,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #b 
,! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( /ATE CAPITALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( /ATE CAPITALISM 

,)9 ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM ( BO? ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS /ATE CAPITALISM IS VIEW$ AS ! HI<E/ =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS ,M>X >GU$1 ! PREVAL5T T5D5CY )9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM IS ! BO? ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,AS CAPITAL IS ACCUMULAT$ 9 EV] L>GE AM\NTS ! WEAK CAPITALS >E DRIV5 \T BY ! /RONG4 ,CAPITAL BECOMES C5TRALIZ$ 9TO FEW] & FEW] H&S AS 9 EA* 9DU/RY ! COMPETITION BETWE5 MANY SMALL CAPITALS BECOMES REPLAC$ BY ! MONOPOLY ( A FEW4 

,BY ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! !ORI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BEGUN TO >GUE ?AT ?IS T5D5CY HAD GONE SO F> ?AT ! COMPETITIVE LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM ?AT ,M>X HAD ANALYZ$ 9 ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS GIV+ WAY TO A MONOPOLY CAPITALISM 9 :I* ! KEY 9DU/RIES W]E DOM9AT$ BY NATIONAL MONOPOLI/IC CORPORATION OR PRICE-FIX+ C>TELS4 ,IT WAS >GU$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( SU* MONOPOLIES & C>TELS MEANT ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE WAS 9 DECL9E4 ,\TPUT & PRICES W]E N[ 9CREAS+LY BE+ PLAN$ BY ! MONOPOLIES & C>TELS RA!R ?AN EM]G+ SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! AN>*Y ( A COMPETITIVE M>KET4 

,FUR!RMORE IT WAS >GU$ ?AT 9 ORD] TO MOBILIZE ! HUGE AM\NTS ( CAPITAL N[ NECESS>Y TO F9ANCE L>GE SCALE PRODUCTIVE 9VE/M5TS 9 LEAD+ SECTORS SU* ?OSE ( ! /EEL1 COAL & RAIL 9DU/RIES1 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL HAD BEGUN TO ALLY1 & !N 9CREAS+LY FUZE1 ) BANK+ CAPITAL TO =M :AT ! LEAD+ ECONOMIC !ORI/ ,HILF]D+ T]M$ F9ANCE CAPITAL4 ,)9 F9ANCE CAPITAL ! HUGE NATIONAL MONOPOLIES 9 EA* 9DU/RY W]E UNIT$ ) EA* O!R =M+ HUGE NATIONAL CONGLOM]ATES ) 9T]E/S 9 ALL ! /RATEGIC SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! LOGICAL \TCOME ( ?IS PROCESS WAS = ! C5TRALIZATION ( F9ANCE CAPITAL TO PROCE$ TO ! PO9T :]E !RE WAS ONLY ONE CONGLOM]ATE ?AT [N$ & CONTROLL$ ALL ! IMPORTANT 9DU/RIES 9 ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 

,H[EV]1 ! GR[? ( F9ANCE CAPITAL ALSO W5T H& 9 H& ) ! GR[+ ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ( ! /ATE4 ,ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE ! DEVELOPM5T ( F9ANCE CAPITAL )9 EA* NATION /ATE L$ TO 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION 9CREAS+LY BECOM+ POLITICIZ$ AS EA* /ATE *AMPION$ ! 9T]E/S ( ITS [N NATIONAL CAPITALS BY MILIT>Y =CE IF NECESS>Y4 ,AGA9/ RIVAL IMP]IAL P[]S EA* /ATE HAD BEGUN TO C>VE \T EMPIRES & SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE ACROSS ! GLOBE TO 5SURE PRIVILEG$ ACCESS TO M>KETS & RAW MAT]IALS NECESS>Y TO ITS DOME/IC CAPITAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUGE MONOPOLIES & F9ANCE CAPITAL =C$ ! /ATE TO TAKE A F> MORE ACTIVE ROLE 9 REGULAT+ ! ECONOMY & >BITRAT+ BETWE5 ! CONFLICT+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ?AT C\LD NO LONG] BE M$IAT$ ?R\< ! FREE OP]ATION ( COMPETITIVE M>KETS4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( F9ANCE CAPITAL IMPLI$ NOT ONLY A FUSION BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & BANK+ CAPITAL BUT ALSO A FUSION BETWE5 CAPITAL & ! /ATE4 ,CAPITALISM WAS REMORSELESSLY DEVELOP+ 9TO A /ATE CAPITALISM 9 :I* !RE W\LD BE BUT ONE CAPITAL ?AT W\LD DOM9ATE ! 5TIRE NATION & BE RUN BY ! /ATE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,= ! !ORI/ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IT WAS ?IS V]Y T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM ?AT PROVID$ ! BASIS ( SOCIALISM4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( /ATE CAPITALISM ALL ?AT W\LD BE NE$$ WAS ! SEIZURE ( ! /ATE BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ALL ! ME*ANISMS = RUNN+ ! NATIONAL ECONOMY W\LD !N BE 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S GOV]NM5T :O C\LD !N RUN ! ECONOMY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS RA!R ?AN A SMALL GR\P ( CAPITALI/S4 

