' ,OCTOB] WAS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 9S(> AS ,BORDIGA ASSUM$ ?AT1 ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+1 !RE WAS NO O!R PA? TO SOCIALISM ?AN ?R\< ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAN P>TY WAS SIMPLY TO ALL[ BUT AT ! SAME TIME KEEP UND] CONTROL ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5TS NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 SOCIAL LIFE 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,IRONICALLY H[EV]1 IT WAS EXACTLY 9 EMPHASIZ+ ,L59'S NOTION ?AT CAPITALISM UND] WORK]S CONTROL ( ! P>TY WAS ! BE/ ,RUSSIA C\LD HAVE1 ?AT ,BORDIGA C\LD GO BEYOND NOT ONLY ! ,TROTSKYISM1 ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT !ORY ( ,RUSSIA HAD 9ITIALLY SEEM$ CLOSE TO1 BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY MAYBE1 ! !ORY ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 ,AS WAS %[N 9 ! PREVI\S >TICLE ( ?IS S]IES1 ,TROTSKY TOOK ! NATIONALIZATION ( L& & 9DU/RY AS WELL AS ! MONOPOLY ON =EIGN TRADE1 AS EVID5CE = ,RUSSIA 9 FACT HAV+ ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS = SOCIALISM -- H5CE HIS NOTION ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS CONGEAL$ 9 'PROP]TY =MS'4 ,& RELY+ ON ,PREOBRAZ5SKY'S CONTRA/ BETWE5 :AT HE SAW AS ! 'LAW ( PLANN+' ( ! /ATE SECTOR V]SUS ! LAW ( VALUE ( ! PEASANT SECTOR1 HE >GU$ ?AT ONE ( ! MA9 OB/ACLES ?AT HAD TO BE DEALT ) BE=E >RIV+ AT SOCIALISM PROP]1 WAS ! CAPITALI/ FEATURES ( ! PEASANT SECTOR4 ,AS SU* HE >GU$ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS A MORE ADVANC$ SOCIALI/IC TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY4 ,! ,G]MAN ,LEFT1 AL?\< DIFF]+ FROM ,TROTSKY'S VIEW 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y MA9TA9$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 B\RGEOIS FROM ! />T1 WAS 9 ESS5CE V]Y CLOSE TO IT4 ,?IS WAS 9S(> AS !Y1 9 L9E ) ! TRADITIONAL /ATE CAPITALI/ >GUM5T1 SAW ,RUSSIA AS A MORE ADVANC$1 CONC5TRAT$ V]SION ( CAPITALISM1 LEAD+ ,MATTICK VIRTUALLY TO A ?IRD SY/EM CONCEPTION4 

,BORDIGA1 EXACTLY BY RETURN+ TO ,L59'S EMPHASIS ON ! POLITICAL1 C\LD AVOID GO+ D[N ?AT PA?4 ,! CLA%ES BETWE5 ! /ATE 9DU/RIAL SECTOR & ! PEASANT SECTOR WAS NOT1 AS ,TROTSKY & ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD >GU$1 ! CLA% BETWE5 SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM4 ,RA!R1 AS ,BORDIGA >GU$1 IT WAS ! CLA% BETWE5 CAPITALISM & PRE-CAPITALI/ =MS4 ,& H]E LAY ! REAL ORIG9ALITY ( ,BORDIGA'S ?\<T3 ,RUSSIA WAS 9DE$ A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY1 BUT TRANSITIONAL T[>DS CAPITALISM4 ,F> FROM HAV+ GONE BEYOND CAPITALI/ LAWS & CATEGORIES1 AS = 9/ANCE ,MATTICK HAD >GU$1 ! DI/9CTIV5ESS ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM LAY 9 ITS LACK ( FULL DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS WAS GR\ND$ ON ,RUSSIA'S P]IPH]AL /ATUS V]SUS ! CORE CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES4 ,9 A P]IOD :5 WORLD CAPITALISM W\LD O!RWISE HAVE PREV5T$ ! TAKE (F ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 PREF]R+ TO USE UND]DEVELOP$ >EAS = RAW MAT]IALS1 *EAP LABOR & SO ON1 ,RUSSIA WAS AN EXAMPLE ( JU/ SU* AN >EA1 ?AT ?R\< EXTREME ME?ODS ( /ATE PROTECTIONISM & 9T]V5TION SECUR$ ECONOMICAL DEVELOPM5T & AS SU* PREV5T$ ! FATE ( BE+ ASSIGN$ A P]IPH]AL /ATUS ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,IT IS ?IS ROLE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS ! 5=C] ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT EXPLA9S :Y ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME A MODEL = ELITES 9 EX-COLONIAL & O!RWISE LESS DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 

