,:AT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R8 
,T[>DS A ,!ORY ( ! ,DE=MATION ( ,VALUE ,UND] ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,9TRODUCTION 

      #a1#i#d#c ,WORDS2 #a#a1#h#c#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE 

      #a#d1#g#f ,WORDS2 #i#d1#d#c#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM )9 ,TROTSKYISM 

      #h1#d#d ,WORDS2 #e#b1#f#a#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,RUSSIA AS A ,NON-MODE ( ,PRODUCTION 

      #a1#i#e ,WORDS2 #f1#g#f#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ORIG9S ( ,TICKT9'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

      #h1#i#b#f ,WORDS2 #e#f1#b#i#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,PROBLEMS ( ,TICKT9'S 'POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R' 

      #b1#e#c#c ,WORDS2 #a#e1#g#d#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,9TRODUCTION 

      #cii ,WORDS2 #b1#f#d#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,:O WAS ?IS COMMUNI/ LEFT8 

      #iia ,WORDS2 #f1#d#e#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 

      #d1#h#b ,WORDS2 #c#a1#b#b#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT 

      #e1#c#b#f ,WORDS2 #c#c1#g#c#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT 

      #c1 ,WORDS2 #a#h1#h#i#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,CONCLUSION 

      #a1#e ,WORDS2 #f1#c#b#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,9TRODUCTION 

      #c1#f#b#b ,WORDS2 #b#b1#h#i#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( /ATE CAPITALISM 

      #c1#b#c#a ,WORDS2 #b#a1#b#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,UND]DEVELOPM5T 

      #b1#d#b#e ,WORDS2 #a#f1#e#a#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,! DE=MATION ( ,VALUE 

      #a1#h#d#g ,WORDS2 #a#b1#d#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,TO :AT EXT5T DID ! ,COMMODITY-=M EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 

      #e1#e#d ,WORDS2 #c#d1#h#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #f 

      #hhd ,WORDS2 #e1#f#c#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,NOTES 

      #h1#g#h#e ,WORDS2 #e#g1#h#c ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,9TRODUCTION 
,P>T ,I3 ,TROTSKY & /ATE CAPITALISM 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! SUBSEQU5T E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A 'WORK]S' /ATE'1 HAS DOM9AT$ POLITICAL ?9K+ = MORE ?AN ?REE G5]ATIONS4 

,9 ! PA/1 IT SEEM$ 5\< = COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION>IES TO DEF9E !IR RADICAL SEP>ATION ) MU* ( ! 'LEFT' BY D5\NC+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS /ATE CAPITALI/4.<#a.> ,?IS IS NO LONG] SUFFICI5T1 IF IT EV] WAS4 ,MANY ,TROTSKYI/S1 = EXAMPLE1 N[ FEEL V9DICAT$ BY ! 'RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM' 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,TO TRANS=M SOCIETY WE NOT ONLY HAVE TO UND]/& :AT IT IS1 WE ALSO HAVE TO UND]/& H[ PA/ ATTEMPTS TO TRANS=M IT FAIL$4 ,9 ?IS & FUTURE ISSUES WE %ALL EXPLORE ! 9ADEQUACIES ( ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE & ! V>I\S V]SIONS ( ! !ORY ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! QUE/ION ( ,RUSSIA ONCE MORE 

,9 ,AUGU/ #aiia ! LA/ DESP]ATE ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO SALVAGE ! OLD ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,GORBA*EV1 ! GREAT RE=M] & >*ITECT ( BO? ,GLASNO/ & ,P]E/ROIKA1 WAS DEPOS$ AS ,PRESID5T ( ! ,U,S,S,R & REPLAC$ BY AN EI<T MAN JUNTA 9 AN ALMO/ BLOODLESS C\P4 ,YET1 )9 SIXTY H\RS ?IS C\P HAD CRUMBL$ 9 ! FACE ( ! OPPOSITION L$ BY ,BORIS ,YELTS91 BACK$ BY ALL ! MAJOR ,WE/]N P[]S4 ,YELTS9'S TRIUMPH NOT ONLY HA/5$ ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R BUT ALSO CONFIRM$ ! ,U,S,A AS ! F9AL VICTOR 9 ! ,COLD ,W> ?AT HAD = =TY YE>S S]V$ AS ! MATRIX ( WORLD POLITICS4 

,SIX YE>S LAT] ALL ?IS N[ SEEMS LONG PA/4 ,UND] ! ,NEW ,WORLD 7DIS7,ORD] 9 :I* ! ,U,S,A REMA9S AS ! SOLE SUP]P[]1 ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,COLD ,W> SEEM LITTLE MORE ?AN HI/ORY4 ,BUT ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT SIMPLY RE%APE ! 'POLITICS ( ! WORLD' -- IT HAS HAD FUNDAM5TAL REP]CUSSIONS 9 ! 'WORLD ( POLITICS'1 REP]CUSSIONS ?AT >E F> FROM BE+ RESOLV$4 

,EV] S9CE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g1 ALL PO9TS ALONG ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM HAVE HAD TO DEF9E !MSELVES 9 T]MS ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 & 9 DO+ SO !Y HAVE NECESS>ILY HAD TO DEF9E :AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS4 ,?IS HAS BE5 P>TICUL>LY TRUE = ?OSE ON ! 'LEFT' :O HAVE S\<T 9 SOME WAY TO *ALL5GE CAPITALISM4 ,9 SO F> AS ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ABLE TO PRES5T ITSELF AS 'AN ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALI/ SY/EM'1 AS A VIABLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! 'M>KET CAPITALISM ( ! ,WE/'1 IT CAME TO DEF9E :AT SOCIALISM WAS4 

,EV5 'DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/S' 9 ! ,WE/1 SU* AS ?OSE ON ! LEFT ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 ,BRITA91 :O REJECT$ ! 'TOTALIT>IAN' ME?ODS ( ! ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 & :O S\<T A P>LIAM5T>Y ROAD TO SOCIALISM1 /ILL TOOK FROM ! ,RUSSIAN MODEL NATIONALIZATION & C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ ( ! COMM&+ HEI<TS ( ! ECONOMY AS !IR T\*/ONE ( SOCIALISM4 ,! QUE/ION AS TO :AT EXT5T ! ,U,S,S,R WAS SOCIALI/1 & AS SU* WAS MOV+ T[>DS A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 WAS AN ISSUE ?AT HAS DOM9AT$ & DEF9$ SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ ?9K+ = MORE ?AN ?REE G5]ATIONS4 

,IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ !N ?AT ! FALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS ?R[N ! LEFT & BEYOND 9TO A S]I\S CRISIS4 ,:ILE ! ,U,S,S,R EXI/$ 9 OPPOSITION -- H[EV] FALSE -- TO FREE M>KET CAPITALISM1 & :ILE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,WE/ CONT9U$ TO ADVANCE1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO ASSUME ?AT HI/ORY WAS ON ! SIDE ( SOCIALISM4 ,! IDEALS ( SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM W]E ?OSE ( PROGRESS4 ,) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R SU* ASSUMPTIONS HAVE BE5 TURN$ ON !IR HEAD4 ,) ! VICTORY ( 'FREE M>KET CAPITALISM' SOCIALISM IS N[ PRES5T$ AS ANA*RONI/IC1 ! NOTION ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ ( HUGE NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES IS CONF9$ TO AN AGE ( D9OSAURS1 ALONG ) ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,N[ IT IS ! M>KET & LIB]AL DEMOCRACY ?AT CLAIM TO BE ! FUTURE1 SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM >E DEEM$ DEAD & GONE4 

,) ?IS IDEOLOGICAL ONSLAU<T ( NEO-LIB]ALISM ?AT HAS FOLL[$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! C>E]I/S 9 ! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC & ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES HAVE DROPP$ ALL VE/IGES OLD SOCIALISM AS !Y LUR* TO ! RI<T4 ,) ! ,BLAIRITE ,NEW ,LABOR 9 ,BRITA91 ! ,CL9TONITE NEW ,DEMOCRATS 9 ! ,U,S,A & ! R5AM$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE1 ALL !Y HAVE LEFT IS TO OP5LY PROCLAIM !MSELVES AS ! 'NEW & IMPROV$' C>+ MANAG]S ( CAPITALISM1 FULLY EMBRAC+ ! IDEALS ( ! M>KET & MOD]N MANAGEM5T ME?ODS4 

,( C\RSE1 = ! W\LD-BE REVOLUTION>IES :O HAD GR[N UP S9CE ! #a#i#fS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( C\RSE ( ! V>I\S ,TROTSKYI/ SECTS1 ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 ANYWAY PROGRESSIVE1 LET ALONE SOCIALI/ OR COMMUNI/1 HAD = A LONG TIME SEEM$ LUDICR\S4 ,! PURGES & %[ TRIALS ( ! #a#i#cS1 ! CRU%+ ( ! WORK]S' UPRIS+S 9 ,EA/ ,G]MANY 9 #aiec & 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f1 ! REFUSAL TO ACCEPT EV5 ! LIMIT$ LIB]AL RE=MS 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #aifh & ! CONT9U$ REPRESSION ( WORK]S' /RUGGLES 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 HAD LONG L$ MANY ON ! 'REVOLUTION>Y LEFT' TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT :ATEV] ! ,U,S,S,R WAS IT WAS NOT SOCIALI/4 ,EV5 ! CONT5TION ?AT1 = ALL ITS MON/R\S DI/ORTIONS1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS PROGRESSIVE 9S(> AS IT /ILL DEVELOP$ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES BECAME PAT5TLY ABSURD AS ! ECONOMIC /AGNATION & WA/E ( ! ,BREZHNEV ]A BECAME 9CREAS+LY APP>5T DUR+ ! #a#i#gS4 

,= ?OSE ULTRA-LEFTI/S.<#b.> & AN>*I/S :O HAD LONG S9CE REJECT$ ! ,U,S,S,R AS 9 ANYWAY A MODEL = SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM1 & :O AS A RESULT HAD COME TO REASS]T ! ORIG9AL COMMUNI/ DEM&S = ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR & COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 IT HAS LONG S9CE BECOME SELF-EVID5T ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS SIMPLY ANO!R =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS SU*1 = BO? AN>*I/S & ULTRA-LEFTI/S ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /ATE CAPITALI/ HAS COME AS AN EASY ONE -- TOO EASY P]HAPS4 

,IF IT WAS SIMPLY A QUE/ION ( IDEAS IT C\LD HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ ?AT ! F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R W\LD HAVE PROVID$ AN EXCELL5T OPPORTUNITY TO CLE> AWAY ALL ! OLD ILLUSIONS 9 ,L59ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ?AT HAD WEI<$ LIKE A NI<TM>E ON G5]ATIONS ( SOCIALI/S & WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS4 ,( C\RSE ?IS HAS NOT BE5 ! CASE1 & IF ANY?+ ! REV]SE MAY BE TRUE4 ,! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS COME AT A TIME :5 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS BE5 ON ! DEF5SIVE & :5 ! HOPES ( RADICALLY OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM HAVE SEEM$ MORE REMOTE ?AN EV]4 ,IF ANY?+1 AS 9SECURITY GR[S ) ! 9CREAS+ D]EGULATION ( M>KET =CES1 & AS ! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES MOVE TO ! RI<T1 IT W\LD SEEM IF ANY?+ ?AT ! CONDITIONS >E BE+ LA9 = A REVIVAL ( 'OLD /YLE SOCIALISM'4 

,9DE$1 FRE$ FROM HAV+ TO DEF5D ! 9DEF5SIBLE1 OLD ,/AL9I/S >E TAK+ NEW HE>T & CAN N[ MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ! MORE CRITICAL SUPPORT]S ( ! OLD ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,?IS REVIVALISM ( ! OLD LEFT1 ) ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 ,BRITA9 AS ! MO/ REC5T EXAMPLE1 CAN CLAIM TO BE MAK+ JU/ AS MU* HEADWAY AS ANY REAL COMMUNI/ OR AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,! CRISIS ( ! LEFT ?AT FOLL[$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS NOT ESCAP$ COMMUNI/S OR AN>*I/S4 ,9 ! PA/ IT WAS SUFFICI5T = !SE T5D5CIES TO DEF9E !IR RADICAL SEP>ATION ) MU* ( ! 'LEFT' BY D5\NC+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS /ATE CAPITALI/ & D5Y+ ! EXI/5CE ( ANY ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALI/ C\NTRY4 ,?IS IS NO LONG] SUFFICI5T1 IF IT EV] WAS4 ,AS WE %ALL %[1 MANY ,TROTSKYI/S1 = EXAMPLE1 N[ FEEL V9DICAT$ BY ! 'RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM' 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,O!RS1 LIKE ,TICKT91 HAVE DEVELOP$ A MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ANALYSIS ( ! NATURE ( ! OLD ,U,S,S,R1 & :AT CAUS$ ITS EV5TUAL COLLAPSE1 :I* HAS S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ ! /&>D !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS BE+ /ATE CAPITALI/4 

,:ILE SOME AN>*I/S & ULTRA-LEFTI/S >E CONT5T TO REPEAT ! OLD DOGMAS CONC]N+ ! ,U,S,S,R1 MO/ F9D ! QUE/ION BOR+2 A QUE/ION !Y BELIEVE HAS LONG S9CE BE5 SETTL$4 ,9/EAD !Y SEEK TO REASS]T !IR RADICALITY 9 ! PRACTICAL ACTIVISM ( PRISON] SUPPORT GR\PS 7'! LEFT NEV] SUPPORTS ITS PRISON]S DOES IT'71.<#c.> OR 9 ! !ORETICAL PSEUDO-RADICALITY ( PRIMITIVISM4 ,= US1 H[EV]1 ! QUE/ION ( :AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS IS P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN EV]4 ,= SO LONG ! ,U,S,S,R WAS PRES5T$1 BO? BY SOCIALI/S & ?OSE OPPOS$ TO SOCIALISM1 AS ! ONLY FEASIBLE ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM4 ,= ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE ! FAILURE & COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS MEANT ! FAILURE ( ANY REALI/IC SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM4 ,! ONLY ALT]NATIVES APPE> TO BE DIFF]5T %ADES ( 'FREE M>KET' CAPITALISM4 ,YET IT IS NO GOOD SIMPLY D5\NC+ ! ,U,S,S,R AS HAV+ BE5 A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM ON ! BASIS ?AT CAPITALISM IS ANY =M ( SOCIETY WE DON'T LIKE6 ,TO TRANS=M SOCIETY WE NOT ONLY HAVE TO UND]/& :AT IT IS1 WE ALSO HAVE TO UND]/& H[ PA/ ATTEMPTS TO TRANS=M IT FAIL$4 

