,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #a 
,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I,V3 ,T[>DS A !ORY ( ! DE=MATION ( VALUE 

,SO \R SAGA ON ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R DRAWS TO A CLOSE4 ,:ILE SOME READ]S HAVE AWAIT$ AVIDLY = EA* EXCIT+ 9/ALLM5T1 O!RS FROM ! BEG9N+ ?\<T WE GAVE DISPROPORTIONATE SPACE TO ?IS RA!R TIR$ OLD TOPIC4.<#i#h.> ,ANO!R DISSATISFI$ GR\P MAY BE ! P>TIZANS ( P>TICUL> !ORIES :I* W]E NOT GIV5 ! RECOGNITION !Y FEEL !Y DES]V$4.<#i#i.> ,?IS WAS UNAVOIDABLE CONSID]+ ! %E] NUMB] ( !ORIES ONE C\LD HAVE DEALT )4 ,! LI/ ( POLITICAL T5D5CIES :I* HAVE CONSID]$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A V>IETY ( CAPITALISM 9CLUDES 'AN>*ISM1 C\NCIL COMMUNISM1 0IMPOSSIBILISM01 MANY TYPES ( ,L59ISM 79CLUD+ ,BORDIGISM1 ,MAOISM & A NUMB] >IS+ \T ( ,TROTSKYISM71 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 ,M>XI/-,HUMANISM1 ,M5%EVISM1 ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4.<#a.> ,SOME MI<T ALSO QUE/ION :Y1 ( \R PREVI\S P>TS1 ONLY ONE DEALT ) 7/ATE-7CAPITALI/ !ORIES \TSIDE ,TROTSKYISM4 ,YET :AT IS /RIK+ 9 LOOK+ AT !SE ALT]NATIVES IS ?AT NONE DEALT ADEQUATELY ) ! 'OR?ODOX ,M>XI/' CRITICISMS COM+ FROM ,TROTSKYISM4 ,IF ,TROTSKYISM ITSELF HAS BE5 POLITICALLY BANKRUPT 9 ITS RELATION TO BO? ,/AL9ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY -- & ?IS IS NOT UNRELAT$ TO ITS REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS CAPITALI/ -- AT A C]TA9 !ORETICAL LEVEL IT /ILL POS$ A *ALL5GE4 ,WE RE/ATE ! ISSUES AT /AKE 9 ! FIR/ FEW PAGES BEL[4 ,:ILE FRAGM5T$ IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPTIONS SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ ACQUIRE !ORY3 ! PRACTICAL TRU? NECESS>Y = ITS UNIV]SAL TASK ( SELF-ABOLITION :I* AT ! SAME TIME ABOLI%ES CLASS SOCIETY4 ,CLE>+ SOME ( ! BULL%IT & CL>IFY+ ISSUES >\ND ONE ( ! C5TRAL OB/ACLES TO HUMAN EMANCIPATION ?AT ! #b? C5TURY HAS ?R[N UP1 NAMELY ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,LEFT ) CAPITAL1 MAY HELP ! NEXT C5TURY HAVE DONE ) ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ONCE & = ALL4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! PROBLEM ( DET]M9+ ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ?AT IT EXHIBIT$ TWO CONTRADICTORY ASPECTS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,U,S,S,R APPE>$ TO HAVE *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT W]E /RIK+LY SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! ACTUALLY EXI/+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES ( ! ,WE/4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS DEP5D5T = !IR LIVELIHOODS ON WAGE-LABOR4 ,RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION & ! =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE UND] ,/AL9 HAD L$ TO ! BREAK UP ( TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES & ! EM]G5CE ( A MASS 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY MADE UP ( ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS & FAMILIES4 ,:ILE ! OV]RID+ AIM ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS ! MAXIMATION ( ECONOMIC GR[?4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,U,S,S,R DIV]G$ M>K$LY FROM ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM ?AT HAD BE5 ANALYZ$ BY ,M>X4 ,! ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NOT MADE UP ( COMPET+ PRIVATELY [N$ 5T]PRISES REGULAT$ ?R\< ! '9VISIBLE H&' ( ! M>KET4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALL ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E /ATE [N$ & ! ECONOMY WAS CONSCI\SLY REGULAT$ ?R\< C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 !RE W]E NEI!R ! %>P DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC NOR ! POLITICAL NOR WAS !RE A DI/9CT CIVIL SOCIETY ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 FAMILY & /ATE4 ,F9ALLY ! ECONOMIC GR[? WAS NOT DRIV5 BY ! PR(IT MOTIVE BUT DIRECTLY BY ! NE$ TO EXP& ! MASS ( USE-VALUES TO MEET ! NE$S ( BO? ! /ATE & ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ANY !ORY ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ESS5TIALLY A CAPITALI/ =M ( SOCIETY MU/ BE ABLE TO EXPLA9 ?IS CONTRADICTORY APPE>ANCE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,FIR/LY1 IT MU/ %[ H[ ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT >OSE 9 ! PECULI> HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCE ( ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS3 & TO ?IS EXT5T ! !ORY MU/ BE GR\ND$ 9 A VALUE-ANALYSIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,SECONDLY IT MU/ %[ H[ !SE SOCIAL RELATIONS MANIFE/$ !MSELVES1 NOT ONLY 9 ?OSE FEATURES ( ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT W]E CLE>LY CAPITALI/1 BUT ALSO 9 ?OSE FEATURES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?AT APPE> AS DI/9CTLY AT V>IANCE ) CAPITALISM4 

