,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #d ,! DE=MATION ( ,VALUE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 ,TEXT 3 ,! DE=MATION ( ,VALUE ,! PROBLEM ( ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R RE/AT$ ,AS WE SE51 ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS SAW /ATE CAPITALISM AS ! HIGUE AGA9/ ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S -- FROM ! IMPOSITION ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & ! RE9TRODUCTION ( ,TAYLORISM TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY -- ?AT ! IMM$IATE TASK ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,GOV]NM5T1 GIV5 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 WAS FIR/ & =EMO/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 = ,L59 ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! 9TRODUCTION ( /ATE PLANN+ 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION M>K$ A DECISIVE ADVANCE4 ,UND] ! CONTROL ( A ,WORK]S' ,/ATE1 /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE SUP]S$$ BY SOCIALISM4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! FIVE YE> PLANS & ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE ,/AL9 C\LD ANN\NCE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD AT LA/ REA*$ ! /AGE ( SOCIALISM & WAS ON ! WAY TO A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,TROTSKY WAS MORE CIRCUMSPECT4 ,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION ?AT WAS BE+ MADE UND] ,/AL91 HE /ILL SAW ?IS AS A /AGE ( PRIMITIVE SOCIALI/ ACCUMULATION ?AT1 :ILE BE+ AN ADVANCE OV] CAPITALISM1 HAD YET TO REA* SOCIALISM4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT !ORI/ ( ! CAPITALI/ NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAVE ACCEPT$ ?IS CONCEPTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM !Y HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO >GUE EI!R ?AT ,RUSSIA NEV] W5T BEYOND /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! FIR/ PLACE OR ?AT AT SOME PO9T !IR WAS A C\NT]-REVOLUTION ?AT L$ TO ! ,U,S,S,R FALL+ BACK 9TO /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,YET1 EI!R WAY1 BY ACCEPT+ ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM IS ! HIE L$ TO ! POSITION ( CONSID]+ ! ,U,S,S,R AS AN ADVANCE OV] WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,?IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS A POSITION ?AT WAS TO BECOME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO DEF5D 9 ! LIGU$ ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM1 F> FROM BE+ ! HIGU$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ 9 ?AT IT WAS BAS$ ON WAGE-LABOR4 ,! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R W]E DIVORC$ FROM BO? ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 9 ORD] TO LIVE1 ! ,SOVIET WORK]S HAD TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! /ATE 5T]PRISES4 ,HAV+ SOLD !IR LABOR-P[] ! WORK]S F\ND !MSELVES PUT TO WORK4 ,!Y F\ND !MSELVES EXT]NAL TO !IR [N SUBJECT ACTIVITY4 ,!Y DID NOT WORK TO PRODUCE !IR [N NE$S1 NOR = ! NE$S ( !IR [N FAMILIES OR COMMUNITIES1 BUT = SOME ALI5 O!R4 ,:ILE ! WORK]S WORK$ AS A MEANS TO OBTA9 A WAGE ?R\< :I* !Y C\LD SURVIVE1 !IR LABOR BECAME 9DEP5D5T ( !M1 DIRECT$ T[>DS AIMS ?AT W]E NOT !IR [N4 ,9 PRODUC+ PRODUCTS ?AT W]E NOT !IR [N !Y S]V$ TO REPRODUCE !IR POSITION AS WORK]S ON AN EV] EXP&+ SCALE4 ,H5CE1 LIKE !IR C\NT]-P>TS 9 ! WE/1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO A PROCESS ( PRODUCTION ?AT WAS DESIGN$ & DEVELOP$ TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION ) SCANT REG>D TO ! LIV+ EXP]I5CE ( ! WORK] 9 PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU* ! WORK] WAS R$UC$ TO A M]E 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,LIKE !IR C\NT]-P>TS 9 ! ,WE/1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S WORK$ LONG] ?AN ?AT NECESS>Y TO REPRODUCE ! EQUIVAL5T ( !