,\TL9E 

,9 ?IS ISSUE & ! NEXT ONE WE %ALL EXPLORE ! 9ADEQUACIES ( V>I\S V]SIONS ( ! !ORY ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM2 FIR/LY :5 COMP>$ ) ! /&>D ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 & SECONDLY1 & P]HAPS MORE TELL+LY1 9 ! LI<T ( ! ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R PUT =W>D BY ,TICKT9 :I* PURPORTS TO GO BEYOND BO? /ATE CAPITALI/ & DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE CONCEPTIONS ( ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,TO BEG9 ) WE %ALL EXAM9E ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 :I*1 AT LEA/ 9 ,BRITA91 HAS S]V$ AS ! /&>D CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION S9CE ! #a#i#cS4 ,!N WE %ALL SEE H[ ,TONY ,CLIFF1 HAV+ BORR[$ ! CONCEPTION ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS /ATE CAPITALI/ FROM ! LEFT COMMUNI/S 9 ! #a#i#dS1 DEVELOP$ HIS [N V]SION ( ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM :I*1 :ILE RADICALLY REVIS+ ! ,TROTSKYI/ OR?ODOXY ) REG>D TO ,RUSSIA1 S\<T TO REMA9 FAI?FUL TO ,TROTSKY'S BROAD] !ORETICAL CONCEPTIONS4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 & AS IS WELL RECOGNIZ$1 AL?\< ?R\< ! PROPAG&A WORK ( ! ,S,W,P & ITS SI/] ORGANIZATIONS WORLD WIDE ,CLIFF'S V]SION ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORY IS P]HAPS ! MO/ WELL KN[N1 IT IS ALSO ONE ( ! WEAKE/4 ,9DE$1 AS WE %ALL OBS]VE1 ,CLIFF'S !ORY HAS (T5 BE5 US$ BY OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S AS A /RAW MAN ) :I* TO REFUTE ALL /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES & SU/A9 !IR [N CONCEPTION ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,CLIFF'S !ORY WE %ALL1 9 ! NEXT ISSUE1 CONSID] O!R P]HAPS LESS WELL KN[N V]SIONS ( ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS /ATE CAPITALI/ ?AT HAVE BE5 PUT =W>D BY LEFT COMMUNI/S & O!R MORE REC5T WRIT]S4 ,?IS WILL !N ALL[ US TO CONSID] ,TICKT9'S ANALYSIS ( ,U,S,S,R & ITS CLAIM TO GO BEYOND BO? ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS /ATE CAPITALI/ & ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 

,HAV+ EXPLOR$ ! 9ADEQUACIES ( ! !ORY ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 9 ! LI<T ( BO? ! ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ,TICKT9'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 WE %ALL 9 ,AUFHEB5 #h SEEK TO PRES5T A T5TATIVE RE/ATEM5T ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORY 9 T]MS ( A !ORY ( ! DE=MATION ( VALUE4 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE 
,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE 

,9TRODUCTION 

,IT IS N[ EASY TO D]IDE ?OSE :O HAVE S\<T1 H[EV] CRITICALLY1 TO DEF5D ! ,U,S,S,R AS HAV+ BE5 9 SOME S5SE 'PROGRESSIVE'4 ,YET = MORE ?AN A HALF A C5TURY ! 'DEF5SE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION' WAS A C5TRAL ISSUE = NE>LY ALL 'REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S'1 & IS A CONC]N ?AT /ILL P]SI/S TODAY AMONG SOME4 ,TO UND]/& ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE SOME EF=T TO APPRECIATE ! PR(\ND IMPACT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MU/ HAVE HAD ON PREVI\S G5]ATIONS ( SOCIALI/S & WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS4 

,I ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,IT IS P]HAPS NOT ?AT H>D TO IMAG9E ! PR(\ND IMPACT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD ON ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS AT ! TIME4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! GREAT W>1 NOT ONLY HAD ! WORK+ MASSES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE RIS5 UP & OV]?R[N ! ONCE =MIDABLE ,CZ>I/ POLICE /ATE1 BUT !Y HAD SET \T TO CON/RUCT A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AT ! V]Y TIME :5 CAPITALISM HAD PLUNG$ ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE 9TO W> ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE & SEEM$ TO HAVE LITTLE ELSE TO (F] ! WORK+ CLASS BUT MORE W> & POV]TY1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION OP5$ UP A REAL SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE ( PEACE & PROSP]ITY4 ,ALL ?OSE CYNICS :O SNE]$ AT ! IDEA ?AT ! WORK+ PEOPLE C\LD GOV]N SOCIETY & :O D5I$ ! FEASIBILITY ( COMMUNISM ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT WAS 9 SOME WAY AGA9/ 'HUMAN NATURE'1 C\LD N[ BE REFUT$ BY ! LIV+ EXAMPLE ( A WORK]S' /ATE 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( BUILD+ SOCIALISM4 

,= MANY SOCIALI/S AT ?IS TIME ! REVOLUTION>Y BUT DISCIPL9$ POLITICS ( ,BOL%EVIKS /OOD 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ! :EEL]-DEAL+ & BACK-SLID+ ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,= ALL !IR PROCLAMATIONS ( 9T]NATIONALISM1 )\T EXCEPTION ! RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD L9$ UP BEH9D !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL RUL+ CLASSES & 9 DO+ SO HAD CONDEMN$ A :OLE G5]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! HELL & DEA? ( ! TR5*ES4 ,AS A RESULT1 ) ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT SWEPT ,EUROPE FOLL[+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S FLOCK$ TO ! NEWLY =M$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES BAS$ ON ! ,BOL%EVIK MODEL1 & UNIT$ )9 ! NEWLY =M$ ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL DIRECT$ FROM ,MOSC[4 ,FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION ! PRIM>Y TASK ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ?AT ( BUILD+ SUPPORT = ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & OPPOS+ ANY FUR!R >M$ 9T]V5TION AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ON ! P>T ( ! MA9 ,WE/]N ,P[]S4 ,AFT] ALL IT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ SELF-EVID5T !N ?AT ! DEF5SE ( ,RUSSIA WAS ! DEF5SE ( SOCIALISM4 

,I,I ,! #a#i#cS & ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I 

,BY ! #a#i#cS ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?AT HAD SWEPT ACROSS ,EUROPE AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> HAD ALL BUT BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,! IMM$IATE HOPES ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION FAD$ 9 ! FACE ( RIS+ FASCISM & ! LOOM+ PROSPECTS ( A SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 9 LESS ?AN A G5]ATION4 ,YET ?IS DID NOT DIM9I% ! ATTRACTIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! ,SOVIET ,UNION /OOD \T AS A BEACON ( HOPE COMP>$ TO ! DESPAIR & /AGNATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ,WE/4 

,:ILE CAPITALISM HAD BR\<T AB\T AN UNPREC$5T$ ADVANCE 9 PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY1 ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ELECTRICITY1 WA%+ MA*9ES1 VACUUM CLEAN]S1 C>S1 RADIOS & EV5 TELEVISIONS1 ALL ( :I* PROMIS$ TO TRANS=M ! LIVES ( EV]YONE1 IT HAD PLUNG$ ! WORLD 9TO AN UNPREC$5T$ ECONOMIC SLUMP ?AT CONDEMN$ MILLIONS TO UNEMPLOYM5T & POV]TY4 ,9 />K CONTRA/ TO ?IS ECONOMIC /AGNATION BR\<T AB\T BY ! AN>*Y ( M>KET =CES1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION %[$ ! REM>KABLE POSSIBILITIES ( RATIONAL C5TRAL PLANN+ :I* WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( TRANS=M+ ! BACKW>D ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,! APP>5T A*IEVEM5TS ( 'SOCIALI/ PLANN+' ?AT W]E BE+ BR\<T AB\T UND] ,/AL9'S FIVE-YE> PLANS NOT ONLY APPEAL$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS TRAPP$ 9 ! ECONOMIC SLUMP1 BUT ALSO TO 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS :O HAD N[ LO/ ALL FAI? 9 CAPITALISM4 

,( C\RSE1 FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD BE5 SUBJECT$ TO ! LIES & DI/ORTIONS PUT \T BY ! B\RGEOIS PROPAG&A MA*9E & IT WAS EASY = COMMITT$ SUPPORT]S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 :E!R WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS OR 9TELLECTUALS1 TO DISMISS ! REPORTS ( ! PURGES & %[ TRIALS UND] ,/AL9 AS FUR!R ATTEMPTS TO DISCR$IT BO? SOCIALISM & ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,EV5 IF ! REPORTS W]E BASICALLY TRUE1 IT SEEM$ A SMALL PRICE TO PAY = ! HUGE & DRAMATIC SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ?AT WAS BE+ BR\<T AB\T 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* PROMIS$ TO B5EFIT HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE & :I* PROVID$ A LIV+ EXAMPLE TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD ( :AT C\LD BE A*IEV$ ) ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM4 ,:ILE ! B\RGEOIS PRESS BLEAT$ AB\T ! FRE$OM ( SPEE* ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 ,/AL9 WAS FREE+ MILLIONS FROM A FUTURE ( POV]TY & HUNG]4 

,( C\RSE NOT EV]YONE ON ! LEFT WAS TAK5 9 BY ! AFFABILITY ( ',UNCLE ,JOE' ,/AL94 ,! PURGE & EXILE ( MO/ ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ORIG9AL ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 ! ZIG-ZAGS 9 =EIGN POLICY ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! NON-AGGRESSION PACT ) ,HITL]1 ! DISA/R\S REV]SALS 9 POLICY IMPOS$ ON ! V>I\S ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES ?R\< ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! BETRAYAL ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#c#g1 ALL COMB9$ TO CA/ D\BTS ON ,/AL9 & ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,YET ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> S]V$ TO FUR!R 5HANCE ! REPUTATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & NOT ONLY AMONG SOCIALI/S4 ,ONCE ! NON-AGGRESSION PACT ) ,G]MANY 5D$ 9 #a#i#d1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ABLE TO 5T] ! W> UND] ! BANN] ( ANTI-FASCISM & C\LD CLAIM TO HAVE PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! EV5TUAL DEFEAT ( ,HITL]4 ,:ILE ! RUL+ CLASSES ?R\<\T ,EUROPE HAD EXPRESS$ SYMPA?Y ) FASCISM1 & 9 ! CASE ( ,FRANCE COLLABORAT$ ) ! OCCUPY+ ,G]MAN =CES1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! ,RESI/ANCE & ,P>TIZAN MOVEM5TS ?AT HAD HELP$ TO DEFEAT FASCISM4 ,AS A RESULT1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,GREECE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES C\LD CLAIM TO BE *AMPIONS ( ! PATRIOTIC ANTI-FASCI/ MOVEM5TS1 9 CONTRA/ TO MO/ ( ! ,QUISL+ B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 

,I,I,I ,! #a#i#eS 

,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 5D$ ) ! ,U,S,A AS ! UNDISPUT$ SUP]P[] 9 ! ,WE/]N HEMISPH]E1 BUT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R %E N[ FAC$ A =MIDABLE RIVAL4 ,! ,U,S,S,R WAS NO LONG] AN ISOLAT$ BACKW>D C\NTRY AT ! P]IPH]Y ( WORLD CAPITAL ACCUMULATION C5T]$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION UND] ,/AL9 DUR+ ! #a#i#cS HAD TRANS=M$ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9TO A MAJOR 9DU/RIAL & MILIT>Y P[]1 :ILE ! W> HAD LEFT HALF ( ,EUROPE UND] ,SOVIET CONTROL4 ,) ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION 9 #aidi OV] A ?IRD ( HUMAN K9D N[ LIV$ UND] ',COMMUNI/ RULE'6 

,NOT ONLY ?IS4 ,?R\<\T MU* ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! V]Y HE>TL&S & CRADLE ( CAPITALISM1 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES UND] ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ,MOSC[1 OR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES ) SIGNIFICANT LEFT-W+ CURR5TS SUSCEPTIBLE TO ,RUSSIAN SYMPA?IES1 W]E ON ! V]GE ( P[]4 ,9 ,BRITA9 ! FIR/ MAJORITY ,LABOR GOV]NM5T CAME TO P[] ) #dh P] C5T ( ! VOTE1 :ILE 9 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES WON MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( ! VOTE 9 ! PO/W> ELECTIONS & W]E ONLY KEPT FROM P[] BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( HI<LY PROPORTIONAL VOT+ SY/EMS4 

,:AT IS MORE1 FEW 9 ! RUL+ CIRCLES ( ! ,AM]ICAN OR ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE C\LD BE CONFID5T ?AT ! ECONOMIC BOOM ?AT FOLL[$ ! W> W\LD LA/ LONG BEYOND ! IMM$IATE P]IOD ( PO/W> RECON/RUCTION4 ,IF ! P]IOD FOLL[+ ! PREVI\S ,WORLD ,W> WAS ANY?+ TO GO BY1 ! MO/ LIKELY PROSPECT WAS ( AT BE/ A DOZ5 OR SO YE>S ( 9CREAS+ PROSP]ITY FOLL[$ BY ANO!R SLUMP :I* C\LD ONLY REK9DLE ! CLASS CONFLICTS & SOCIAL POL>IZATION ?AT HAD BE5 EXP]I5C$ DUR+ #a#i#cS4 ,YET N[ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES1 & !IR ALLIES ON ! LEFT1 W]E 9 A MU* /RONG] />T+ POSITION TO EXPLOIT SU* SOCIAL T5SIONS4 

,:ILE ! ,WE/ FAC$ ! PROSPECTS ( LONG T]M ECONOMIC /AGNATION1 !RE SEEM$ NO LIMITS TO ! PLANN$ ECONOMIC GR[? & TRANS=MATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,EA/]N BLOC4 ,9DE$1 EV5 AS ! LATE AS ! E>LY #a#i#fS ,KHRU%*EV C\LD CLAIM1 ) ALL CR$IBILITY = MANY ,WE/]N OBS]V]S1 ?AT HAV+ E/ABLI%$ A MOD]N ECONOMIC BASE ( HEAVY 9DU/RY UND] ,/AL91 ,RUSSIA WAS N[ 9 A POSITION TO %IFT ITS EMPHASIS TO ! EXPANSION ( ! CONSUM] GOODS SECTOR SO ?AT IT C\LD \T/RIP ! LIV+ /&>DS 9 ! ,U,S,A )9 T5 YE>S6 

,IT WAS ?IS BLEAK VIEWPO9T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 =G$ 9 ! IMM$IATE PO/W> REALITIES ( ! LATE #a#i#dS & E>LY #a#i#eS1 :I* S]V$ AS ! ORIG9AL BASIS ( ! VIRUL5T ANTI-,COMMUNI/ P>ANOIA ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,U,S,A2 FROM ! ANTI-,COMMUNI/ WIT*-HUNTS ( ! ,MC,C>?Y ]A TO ,REAGAN'S 'EVIL EMPIRE' RHETORIC 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS4 

,= ! B\RGEOISIE1 EXPROPRIATION BY EI!R ! PROLET>IAT OR BY A ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY MADE LITTLE DIFF]5CE4 ,! ?REAT ( COMMUNISM WAS ! ?REAT ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,TO ! M9DS ( ! ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAD N[ BECOME 9SCRIB$ 9 ! V]Y /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO WORLD SUP]P[]S3 BETWE5 ! ',FREE ,WORLD' & ! ',COMMUNI/ ,WORLD'4.<#d.> 