,! CAPITALI/ ESS5CE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I,I1 !RE W]E A NUMB] ( !ORIES ?AT EM]G$ \T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT FOLL[+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT CAME TO >GUE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ESS5TIALLY A =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,MO/ ( !SE E>LY !ORIES1 H[EV]1 HAD FOCUS$ ON ! QUE/ION ( ! CLASS NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & HAD FAIL$ TO GO F> 9 DEVELOP+ A VALUE-ANALYSIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,SY/EM4.<#a#a.> ,H[EV]1 FOLL[+ ,MATTICK'S ATTEMPT TO ANALYZE ! ,U,S,S,R ( VALUE-=MS !RE HAVE BE5 A NUMB] ( ATTEMPTS TO %[ ?AT1 DESPITE APPE>ANCES TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ 9 NATURE4 

,( C\RSE1 ANY !ORY ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 SOME S5SE CAPITALI/ MU/ REJECT ! VULG> 9T]PRETATION ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM :I* SIMPLY SEES CAPITALISM AS A PR(IT DRIV5 SY/EM BAS$ ON PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! 'AN>*Y ( ! M>KET'4 ,! ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM IS ! DOM9ANCE ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT :AT IS CAPITAL8 ,FROM ,M>X IT CAN BE >GU$ ?AT CAPITAL WAS ESS5TIALLY ! SELF-EXPANSION ( ALI5AT$ LABOR3 ! CREATIVE & PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( HUMAN ACTIVITY ?AT BECOMES AN ALI5 =CE ?AT SUBSUMES HUMAN WILL & NE$S TO ITS [N AUTONOM\S EXPANSION4 

,YET ! ALI5ATION ( LABOR PRESUPPOSES WAGE-LABOR :I* ITSELF PRESUPPOSES ! SEP>ATION ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S FROM BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,( C\RSE1 9 ! 'CLASSICAL =M' ( CAPITALISM PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ! 9/ITUTIONAL MEANS ?R\< :I* ! DIRECT PRODUC]S >E SEP>AT$ FROM BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,! CLASS ( CAPITALI/S [NS BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 9 ! =M ( ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/4 ,9 CONFRONT+ ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ ! WORK] F9DS HIMSELF EXCLUD$ FROM ACCESS TO ! MEANS ?R\< HE CAN EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY SATISFY HIS NE$S4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE HE IS OBLIG$ TO SELL HIS LABOR-P[] TO ONE CAPITALI/ SO ?AT HE CAN !N BUY HIS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE FROM ANO!R4 ,YET 9 SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] TO CAPITALI/S ! WORK+ CLASS PRODUCE !IR FUTURE MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & !IR FUTURE MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,9 DO+ SO !Y 5D UP REPRODUC+ ! RELATION ( CAPITAL & WAGE-LABOR4 