,BUT ?IS NOTION ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM WAS ! CULM9ATION ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 & H5CE ?AT IT WAS CAPITALISM'S HI<E/ /AGE1 >OSE \T ( ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS & EXP]I5CE ( ,G]MANY AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,G]MANY'S RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION FOLL[+ ITS UNIFICATION 9 #ahff HAD MEANT ?AT BY ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IT WAS S]I\SLY *ALL5G+ ,BRITA9 AS ,EUROPE'S =EMO/ ECONOMIC P[]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! RAPID EM]G5CE ( AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT HAD GIV5 RISE TO ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY :I* WAS NOT ONLY ! FIR/ BUT ALSO ! L>GE/ & MO/ IMPORTANT MASS WORK]S P>TY 9 ! WORLD & AS SU* DOM9AT$ ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT IS P]HAPS NO SURPRISE !N ?AT ! ,M>XI/ !ORI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 :E!R ,G]MAN OR NOT1 %\LD LOOK TO ,G]MANY4 ,BUT !IR G5]ALIZATION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ( ,G]MANY TO A UNIV]SAL LAW WAS TO PROVE AN IMPORTANT ]ROR4 

,?IS ]ROR BECOMES CLE> IF WE CONSID] ! O!R TWO LEAD+ CAPITALI/ P[]S AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 ,BRITA9 ?AT HAD BE5 ! LEAD+ CAPITALI/ P[] ?R\<\T ! C5TURY1 & ! ,U,S,A1 ALONG ) ,G]MANY W]E RAPIDLY OV]TAK+ ,BRITA9 9 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,( C\RSE1 9 BO? ,BRITA9 & ! ,U,S,A CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAD SE5 ! PREVAL5CE ( ! T5D5CY ( ! C5TRALIZATION & CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL ?AT WAS TO LEAD TO ! GR[? ( HUGE CORPORATIONS & MONOPOLIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 P>TLY AS A RESULT ( SU* A CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 & P>TLY AS A RESULT ( ! CLASS CONFLICT ?AT ACCOMPANI$ IT1 ! /ATE WAS TO TAKE ON 9CREAS+ RESPONSIBILITIES 9 MANAG+ ! ECONOMY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE WAS NO FUSION BETWE5 BANK+ & 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL NOR WAS !IR A FUSION BETWE5 ! /ATE & CAPITAL ON ANY SCALE COMP>ABLE ?AT :I* C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ 9 ,G]MANY EI!R AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY OR SUBSEQU5TLY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL ORI5TATION ( ,BRITI% CAPITAL ?AT HAD BECOME FUR!R CONSOLIDAT$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 MEANT !RE WAS LITTLE PRESSURE = ! EM]G5CE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL 9 ,HILF]D+'S S5SE4 ,BRITI% 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL HAD LONG E/ABLI%$ M>KETS ACROSS ! WORLD & WAS UND] LITTLE PRESSURE TO CONSOLIDATE NATIONAL M>KETS ?R\< ! CON/RUCTION ( C>TELS OR NATIONAL MONOPOLIES4 

,EQUALLY ,BRITI% BANK+ CAPITAL WAS C5T]$ ON MANAG+ 9T]NATIONAL FL[S ( CAPITAL & 9VE/+ ABROAD & WAS F> FROM 9CL9$ TO MAKE ! LONG T]M COMMITM5TS NECESS>Y = A M]G] ) 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,BRITI% 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL RAIS$ F9ANCE PR9CIPALLY ?R\< ! /OCK M>KET OR ?R\< RETA9$ PR(ITS NOT ?R\< ! BANKS AS !IR ,G]MAN C\NT]P>TS DID4 ,:ILE ! ,BRITI% /ATE PURSU$ AN IMP]IAL POLICY ?AT S\<T TO PROTECT ! M>KETS & S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS = ,BRITI% CAPITAL IT /OP %ORT !RE4 ,! ,BRITI% ,/ATE MADE LITTLE EF=T TO PROMOTE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,BRITI% CAPITAL ?R\< DIRECT /ATE 9T]V5TION S9CE 9 MO/ SECTORS ,BRITI% CAPITAL /ILL RETA9$ A COMM&+ COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE4 