,?IS NOTION ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO SUP]P[]S AS BE+ AT ONE & ! SAME TIME ! F9AL TITANIC /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR WAS ONE ?AT WAS READILY ACCEPT$ BY MANY ON ! LEFT4 ,= MANY IT SEEM$ CLE> ?AT ! MAJOR CONCESSIONS ?AT HAD BE5 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! V>I\S PO/W> SETTLEM5TS HAD BE5 PROMPT$ BY ! FE> ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! ,WE/1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 W\LD GO OV] TO ,COMMUNISM4 ,! PO/W> COMMITM5TS TO ! WELF>E /ATE1 FULL EMPLOYM5T1 DEC5T H\S+ & SO =?1 C\LD ALL BE DIRECTLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! B\RGEOISIE'S FE> ( BO? ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS ALLI$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 ! ,WE/4 ,FUR!RMORE1 DESPITE ALL ITS FAULTS1 IT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R :O C\LD BE SE5 TO BE ! *AMPION ! MILLIONS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ) ITS BACK+ = ! V>I\S NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9 !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! OLD IMP]IALI/ & COLONIAL P[]S & ! NEW RAPACI\S IMP]IALISM ( ! MULT9ATIONALS4 

,9 ?IS VIEW !RE W]E ONLY TWO CAMPS3 ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,EA/]N BLOC1 :I* /OOD BEH9D ! WORK+ CLASS & ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ( ! WORLD1 V]SUS ! ,U,S,A & ! ,WE/]N P[]S :O /OOD BEH9D ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 ,?OSE :O REFUS$ TO TAKE SIDES W]E SE5 AS NO?+ BETT] ?AN PETIT-B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS :O C\LD ONLY DWELL 9 !IR UTOPIAN AB/RACTIONS & :O REFUS$ TO GET !IR H&S DIRTY 9 DEAL+ ) CURR5T REALITY4 

,( C\RSE1 BY ! E>LY #a#i#eS ! FULL HORRORS & BRUTALITY ( ,/AL9'S RULE HAD BECOME UND5IABLE4 ,AS A RESULT MANY TURN$ T[>DS RE=MI/ SOCIALISM EMBRAC+ ! RE=MS ?AT HAD BE5 WON 9 ! PO/W> SETTLEM5T4 ,:ILE MA9TA9+ SYMPA?IES = ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & BE+ GREATLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! NOTION ( SOCIALISM AS PLANN+ EVID5T 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 !Y S\<T TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y MEANS & ME?ODS ( BOL%EVISM ?AT W]E SE5 AS ! CAUSE ( ! 'TOTALIT>IANISM' ( ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,?IS C\RSE T[>DS 'DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM' WAS TO BE FOLL[$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES !MSELVES #b YE>S LAT] ) ! RISE ( SO-CALL$ ,EURO-COMMUNISM 9 ! #a#i#gS4 

,:ILE MANY TURN$ T[>DS 'DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM'1 & O!RS CLUNG TO AN UNSW]V+ COMMITM5T TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! DEF5SE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 !RE W]E ?OSE :O1 :ILE ACCEPT+ ! MON/ROSITIES ( ,/AL9I/ & PO/-,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 REFUS$ TO SURR5D] ! REVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE ( ! #aiag ,REVOLUTION4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ! LIMITATIONS ( ! PO/W> SETTLEM5T1 & REFUS+ TO =GET ! BETRAYALS EXP]I5C$ ! G5]ATION BE=E AT ! H&S ( RE=MI/ SOCIALISM1.<#e.> !Y S\<T TO SALVAGE ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SI<TS ( ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM :AT !Y SAW AS ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION BR\<T AB\T UND] ,/AL94 ,! OBVI\S 9SPIRATION = ?OSE :O HELD ?IS POSITION WAS ,/AL9'S GREAT RIVAL ,LEON ,TROTSKY & HIS !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 

,LEON ,TROTSKY 

,IT IS NOT ?AT H>D TO UND]/& :Y ?OSE :O HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY DISILLUSION$ ) ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 BUT :O /ILL WI%$ TO DEF5D ,L59 & ! REVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE ( #aiag %\LD HAVE TURN$ TO ,LEON ,TROTSKY4 ,TROTSKY HAD PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( BO? #aie & #aiag 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,DESPITE ,/AL9'S ATTEMPTS TO LIT]ALLY PA9T HIM \T ( ! PICTURE1 ,TROTSKY HAD BE5 A PROM95T MEMB] ( ! E>LY ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T1 SO MU* SO ?AT IT CAN BE CONV9C+LY >GU$ ?AT HE WAS ,L59'S [N PREF]R$ SUCCESSOR4 

,AS SU*1 9 MAK+ HIS CRITICISMS ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 ,TROTSKY C\LD NOT BE SO EASILY DISMISS$ AS SOME B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUAL ATTEMPT+ TO DISCR$IT SOCIALISM1 NOR C\LD HE BE ACCUS$ ( BE+ AN UTOPIAN ULTRA-LEFTI/ OR AN>*I/ ATTEMPT+ TO MEASURE UP ! CONCRETE LIMITATIONS ( ! 'ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM' ( ! ,U,S,S,R AGA9/ SOME AB/RACT IDEAL ( :AT SOCIALISM %\LD BE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T ,TROTSKY HAD BE5 RESPONSIBLE = MAK+ H>% & (T5 RU?LESS DECISIONS NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! FRAGILE & ISOLAT$ REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,TROTSKY HAD NOT %RUNK FROM SUPPORT+ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & ,TAYLORISM1 NOR HAD HE %I$ AWAY FROM CRU%+ WAYW>D REVOLUTION>IES AS WAS CLE>LY %[N :5 HE L$ ! ,R$ ,>MY DETA*M5TS TO PUT D[N BO? ,MAKHNO'S PEASANT >MY DUR+ ! CIVIL W> & ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS 9 #a#i#b#a4,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY (T5 W5T BEYOND ?OSE POLICIES DEEM$ NECESS>Y BY ,L59 & O!R ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S AS WAS CLE>LY EXEMPLIFI$ BY HIS CALL = ! COMPLETE MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR4.<#f.> 

,YET ,TROTSKY WAS NOT M]ELY A PRACTICAL REVOLUTION>Y CAPABLE ( TAK+ & DEF5D+ DIFFICULT DECISIONS4 ,TROTSKY HAD PROV$ TO BE ONE ( ! FEW IMPORTANT /RATEGIC & !ORETICAL ?9K]S AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS :O C\LD RIVAL ! !ORETICAL & /RATEGIC LEAD]%IP ( ,L594 ,WE MU/ N[ CONSID] ,TROTSKY'S IDEAS 9 DETAIL & 9 !IR [N T]MS1 RES]V+ MORE SUB/ANTIAL CRITICISMS UNTIL LAT]4 

,TROTSKY & ! ,OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL.<#g.> 

,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ,TROTSKY REMA9$ COMMITT$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE TO ! OR?ODOX VIEW ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM :I* HAD BECOME E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,LIKE MO/ ,M>XI/S ( HIS TIME1 ,TROTSKY SAW HI/ORY PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE CLASS /RUGGLE MAY HAVE BE5 ! MOTOR ( HI/ORY :I* DROVE IT =W>D1 ! DIRECTION & PURPOSE ( HI/ORY WAS ABOVE ALL ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( HUMAN LABOR T[>DS ITS ULTIMATE GOAL ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* HUMANITY AS A :OLE W\LD BE FREE FROM BO? WANT & SC>CITY4 

,AS SU*1 HI/ORY WAS SE5 AS A S]IES ( DI/9CT /AGES1 EA* ( :I* WAS DOM9AT$ BY A P>TICUL> MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS ! POT5TIAL = EA* MODE ( PRODUCTION TO ADVANCE ! PRODUCTIVE =CES BECAME EXHAU/$ ITS 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS W\LD BECOME MORE ACUTE & ! EXHAU/$ MODE ( PRODUCTION W\LD NECESS>ILY GIVE WAY TO A NEW MORE ADVANC$ MODE ( PRODUCTION :I* W\LD ALL[ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( HUMAN LABOR4 

,! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION HAD DEVELOP$ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION F> BEYOND ANY?+ ?AT HAD BE5 A*IEV$ BE=E4 ,YET 9 DO+ SO CAPITALISM HAD BEGUN TO CREATE ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ITS [N SUP]SESSION BY A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY T[>DS ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD L$ TO AN 9CREAS+ POL>IZATION BETWE5 A T9Y CLASS ( CAPITALI/S AT ONE POLE & ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PROLET>IANS AT ! O!R4 

,AT ! SAME TIME MOD]N L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY HAD BEGUN TO REPLACE ! NUM]\S 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S COMPET+ 9 EA* BRAN* ( 9DU/RY BY HUGE JO9T /OCK MONOPOLIES ?AT DOM9AT$ 5TIRE 9DU/RIES 9 A P>TICUL> ECONOMY4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( HUGE JO9T /OCK MONOPOLIES & 9DU/RIAL C>TELS1 IT WAS >GU$ BY MO/ ,M>XI/S ?AT ! CLASSICAL =M ( COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM1 :I* HAD BE5 ANALYZ$ BY ,M>X 9 ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY1 HAD N[ GIV5 WAY TO MONOPOLY CAPITALISM4 ,UND] COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM :AT WAS PRODUC$ & H[ ?IS PRODUC$ WEAL? %\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ HAD BE5 DECID$ ?R\< ! 'AN>*Y ( M>KET =CES'1 ?AT IS AS ! UN=ESE5 \TCOME ( ! COMPETITIVE BATTLE BETWE5 COMPET+ CAPITALI/S4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( MONOPOLY CAPITALISM1 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION WAS BECOM+ MORE & MORE PLANN$ AS MONOPOLIES & C>TELS FIX$ 9 ADVANCE ! LEVELS ( PRODUCTION & PRIC+ ON AN 9DU/RY-WIDE BASIS4 

,YET ?IS WAS NOT ALL4 ,AS ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE BECAME 9CREAS+LY 9T]DEP5D5T & COMPLEX ! /ATE1 IT WAS >GU$1 C\LD NO LONG] PLAY A M9IMAL ECONOMIC ROLE AS IT HAD DONE DUR+ ! COMPETITIVE /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY ! /ATE 9CREAS+LY HAD TO 9T]V5E & DIRECT ! ECONOMY4 ,?US = OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 ! DEVELOPM5T T[>DS MONOPOLY CAPITALISM WAS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME A DEVELOPM5T T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,AS ECONOMIC PLANN+ BY ! MONOPOLIES & ! /ATE REPLAC$ ! 'AN>*Y ( M>KET' 9 REGULAT+ ! ECONOMY1 ! BASIC CONDITIONS = A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W]E BE+ PUT 9 PLACE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! BASIC CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALISM BETWE5 ! 9CREAS+LY SOCIAL *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION & ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL? IT PRODUC$ WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY ACUTE4 ,! P]IODIC CRISES ?AT HAD S]V$ BO? TO DISRUPT YET R5EW ! COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM ( ! E>LY & MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD N[ GIV5 WAY TO PROLONG$ P]IODS ( ECONOMIC /AGNATION AS ! MONOPOLI/S S\<T TO RE/RICT PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR MONOPOLY PR(ITS4 

,! BASIS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL? BAS$ ON ! RI<TS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY C\LD N[ BE SE5 TO BE BECOM+ A FETT] ON ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,! P]IOD ( ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM WAS FA/ APPROA*+ AS CAPITALISM 5T]$ ITS F9AL /AGES ( DECL9E4 ,) ! GR[+ POL>IZATION ( SOCIETY1 :I* WAS CREAT+ A HUGE & ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT1 ALL ?AT W\LD BE NE$$ WAS = ! WORK+ CLASS TO SEIZE /ATE P[] & TO NATIONALIZE ! MAJOR BANKS & MONOPOLIES SO ?AT PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION C\LD BE RATIONALLY PLANN$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL ( SOCIETY RA!R ?AN 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! T9Y M9ORITY ( CAPITALI/S4 ,ONCE ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAD BE5 SWEPT AWAY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION W\LD BE SET FREE & ! WAY W\LD BE OP5 TO CREAT+ A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* FRE$OM W\LD TRIUMPH OV] NECESSITY4 

,( C\RSE1 LIKE MANY ON ! LEFT & C5T] ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,TROTSKY REJECT$ ! MORE SIMPLI/IC V]SIONS ( ?IS BASIC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM :I* 5VISAG$ ! SMOO? EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM 9TO SOCIALISM4 ,= ,TROTSKY ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM W\LD NECESS>ILY BE A CONTRADICTORY & (T5 VIOL5T PROCESS 9 :I* ! POLITICAL C\LD NOT BE SIMPLY R$UC$ TO ! ECONOMIC4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! CONTRADICTORY DEVELOPM5T ( DECL9+ CAPITALISM C\LD PROMPT ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS LONG BE=E ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL PRECONDITIONS = A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY HAD COME 9TO BE+4 ,?IS POSSIBILITY ( A WORK]S' /ATE FAC+ A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( TRANSITION TO A FULLY =M$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WAS TO BE P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT TO ! REVOLUTION 9 ,TROTSKY'S NATIVE ,RUSSIA4 

,TROTSKY & ! !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION.<#h.> 

,:ILE ,TROTSKY DEF5D$ ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! NATURE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HE DIFF]$ RADICALLY ON ITS SPECIFIC APPLICATION TO ,RUSSIA1 & IT WAS ON ?IS ISSUE ?AT ,TROTSKY MADE HIS MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO :AT WAS TO BECOME ! NEW OR?ODOXY ( ,SOVIET ,M>XISM4 

,! OR?ODOX VIEW ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BE5 ?AT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION W\LD NECESS>ILY BREAK \T 9 ONE ( ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES :]E CAPITALISM HAD ALREADY CREAT$ ! PRECONDITIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS ( ,RUSSIA1 !RE C\LD BE NO IMM$IATE PROSPECTS ( MAK+ A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,RUSSIA REMA9$ A SEMI-FEUDAL EMPIRE DOM9AT$ BY ! ALL P[]FUL ,CZ>I/ AUTOCRACY :I* HAD SEV]ELY RE/RICT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ON ,RUSSIAN SOIL4 ,H[EV]1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ,RUSSIA AS A MAJOR MILIT>Y P[]1 ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME HAD BE5 OBLIG$ TO PROMOTE A LIMIT$ DEGREE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION :I* HAD BEGUN TO GA!R PACE BY ! TURN ( C5TURY4 ,YET EV5 ) ?IS 9DU/RIALIZATION ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY WAS /ILL DOM9AT$ BY SMALL SCALE PEASANT AGRICULTURE4 

,UND] SU* CONDITIONS IT APPE>$ ?AT ! IMM$IATE TASK = ,M>XI/S WAS TO HA/5 ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION :I*1 BY SWEEP+ AWAY ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME1 W\LD OP5 ! WAY = ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 DO+ SO PREP>E ! WAY = A FUTURE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,! QUE/ION ?AT CAME TO DIVIDE ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S WAS ! PRECISE *>ACT] ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION W\LD TAKE & AS A CONSEQU5CE ! ROLE ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO PLAY )9 IT4 

,= ! ,M5%EVIKS ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE TO BE C>RI$ \T 9 ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! TASKS ( ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE TO ACT AS ! MO/ RADICAL W+ ( ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION :I* W\LD !N PRESS = A 'M9IMAL PROGRAM' ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL RE=MS :I*1 :ILE COMPATIBLE ) BO? PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! LIMITS ( ! DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 W\LD PROVIDE A S\ND BASIS = ! FUTURE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & CAPITALISM4 