,YET ?IS SOCIAL RELATION IS NOT FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]$ ) ! 9/ITUTION ( ! /ATE [N]%IP ( BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,( C\RSE ! ,/AL9I/ APOLOGI/S W\LD CLAIM ?AT ! /ATE [N]%IP ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION MEANT ! [N]%IP ( BY ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,BUT ?IS WAS QUITE CLE>LY A LEGAL =MALITY4 ,! ,SOVIET WORK+ CLASS NO MORE [N$ & CONTROLL$ !IR FACTORIES ?AN ,BRITI% WORK]S [N$ ,BRITI% ,/EEL1 ,BRITI% ,COAL OR ,BRITI% ,LEYL& 9 ! DAYS ( ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES4 ,/ATE [N]%IP1 :E!R 9 ,RUSSIA OR ELSE:]E1 WAS M]ELY A SPECIFIC 9/ITUTIONAL =M ?R\< :I* ! WORK+ CLASS WAS EXCLUD$ FROM BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & !RE=E OBLIG$ TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4 

,9 SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! V>I\S /ATE 5T]PRISES ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S DID NOT WORK TO PRODUCE = !IR [N NE$S BUT WORK$ 9 EX*ANGE = WAGES4 ,?US 9 A V]Y REAL S5SE !Y ALI5AT$ !IR LABOR & H5CE PRODUC$ CAPITAL4 ,9/EAD ( SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] TO CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( A PRIVATE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS SIMPLY SOLD !IR LABOR-P[] TO CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( ! /ATE [N$ 5T]PRISE4 

,:]EAS 9 ! 'CLASSICAL =M' ( CAPITALISM ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! /ATE & AS SU* COLLECTIVELY [N$ & CONTROLL$ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BY MAK+ ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS WORK LONG] ?AN ?AT NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE ! EQUIVAL5T ( !IR LABOR-P[] ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE 5T]PRISES W]E ABLE TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-VALUE JU/ AS ! C\NT]P>TS 9 ! ,WE/ W\LD DO4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :ILE A P>T ( ?IS SURPLUS-VALUE W\LD BE US$ TO PAY = ! PRIVILEGES ( ! '/ATE B\RGEOISIE'1 AS 9 ! ,WE/1 ! L>GE/ P>T W\LD BE RE9VE/$ 9 ! EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMY & ?US 5SUR+ ! SELF-EXPANSION ( /ATE-CAPITAL4 

,H5CE BY P5ETRAT+ BEH9D ! =MS ( PROP]TY WE CAN SEE ?AT ! REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS )9 ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ESS5TIALLY ?OSE ( CAPITAL4 ,! ,U,S,S,R CAN !RE=E BE SE5 AS HAV+ BE5 CAPITALI/ -- AL?\< 9 ! SPECIFIC =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV] POLITICALLY USEFUL & 9TUITIVE CORRECT ?IS CLASSIFICATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R MAY BE1 ! PROBLEM IS ?AT BY ITSELF ?IS APPROA* IS UNABLE TO EXPLA9 ! APP>5TLY NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AS ANYONE ACQUA9T$ ) ,HEGEL MI<T SAY '! ESS5CE MU/ APPE>6'4 ,CAPITAL MAY BE ! SELF-EXPANSION ( ALI5AT$ LABOR BUT IT IS LABOR 9 ! =M ( VALUE4 ,H[ CAN WE SPEAK ( VALUE1 OR 9DE$ SURPLUS-VALUE1 :5 !RE IS NO PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 S9CE )\T M>KETS !RE WAS NO REAL PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE8 

,!SE CRITICISMS ( /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAVE EM]G$ \T ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION4 ,IT IS TO ?IS TRADITION ?AT WE MU/ N[ TURN TO EXPLORE ! LIMITS ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,! ,TROTSKYI/ APPROA* 

,! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,TROTSKYI/ !ORI/S HAVE CRITICIZ$ ! ME?OD ( /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,!Y >GUE IT IS WRONG TO SEEK TO ID5TIFY AN AB/RACT & AHI/ORICAL ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM & SEEK TO ID5TIFY ITS EXI/5CE TO A CONCRETE HI/ORICAL SOCIAL =MATION SU* AS ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,= !M ! APP>5T CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! NON-CAPITALI/ & CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A REAL CONTRADICTION ?AT CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD BY GRASP+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A TRANSITIONAL SOCIAL =MATION4 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 = ,TROTSKYI/S1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION M>K$ A DECISIVE BREAK ) CAPITALISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 FOLL[+ #a#i#a#g1 ,RUSSIA HAD 5T]$ A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,AS SU* ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NEI!R CAPITALI/ NOR SOCIALI/ BUT HAD ASPECTS ( ! TWO :I* >OSE FROM ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! LAW ( VALUE & ( PLANN+4 

,AS A RESULT ,TROTSKYI/ NEV] D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9DE$ !Y ACCEPT$ ! P]SI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ =MS SU* AS MONEY1 PR(ITS1 9T]E/ & WAGES4 ,BUT !SE W]E DECAY+ =MS -- 'EMPTY HUSKS' -- ?AT DISGUIS$ ! EM]G+ SOCIALI/ RELATIONS 9 A P]IOD ( TRANSITION4 ,?IS BECOMES CLE>1 !Y >GUE IF WE EXAM9E !SE 'CAPITALI/ =MS' MORE CLOSELY4 

,FIR/LY1 IT MAY APPE> ?AT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT PRODUCTION TOOK ! =M ( PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE & H5CE PRODUCTS TOOK ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 ,AFT] ALL1 DIFF]5T /ATE 5T]PRISES TRAD$ ) EA* O!R & SOLD PRODUCTS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT = ! MO/ P>T SU* EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS WAS DET]M9$ BY ! C5TRAL PLAN NOT BY COMPETITIVE EX*ANGE ON ! M>KET4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 :ILE ! /ATE 5T]PRISES =MALLY SOLD !IR \TPUTS & PUR*AS$ !IR 9PUTS SU* 'EX*ANGES' W]E 9 CONT5T M]ELY TRANSF]S ?AT W]E MADE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! C5TRAL PLAN4 ,H5CE PRODUCTION WAS NOT = EX*ANGE BUT = ! PLAN & ?US PRODUCTS DID NOT REALLY ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 

,SECONDLY1 S9CE !RE WAS NO REAL COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 BUT SIMPLY A PLAN$ TRANSF] ( PRODUCTS1 !RE C\LD BE NO REAL MONEY 9 ,U,S,S,R4 ,:ILE MONEY C]TA9LY EXI/$ & WAS US$ 9 TRANSACTIONS IT DID NOT BY ANY MEANS HAVE ! FULL FUNCTIONS ?AT MONEY HAS UND] CAPITALISM4 ,MONEY PR9CIPALLY FUNCTION$ AS A UNIT ( ACC\NT4 ,UNLIKE MONEY UND] CAPITALISM1 :I* AS ! UNIV]SAL EQUIVAL5T1 WAS BO? NECESS>Y & SUFFICI5T TO BUY ANY?+1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R MONEY MAY HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO BUY C]TA9 ?+S BUT WAS (T5 V]Y F> FROM BE+ SUFFICI5T4 ,AS ! LONG QUEUES & %ORTAGES TE/IFI$ :AT WAS NE$$ 9 ,U,S,S,R TO OBTA9 ?+S WAS NOT JU/ MONEY BUT ALSO TIME OR 9FLU5CE4 