,9 ! ,U,S,A ! CONC5TRATION ( BANK+ CAPITAL WAS RE/RICT$4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !RE C\LD BE NO FUSION BETWE5 L>GE SCALE BANK+ CAPITAL & L>GE SCALE 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,AS A CONT95TAL ECONOMY !RE WAS F> MORE ROOM = EXPANSION 9 ! ,U,S,A BE=E CAPITALS 9 P>TICUL> 9DU/RIES REA*$ A MONOPOLI/IC /AGE & :5 !Y DID REA* ?IS /AGE !Y (T5 FAC$ ANTI-TRU/ LEGISLATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! RELATIVE GEO-ECONOMIC ISOLATION ( ! ,U,S,A MEANT ?AT PROTECTIONI/ MEASURES W]E SUFFICI5T TO PROMOTE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE NE$ = ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T TO GO BEYOND IMPOS+ T>IFFS ON =EIGN IMPORTS 9 ORD] TO 5C\RAGE ! DEVELOPM5T ( DOME/IC 9DU/RY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !RE WAS NOT ONLY NO BASIS = ! FUSION ( 9DU/RIAL & BANK+ CAPITAL BUT !RE WAS ALSO LITTLE BASIS = ! FUSION ( ! /ATE ) CAPITAL4 

,9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IT WAS ! ,U,S,A1 NOT ,G]MANY1 ?AT TOOK OV] FROM ,BRITA9 AS ! HEGEMONIC ECONOMIC P[]4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ! T5D5CY T[>DS ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL HAS CONT9U$ 9 ! ,U,S,A1 ?AT BO? /ATE REGULATION & /ATE SP5D+ HAS /EADILY 9CREAS$1 & ?AT ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! 9DU/RIAL-MILIT>Y COMPLEX !RE HAS GR[N 9CREAS+ L9KS BETWE5 ! /ATE & C]TA9 SECTORS ( 9DU/RY1 ! ,U,S,A1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ P[]1 CAN H>DLY BE DESIGNAT$ AS HAV+ A /ATE CAPITALI/ POLITICAL-ECONOMY4 ,9DE$1 ) ! RISE ( GLOBAL F9ANCE CAPITAL & ! RETREAT ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! NATION /ATE1 ! NOTION ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM IS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY UNT5ABLE4 

,IF /ATE CAPITALISM IS NOT ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM AS WAS >GU$ BY ! !ORI/S ( ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS !N :AT WAS ITS HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE8 ,TO ANSW] ?IS WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL BRIEFLY CONSID] ! P>TICUL> DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,G]MANY :I* W]E PROVID$ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS \T ( :I* ?IS NOTION FIR/ >OSE4 

,G]MANY & ! CONDITIONS ( LATE 9DU/RIALIZATION 

,AS ,M>X RECOGNIZ$1 ,BRITA9 PROVID$ ! CLASSIC CASE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,AFT] NE>LY F\R C5TURIES ( EVOLUTION ! DEVELOPM5T ( M]CANTILE & AGR>IAN CAPITALISM HAD CREAT$ ! ESS5TIAL PRECONDITIONS = ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,BRITA9 BY ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,C5TURIES ( 5CLOSURES HAD DISPOSSESS$ ! ,BRITI% PEASANTRY & CREAT$ A L>GE POOL ( POT5TIAL PROLET>IANS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION HAD CONC5TRAT$ WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( AN EM]G+ B\RGEOISIE & EMB\RGEOIFI$ G5TRY :O W]E BO? WILL+ & ABLE TO 9VE/ IT AS CAPITAL4 