,9 CONTRA/1 ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE WAS F> TOO WEAK & C[>DLY TO C>RY \T !IR [N REVOLUTION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE TO BE MADE = !M BY ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANT MASSES4 ,H[EV]1 9 MAK+ A REVOLUTION>Y ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY ! QUE/ION ( L& RE=M W\LD HAVE TO BE PLAC$ AT ! TOP ( ! POLITICAL AG5DA ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,YET1 AS PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAD %[N1 AS SOON AS L& HAD BE5 EXPROPRIAT$ FROM ! L&[N]S & R$I/RIBUT$ AMONG ! PEASANTRY MO/ ( ! PEASANTS W\LD BEG9 TO LOSE 9T]E/ 9 ! REVOLUTION & BECOME A CONS]VATIVE =CE4 ,SO1 HAV+ PLAY$ AN ESS5TIAL P>T 9 C>RY+ \T ! REVOLUTION1 ! PEASANTRY W\LD 5D UP BLOCK+ ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T & CONF9E IT )9 ! LIMITS ( A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 :I* RI<TS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY W\LD NECESS>ILY HAVE TO BE PRES]V$4 

,AGA9/ BO? !SE POSITIONS1 :I* T5D$ TO SEE ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA 9 ISOLATION1 ,TROTSKY 9SI/$ ?AT ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA WAS P>T ( ! OV]ALL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,AS A BACKW>D ECONOMY ,RUSSIA HAD BE5 ABLE TO IMPORT ! MO/ UP TO DATE ME?ODS ( MOD]N L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY 'READY MADE' )\T GO+ ?R\< ! LONG1 DRAWN \T PROCESS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T :I* HAD OCCURR$ 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,AS A RESULT ,RUSSIA POSSESS$ SOME ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION ALONGSIDE SOME ( ! MO/ BACKW>D =MS ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS COMB9ATION ( UNEV5 LEVELS ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T MEANT ?AT ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD BE V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY OCCURR$ ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE4 

,FIR/LY1 ! DIRECT IMPLANTATION ( MOD]N 9DU/RY 9TO ,RUSSIA UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME HAD MEANT ?AT MU* ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS EI!R [N$ BY ! /ATE OR BY =EIGN CAPITAL4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,RUSSIA LACK$ A /RONG & 9DEP5D5T 9DIG5\S B\RGEOISIE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ?IS DIRECT IMPLANTATION ( MOD]N L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY HAD BR\<T 9TO BE+ AN ADVANC$ PROLET>IAT :OSE POT5TIAL ECONOMIC P[] WAS F> GREAT] ?AN ITS LIMIT$ NUMB]S MI<T SUGGE/4 ,F9ALLY1 BY LEAP+ OV] ! 9T]M$I>Y /AGES ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ,RUSSIA LACK$ ! VA/ NUMB]S ( 9T]M$I>Y SOCIAL /RATA ROOT$ 9 SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION & :I* HAD PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS ANALYSIS ,TROTSKY CONCLUD$ AS E>LY AS #aid ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO C>RY \T ! DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANT MASSES BECAUSE ( ! V]Y WEAKNESS ( ! 9DIG5\S ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ,TROTSKY'S CONCLUSIONS CONCURR$ ) ?OSE ( ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS AT ?AT TIME4 ,H[EV]1 ,TROTSKY W5T FUR!R4 ,= ,TROTSKY BO? ! HET]OG5EITY & LACK ( ORGANIZATION AMONG ! PEASANT MASSES MEANT ?AT1 DESPITE !IR OV]:ELM+ NUMB]S1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY C\LD ONLY PLAY A SUPPORT+ ROLE )9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS POLITICAL WEAKNESS ( ! PEASANTRY1 TOGE!R ) ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE SOCIAL /RATA BAS$ 9 SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION1 MEANT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT W\LD BE COMPELL$ TO PLAY ! LEAD+ ROLE 9 BO? ! REVOLUTION1 & 9 ! SUBSEQU5T REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,SO1 :]EAS ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5VISAG$ ?AT IT W\LD BE A DEMOCRATIC WORK]S-PEASANT GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD HAVE TO C>RY \T ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE NO OPTION BUT TO IMPOSE ITS DOM9ATION ON ANY SU* REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,9 SU* A LEAD+ POSITION1 ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT SIMPLY PLAY ! ROLE ( ! LEFT W+ ( DEMOCRACY & SEEK TO PRESS = ! ADOPTION ( ITS 'M9IMAL PROGRAM' ( DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,IT W\LD BE 9 P[]1 & AS SU* IT W\LD HAVE LITTLE OPTION BUT TO IMPLEM5T ! 'M9IMAL PROGRAM' ITSELF4 ,H[EV]1 ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT IF A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T L$ BY ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS ATTEMPT$ TO IMPLEM5T A 'M9IMAL PROGRAM' IT W\LD SOON MEET ! RESOLUTE OPPOSITION ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 ,9 ! FACE ( SU* OPPOSITION ! WORK+ CLASS P>TY W\LD EI!R HAVE TO ABDICATE P[] OR ELSE PRESS HEAD BY ABOLI%+ PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 9 DO+ SO BEG9 AT ONCE ! PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,= ,TROTSKY IT W\LD BE BO? ABSURD & IRRESPONSIBLE = ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO SIMPLY ABDICATE P[] 9 SU* A CRUCIAL SITUATION4 ,9 SU* A POSITION1 ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO TAKE ! OPPORTUNITY ( EXPROPRIAT+ ! WEAK B\RGEOISIE & ALL[ ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION TO PASS1 UN9T]RUPT$1 9TO A PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,TROTSKY ACCEPT$ ?AT ! PEASANTRY W\LD 9EVITABLY BECOME A CONS]VATIVE =CE ONCE AGR>IAN RE=M HAD BE5 COMPLET$4 ,H[EV]1 HE >GU$ ?AT A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! PEASANTRY W\LD CONT9UE TO BACK ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T = A :ILE1 NOT BECAUSE ( ANY ADVANC$ 'REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS' BUT DUE TO !IR V]Y 'BACKW>DNESS'2.<#i.> ?IS1 TOGE!R ) ! PROLET>IATS' SUP]IOR ORGANIZATION1 W\LD GIVE ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T TIME4 ,ULTIMATELY1 H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T'S ONLY HOPE W\LD BE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION W\LD TRIGG] REVOLUTION ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE & ! WORLD4 

,TROTSKY & ! P]ILS ( TRANSITION 

,:ILE ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION MAY HAVE APPE>$ ADV5TURI/1 IF NOT A LITTLE UTOPIAN1 TO MO/ ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S :5 IT WAS FIR/ SET \T 9 ,RESULTS & ,PROSPECTS 9 #a#i#f1 ITS CONCLUSIONS W]E TO PROVE CRUCIAL ELEV5 YE>S LAT] 9 ! =MATION ( ! NEW ,M>XI/-,L59I/ OR?ODOXY :I* CAME TO BE E/ABLI%$ ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g4 

,! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag TOOK ALL POLITICAL P>TIES & FACTIONS BY SURPRISE4 ,)9 A FEW DAYS ! C5TURIES OLD ,CZ>I/ REGIME HAD BE5 SWEPT AWAY & A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] E/ABLI%$4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T DOM9AT$ BY ! V>I\S LIB]AL B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 ON ! O!R SIDE /OOD ! GR[+ NUMB]S ( WORK]S & PEASANT SOVIETS4 ,= ! ,M5%EVIKS ! POSITION WAS CLE>3 ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD TO GIVE CRITICAL SUPPORT TO ! B\RGEOIS ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T :ILE IT C>RI$ \T ITS DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM4 ,9 CONTRA/1 FAC$ ) A DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS ,GOV]NM5T :I* !Y HAD D5I$ WAS POSSIBLE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ?R[N 9TO CONFUSION4 ,A CONFUSION ?AT CAME TO A VIRTUAL SPLIT ) ! RETURN ( ,L59 FROM EXILE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,APRIL4 

,9 HIS ,APRIL ,!SES ,L59 PROPOS$ A RADICAL %IFT 9 POLICY1 :I*1 DESPITE V>I\S DIFF]5CES 9 DETAIL & EMPHASIS1 BR\<T HIM CLOSE TO ! POSITIONS ?AT HAD BE5 PUT =W>D BY ,TROTSKY ) HIS !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION4 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT ! ,B\RGEOIS ,GOV]NM5T W\LD EV5TUALLY PROVE TOO WEAK TO C>RY \T ITS DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO P]SUADE ! SOVIETS TO OV]?R[ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & E/ABLI% A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD NOT ONLY HAVE ! TASK ( 9TRODUC+ DEMOCRATIC RE=M1 BUT :I* W\LD EV5TUALLY HAVE TO MAKE A />T ON ! ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 

,) ?IS RADICAL %IFT 9 POSITION 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,APRIL ,!SES1 & ,TROTSKY'S SUBSEQU5T ACCEPTANCE ( ,L59'S CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 ! WAY WAS OP5$ = ,TROTSKY TO JO9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS2 &1 TOGE!R ) ,L591 ,TROTSKY WAS TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE NOT ONLY 9 ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION & ! SUBSEQU5T ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T BUT ALSO 9 ! !ORETICAL ELABORATION ( :AT WAS TO BECOME KN[N AS ,M>XI/-,L59ISM4 

,:ILE BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY >GU$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO OV]?R[ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & E/ABLI% A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T ?R\< A SOCIALI/-PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 NEI!R ,L59 NOR ,TROTSKY SAW SOCIALISM AS AN IMM$IATE PROSPECT 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY SU* AS ,RUSSIA4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ?AT E/ABLI%$ ! WORK]-PEASANT DICTATOR%IP WAS SE5 AS ONLY ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! LONG TRANSITION TO A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS ,TROTSKY WAS LAT] TO >GUE1.<#a.> EV5 9 AN ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRY LIKE ! ,U,S,A A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO BR+ AB\T A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ALL AT ONCE4 ,A P]IOD ( TRANSITION W\LD BE REQUIR$ ?AT W\LD ALL[ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION NECESS>Y TO PROVIDE ! MAT]IAL BASIS = A SELF-SU/A9+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 AN ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRY LIKE ! ,U,S,A SU* A P]IOD ( TRANSITION C\LD TAKE SEV]AL YE>S2 9 A C\NTRY AS BACKW>D AS ,RUSSIA IT W\LD TAKE DECADES1 & ULTIMATELY IT W\LD ONLY BE POSSIBLE ) ! MAT]IAL SUPPORT ( A SOCIALI/ ,EUROPE4 

,= BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY !N1 ,RUSSIA FAC$ A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( TRANSITION1 A TRANSITION ?AT WAS FRAU<T ) DANG]S4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! EV] PRES5T DANG] ( ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM EI!R ?R\< A C\NT]-REVOLUTION BACK$ BY =EIGN MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION OR ?R\< ! REEM]G5CE ( B\RGEOIS RELATIONS )9 ! ECONOMY2 ON ! O!R SIDE /OOD ! DANG] ( ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! WORK]S' /ATE4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ,TROTSKY SAW ! KEY TO W>D+ (F ALL !SE GREAT P]ILS ( ,RUSSIA'S TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM 9 ! OV]RID+ IMP]ATIVE ( BO? 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION & DEVELOP+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :ILE WAIT+ = ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! FIR/ C\PLE ( YE>S FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION MANY ON ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 5?US$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #aiag & NO D\BT 9SPIR$ BY ,L59'S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* RE/AT$ ! ,M>XI/ VISION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 SAW ,RUSSIA AS BE+ ON ! V]GE ( COMMUNISM4 ,= !M ! POLICY ?AT HAD BECOME KN[N AS ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 UND] :I* MONEY HAD BE5 EFFECTIVELY ABOLI%$ ?R\< HYP]-9FLATION & ! M>KET REPLAC$ BY DIRECT REQUISITION+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! W> EF=T1 WAS AN IMM$IATE PRELUDE TO ! COMMUNISM ?AT W\LD COME ) ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W> & ! SPREAD ( ! REVOLUTION TO ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE4.<#a#a.> 

,BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY REJECT$ SU* VIEWS FROM ! LEFT ( ! ,P>TY4 ,= !M ! POLICY ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN A SET ( EM]G5CY MEASURES =C$ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T :I* W]E NECESS>Y TO W9 ! CIVIL W> & DEFEAT >M$ =EIGN 9T]V5TION4 ,= BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY !RE WAS NO IMM$IATE PROSPECT ( SOCIALISM LET ALONE COMMUNISM.<#a#b.> 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 HIS POLEMICS ) ! LEFT AT ?IS TIME ,L59 >GU$ ?AT1 GIV5 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS ?R\<\T MU* ( ,RUSSIA1 /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE A WELCOME ADVANCE4 ,AS HE /ATES3 

,REALITY TELLS US ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE A /EP =W>D4 ,IF 9 A SMALL SPACE ( TIME WE C\LD A*IEVE /ATE CAPITALISM1 ?AT W\LD BE A VICTORY4 7,L59'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ,VOL4 #b#g1 P4 #b#i#c7 

,TROTSKY W5T EV5 FUR!R1 DISMISS+ ! GR[+ COMPLA9TS FROM ! LEFT CONC]N+ ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE & P>TY APP>ATUS1 HE >GU$ = ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR 9 ORD] TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION BO? = ! W> EF=T & = ! PO/W> RECON/RUCTION4 ,AS EV5 ,TROTSKY'S ADMIR]S HAVE TO ADMIT1 AT ?IS TIME ,TROTSKY WAS CLE>LY ON ! 'AU?ORIT>IAN W+' ( ! P>TY1 & AS SU* DI/9CTLY TO ! RI<T ( ,L594.<#a#c.> 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 GIV5 ?AT HE HAD SE5 ,W> ,COMMUNISM AS M]ELY A COLLECTION ( EM]G5CY MEASURES RA!R ?AN ! FIR/ /EPS TO COMMUNISM1 ?AT ONCE ! CIVIL W> BEGAN TO DRAW TO A CLOSE & ! ?REAT ( =EIGN 9T]V5TION BEGAN TO REC$E1 ,TROTSKY WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO ADVOCATE ! AB&ONM5T ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM & ! RE/ORATION ( MONEY & M>KET RELATIONS4 ,!SE PROPOSALS = A RETREAT TO ! M>KET W]E TAK5 UP 9 ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 ?AT CAME TO BE ADOPT$ 9 #a#i#b#a4 

,! ,N,E,P & ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 

,BY #aiba ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T FAC$ A SEV]E POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,! POLICY ( =C$ REQUISITION+ HAD L$ TO A MASS REFUSAL BY ! PEASANTRY TO S[ SUFFICI5T GRA9 TO FE$ ! CITIES4 ,FAC$ ) FAM9E1 ?\S&S ( WORK]S SIMPLY RETURN$ TO !IR RELATIVES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME 9DU/RY HAD BE5 RUN 9TO ! GR\ND AFT] YE>S ( W> & REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS DIRE ECONOMIC SITUATION1 ! 5D+ ( ! CIVIL W> HAD GIV5 RISE TO M\NT+ POLITICAL UNRE/ AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 BO? )9 & \TSIDE ! ,P>TY1 :I* ?REAT5$ ! V]Y BASIS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T4 ,FAC$ ) POLITICAL & ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !RE WAS NO O!R OPTION BUT MAKE A MAJOR RETREAT TO ! M>KET4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T !RE=E AB&ON$ ,W> ,COMMUNISM & ADOPT$ ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 :I* HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY MOOT$ BY ,TROTSKY4 