,! FAILURE ( BO? ,TROTSKY & ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT TO SEE ?IS ALSO %[$ UP 9 !IR CONFUSION ) REG>D TO ,/AL9'S 'LEFT-TURN'4 ,NEV] HAV+ ACCEPT$ ! ,PRIMITIVE ,SOCIALI/ ,ACCUMULATION !SIS ( ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ,BORDIGA C\LD MAKE ! RA!R OBVI\S JUDGM5T ?AT :AT ,/AL9 C>RI$ \T 9 ! ?IRTIES -- ! =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION ( PEASANTS & ! #e YE> PLANS -- WAS A SAVAGE PRIMITIVE CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION3 A ',RUSSIAN CAPITALISM ,M>K #b'4 ,/AL9'S 'LEFT TURN' WAS !N NEI!R A PRODUCT ( HIS IMPULSES NOR REPRES5T$ HIM BE+ =C$ TO DEF5D ! 'SOCIALI/' GA9S ( ! ECONOMY'4 ,RA!R IT CAME FROM ! PRESS+ NE$ = CAPITAL ACCUMULATION FELT BY ,RUSSIA AS A COMPET+ CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,& ! ,/AL9I/ EXCESSES ( ! ?IRTIES -- 0LIT]ALLY A WORK]S' HELL1 A C>NAGE ( HUMAN 5]GY40.<#i#c.> -- W]E BUT A P>TICUL> EXPRESSION ( ! 0G5]AL UNIV]SAL CONDITIONS APPROPRIATE TO ! G5ESIS ( ALL CAPITALISM40 ,= ,BORDIGA ONCE ! PROLET>IAN POLITICAL SIDE W5T1 :AT WAS /RIK+ WAS ! CONT9UITY ( ! PROBLEMS FAC+ ! EM]G+ CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA :E!R ITS GOV]NM5T BE ,CZ>I/ OR ,/AL9I/3 ?AT ( ATTEMPT+ TO DEVELOP ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY FAC+ WORLD IMP]IALISM4 ,9 #aiec HE /ATES3 0,! ECONOMIC PROCESS UND]WAY 9 ! T]RITORIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN UNION CAN BE DEF9$ ESS5TIALLY AS ! IMPLANT+ ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 9 ITS MO/ MOD]N =M & ) ! LATE/ TE*NICAL MEANS1 9 C\NTRIES ?AT >E BACKW>D1 RURAL1 FEUDAL & ASIATIC-ORI5TAL40 .<P#d#c.> 

,9DE$1 AS ,BORDIGA RECOGNIZ$1 ! PROBLEMS 9VOLV$ ) ! CRA% C\RSE 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS IMPOS$1 ALSO RESULT$ 9 C]TA9 MEASURES ?AT W]E TO OB/RUCT ! FULL EXPRESSIONS ( A CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,HE C5T]$ ?IS ON ITS 9ADEQUATE RESOLUTION ( ! S9 QUA NON ( CAPITALISM3 ! ,AGR>IAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,DESPITE ITS BRUTALITY1 ,BORDIGA NOT$ ?AT ! COLLECTIVIZATION PROCESS 9VOLV$ A COMPROMISE BY :I* ! PEASANTS DID NOT BECOME 5TIRELY PROP]TY-LESS1 BUT W]E ALL[$ TO RETA9 A PLOT ( L& & SELL ITS PRODUCE ?R\< M>KET ME*ANISMS4 ,?IS1 AS ,BORDIGA SAW IT1 RE-PRODUC$ ! CAPITALI/ =M ( ! SMALL-HOLD]1 BUT )\T ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRESSIVE T5D5CY TO RU9 & EXPROPRIATE !SE PRODUC]S1 BECAUSE '! LITTLE ?AT BELONGS TO HIM IS GU>ANTE$ BY LAW4 ,! COLLECTIVE F>M] IS !RE=E ! 9C>NATION ( ! COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! EX-PROLET>IAN /ATE & ! SMALL PRODUC]S PA/ ON 9 P]PETUITY4'.<#b#e-#f.> ,:ILE COLLECTIVIZATION DID PRODUCE ! PROLET>IANS NECESS>Y = /ATE 9DU/RY1 ,SOVIET AGRICULTURE REMA9$ A HYBRID =M1 AN A*ILLES HEEL ( ! ECONOMY NEV] ATTA9+ FULL SUBORD9ATION TO CAPITALI/ LAWS4 

,?IS VIEW ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE BE+ 9 ! S]VICE ( DEVELOP+ CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA ALSO ALL[$ ,BORDIGA TO GO BEYOND ! FOCUS ON BUREAUCRACY ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY1 & ITS MIRROR 9 MO/ /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES1 SU* AS ! ,G]MANS1 ( ID5TIFY+ !SE NEW /ATE (FICIALS AS A NEW RUL+ CLASS4 ,BORDIGA FELT ?AT ! OBSESSION ) F9D+ 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ OR SUB/ITUTES = CAPITALI/S HAD LO/ ,M>X'S UND]/&+ ( CAPITAL AS ABOVE ALL AN IMP]SONAL =CE4 ,AS ,BORDIGA SAID 'DET]M9ISM )\T M5 IS MEAN+LESS1 ?AT IS TRUE1 BUT M5 CON/ITUTE ! 9/RUM5T & NOT ! MOTOR4'.<#i#d.> ,SU* A PO9T ALSO APPLIES TO ! /ATE3 AS ,BORDIGA >GU$1 'IT IS NOT A CASE ( ! P>TIAL SUBORD9ATION ( CAPITAL TO ! /ATE1 BUT ( ULT]IOR SUBORD9ATION ( ! /ATE TO CAPITAL'.<P4#g.> ,/ATE DESPOTISM 9 ,RUSSIA WAS AT ! S]VICE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION PU%+ ITS DEVELOPM5T 9 >EAS ?AT RESI/$ IT4 ,H[EV]1 A WEAKNESS ( ,BORDIGA'S ANALYSIS WAS ?AT :]EAS HE LOOK$ UND] ! SURFACE ( ! ,SOVIET CLAIMS AB\T AGRICULTURE1 HE T5D$ TO BASE HIS VIEW ?AT ! /ATE SECTOR WAS GOV]N$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE SIMPLY ON ! APPE>ANCE ( =MS1 LIKE COMMODITIES & MONEY1 & ON ,/AL9'S CLAIMS ?AT VALUE EXI/S UND] SOCIALISM4 ,SO AL?\< ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT SEEM$ AT FIR/ CLOS] TO ! ,TROTSKY'S NOTION ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE1 IT WAS ?R\< ,BORDIGA'S LIT]AL 9T]PRETATION ( ,L59 ON ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY1 HE C\LD GO BEYOND BO? ,TROTSKY & ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

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