,! E>LY DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY SAW ! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION & URBANIZATION ( ,BRITA94 ,BY ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY ,BRITA9 HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS ! 'WORK%OP ( ! WORLD'4 ,BRITA9'S MANUFACTUR]S FLOOD$ ! WORLD M>KETS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ,EUROPE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FACTORY SY/EM & ! SUBSEQU5T APPLICATION ( /EAM P[] MEANT ?AT ! PRODUCTS ( ,BRITI% 9DU/RY W]E F> *EAP] ?AN ?OSE ( ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RIES ?AT W]E = ! MO/ P>T /ILL BAS$ ON H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE MU* ( ! PROTO-9DU/RIAL CRAFT PRODUCTION ?AT HAD GR[N UP ACROSS ,EUROPE DUR+ ! PREVI\S TWO C5TURIES FAC$ RU9 FROM ,BRITI% 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,:]EAS 9 ,BRITA9 ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM HAD SE5 A RETREAT 9 ! ROLE ( ! /ATE & ! EM]G5CE ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE1 ON ! CONT95T ! RU9\S COMPETITION ( ,BRITI% 9DU/RY =C$ ! ,EUROPEAN /ATES TO TAKE MEASURES TO PROTECT & FO/] DOME/IC 9DU/RY4 ,9DE$ ,BRITI% ECONOMIC COMPETITION MEANT !RE WAS NO OPTION = ! GRADUAL EVOLUTION 9TO CAPITALISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! ,EUROPEAN RUL+ CLASSES HAD TO 9DU/RIALIZE OR BE LEFT BEH9D4 ,IF ! DOME/IC B\RGEOIS PROV$ TO WEAK TOO C>RY \T 9DU/RIALIZATION !N ! /ATE HAD TO C>RY \T ITS HI/ORICAL MISSION = IT4 

,! #a#h#gS M>K$ A CRUCIAL TURN+ PO9T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =MATION ( ! WORLD CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! P]IOD #a#h#g-#a#i M>K$ A SECOND /AGE 9 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT WAS TO DIVID$ ! WORLD BETWE5 A CORE ( ADVANC$ 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES & P]IPH]Y ( UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,A DIVISION ?AT = ! MO/ P>T /ILL EXI/S TODAY4 

,! FIR/ /AGE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT HAD BEGUN 9 ,BRITA9 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & :I* HAD BE5 C5T]$ ON ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES1 HAD >IS5 \T ( H&ICRAFT & >TISANAL 9DU/RY ?AT HAD GR[N UP 9 ! PREVI\S MANUFACTUR+ P]IOD4 ,! MA*9]Y ?AT WAS US$ TO ME*ANIZE PRODUCTION WAS = ! MO/ P>T SIMPLY A MULTIPLICATION & ELABORATION ( ! H& TOOLS ?AT HAD BE5 US$ 9 H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION & W]E !MSELVES ! PRODUCT ( H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! QUANTUM ( MONEY-CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO SET UP 9 PRODUCTION WAS RELATIVELY SMALL & WAS WELL )9 ! COMPASS ( MIDDLE CLASS FAMILY =TUNES4 

,! SECOND /AGE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! F9AL DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS C5T]$ >\ND L>GE SCALE /EEL PRODUCTION1 & HEAVY 5G9E]+4 ,9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION N[ PRESUPPOS$ 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,9DU/RIAL MA*9]Y WAS N[ NO LONG] ! PRODUCT ( H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION BUT WAS ITSELF ! PRODUCT ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION HAD GR[N DRAMATICALLY 9 SCALE & 9 CO/4 ,! QUANTUM ( CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO SET UP 9 PRODUCTION WAS N[ (T5 WELL BEYOND ! POCKETS ( EV5 ! RI*E/ ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,MONEY-CAPITAL HAD TO BE CONC5TRAT$ ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( JO9T-/OCK COMPANIES & BANKS4 

,9 ,BRITA91 & P]HAPS TO A LESS] EXT5T ,FRANCE1 ! P]IOD ( E>LY 9DU/RIALIZATION HAD CREAT$ ! PRESUPPOSITIONS = ! FUTURE 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! SECOND /AGE4 ,AN 9DU/RIAL BASE HAD ALREADY BE5 E/ABLI%$ :ILE ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS PROVIDE ! MASS ( MONEY CAPITAL NECESS>Y = FUR!R 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ ! DIVISION ( ,G]MANY 9TO PETTY-/ATELETS ?AT WAS ONLY F9ALLY OV]COME ) ITS UNIFICATION 9 #ahff HAD RET>D$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,G]MANY HAD TO SUMMON UP \T ( ALMO/ NO?+ ! PRECONDITIONS = ! SECOND /AGE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION IF IT WAS NOT TO FALL IRREVOCABLY BEH9D4 ,?IS REQUIR$ A =C$ CONC5TRATION ( NATIONAL CAPITAL & ! ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE4 