,?IRDLY1 !RE W]E ! =MS ( PR(ITS & 9T]E/4 ,UND] CAPITALISM PR(IT S]VES AS ! DRIV+ =CE ?AT PROPELS ! EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM1 :ILE 9T]E/ 5SURES ! EFFICI5T ALLOCATION ( CAPITAL TO ! MO/ PR(ITABLE SECTORS & 9DU/RIES4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! =MS ( PR(IT & 9T]E/ EXI/$ BUT !Y W]E = ! MO/ P>T ACC\NT+ DEVISES4 ,PRODUCTION WAS NO MORE PRODUCTION = PR(IT ?AN IT WAS PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE4 ,9DE$ ! EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS DRIV5 BY ! C5TRAL PLAN ?AT SET SPECIFIC T>GETS = ! PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES NOT VALUES4.<#a#b.> 

,F9ALLY & P]HAPS MO/ IMPORTANTLY WE COME TO ! =M ( WAGES4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,TROTSKYI/ !ORI/S REJECT ! ,/AL9I/ NOTION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W]E CO-[N]S ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES1 !Y >E OBLIG$ TO ACCEPT ?AT ! DIRECT PRODUC]S W]E SEP>AT$ FROM BO? !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! ABS5CE ( G5]AL COMMODITY PRODUCTION IT IS >GU$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK] WAS UNABLE TO SELL H] LABOR-P[] AS A COMMODITY4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE ! WORK] WAS NOT 'FREE' TO SELL H] LABOR P[] TO :O EV] %E *OSE & SECONDLY BECAUSE ! MONEY WAGE C\LD NOT BE FREELY TRANS=M$ 9TO COMMODITIES4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 AL?\< ! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R W]E NOM9ALLY PAID WAGES1 9 REALITY SU* WAGES W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN P5SIONS OR RATIONS ?AT BORE SCANT RELATION TO ! LABOR P]=M$4 ,! POSITION ( ! WORK] WAS MORE LIKE ?AT ( A S]F OR SLAVE TI$ TO A SPECIFIC MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT A 'FREE' WAGE WORK]4 

,WE %ALL RETURN TO CONSID] ?IS QUE/ION ( 'EMPTY CAPITALI/ =MS' LAT]4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT AT PRES5T IS TO SEE H[ ! ,TROTSKYI/ APPROA* IS ABLE TO GR\ND ! CONTRADICTORY APPE>ANCE ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS BO? CAPITALI/ & NON-CAPITALI/ 9 T]MS ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! ,TROTSKYI/ APPROA* HAS ! ADVANTAGE OV] MO/ /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ?AT >E UNABLE TO ADEQUATELY ACC\NT = ! NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,?IS FAILURE TO GRASP ! NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS BE5 EXPOS$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! DECAY & F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,CAPITALI/ CRISIS & ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS ITS CRISIS RIDD5 MODE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,CAPITALISM HAS BR\<T AB\T AN UNPREC$5T$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 YET SU* DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 REPEAT$LY PUNCTUAT$ BY CRISES ( OV]PRODUCTION4 

,! %E] WA/E ?AT SU* CRISES C\LD 9VOLVE HAD BECOME CLE>LY APP>5T 9 ! GREAT DEPRESSION ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE MILLIONS ( WORK]S 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES HAD BE5 PLUNG$ 9TO POV]TY BY MASS UNEMPLOYM5T :ILE ON ! O!R SIDE /OOD IDLE FACTORIES ?AT HAD PREVI\S S]V$ AS A MEANS TO FE$ & CLO! !SE WORK]S4 ,9 CONTRA/1 AT ?AT TIME ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA WAS UND]GO+ A PROCESS ( RAPID APP>5TLY CRISIS FREE 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT WAS TO TRANS=M ! ,U,S,S,R FROM A PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN ECONOMY 9TO A MAJOR 9DU/RIAL & MILIT>Y P[]4.<#a#c.> 

,9 ! #a#i#cS & ! DECADES ?AT FOLL[$1 EV5 B\RGEOIS OBS]V]S HAD COME TO ACCEPT ! VIEW ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ SY/EM ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ HAD OV]COME ! PROBLEM ( ECONOMIC CRISIS & WAS AT LEA/ 9 ECONOMIC T]MS AN ADVANCE OV] FREE M>KET CAPITALISM4 ,! ONLY QUE/ION ?AT REMA9$ = SU* OBS]V]S WAS :E!R ! CO/ 9 B\RGEOIS FRE$OM ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ SY/EM SEEM$ TO IMPLY WAS WOR? ! ECONOMIC GA9S ( A RATIONALLY PLANN$ ECONOMY4 