,UND] ! ,N,E,P1 /ATE 9DU/RY WAS BROK5 UP 9 TO L>GE TRU/S :I* W]E TO BE RUN 9DEP5D5TLY ON /RICT COMM]CIAL L9ES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A NEW DEAL WAS TO BE /RUCK ) ! PEASANTRY4 ,=C$ REQUISITION+ WAS TO BE REPLAC$ ) A FIX$ AGRICULTURAL TAX1 ) RE/RICTIONS LIFT$ ON ! HIR+ ( LABOR & LEAS+ ( L& TO 5C\RAGE ! RI* & MIDDLE-9COME PEASANTS TO PRODUCE = ! M>KET4.<#a#d.> ,) ! RETREAT FROM PLANN+1 ! ECONOMIC ROLE ( ! /ATE WAS TO BE MA9LY RE/RICT$ TO REE/ABLI%+ A /ABLE CURR5CY ?R\< OR?ODOX F9ANCIAL POLICES & A BALANC$ /ATE BUDGET4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! ,N,E,P1 LIKE ,W> ,COMMUNISM BE=E IT1 WAS A POLICY NECESS>Y TO PRES]VE ! 'WORK]S' /ATE' UNTIL IT C\LD BE RESCU$ BY REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,TROTSKY HAD1 LIKE ,L591 =ESE5 AN ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY AS C5TRAL TO SU/A9+ A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 & ! ,N,E,P WAS PRIM>ILY A MEANS ( REE/ABLI%+ ! WORK]S-PEASANTS ALLIANCE :I* HAD BE5 S]I\SLY UND]M9$ BY ! EXCESSES ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE ALSO SE51 ,TROTSKY HAD F> LESS CONFID5CE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! PEASANTRY ?AN ,L59 OR O!R ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! ,N,E,P1 BY 5C\RAG+ ! PEASANTS TO PRODUCE = ! M>KET1 HELD ! DANG] ( CREAT+ A NEW CLASS ( CAPITALI/ F>M]S :O W\LD !N PROVIDE ! SOCIAL BASIS = A B\RGEOIS C\NT]-REVOLUTION & ! RE/ORATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 FROM AN E>LY /AGE1 ,TROTSKY BEGAN TO ADVOCATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMPREH5SIVE /ATE PLANN+ & A COMMITM5T TO 9DU/RIALIZATION )9 ! BROAD FRAMEWORK ( ! ,N,E,P4 

,AL?\< ,TROTSKY'S EMPHASIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( PLANN+ & 9DU/RIALIZATION LEFT HIM ISOLAT$ )9 ! ,POLITBURO1 IT PLAC$ HIM ALONGSIDE ,PREOBRAZH5SKY AT ! HEAD ( A SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY )9 ! WID] LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & /ATE APP>ATUS :I* SUPPORT$ SU* A %IFT 9 DIRECTION ( ! ,N,E,P1 & :I* BECAME KN[N AS ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION4 ,AS A LEAD+ SPOKESMAN = ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 & AT ! SAME TIME ONE ( ! =EMO/ ECONOMI/S )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY CAME TO DEVELOP ! ,!ORY ( ,PRIMITIVE ,SOCIALI/ ,ACCUMULATION :I* S]V$ TO UND]P9 ! >GUM5TS ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 9CLUD+ ,TROTSKY HIMSELF4 

,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S !ORY ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 = ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL :]EAS CAPITALISM WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! OP]ATION ( M>KET =CES -- OR 9 MORE PRECISE ,M>XI/ T]MS ! 'LAW ( VALUE' -- SOCIALISM W\LD BE REGULAT$ BY PLANN+4 ,FROM ?IS ,PREOBRAZH5SKY >GU$ ?AT ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM HAD TO BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( ! TRANSITION FROM ! REGULATION ( ! ECONOMY ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE TO ! REGULATION ( ! ECONOMY ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( ! 'LAW ( PLANN+'4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION BO? ! LAW ( VALUE & ! LAW ( PLANN+ W\LD NECESS>ILY CO-EXI/1 EA* CONDITION+ & COMPET+ ) ! O!R4 

,UND] ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 MO/ 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION HAD REMA9$ UND] /ATE [N]%IP & =M$ ! /ATE SECTOR4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ?IS /ATE SECTOR HAD BE5 BROK5 UP 9TO DI/9CT TRU/S & 5T]PRISES :I* W]E GIV5 LIMIT$ FRE$OM TO TRADE ) ONE ANO!R & AS SU* W]E RUN ON A PR(IT-&-LOSS BASIS4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T IT C\LD BE SE5 ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE /ILL P]SI/$ )9 ! /ATE SECTOR4 ,YET = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ! P[] ( ! /ATE TO DIRECT 9VE/M5T & OV]RIDE PR(IT-&-LOSS CRIT]IA MEANT ?AT ! LAW ( PLANN+ PR$OM9AT$ 9 ! /ATE SECTOR4 ,9 CONTRA/1 AGRICULTURE WAS DOM9AT$ BY SMALL-SCALE PEASANT PRODUC]S4 ,AS SU*1 AL?\< ! /ATE WAS ABLE TO REGULATE ! PROCUREM5T PRICES = AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE1 AGRICULTURE WAS1 = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 DOM9AT$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE4 

,FROM ?IS ,PREOBRAZH5SKY >GU$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! LAW ( VALUE & ! LAW ( PLANN+ WAS AT ! SAME TIME ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PRIVATE SECTOR ( SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & ! /ATE SECTOR ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,YET AL?\< L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS BO? ECONOMICALLY & SOCIALLY MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ?AT ( PEASANT AGRICULTURE ! %E] SIZE ( ! PEASANT SECTOR ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY MEANT ?AT !RE WAS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT ! LAW ( PLANN+ W\LD PREVAIL4 ,9DE$1 = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 UND] ! POLICY ( OPTIMUM & BALANC$ GR[? ADVOCAT$ BY ,BUKH>9 & ! RI<T ( ! ,P>TY & SANCTION$ BY ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP1 !RE WAS A REAL DANG] ?AT ! /ATE SECTOR C\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO A FA/] GR[+ AGRICULTURAL SECTOR & ) ?IS ! LAW ( VALUE W\LD PREVAIL4 

,TO AV]T ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM ,PREOBRAZH5SKY >GU$ ?AT ! WORK]S' /ATE HAD TO TILT ! ECONOMIC BALANCE 9 FAVOR ( ACCUMULATION )9 ! /ATE SECTOR4 ,BY RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ! /ATE SECTOR C\LD BE EXP&$ :I* W\LD BO? 9CREASE ! NUMB]S ( ! PROLET>IAT & 5HANCE ! ASC5DANCY ( ! LAW ( PLANN+4 ,ONCE A COMPREH5SIVE 9DU/RIAL BASE HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$1 AGRICULTURE C\LD BE ME*ANIZ$ & ?R\< A PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION AGRICULTURE C\LD BE EV5TUALLY BR\<T )9 ! /ATE SECTOR & REGULAT$ BY ! LAW ( PLANN+4 

,YET RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION REQUIR$ HUGE LEVELS ( 9VE/M5T :I* (F]$ LITTLE PROSPECTS ( RETURNS = SEV]AL YE>S4 ,= ,PREOBRAZH5SKY !RE APPE>$ LITTLE HOPE ( F9ANC+ SU* LEVELS ( 9VE/M5T )9 ! /ATE SECTOR ITSELF )\T SQUEEZ+ ! WORK+ CLASS -- AN OPTION ?AT W\LD UND]M9E ! V]Y SOCIAL BASE ( A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T4 ,! ONLY OPTION WAS TO F9ANCE 9DU/RIAL 9VE/M5T \T ( ! ECONOMIC SURPLUS PRODUC$ 9 ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BY ! USE ( TAX & PRIC+ POLICIES4 

,?IS POLICY ( SIPHON+ (F ! ECONOMIC SURPLUS PRODUC$ 9 ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR WAS TO =M ! BASIS = A P]IOD ( ,PRIMITIVE ,SOCIALI/ ,ACCUMULATION4 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY >GU$ ?AT JU/ AS CAPITALISM HAD TO UND]GO A P]IOD PRIMITIVE CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 9 :I* IT PLUND]$ PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION1 BE=E IT C\LD E/ABLI% ITSELF ON A SELF-SU/A9+ BASIS1 SO1 BE=E A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD E/ABLI% ITSELF ON A SELF-SU/A9+ BASIS1 IT TOO W\LD HAVE TO GO ?R\< AN ANALOG\S P]IOD ( PRIMITIVE SOCIALI/ ACCUMULATION1 AT LEA/ 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY SU* AS ,RUSSIA4 

,! RISE ( ,/AL9 

,) ! DECL9E 9 ,L59'S HEAL? & HIS EV5TUAL DEA? 9 #a#i#b#d1 ! QUE/ION ( PLANN+ & 9DU/RIALIZATION BECAME A C5TRAL ISSUE 9 ! P[] /RUGGLE = ! SUCCESSION TO ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY4 ,YET :ILE HE WAS WIDELY RECOGNIZ$ )9 ! ,P>TY AS ,L59'S NATURAL SUCCESSOR1 & AS SU* HAD BE5 GIV5 ,L59'S [N BLESS+1 ,TROTSKY WAS RELUCTANT TO *ALL5GE ! EM]G+ TROIKA ( ,/AL91 ,KAM5EV & ,Z9OVIEV1 :O1 9 REPRES5T+ ! CONS]VATIVE =CES )9 ! /ATE & ,P>TY BUREAUCRACY1 S\<T TO MA9TA9 ! ,N,E,P AS IT WAS4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! OV]RID+ DANG] WAS ! ?REAT ( A B\RGEOIS C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,AS A RESULT HE WAS UNWILL+ TO SPLIT ! ,P>TY OR ELSE UND]M9E ! 'C5TRI/' TROIKA & ALL[ ! RI<T ( ! ,P>TY TO COME TO P[]1 5ABL+ ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM ?R\< ! BACK DOOR4 

,FUR!RMORE1 DESPITE ,/AL9'S ABILITY REPEAT$LY TO \T-MANEUV] BO? ,TROTSKY & ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION ?R\< HIS CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY BUREAUCRACY1 ,TROTSKY C\LD TAKE COM=T FROM ! FACT ?AT AFT] ! RESOLUTION ( ! FIR/ 'SCISSORS CRISIS'.<#a#e.> 9 #aibc ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY PROGRESSIVELY ADOPT$ A POLICY ( PLANN+ & 9DU/RIALIZATION1 AL?\< )\T FULLY ADMITT+ IT4 

,BY #a#i#b#e1 HAV+ SIL5C$ ,TROTSKY & MU* ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 ,/AL9 HAD CONSOLIDAT$ SUFFICI5T P[] TO \/ BO? ,KAM5EV & ,Z9OVIEV.<#a#f.> & =CE !M TO JO9 ,TROTSKY 9 OPPOSITION4 ,HAV+ SECUR$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY1 ,/AL9 N[ OP5LY DECL>$ A POLICY ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION UND] ! BANN] ( 'BUILD+ SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY' ) P>TICUL> EMPHASIS ON BUILD+ UP HEAVY 9DU/RY4 ,YET AT FIR/ ,/AL9 REFUS$ TO F9ANCE SU* AN 9DU/RIALIZATION /RATEGY BY SQUEEZ+ ! PEASANTS4 ,S9CE 9DU/RIALIZATION HAD TO BE F9ANC$ FROM )9 ! 9DU/RIAL /ATE SECTOR ITSELF1 9VE/M5T 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY C\LD ONLY COME AT ! EXP5SE ( 9VE/M5T 9 LI<T 9DU/RY :I* PRODUC$ ! TOOLS & CONSUM] GOODS DEM&$ BY ! PEASANTRY4 ,AS A RESULT A 'GOODS FAM9E' EM]G$ AS LI<T 9DU/RY LAGG$ BEH9D ! GR[? ( PEASANT 9COMES & ! GR[? ( HEAVY 9DU/RY4 ,UNABLE TO BUY GOODS FROM ! CITIES ! PEASANTS SIMPLY HO>D$ GRA9 SO ?AT1 DESPITE RECORD H>VE/S 9 #aibg & #a#i#b#h1 ! SUPPLY ( FOOD SOLD TO ! CITIES FELL DRAMATICALLY4 

,?IS CRISIS ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY BR\<T ) IT A POLITICAL CRISIS )9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL OPPOSITION )9 ! ,P>TY HAD TO BE CRU%$4 ,TROTSKY & ,Z9OVIEV W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,P>TY1 ) ,TROTSKY EV5TUALLY BE+ =C$ 9TO EXILE1 LEAV+ ,/AL9 TO ASSUME SUPREME P[] 9 BO? ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE4 ,TO CONSOLIDATE & SU/A9 HIS P[] ,/AL9 WAS OBLIG$ TO LAUN* A REIGN ( T]ROR )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS T]ROR CULM9AT$ 9 A S]IES ( PURGES & %[ TRIALS 9 ! #a#i#cS :I* L$ TO ! EXECUTION ( MANY ( ! LEAD+ ,BOL%EVIKS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,P]HAPS RA!R IRONICALLY1 :ILE ,/AL9 HAD DEF5D$ ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY TO ! LA/1 HE N[ SET \T TO RESOLVE ! ECONOMIC CRISIS BY ADOPT+ ! ]/:ILE POLICIES ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION ALBEIT PU%+ !M TO AN UN5VISAG$ EXTREME4.<#a#g.> ,UND] ! FIVE YE> PLANS1 ! FIR/ ( :I* BEGAN 9 #a#i#b#h1 ALL ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! OV]RID+ OBJECTIVE ( MAXIMIZ+ GR[? & 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,9CREAS+ PHYSICAL \TPUT AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE WAS N[ TO BE ! NUMB] ONE CONC]N1 ) ! QUE/ION ( PR(IT & LOSS ( 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES R$UC$ TO A SECOND>Y CONSID]ATION AT BE/4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AGRICULTURE WAS TO BE TRANS=M$ ?R\< A POLICY ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,MILLIONS ( PEASANTS W]E H]D$ 9TO COLLECTIVES & /ATE F>MS :I*1 UND] /ATE DIRECTION1 C\LD APPLY MOD]N ME*ANIZ$ F>M+ ME?ODS4 

,IT WAS 9 ! FACE ( ?IS AB\T TURN 9 ECONOMIC POLICY1 & ! POLITICAL T]ROR ?AT ACCOMPANI$ IT1 ?AT ,TROTSKY WAS OBLIG$ TO DEVELOP HIS CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA & ) ?IS ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS N[ NO LONG] SUFFICI5T = ,TROTSKY TO SIMPLY CRITICIZE ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! LEAD]%IP AS HE HAD DONE DUR+ ! TIME ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION4 ,9/EAD ,TROTSKY HAD TO BROAD5 HIS CRITICISMS TO EXPLA9 H[ ! V]Y C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION HAD 5D$ UP 9 ! BUREAUCRATIC NI<TM>E ?AT WAS ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,TROTSKY'S NEW CRITIQUE WAS TO F9D ITS FULLE/ EXPRESSION 9 HIS SEM9AL WORK ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$ :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#c#f4 