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,?US1 LIKE ! !IR C\NT]-P>TS 9 ! ,WE/1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S ALI5AT$ !IR LABOR & W]E EXPLOIT$4 ,IF ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E ?OSE ( SELF-EXP&+ ALI5AT$ LABOR !N !Y W]E ! PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS ( CAPITAL4 ,AS SU*1 9 A FUNDAM5TAL S5SE ! ,U,S,S,R WAS CAPITALI/4 ,BUT1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,TROTSKYI/ OBJECT4 ,CAPITALISM CAN NOT BE TAK5 TO BE SIMPLY ! APP>5T PR$OM9ANCE ( WAGE-LABOR4 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PRESUPPOSES1 BO? HI/ORICALLY & LOGICALLY1 G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 :I* LABOR-P[] ITSELF HAS BECOME A COMMODITY4 ,BUT1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S 9SI/1 PRODUCTS DID NOT ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R S9CE !RE WAS NO M>KET4 ,BUT IF PRODUCTS DID NOT ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES !N !RE CAN HAVE BE5 NO REAL WAGE-LABOR S9CE LABOR-P[]1 AS A COMMODITY1 CAN NOT BE EX*ANG$ = O!R COMMODITIES4 ,WAGES W]E M]ELY A MEANS ( RATION+ PRODUCTS4 ,! PROBLEM !N CAN BE /AT$ AS FOLL[S4 ,PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R W\LD SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ESS5TIALLY A =M ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 BE+ BAS$ ON WAG$ LABOR2 BUT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PRESUPPOSES G5]AL COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ! M>KET IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! EX*ANGE & CIRCULATION ( WEAL? 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT ASSUME ! COMMODITY-=M & AS SU* WAS DI/9CTLY NON-CAPITALI/4 ,BUT IF COMMODITIES DID NOT EXI/ NEI!R C\LD CAPITAL4 ,TO RESOLVE ?IS PROBLEM WE MU/ FIR/ LOOK AT ! UNITY ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ?AT WE F9D 9 FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM4 ,TO DO ?IS WE %ALL EXAM9E ! ,CIRCUITS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,CAPITAL ?AT ,M>X SETS \T AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,VOLUME ,I,I ( ,CAPITAL4 ,! CIRCUITS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL ,AS SELF-EXP&+ VALUE CAPITAL PASSES SUCCESSIVELY ?R\< ?REE DI/9CT =MS3 ! MONEY-CAPITAL1 COMMODITY-CAPITAL & PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL4 ,DEP5D+ ON :I* =M ( CAPITAL IS TAK5 AS ! />T+ PO9T 9 ANALYZ+ ! OV]ALL CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL WE CAN ID5TIFY ?REE DI/9CT CIRCUITS ( CAPITAL EA* ( :I* REVEALS DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! FIR/ CIRCUIT IS ?AT ( MONEY-CAPITAL 7,M444,M'73 ,M -- ,CMOP "4 ,CLP 444,P444,C'- ,M' ,H]E CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( MONEY 7,M7 IS US$ TO BUY MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7,CMOP7 & LABOR-P[] 7,CLP7 NECESS>Y TO COMM5CE PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE ) ! EX*ANGE ,M -- ,C CAPITAL IS TRANS=M$ FROM MONEY 9TO ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 ,!SE COMMODITIES 7LABOR-P[] & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION7 >E !N US$ 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU* !Y BECOME PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL1 7,P7 :I* PRODUCES COMMODITIES ( A GREAT] VALUE ,C'4 ,!SE COMMODITIES >E !N SOLD = A SUM ( MONEY ,M' :I* IS GREAT] ?AN ! ORIG9AL CAPITAL ADVANC$ ,M4 ,) ?IS CIRCUIT CAPITALISM APPE>S CLE>LY AS A SY/EM BAS$ DRIV5 BY PR(IT4 ,! CIRCUIT BEG9S & 5DS ) CAPITAL AS MONEY1 & S9CE MONEY IS HOMOG5\S1 ! ONLY AIM ( ?IS CIRCUIT IS ! QUANTITATIVE EXPANSION ( CAPITAL AS MONEY1 ?AT IS ! MAK+ ( A PR(IT4 ,BUT ?IS CIRCUIT NOT ONLY %[S H[ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS M]ELY A MEANS ?R\< :I* 'MONEY MAKES MORE MONEY'1 IT ALSO %[S H[ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION NECESS>ILY BO? PRESUPPOSES COMMODITY EX*ANGE & REPRODUCES COMMODITY-EX*ANGE4 ,! CIRCUIT BEG9S ) ! COMMODITY EX*ANGE ,M -- ,C1 ! PUR*ASE ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR-P[] 7:I* ( C\RSE IS AT ! SAME TIME ! SALE ( LABOR-P[] & MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY !IR [N]S7 & 5DS ) A ! COMMODITY EX*ANGE ,C' -- ,M'1 9 :I* ! SALE ( ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ REALIZES ! CAPITAL'S PR(IT4 ,H[EV]1 ! PROCESS ( 'MONEY MAK+ MORE MONEY' CAN ONLY BECOME SELF-SU/A9+ IF IT AT ! SAME TIME 9VOLVES ! EXPANSION ( REAL WEAL?4 ,?IS BECOMES APP>5T IF WE EXAM9E ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL 7,P444,P'74 ,P444,C' -- ,M' -- ,C' 444,P' ,H]E CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION PRODUCES AN EXP&$ VALUE ( COMMODITIES ,C' :I* >E !N SOLD = AN EXP& SUM ( MONEY ,M' ?AT CAN !N BE US$ TO BUY MORE MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR-P[] 9 ! COMMODITY-=M ,C'4 ,?IS !N ALL[S AN EXP&$ PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL ,P' TO BE SET 9 MOTION 9 ! FOLL[+ P]IOD ( PRODUCTION ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL1 ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL APPE>S AS ! SELF-EXPANSION ( PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( CAPITAL -- ! SELF-EXPANSION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,CAPITALISM N[ APPE>S NOT SO MU* AS 'PRODUCTION ( PR(IT' BUT 'PRODUCTION = PRODUCTION'S SAKE'4 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS BO? ! BEG9N+ & ! 5D ( ! PROCESS :OSE AIM IS ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ON AN EXP&$ SCALE4 ,! COMMODITY CIRCULATION 7,C' -- ,M' -- ,C'7 N[ APPE>S AS A M]E M$IATION4 ,A M]E MEANS TO ! 5D ( ! REL5TLESS EXPANSION CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! F9AL CIRCUIT ?AT ,M>X ID5TIFIES IS ?AT ( COMMODITY-CAPITAL 7,C'444,C'74 ,C' -- ,M' -- ,C 444,P 444,C' ,) ?IS CIRCUIT WE CAN SEE ! UNITY ( CAPITAL 9 CIRCULATION & CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION4 ,CAPITAL AS ! CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES ,C' -- ,M' -- ,C APPE>S SIDE BY SIDE ) ! PRODUCTION ( 'COMMODITIES BY MEANS ( COMMODITIES'4 ,! OV]ALL PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ CIRCULATION !RE=E APPE>S AS BO? ! PRODUCTION & ! CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES4 ,AN ANALYSIS ( !SE ?REE CIRCUITS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL W\LD SEEM AT FIR/ TO CONFIRM ! ,TROTSKYI/ POSITION ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION NECESS>ILY PRESUPPOSES G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,H[EV]1 !SE CIRCUITS DESCRIBE ! FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION NOT ITS HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE4 ,AS WE HAVE >GU$1 ! NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM HAD BE5 IMP$$ BY ITS SUBORD9ATE POSITION 9 ! WORLD ECONOMIC ORD]4 ,! 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL 9 ITS COSMOPOLITAN =MS ( M]*ANT CAPITAL & MONEY$-CAPITAL HAD ACT$ TO BLOCK ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,NATIONAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T DEM&$ CAPITAL 9 ! REAL PRODUCTIVE =MS ( FACTORIES1 PLANT & MA*9]Y & ! LABOR ( A GR[+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 IF ,RUSSIA WAS TO BREAK FREE FROM ITS UND]DEVELOP$ POSITION IMPOS$ ?R\< ! WORLD M>KET1 PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL HAD TO BE DEVELOP$ OV] & AGA9/ ! 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL-9-CIRCULATION I4E4 MONEY-CAPITAL & COMMODITY-CAPITAL4 ,! FREE EX*ANGE ( MONEY-CAPITAL & COMMODITY-CAPITAL ?R\< ! FREE OP]ATION ( ! M>KET HAD TO BE RE/RICT$ TO ALL[ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL4 ,H5CE ! FREE M>KET WAS REPLAC$ BY ! C5TRAL PLAN4 ,H5CE1 9 TAK+ UP ! 'HI/ORIC TASKS ( ! B\RGEOISIE' ! /ATE-P>TY BUREAUCRACY ADOPT$ ! P]SPECTIVE ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL4 ,! MORE PRODUCTIVI/ ELEM5TS ( ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL W]E ADAPT$ TO ! IDEOLOGY ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL4 ,! IMP]ATIVE = ! REL5TLESS DRIVE TO DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE =CES OV] & AGA9/ ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS WAS ONE ?AT WAS NOT M]ELY VOIC$ BY ,/AL9 & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,TROTSKY WAS EV5 MORE ( A SUP]9DU/RIALIS] ?AN ,/AL94 ,9DE$ HE CRITICIZ$ ,/AL9 = NOT 9TRODUC+ PLANN+ & COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE E>LI]4 ,! QUE/ION ?AT N[ >ISES :]E :AT W]E ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS SUBORD9ATION ( CAPITAL-9-CIRCULATION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL8 ,WE %ALL >GUE ?AT !SE VALUE-=MS EXI/$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 NOT AS 'HUSKS' AS ?OSE 9 ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION MA9TA91 BUT RA!R AS REPRESS$ & UNDEVELOP$ =MS4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/