,:ILE IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT = ,TROTSKYI/S TO DEF5D ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS 9 ANY S5SE 9 P[]1 ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD /ILL BE DEF5D$ AS BE+ PROGRESSIVE 9 ?AT IT WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION FA/] ?AN CAPITALISM4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION WAS CREAT+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM !N ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD /ILL BE SE5 AS BE+ 9 ! LONG T]M 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,MANY ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORI/S %>$ ?IS COMMON VIEW ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS AN ADVANCE OV] ! FREE M>KET CAPITALISM ( ! ,WE/4 ,:ILE !Y MAY HAVE DISAGRE$ ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ NOTION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD L$ TO A BREAK ) CAPITALISM !Y /ILL ACCEPT$ ?AT BY LEAD+ TO ! EV5TUAL 9TRODUCTION ( A PR$OM9ANTLY /ATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMY IT HAD M>K$ AN ADVANCE NOT ONLY OV] PRE-,REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA BUT ALSO OV] ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 

,?IS VIEW SEEM$ TO BE CONFIRM$ BY ! PO/ ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> DEVELOPM5T 9 ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ,KEYNESIAN DEM& MANAGEM5T1 WIDESPREAD NATIONALIZATION ( KEY 9DU/RIES1 9DICATIVE PLANN+.<#a#d.> & ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! WELF>E /ATE ALL SEEM$ TO 9DICATE AN EVOLUTION T[>DS ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,= MANY B\RGEOIS AS WELL AS ,M>XI/ !ORI/S ( ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS !RE WAS DEVELOP+ A CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ! ,WE/ & ! ,EA/ AS ! /ATE 9CREAS+LY CAME TO REGULATE ! ECONOMY4 ,= ,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM !RE WAS EM]G+ :AT !Y T]M$ A 'BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM' ?AT HAD OV]COME ! PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC CRISIS4 

,AS WE NOT$ 9 ,P>T ,I,I,I1 ,MATTICK AS ONE ( ! LEAD+ /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORI/ ( ! ,G]MAN LEFT1 REJECT$ ! CLAIMS ?AT ,KEYNESIANISM HAD RESOLV$ ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,YET NEV]!LESS HE TOOK ! CLAIMS ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD ITSELF RESOLV$ ! PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC CRISIS ?R\< RATIONAL PLANN+ AT FACE VALUE4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 BY ! #a#i#gS IT HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY CLE> ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD 5T]$ A P]IOD ( *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #aii ONLY ! MO/ H>D L9E ,/AL9I/ C\LD D5Y ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD BE5 A BUREAUCRATIC NI<TM>E ?AT 9VOLV$ 5ORM\S ECONOMIC WA/E & 9EFFICI5CY4 