,TROTSKY & ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( P>TY1 CLASS & ! /ATE 

,AS WE %ALL SEE1 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 ,TROTSKY CONCLUDES ?AT1 ) ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD1 ! WORK]S' /ATE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD DEG5]AT$ ?R\< ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( BO? ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE4 ,TO UND]/& H[ ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO COME TO ?IS CONCLUSION :ILE REMA9+ )9 ,M>XI/ & ,L59I/ OR?ODOXY1 WE MU/ FIR/ CONSID] H[ ,TROTSKY APPROPRIAT$ & DEVELOP$ ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE1 P>TY & CLASS4 

,FROM ALMO/ ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION !RE HAD BE5 ?OSE BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ,P>TY :O HAD W>N$ AGA9/ ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! E>LY YE>S1 ,TROTSKY HAD LITTLE SYMPA?Y = SU* COMPLA9TS CONC]N+ BUREAUCRATIZATION & AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ! IMM$IATE IMP]ATIVE ( CRU%+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 & ! LONG-T]M AIM ( BUILD+ ! MAT]IAL BASIS = SOCIALISM1 BO? DEM&$ A /RONG /ATE & A RESOLUTE ,P>TY :I* W]E SE5 AS NECESS>Y TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION & DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,= ,TROTSKY AT ?IS TIME1 ! CRITICISMS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION & AU?ORIT>IANISM1 :E!R ADVANC$ BY ?OSE ON ! RI<T OR ! LEFT1 C\LD ONLY S]VE TO UND]M9E ! VITAL ROLE ( ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 

,H[EV]1 HAV+ BE5 =C$ 9TO OPPOSITION & EV5TUAL EXILE ,TROTSKY WAS =C$ TO DEVELOP HIS [N CRITIQUE ( ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT 9 DO+ SO HE WAS ANXI\S TO REMA9 )9 ! BASIC ,L59I/ CONCEPTIONS ( ! /ATE1 P>TY & CLASS :I* HE HAD RESOLUTELY DEF5D$ AGA9/ E>LI] CRITICS4 

,FOLL[+ ,5GELS1 !ORI/S )9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD PLAC$ MU* /ORE 9 ! NOTION ?AT :AT DI/+UI%$ ,M>XISM FROM ALL =M] SOCIALI/ !ORIES WAS ?AT IT WAS NEI!R AN UTOPIAN SOCIALISM NOR AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM BUT A SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,M>XISM T5D$ TO BE VIEW$ AS A BODY ( POSITIVE SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ?AT EXI/$ AP>T FROM ! IMM$IATE EXP]I5CES & PRACTICE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9DE$1 ,M>X'S [N !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM SEEM$ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9EVITABLY APPE>$ 9 =MS ?AT S]V$ TO OBSCURE !IR [N TRUE EXPLOITATIVE NATURE4.<#a#h.> ,SO1 :ILE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS MAY FEEL 9/9CTIVELY ?AT !Y W]E ALI5AT$ & EXPLOIT$1 CAPITALISM W\LD /ILL APPE> TO !M AS BE+ BAS$ ON FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,?US1 RA!R ?AN SEE+ WAGE-LABOR 9 G5]AL AS BE+ EXPLOITATIVE1 !Y W\LD SEE !MSELVES BE+ *EAT$ BY A P>TICUL> WAGE DEAL4 ,SO1 RA!R ?AN CALL+ = ! ABOLITION ( WAGE-LABOR1 LEFT TO !MSELVES ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD CALL = A 'FAIR DAY'S PAY = A FAIR DAY'S WORK'4 

,TRAPP$ )9 ! R\T9ES ( !IR EV]YDAY LIFE1 ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD NOT BE ABLE BY !MSELVES TO GO BEYOND SU* A SECTIONAL & TRADE UNION P]SPECTIVE4 ,H5CE ONE ( ! C5TRAL TASKS ( A WORK]S' P>TY WAS TO $UCATE ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! SCI5CE ( ,M>XISM4 ,IT W\LD ONLY BE ?R\< A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( ,M>XISM ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE ABLE TO REA* CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & AS SU* BE 9 A POSITION TO UND]/& ITS HI/ORIC ROLE 9 OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM & BR++ AB\T A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,9 ADAPT+ ?IS OR?ODOX VIEW ( ! ,P>TY TO CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA ,L59 HAD PU%$ IT TO A P>TICUL> LOGICAL EXTREME4 ,IT WAS 9 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 ?AT ,L59 HAD FIR/ SET \T HIS CONCEPTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY BAS$ ON DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM4 ,9 ?IS WORK ,L59 HAD ADVOCAT$ A P>TY MADE UP ( D$ICAT$ & DISCIPL9$ PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES 9 :I*1 :ILE ! OV]ALL POLICY & DIRECTION ( ! P>TY W\LD BE MADE ?R\< DISCUSSION & DEMOCRATIC DECISION1 9 ! EV]YDAY RUNN+ ( ! P>TY ! L[] ORGANS ( ! P>TY W\LD BE COMPLETELY SUBORD9AT$ TO ?OSE ( ! C5T]4 ,AT ! TIME1 ,TROTSKY HAD /RONGLY CRITICIZ$ ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE81 >GU+ ?AT ,L59'S CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY IMPLI$ ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! P>TY = ! CLASS4 

,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY'S REJECTION ( ,L59'S CONCEPTION ( ! P>TY HAS (T5 BE5 SE5 AS ! MA9 DIVID+ L9E BETWE5 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY RI<T UP UNTIL !IR EV5TUAL RECONCILIATION 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g4 ,?US1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$ ?AT1 :ILE ! Y\NG ,TROTSKY HAD SID$ ) ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGA9/ ! ,M5%EVIKS OV] ! CRUCIAL ISSUE ( ! NE$ = AN ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY1 HE HAD BE5 UNABLE TO ACCEPT ,L59'S AU?ORIT>IAN POSITION ON ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ( #aiag ?AT ,TROTSKY HAD COME OV] TO ,L59'S VIEWPO9T CONC]N+ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,P>TY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,TROTSKY ACCEPT$ ! BASIC PREMISE ( ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE81 :I* WAS ROOT$ 9 ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY1 ?AT CLASS CONSCI\SNESS HAD TO BE 9TRODUC$ FROM \TSIDE ! WORK+ CLASS BY 9TELLECTUALS $UCAT$ 9 ! 'SCI5CE ( ,M>XISM'4 ,!RE IS ALSO LITTLE D\BT ?AT FROM AN E>LY DATE ,TROTSKY ACCEPT$ ! NE$ = A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY OV] ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION W]E = ! MO/ P>T A DIFF]5CE ( EMPHASIS4.<#a#i.> ,:AT SEEMS TO HAVE REALLY KEPT ,L59 & ,TROTSKY AP>T = SO LONG WAS NOT SO MU* ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION BUT ,TROTSKY'S 'CONCILIATIONISM'4 ,:]EAS ,L59 ALWAYS >GU$ = A %>P DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,M5%EVIKS TO 5SURE POLITICAL & !ORETICAL CL>ITY1 ,TROTSKY HAD ALWAYS S\<T TO RE-UNITE ! TWO W+S ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,TO SOME EXT5T ,L59'S =MULATION ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM 9 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 WAS DET]M9$ BY ! REPRESSIVE CONDITIONS !N PREVAIL+ 9 ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA2 BUT IT WAS ALSO PREMIS$ ON ! P]CEIV$ CULTURAL BACKW>DNESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS :I*1 IT WAS ?\<T1 W\LD NECESS>ILY P]SI/ EV5 AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 ,UNLIKE ,G]MANY1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W]E SEMI-LIT]ATE & UN$UCAT$4 ,9DE$1 MANY1 IF NOT A MAJORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W]E FRE% \T ( ! C\NTRYSIDE &1 = SOCIALI/ 9TELLECTUALS LIKE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 RETA9$ AN UNC\? P>O*IAL PEASANT M5TALITY4 ,AS SU* !RE SEEM$ LITTLE HOPE ( $UCAT+ ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS BEYOND A BASIC TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS4 

,H[EV]1 !RE W]E A M9ORITY )9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ITS MORE E/ABLI%$ & SKILL$ /RATA1 :O C\LD1 ?R\< !IR [N EF=TS & UND] ! TUTELAGE ( ! P>TY1 ATTA9 A CLE> CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT WAS !SE MORE ADVANC$ WORK]S1 :I*1 ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ! P>TY1 W\LD =M ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT W\LD BE ! SPE>HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,( C\RSE ?IS WAS NOT TO SAY ?AT RE/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 OR EV5 ! PEASANTRY1 C\LD NOT BE REVOLUTION>Y4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 = ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 REVOLUTION WAS ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< ! MASS 9VOLVEM5T ( ! PEASANTS & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ! 9/9CTIVE REVOLUTION>Y WILL ( ! MASSES HAD TO BE GIV5 LEAD]%IP & DIRECTION BY ! P>TY4 ,ONLY ?R\< ! LEAD]%IP ( ! PROLET>IAN VANGU>D ORGANIZ$ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO M$IATE & RECONCILE ! IMM$IATE & (T5 COMPET+ 9DIVIDUAL & SECTIONAL 9T]E/S ( WORK]S & PEASANTS ) ! OV]ALL & LONG-T]M 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 BUILD+ SOCIALISM4 

,= ,L591 ! FIR/ TASK 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM HAD TO BE ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]4 ,DUR+ HIS POLEMICS AGA9/ ?OSE ON ! RI<T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY :O HAD1 DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g1 FE>$ ?AT ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOIS ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] MI<T PROVE PREMATURE1 ,L59 HAD RETURN$ TO ,5GELS' CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE 9 ! /AGE ( SOCIALISM4 

,AGA9/ BO? ,LASSALLE'S CONCEPTION ( /ATE SOCIALISM & ! AN>*I/S' CALL = ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ,5GELS HAD >GU$ ?AT1 :ILE IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO RETA9 ! /ATE AS MEANS ( MA9TA9+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS UNTIL ! DANG] ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION HAD BE5 F9ALLY OV]COME1 A SOCIALI/ /ATE W\LD BE RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* HAD EXI/$ BE=E4 ,UND] CAPITALISM ! /ATE HAD TO /& ABOVE SOCIETY 9 ORD] BO? TO M$IATE BETWE5 COMPET+ CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S & TO IMPOSE ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOIS M9ORITY OV] ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! V>I\S ORGANS ( ! /ATE1 SU* AS ! >MY1 ! POLICE & ! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS HAD TO BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! POPULATION AT L>GE & RUN BY A DI/9CT CLASS ( SPECIALI/S4 ,UND] SOCIALISM ! /ATE W\LD ALREADY BE 9 ! PROCESS ( WI!R+ AWAY ) ! BREAK+ D[N ( ITS SEP>ATION FROM SOCIETY4 ,?US POLICE & >MY W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A WORK]S' MILITIA1 :ILE ! /ATE ADM9I/RATION W\LD BE C>RI$ \T 9CREAS+LY BY ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 

,RALLY+ ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY >\ND ?IS VISION ( SOCIALISM1 ,L59 HAD >GU$ ?AT ) SUFFICI5T REVOLUTION>Y WILL ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ MASSES & ) ! CORRECT LEAD]%IP ( ! P>TY IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO SMA% ! /ATE & BEG9 IMM$IATELY ! CON/RUCTION ( ,5GELS' 'SEMI-/ATE' )\T TOO MU* DIFFICULTY4.<#b.> ,ALREADY ! BASIS = ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' /ATE C\LD BE SE5 9 ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ! SOVIETS & ! TRADE UNIONS1 & BY ! LATE SUMM] ( #aiag MO/ ( !SE HAD FALL5 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4.<#b#a.> ,YET ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE :I* 9SPIR$ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION DID NOT LA/ LONG 9TO ! NEW YE>4 

,CONFRONT$ BY ! REALITIES ( CONSOLIDAT+ ! P[] ( ! NEW WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T 9 ! BACKW>D ECONOMIC & CULTURAL CONDITIONS !N PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E ,L59 WAS OBLIG$ TO RECONSID] HIS [N OV]-OPTIMI/IC ASSESSM5TS = ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM ?AT HE HAD ADOPT$ JU/ PRIOR TO ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION4 ,AS A RESULT1 )9 WEEKS ( COM+ TO P[] IT BECAME CLE> TO ,L59 ?AT ! FL$G+ ,SOVIET ,/ATE C\LD NOT AF=D ! TIME OR RES\RCES NECESS>Y TO $UCATE ! MASS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS TO ! PO9T :]E !Y C\LD BE DRAWN 9TO DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! /ATE4 ,NOR C\LD ! ECONOMY AF=D A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( DISRUPTION ?AT W\LD FOLL[ ! TRIALS & ]RORS ( ANY EXP]IM5T 9 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,L59 SOON CONCLUD$ ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( MOV+ IMM$IATELY T[>DS ,5GELS' CONCEPTION ( A 'SEMI-/ATE'1 :I* AFT] ALL HAD BE5 5VISAG$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION BE+ MADE 9 AN ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! OV]RID+ IMP]ATIVE ( DEVELOP+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :I* ALONE C\LD PROVIDE ! MAT]IAL & CULTURAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 DEM&$ NOT A WEAK5+1 BUT A /R5G!N+ ( ! /ATE -- ALBEIT UND] ! /RICT LEAD]%IP ( ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ )9 ! P>TY4 

,SO N[1 = ,L591 ADM9I/RATIVE & ECONOMIC EFFICI5CY DEM&$ ! CONC5TRATION ( DAY TO DAY DECISION MAK+ 9TO ! H&S ( SPECIALI/S & ! ADOPTION ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ ME?ODS ( 'SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T'4.<#b#b.> ,! 9TRODUCTION ( SU* MEASURES AS ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & ! ADOPTION ( ME?ODS ( SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T NOT ONLY UND]M9$ WORK]S' P[] & 9ITIATIVE OV] ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ALSO W5T H&-9-H& ) ! EMPLOYM5T ( ?\S&S ( =M] CAPITALI/ MANAG]S & =M] ,CZ>I/ ADM9I/RATORS4 

,YET1 :ILE SU* MEASURES S]V$ TO RE-IMPOSE B\RGEOIS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT SU* CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC RELATIONS C\LD BE C\NT]-BALANC$ BY ! POLITICAL CONTROL EX]CIS$ OV] ! /ATE-9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS BY ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY4 ,9DE$1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 AGA9/ ! OBJECTIONS FROM ! LEFT ?AT HIS POLICIES AM\NT$ TO ! 9TRODUCTION NOT ( SOCIALISM BUT ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 ,L591 RETURN+ TO ! OR?ODOX =MULATION1 RETORT$ ?AT ! BASIS ( SOCIALISM WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN '/ATE CAPITALISM UND] WORK]S' CONTROL'1 & ?AT1 GIV5 ! WOEFUL BACKW>DNESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY1 ANY DEVELOPM5T ( /ATE CAPITALISM C\LD ONLY BE A WELCOME ADVANCE4 