,?IS WAS FUR!R COMP\ND$ BY ,G]MANY'S LATE 5TRANCE 9TO ! RACE TO DIVIDE UP ! WORLD4 ,! NEW 9DU/RIES ?AT BEGAN TO EM]GE 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY DEM&$ A WIDE RANGE ( RAW MAT]IALS ?AT C\LD ONLY BE OBTA9$ \TSIDE ( ,EUROPE4 ,TO SECURE SUPPLIES ( !SE RAW MAT]IALS A RACE DEVELOP$ TO DIVIDE UP ! WORLD & ?IS L$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! VA/ ,FR5* & ,BRITI% ,EMPIRES ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,EXCLUD$ FROM MU* ( ! WORLD1 ,G]MAN CAPITAL F\ND ITSELF COMPRESS$ )9 ! N>R[ NATIONAL CONF9ES ( ,G]MANY & ITS IMM$IATE EA/]N ,EUROPEAN H9T]L&4 

,IT WAS ?IS =C$ CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( ,G]MAN CAPITAL & ITS CONF9EM5T )9 ! N>R[ NATIONAL B\ND>IES ( ,G]MANY & EA/]N ,EUROPE ?AT CAN BE SE5 AS ! BASIS = ! T5D5CIES T[>DS ! FUSION BO? BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & BANK+ CAPITAL & BETWE5 ! /ATE & CAPITAL ?AT W]E PECULI> TO ,G]MANY AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AS SU* ! T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM ?AT WAS ID5TIFI$ BY ! !ORI/ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL [$ MORE TO ,G]MANY'S LATE 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AN TO ANY UNIV]SALLY APPLICABLE T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS %[N1 ?OSE ECONOMIES ?AT HAVE MANAG$ TO OV]COME ! HUGE DISADVANTAGES ( LATE 9DU/RIALIZATION -- SU* AS ,JAPAN & MORE REC5TLY ! ',NEWLY ,9DU/RIALIZ+ ,C\NTRIES' 7,N,I,CS7 SU* AS ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,TAIWAN1 ,9DONESIA1 ,BRAZIL & ,MEXICO -- /ATE-L$ DEVELOPM5T HAS PLAY$ A CRUCIAL P>T 9 !IR SUCCESS4.<#a#g.> 

,H[EV]1 /ATE CAPITALISM ONLY REMA9$ A T5D5CY 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! FUSION ( ! /ATE & CAPITAL CAN BE SE5 TO HAVE BE5 FULLY REALIZ$4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E TURN TO CONSID] ! CASE ( ! LATE DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA4 

,RUSSIA & LATE ,DEVELOPM5T 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 ! ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY HAD MADE REPEAT$ EF=TS TO 'MOD]NIZE' & '9DU/RIALIZE' ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,) ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 #ahff & ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,/OLYP9 AGR>IAN RE=MS 9 ! E>LY #a#iS ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5TS HAD S\<T TO FO/] ! GR[? ( CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME 5C\RAG$ =EIGN 9VE/M5T 9 ! MO/ MOD]N PLANT & MA*9]Y4 

,H[EV]1 ! ,CZ>I/ EF=TS TO MOD]NIZE & 9DU/RIALIZE ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE W]E TEMP]$ BY ! DANG] ?AT SU* MOD]NIZATION & 9DU/RIALIZATION W\LD UNLEA% SOCIAL =CES ?AT W\LD UND]M9E ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL RELATIONS UPON :I* ! ,RUSSIAN IMP]IAL AUTOCRACY WAS F\ND$4 ,9DE$1 ! PRIME MOTIVE = PROMOT+ ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE WAS ! NE$ = AN 9DU/RIAL BASIS = ! CONT9U$ MILIT>Y /R5G? ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,AS MILIT>Y /R5G? 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T ON 9DU/RIALLY PRODUC$ WEAPONS !N IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT = ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE TO 9DU/RIALIZE4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( PRE-,REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA WAS N>R[LY BAS$ ON ! NE$S ( MILIT>Y ACCUMULATION4 ,:ILE ,RUSSIA CAME TO POSSESS SOME ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ FACTORIES 9 ! WORLD ! VA/ BULK ( ! ,RUSSIAN POPULATION WAS /ILL EMPLOY$ 9 SUBSI/5CE OR PETTY-COMMODITY PRODUC+ AGRICULTURE4 ,IT WAS ?IS ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 9 :I* A SMALL ISL&S ( L>GE SCALE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION EXI/$ 9 A SEA ( A PR$OM9ANTLY BACKW>D PRE-CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE1 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9H]IT$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS A DUAL REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! ONE H& IT WAS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS ?AT BR\<T D[N ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 DEFEAT$ ! ,KORNILOV'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,AUGU/ & !N1 ?R\< ! POLITICAL =M ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 SEIZ$ POLITICAL P[] 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,YET AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 9 ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY1 SUCCE$$ 9 SWEEP+ AWAY ! ,CZ>I/ AUTOCRACY1 & UPROOT+ ! SEMI-FEUDAL >I/OCRATIC RUL+ CLASS ON :I* IT RE/$ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WAS ULTIMATELY DEFEAT$4 

,! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT FAIL$ TO GO BEYOND ! SITUATION ( DUAL P[] 9 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES ?AT HAD >IS5 DUR+ P]IOD BETWE5 ! ,FEBRU>Y & ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,UNABLE TO TAKE OV] & DIRECTLY TRANS=M ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ! CONTRADICTIONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! SITUATION ( DUAL P[] W]E RESOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( NATIONALIZATION RA!R ?AN ! COMMUNIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( :I* SOON BECAME CLE> ) ! RE-9TRODUCTION ( ,TAYLORISM & ! IMPOSITION ( ONE MAN MANAGEM5T 9 ! ,SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 :I* HAD BE5 ! POLITICAL =M ?R\< :I* ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT HAD TRIUMPH$1 !N BECAME ! =M ?R\< :I* IT SUFF]$ ITS DEFEAT4 ,! ,L59I/S C\LD ONLY SAVE ! REVOLUTION BY DEFEAT+ IT4 ,! EM]G5CY MEASURES EMPLOY$ TO DEF5D ! GA9S ( ! REVOLUTION -- ! CRU%+ ( POLITICAL OPPOSITION1 ! REEMPLOYM5T ,CZ>I/ (FICIALS1 ! REIMPOSITION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ME?ODS & 9C5TIVES ETC41 ONLY S]V$ TO BREAK ! REAL P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS & OP5 UP ! GAP BETWE5 ! 'WORK]S' ,GOV]NM5T' & ! ,WORK]S4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS TO BECOME FUR!R CONSOLIDAT$ ) ! DECIMATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT DUR+ ! ?REE YE>S ( CIVIL W>4 

,YET1 ON ! O!R H&1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION CAN BE SE5 AS A FAIL$ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IT CAN ALSO BE SE5 AS A P>TIALLY SUCCESSFUL 'NATIONAL B\RGEOIS' REVOLUTION4 ,A NATIONAL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 NEI!R 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT WAS L$ BY A SELF-CONSCI\S ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 NOR 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT S]V$ TO =GE A SELF-CONSCI\S ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ?AT BY SWEEP+ AWAY ! ,CZ>I/ ABSOLUTI/ /ATE IT OP5$ ! WAY = ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( A ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE W\LD HAVE PROBABLY GONE ! WAY ( ! ,AU/RIAN-,HUNG>IAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE W\LD HAVE BE5 BROK5 UP 9 ! FACE ( 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION4 ,! MORE ADVANC$ P>TS MAY HAVE !N BE5 RE9TEGRAT$ )9 ! ORBIT ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM1 :ILE ! RE/ W\LD HAVE BE5 DUMP$ 9 ! ECONOMICALLY UNDEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD =G$ A /RONG /ATE ?AT1 UNLIKE ! PREVI\S ,CZ>I/ REGIME1 WAS ABLE TO FULLY DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T BY ?R\< ! =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES DIRECT$ BY ! CONC5TRAT$ & C5TRALIZ$ DIRECTION & P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,IT WAS ONLY ?R\< /ATE-L$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT BO? ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL CON/RA9TS ?AT BLOCK$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM C\LD BE OV]COME4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ONLY WAY TO 9DU/RIALIZE -- & H5CE MAKE ! TRANSITION TO A SELF-SU/A9+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY -- WAS ?R\< ! FUSION ( /ATE & CAPITAL -- ?AT IS ?R\< ! FULL REALIZATION ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,YET TO UND]/& ?IS WE MU/ BRIEFLY CONSID] ! EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL CON/RA9TS ?AT HAD BLOCK$ ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

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