,/ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES HAVE SO F> PROV$ UNABLE TO EXPLA9 ! PECULI> NATURE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT L$ TO ITS *RONIC /AGNATION & EV5TUAL D[NFALL4.<#a#e.> ,IF ! ,U,S,S,R WAS SIMPLY A =M ( CAPITALISM !N ! CRISIS !ORIES ( CAPITALISM %\LD BE 9 SOME WAY APPLICABLE TO ! CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLA9 ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ( ! ,U,S,S,R SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( ! FALL+ RATE & PR(IT1 OV]PRODUCTION & CRISIS ETC4 HAVE FAIL$ TO EXPLA9 ! SPECIFIC FEATURES ( ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AT BESET ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT EXP]I5CE ACUTE CRISIS ( OV]PRODUCTION BUT RA!R PROBLEMS ( SY/EMATIC WA/E & *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION1 NONE ( :I* CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! /&>D !ORIES ( CAPITALI/ CRISIS4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS LIMITATION ( /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES1 P]HAPS RA!R IRONICALLY1 ! MO/ P]SUASIVE EXPLANATION ( ! D[NFALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS NOT >IS5 FROM ?OSE TRADITIONS ?AT HAD MO/ CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & :I* HAD GIV5 RISE TO ! !ORIES ?AT ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS A =M ( ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM1 BUT FROM ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION ?AT HAD GIV5 ! ,U,S,S,R ITS CRITICAL SUPPORT4 ,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 IT HAS BE5 ,TICKT9 ?AT HAS GIV5 ! MO/ PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION & DESCRIPTION ( ! DECL9E & FALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AL?\< 9 DEVELOP+ HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R ,TICKT9 WAS OBLIG$ TO DIT* ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R REMA9$ A DEG5]ATE WORK]S /ATE1 HE HELD ON TO ! CRUCIAL ,TROTSKYI/ NOTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 9 A TRANSITIONAL /AGE BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,= ,TICKT91 ,RUSSIA'S TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM WAS P>T ( ! GLOBAL TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,) ! FAILURE ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION FOLL[+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ,RUSSIA WAS LEFT 9 ISOLATION & WAS UNABLE TO COMPLETE ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME /UCK 9 A HALF-WAY POSITION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,! ,U,S,S,R SUBSEQU5TLY DEG5]AT$ 9TO A 'NON-MODE ( PRODUCTION'4 ,:ILE IT CEAS$ TO BE REGULAT$ BY ! 'LAW ( VALUE' IT C\LD NOT ADEQUATELY REGULAT$ ?R\< ! LAW ( PLANN+ )\T ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 IT IS )9 ?IS !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK ?AT ,TICKT9 >GU$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO MAKE ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM )9 ! GLOBAL EPO* ( ! DECL9E ( CAPITALISM ?AT ,TICKT9 WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP HIS ANALYSIS ( ! DECL9E & FALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE ALSO SAW :ILE HIS ANALYSIS IS P]HAPS ! MO/ PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION ?AT HAS BE5 (F]$ = ! DECL9E & FALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R IT HAS IMPORTANT FAIL+S4 ,AS WE HAVE >GU$1 DESPITE TW5TY YE>S & NUM]\S >TICLES DEVELOP+ HIS ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 HAS BE5 UNABLE TO DEVELOP A SY/EMATIC & COH]5T ME?ODOLOGICAL EXPOSITION ( HIS !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A NON-MODE PRODUCTION4 ,9/EAD ,TICKT9 IS OBLIG$ TO TAKE UP A NUMB] ( FALSE />TS EA* ( :I*1 :ILE (T5 (F]+ IMPORTANT 9SI<TS 9TO ! NATURE & FUNCTION+ ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 RUNS 9TO PROBLEMS 9 ITS EF=TS TO %[ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 9 SOME S5SE 9 TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,9DE$1 HE IS UNABLE TO ADEQUATELY EXPLA9 ! P]SI/5CE & FUNCTION ( CAPITALI/ CATEGORIES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,IF WE >E TO DEVELOP AN ALT]NATIVE TO ,TICKT9 !ORY :I* IS ROOT$ 9 ! TRADITION ?AT HAS CONSI/5TLY SE5 ! ,U,S,S,R AS BE+ /ATE CAPITALI/.<#a#f.> IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT WE >E ABLE TO EXPLA9 ! NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT PREVI\S /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES HAVE FAIL$ TO DO4 ,TO DO ?IS WE PROPOSE TO FOLL[ ,TICKT9 & CONSID] ! ,U,S,S,R AS A TRANSITIONAL SOCIAL =MATION1 BUT1 FOLL[+ ! 9SI<TS ( ,BORDIGA & ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT1 WE DO NOT PROPOSE TO GRASP ! ,U,S,S,R AS HAV+ BE5 9 TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM BUT AS A SOCIAL =MATION 9 TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM4 

,BUT BE=E WE CAN DO ?IS WE MU/ FIR/ CONSID] P>TICUL> NATURE ( ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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