,AS ! ECONOMIC SITUATION DET]IORAT$ ) ! ONSET ( ! CIVIL W> & ! 9T]V5TION ( ! 9FAM\S 'F\RTE5 IMP]IALI/ >MIES'1.<#b#c.> ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS & ?OSE ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY GR[4 ,! NE$ TO MA9TA9 ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! ,P>TY L$ AT FIR/ TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!R WORK] & PEASANT P>TIES FROM ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T & !N TO ! EXT5SION ( ! ,R$ ,T]ROR1 :I* HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 AIM$ AT C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 TO ALL ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME P[] WAS GRADUALLY %IFT$ FROM ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & CONC5TRAT$ )9 ! C5TRAL ORGANS ( ! ,P>TY4.<#b#d.> ,AS A RESULT IT WAS ! ,P>TY :I* HAD TO 9CREAS+LY S]VE AS ! *ECK ON ! /ATE & ! GU>ANTEE ( ITS PROLET>IAN *>ACT]4 

,! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,TROTSKY %>$ SU* ,L59I/ CONCEPTIONS CONC]N+ ! /ATE1 P>TY & CLASS1 & ) !M ! VIEW ?AT ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM REQUIR$ BO? ! /R5G!N+ ( ! /ATE & ! RE-IMPOSITION ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$1 ?IS P]SPECTIVE CAN BE CLE>LY SE5 9 ! WAY HE C>RI$ \T ! TASK ( CON/RUCT+ ! ,R$ ,>MY4.<#b#e.> ,:AT IS MORE1 ,TROTSKY DID NOT BALK AT ! IMPLICATIONS ( !SE ,L59I/ CONCEPTIONS & ! POLICIES ?AT FOLL[$ FROM !M4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY FULLY SUPPORT$ ! 9CREAS+ SUPPRESSION ( OPPOSITION BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ,P>TY :I* CULM9AT$ ) HIS BACK+ = ! SUSP5SION ( ,P>TY FACTIONS AT ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 #aiba & HIS P]SONAL ROLE 9 CRU%+ ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#a4 

,IT CAN BE >GU$ ?AT ,TROTSKY WAS FULLY IMPLICAT$ 9 ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTIONS & POLICIES1 & ?AT SU* CONCEPTIONS & POLICIES PROVID$ BO? ! BASIS & PREC$5T = ,/AL9ISM & ! %[ TRIALS ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,H[EV]1 = ,TROTSKY & HIS FOLL[]S !RE WAS A QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CONSOLIDATION ( P[] & REPRESSION ( OPPOSITION ?AT W]E ADOPT$ AS TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5TS MADE NECESS>Y DUE TO ! CIVIL W> & ! ?REAT ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 & ! P]MAN5T & 9/ITUTIONAL MEASURES ?AT W]E LAT] ADOPT$ BY ,/AL94 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ?IS QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE WAS BR\<T AB\T BY ! PROCESS ( BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION ?AT >OSE ) ! FAILURE ( WORLD REVOLUTION TO SAVE ! ,SOVIET ,REVOLUTION FROM ISOLATION4 

,9 HIS F9AL YE>S ,L59 HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY CONC]N$ ) ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( BO? ! /ATE & ,P>TY APP>ATUS4 ,= ,L591 ! NECESSITY ( EMPLOY+ NON-PROLET>IAN B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S & ADM9I/RATORS1 :O W\LD 9EVITABLY T5D TO WORK AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION :E!R CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 MEANT ?AT !RE W\LD BE A SEP>ATION ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS FROM ! WORK+ CLASS & ) ?IS ! EM]G5CE ( BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES4 ,H[EV]1 AS A C\NT] TO !SE BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES /OOD ! ,P>TY4 ,! ,P>TY1 BE+ ROOT$ 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ACT$ AS A BRIDGE BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! WORK+ CLASS1 &1 ?R\< ! IMPOSITION ( ! ',P>TY ,L9E'1 5SUR$ ! /ATE REMA9$ ESS5TIALLY A 'WORK]S' & PEASANTS' /ATE'4 

,YET ! LOSSES ( ! CIVIL W> LEFT ! ,P>TY LACK+ SOME ( ITS F9E/ WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 & ?OSE :O REMA9$ HAD BE5 DRAFT$ 9TO ! APP>ATUS ( ! ,P>TY & /ATE AS FULL TIME (FICIALS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,L59 FE>$ ?AT MORE & MORE NON-PROLET>IAN C>E]I/ ELEM5TS W]E JO9+ ! ,P>TY4 ,AS A RESULT1 %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? ,L59 C\LD COMPLA9 ?AT ONLY #a P] C5T ( ! ,P>TY MEMB]%IP W]E /ILL AT ! FACTORY B5*4 ,LOS+ ITS FOOT+ 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ,L59 C\LD ONLY CONCLUDE ?AT ! ,P>TY ITSELF WAS BECOM+ BUREAUCRATIZ$4 

,9 DEVELOP+ HIS [N CRITIQUE ( ,/AL91 ,TROTSKY TOOK UP !SE >GUM5TS :I* HAD BE5 FIR/ PUT =W>D BY ,L594 ,TROTSKY FUR!R EMPHASIZ$ ?AT1 ) ! EXHAU/ION ( REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM1 BY ! #a#i#bS EV5 ! MO/ ADVANC$ PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS )9 ! /ATE & ,P>TY APP>ATUS HAD BEGUN TO SUCCUMB TO ! PRESSURES ( BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS GREATLY ACCEL]AT$ BY ! SEV]E MAT]IAL %ORTAGES :I* 5C\RAG$ /ATE & ,P>TY (FICIALS1 ( :ATEV] CLASS ORIG91 TO PLACE !IR [N COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S AS P>T ( ! BUREAUCRACY ABOVE ?OSE ( WORK+ MASSES4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! RISE TO P[] ( ! TROIKA ( ,/AL91 ,KAM5EV & ,Z9OVIEV FOLL[+ ,L59'S DEA? M>K$ ! PO9T :]E ?IS PROCESS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE & ,P>TY HAD REA*$ & 5SN>$ ! V]Y LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY ITSELF4.<#b#f.> ,DRAW+ A P>ALLEL ) ! C\RSE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,TROTSKY >GU$ ?AT ?IS PO9T REPRES5T$ ! TRANSITION TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,!RMIDOR -- A P]IOD ( CONS]VATIVE REACTION >IS+ FROM ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,AS SU*1 = ,TROTSKY1 ,RUSSIA REMA9$ A WORK]S' /ATE1 BUT ONE :OSE PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ POLICIES HAD N[ BECOME DI/ORT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ & 9CREAS+LY CONS]VATIVE /RATA ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT =M$ ! BUREAUCRACY1 & ?R\< :I* /ATE POLICY WAS BO? =MULAT$ & IMPLEM5T$4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 !SE CONS]VATIVE-BUREAUCRATIC DI/ORTIONS ( /ATE POLICY W]E CLE>LY EVID5T 9 BO? ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL AFFAIRS4 ,CONS]VATIVE-BUREAUCRATIC DI/ORTIONS W]E EXEMPLIFI$ 9 =EIGN POLICY BY ! AB&ONM5T ( PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM1 :I* HAD S\<T TO SPREAD ! REVOLUTION BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ! =M] ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 9 FAVOR ( ! POLICY ( 'BUILD+ SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY'4 ,= ! BUREAUCRACY ! DISAV[AL ( PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM OP5$ ! WAY = ! NORMALIZATION ( DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ) ! CAPITALI/ P[]S ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! AB&ONM5T ( PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM DIM9I%$ ! PROSPECTS ( WORLD REVOLUTION :I* WAS ULTIMATELY ! ONLY HOPE = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IF IT WAS TO AVOID ISOLATION 9 A CAPITALI/ WORLD & FUR!R DEG5]ATION CULM9AT+ 9 ! EV5TUAL RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,DOME/ICALLY1 ! POLICY ( BUILD+ SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY HAD ITS C\NT]P>T 9 ! P]SI/5CE ( ! CAUTI\S ECONOMIC POLICIES ( BALANC$ & OPTIMAL GR[? REPRES5T$ BY ! CONT9UATION ( ! ,N,E,P1 :I* = ,TROTSKY1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 ?REAT5$ ! RISE ( A NEW B\RGEOISIE AMONG ! RI* PEASANTRY & ) ?IS ! DANG] ( CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION4 

,H[EV]1 JU/ AS ! ,!RMIDOR P]IOD ( CONS]VATIVE REACTION HAD GIV5 WAY TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE :I* IMPOS$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE MAN1 SO ! ,RUSSIAN ,!RMIDOR1 :I* 5D$ ) ! CRISIS 9 ! ,N,E,P1 GAVE RISE TO ,/AL9 AS ! SOLE DICTATOR4 ,= ,TROTSKY !N1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,/AL9 REPRES5T$ A ',BONAP>TI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION' FROM )9 ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 :I* M>K$ ! F9AL /AGE 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' /ATE4 ,YET1 JU/ AS ,BONAP>TE'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION :I* :ILE RE/OR+ ! MON>*Y DID SO BY PRES]V+ ! TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY RELATIONS A*IEV$ BY ! REVOLUTION1 SO LIKEWISE ,/AL9'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION PRES]V$ ! FUNDAM5TAL GA9S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ?AT IT MA9TA9$ PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ALONG ) /ATE PLANN+4 ,9DE$1 :ILE ,TROTSKY DISMISS$ ,/AL9'S CLAIMS ?AT1 ) ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9TRODUCTION ( COMPREH5SIVE C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ ( ! FIVE YE> PLANS1 ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME FULLY SOCIALI/1 HE ACCEPT$ ?AT !SE W]E MAJOR A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! TRANSITION T[>DS SOCIALISM4 

,SO1 = ,TROTSKY1 H[EV] DEG5]AT$ ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME1 IT REMA9$ A WORK]S' /ATE & AS SU* PRES]V$ ! FUNDAM5TAL GA9S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BY PRES]V+ PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & /ATE PLANN+1 :I* OP5$ ! WAY = ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 ,/AL9'S REGIME C\LD BE SE5 TO DEVELOP ! OBJECTIVE SOCIAL & MAT]IAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = SOCIALISM4 ,AS SU*1 = ALL ITS CRIMES1 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA OBJECTIVELY REPRES5T$ A CRUCIAL HI/ORIC ADVANCE OV] ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,!RE=E1 = ,TROTSKY1 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA DEM&$ CRITICAL SUPPORT FROM ALL REVOLUTION>IES4.<#b#g.> 

,YET1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! 9CREAS+ T5SION BETWE5 ! B>B>ISM ( ,/AL9'S REGIME1 :I* CONDEMN$ MILLIONS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS & REVOLUTION>IES 79CLUD+ MANY ( ,TROTSKY'S [N =M] COMRADES7 TO DEA? OR H>D LABOR1 & ,TROTSKY'S 9SI/5CE ( ITS OBJECTIVELY PROGRESSIVE *>ACT]1 PROMPT$ MANY1 9CLUD+ ,TROTSKY'S [N >D5T FOLL[]S1 TO QUE/ION HIS NOTION ?AT ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA WAS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 

,! OBVI\S OBJECTION WAS ?AT ! TOTALIT>IANISM ( ,/AL9'S REGIME WAS VIRTUALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?AT ( ,HITL]'S :I* HAD ALSO GONE A LONG WAY T[>DS NATIONALIZ+ ! ECONOMY & BR+ IT UND] /ATE PLANN+4 ,TROTSKY DISMISS$ ANY RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA & ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY AS BE+ M]ELY SUP]FICIAL4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 DUR+ ITS P]IOD ( DECL9E CAPITALISM W\LD NECESS>ILY BE =C$ 9TO AN 9CREAS+ /ATIFICATION ( ! ECONOMY :I* W\LD GIVE RISE TO AU?ORIT>IAN & FASCI/ REGIMES4 ,?IS PROCESS T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM HAD ALREADY REA*$ AN EXTREME 9 SU* C\NTRIES AS ,ITALY UND] ,MUSSOL9I & ,G]MANY UND] ,HITL] BUT C\LD ALSO BE SE5 9 ! GR[+ /ATISM & AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 O!R 'DEMOCRATIC' C\NTRIES SU* AS ,FRANCE4 ,H[EV]1 SU* /ATIFICATION ( ! ECONOMY & ! GR[? 9 PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS BE+ C>RI$ \T AS A LA/ DIT* EF=T TO PRES]VE ITS OPPOSITE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS DEVELOP+ ON ! V]Y BASIS ( ! PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA HAD CROSS$ ! HI/ORICAL ,RUBICON ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,?US1 :ILE IT MAY HAVE APPE>$ ?AT ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA WAS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY1 = ,TROTSKY !Y W]E ESS5TIALLY V]Y DIFF]5T4 

,BUREAUCRACY & CLASS 

,A MORE P5ETRAT+ OBJECTION TO ,TROTSKY'S CRITICAL DEF5SE ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA CONC]N$ ! QUE/ION ( ! NATURE ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY4 ,AGA9/ ,TROTSKY1 IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT UND] ,/AL91 IF NOT BE=E1 ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS A NEW EXPLOITATIVE RUL+ CLASS4 ,IF ?IS WAS ! CASE !N IT C\LD NO LONG] BE MA9TA9$ ?AT ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA WAS 9 ANY S5SE A WORK]S' /ATE1 H[EV] DEG5]AT$4 ,FUR!R1 IF ! BUREAUCRACY WAS NOT SIMPLY A /RATA ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT HAD BECOME SEP>AT$ FROM ! RE/ ( ITS CLASS1 BUT A CLASS 9 ITSELF1 IT C\LD NO LONG] BE CLAIM$ ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY ULTIMATELY RUL$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ALBEIT 9 A DI/ORT$ MANN]4 ,! BUREAUCRACY C\LD ONLY RULE 9 ITS [N N>R[ & M9ORITY CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,AS A RESULT IT C\LD BE CONCLUD$ ?AT EI!R ,RUSSIA HAD REV]T$ BACK TO A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 OR ELSE HAD GIV5 RISE TO A NEW UNKN[N MODE ( PRODUCTION2 EI!R WAY !RE C\LD BE NO LONG] ANY OBLIGATION = REVOLUTION>IES TO GIVE ,/AL9'S MON/R\S REGIME 'CRITICAL SUPPORT'4 

,GIV5 ?AT ?IS *>GE ?AT ! ,/AL9I/'S BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ A DI/9CT EXPLOITATIVE CLASS ?REAT5$ TO UND]M9E ! V]Y BASIS ( HIS !ORY ( ,RUSSIA AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 ,TROTSKY WAS AT GREAT PA9S TO REFUTE IT4 ,( C\RSE1 IT WAS C5TRAL TO ,TROTSKY'S CRITIQUE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION UND] ,/AL9 ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY HAD EM]G$ AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL GR\P ?AT HAD COME TO DOM9ATE ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9DE$1 AS ,TROTSKY HIMSELF PUT IT1 ! BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ 'A COMM&+ & PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL /RATUM'4 ,YET DESPITE ?IS ,TROTSKY D5I$ ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY C\LD 9 ANY WAY CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT EXPLOITATIVE CLASS4 

,9 D5Y+ ?AT ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ A DI/9CT SOCIAL CLASS ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO DIRECTLY 9VOKE ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS ( CLASS & BUREAUCRACY4 ,9 DO+ SO ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO CLAIM AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE WAS DEF5D+ ,M>XISM ITSELF AGA9/ ! REVISIONI/ >GUM5TS ( HIS OPPON5TS2 BUT1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 BY 9VOK+ ! AU?ORITY ( ,M>X1 ,TROTSKY WAS SP>$ ! TASK ( SETT+ \T ! BASIS ( HIS [N CONCEPTION ( ! NATURE ( CLASS & BUREAUCRACY ) ANY DEGREE ( CL>ITY4 

,= BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS SOCIAL CLASSES W]E CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT NECESS>ILY >OSE \T ( ! P>TICUL> MODE ( PRODUCTION UPON :I* A GIV5 SOCIETY WAS BAS$4 ,9DE$1 = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! SPECIFIC NATURE ( ANY CLASS SOCIETY WAS DET]M9$ BY ! MANN] 9 :I* ! EXPLOITATIVE CLASSES EXTRACT$ SURPLUS LABOR FROM ! DIRECT PRODUC]S4 

,= OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 SU* SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E 9T]PRET$ PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( PROP]TY RELATIONS4.<#b#h.> ,H5CE1 )9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ! ESS5TIAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E SE5 PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ITS PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ITS NON-[N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BE+ EXCLUD$ FROM ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 ONCE IT HAS CONSUM$ ITS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 HAD NO OPTION BUT TO SELL ITS LABOR P[] TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IF IT WAS TO SURVIVE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 BUY+ ! LABOR P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS ! CAPITALI/ CLASS OBTA9$ ! RI<TS ( POSSESSION ( ALL ! WEAL? ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CREAT$ ) ITS LABOR4 ,ONCE IT HAD PAID ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ ! CO/S ( REPRODUC+ LABOR-P[]1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS LEFT 9 POSSESSION ( ! SURPLUS-LABOR CREAT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS ! DIRECT PRODUC]S1 9 ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE4.<#b#i.> 

,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS OR?ODOX 9T]PRETATION ( ! NATURE ( CLASS1 BACK$ UP BY V>I\S POLITICAL WRIT+S ( BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS1 IT WAS NOT H>D TO >GUE ?AT1 AT LEA/ )9 CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD NOT CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT SOCIAL CLASS4 ,! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD CLE>LY BE SE5 TO /& \TSIDE ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION1 & AS SU* WAS NOT DIRECTLY CON/ITUT$ \T ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,EV5 9S(> AS ! /ATE WAS ABLE TO GO BEYOND ITS M]E FUNCTION AS ! 'EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! B\RGEOISIE' SO ?AT ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD ACT AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL GR\P :I* WAS ABLE TO PURSUE ITS [N 5DS & 9T]E/S1 ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY /ILL DID NOT CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT CLASS S9CE ITS SOCIAL POSITION WAS NOT BAS$ 9 PRIVATE PROP]TY BUT 9 ITS EXTRA-ECONOMIC POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,SO1 EV5 9S(> AS ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY WAS ABLE TO APPROPRIATE A %>E 9 ! SURPLUS-VALUE IT DID SO NOT BY VIRTUE ( ITS PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION OR CAPITAL BUT ?R\< EXTRA-ECONOMIC MEANS SU* AS TAXATION & T>IFFS4 

,SO1 AT LEA/ UND] CAPITALISM1 IT SEEM$ CLE> ?AT ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD NOT CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT SOCIAL CLASS4 ,BUT :AT ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM8 ,= ,TROTSKY1 FOLL[+ ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY1 ! QUE/ION WAS CLE> CUT4 ,! REVOLUTION ( #aiag HAD SWEPT AWAY ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ) IT ! BASIS = ! EXPLOITATION ( 'MAN BY MAN' :I* HAD BE5 P]FECT$ UND] CAPITALISM4 ,) ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIAL PLANN+ !RE WAS NO BASIS = ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY TO EXI/ AS AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS4 

,TROTSKY MADE CLE> HIS POSITION AT ! V]Y \TSET ( HIS CONSID]ATION ( ! SOCIAL POSITION ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY3 

,CLASSES >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY !IR POSITION 9 ! SOCIAL SY/EM ( ECONOMY1 & PRIM>ILY BY !IR RELATION TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES1 PROP]TY RELATIONS >E VALIDAT$ BY LAWS4 ,! NATIONALIZATION ( L&1 ! MEANS ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 TRANSPORT & EX*ANGE1 TOGE!R ) ! MONOPOLY ( =EIGN TRADE1 CON/ITUTE ! BASIS ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,?R\< !SE RELATIONS1 E/ABLI%$ BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A PROLET>IAN /ATE IS = US BASICALLY DEF9$4 7,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 P4 #b#d#h7 

,TO ?IS EXT5T ,TROTSKY'S POSITION IS LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,/AL93 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 5DS ! EXPLOITATION ( 'MAN BY MAN'4.<#c.> 

,( C\RSE1 ,TROTSKY C\LD NOT SIMPLY REMA9 CONT5T ) ,/AL9'S D5IAL ?AT ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS4 ,9DE$ ,/AL9'S POSITION EV5 D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! BUREAUCRACY AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL GR\P4 ,TO MAKE HIS CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 ,TROTSKY HAD TO LOOK BEYOND ! =MAL & JUDICIAL TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY RELATIONS BR\<T AB\T BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,TROTSKY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT1 AL?\< ! NATIONALIZATION DECREES ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION HAD =MALLY & JURIDICALLY TRANSF]R$ ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ! H&S ( PRIVATE CAPITALI/S TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ?IS WAS NOT ! SAME AS ! REAL TRANSF] ( ! [N]%IP TO ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE4 ,! NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION HAD M]ELY TRANSF]R$ ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ! CAPITALI/ TO ! /ATE1 :I*1 :ILE A NECESS>Y /EP 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM1 WAS NOT ! SAME AS REAL PUBLIC [N]%IP4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 9 A REAL S5SE ! '/ATE [NS ! ECONOMY & ! BUREAUCRACY [NS ! /ATE'4 

,AS ,TROTSKY HIMSELF PO9TS \T1 ! REAL PROP]TY RELATIONS1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! =MAL & JURIDICAL PROP]TY RELATIONS1 IS A SOCIAL REALITY ACUTELY APP>5T TO ! ,SOVIET WORK]3 

0,! WORK] 9 \R C\NTRY IS NOT A WAGE SLAVE & IS NOT A SELL] ( A COMMODITY CALL$ LABOR-P[]4 ,HE IS A FREE WORKMAN0 7,PRAVDA74 ,= ! PRES5T P]IOD ?IS UNCTU\S =MULA IS UNP]MISSIBLE BRAGG+4 ,! TRANSF] ( ! FACTORIES TO ! /ATE *ANG$ ! SITUATION ( ! WORK] ONLY JURIDICALLY4 ,9 REALITY1 HE IS COMPELL$ TO LIVE 9 WANT & WORK A DEF9ITE AM\NT ( H\RS = A DEF9ITE WAGE4 ,?OSE HOPES :I* ! WORK] =M]LY PLAC$ 9 ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNIONS1 HE TRANSF]R$ AFT] ! REVOLUTION TO ! /ATE CREAT$ BY HIM4 ,BUT ! USEFUL FUNCTION+ ( ?IS IMPLEM5T TURN$ \T TO BE LIMIT$ BY ! LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE & CULTURE4 ,9 ORD] TO RAISE ?IS LEVEL1 ! NEW /ATE RESORT$ TO ! OLD ME?ODS ( PRESSURE UPON ! MUSCLES & N]VES ( ! WORK]4 ,!RE GREW UP A CORPS ( SLAVE DRIV]S4 ,! MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY BECAME SUP]-BUREAUCRATIC4 ,! WORK]S LO/ ALL 9FLU5CE :ATEV] UPON MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORY4 ,) PIECEWORK PAYM5T1 H>D CONDITIONS ( MAT]IAL EXI/5CE1 LACK ( FREE MOVEM5T1 ) T]RIBLE POLICE REPRESSION P5ETRAT+ ! LIFE ( EV]Y FACTORY1 IT IS H>D 9DE$ = ! WORK] TO FEEL HIMSELF A FREE WORKMAN4 7,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 P4 #b#d#a7 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! OV]RID+ NE$ TO DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA REQUIR$ ! /ATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTION4 ,?R\< ! /ATE ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY HAD1 9 A S5SE1 TAK5 REAL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & AS SU* HAD COME TO CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT SOCIAL GR\P4 ,JU/ AS ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD OBS]V$ ?AT UND] CAPITALISM ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD 9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS OBTA9 A RELATIVE DEGREE ( AUTONOMY FROM ! B\RGEOIS RUL+ CLASS1 SO 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY WAS ABLE TO OBTA9 A RELATIVE AUTONOMY FROM ! PROLET>IAN RUL+ CLASS4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY >GUES ?AT ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY IS ALL ! GREAT] ?AN ITS C\NT]P>TS UND] CAPITALISM S9CE ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT AN 9H]5TLY DOM9AT+ CLASS4 

,?US1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION HAD =MALLY FRE$ ! WORK] FROM ! DICTATES ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & MADE HIM A CO-[N] ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 REALITY ! WORK] F\ND HIMSELF 9 A SITUATION ?AT SEEM$ LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT UND] CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 SUBORD9AT$ TO ! DEM&S ( ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY ! WORK] MAY WELL FEEL JU/ AS EXPLOIT$ AS HE HAD BE5 UND] CAPITALISM4 ,BUT = ,TROTSKY1 AL?\< ! WORK] MAY SUBJECTIVELY FEEL EXPLOIT$1 OBJECTIVELY HE WAS NOT4 ,! PLI<T ( ! WORK]S' SITUATION WAS NOT DUE TO EXPLOITATION BUT TO ! OBJECTIVE NE$ TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,( C\RSE1 LIKE ALL BUREAUCRACIES ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY C\LD ABUSE ITS POSITION TO OBTA9 MAT]IAL & P]SONAL ADVANTAGES & ?IS C\LD RE9=CE ! WORK]S' P]CEPTION ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY WAS EXPLOIT+ !M4 ,BUT = ,TROTSKY SU* MAT]IAL & P]SONAL ADVANTAGES W]E NOT DUE TO ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 BUT DUE TO ! BUREAUCRACY'S PRIVILEG$ POSITION )9 ! WORK]S' /ATE4 

,H5CE :ILE ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! WORK]S' /ATE HAD 5D$ CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & !REBY 5D$ EXPLOITATION1 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS 9 ,RUSSIA HAD ALL[$ ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY TO GA9 A PRIVILEG$ & COMM&+ POSITION & MA9TA9 B\RGEOIS NORMS ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,! BUREAUCRACY NO MORE EXPLOIT$ ! WORK+ CLASS ?AN MONOPOLI/ CAPITALI/S EXPLOIT$ O!R CAPITALI/S BY *>G+ MONOPOLY PRICES4 ,ALL ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY DID WAS R$I/RIBUTE ! SURPLUS-LABOR ( SOCIETY 9 ITS [N FAVOR4 ,?IS IS P]HAPS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ BY ,TROTSKY'S [N ANALOGY ) %>E-HOLD+ 9 A M>KET ECONOMY3 

,IF WE TRANSLATE SOCIALI/ RELATIONS1 = ILLU/RATION1 9TO ! LANGUAGE ( ! M>KET1 WE MAY REPRES5T ! CITIZ5 AS A /OCKHOLD] 9 A COMPANY :I* [NS ! WEAL? ( C\NTRY4 ,IF PROP]TY BELONG$ TO ALL ! PEOPLE1 ?AT W\LD PRESUME EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( 0%>ES01 & CONSEQU5TLY A RI<T TO ! SAME DIVID5D = ALL 0%>EHOLD]S04 ,! CITIZ5S P>TICIPATE 9 ! NATIONAL 5T]PRISE1 H[EV]1 NOT ONLY AS 0%>EHOLD]S01 BUT ALSO AS PRODUC]S4 ,ON ! L[] /AGE ( COMMUNISM1 :I* WE HAVE AGRE$ TO CALL SOCIALISM1 PAYM5TS = LABOR >E /ILL MADE ACCORD+ TO B\RGEOIS NORMS -- ?AT IS1 DEP5D5CE UPON SKILL & 9T5SITY ETC4 ,! !ORETICAL 9COME ( EA* CITIZ5 IS ?US COMPOS$ ( TWO P>TS1 A "4 B -- ?AT IS1 DIVID5D PLUS WAGES4 ,! HI<] ! TE*NIQUE & ! MORE COMPLETE ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 ! GREAT] IS ! PLACE OCCUPI$ BY A AS AGA9/ B1 & ! LESS IS ! 9FLU5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES ( LABOR UPON ! /&>D ( LIV+4 ,FROM ! FACT ?AT WAGE DIFF]5CES 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION >E NOT LESS1 BUT GREAT] ?AN 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 IT MU/ BE 9F]R$ ?AT ! %>ES ( ! ,SOVIET CITIZ5 >E NOT EQUALLY DI/RIBUT$1 & ?AT 9 HIS 9COME ! DIVID5D AS WELL AS ! WAGE PAYM5T >E UNEQUAL4 ,:]EAS ! UNSKILL$ LABOR RECEIVES ONLY B1 ! M9IMUM PAYM5T :I* UND] SIMIL> CONDITIONS HE W\LD RECEIVE 9 A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE1 ! ,/AKHANOVI/ OR BUREAUCRAT RECEIVES #bA "4 B1 OR #cA "4 B1 ETC41 :ILE B ALSO 9 TURN MAY BECOME #bB1 #cB1 ETC4 ,! DIFF]5CES 9 9COME >E DET]M9$1 9 O!R WORDS1 NOT ONLY BY DIFF]5CES ( 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTIV5ESS1 BUT ALSO BY A MASK$ APPROPRIATION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR ( O!RS4 ,! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY ( %>EHOLD]S IS LIV+ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! DEPRIV$ MAJORITY4 7,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 P4 #b#d74 

,SO1 = ,TROTSKY1 9S(> AS ! REVOLUTION ( #aiag HAD ABOLI%$ ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ! BASIS = SOCIALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 MADE1 B\RGEOIS NORMS ( DI/RIBUTION /ILL P]SI/$ & HAD BECOME EXAC]BAT$ BY ! GR[+ P[] ( ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY 9 SU* CONDITIONS4 

,TROTSKY & ! QUE/ION ( TRANSITION 

,TROTSKY'S ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME D5Y+ ?AT ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS1 WAS F> FROM BE+ UNPROBLEMATIC4 ,9 DEVELOP+ ?IS CRITIQUE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?R\< HIS POLEMICS AGA9/ ,/AL9I/S ON ! ONE H&1 & ! LEFT COMMUNI/S & SOME ( HIS [N FOLL[]S ON ! O!R1 ,TROTSKY HAD LITTLE TIME TO PRES5T 9 DETAIL ! !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS ( HIS >GUM5TS4 ,9/EAD1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 ,TROTSKY = ! MO/ P>T APPEAL$ TO ! COMMONLY ACCEPT$ T5ETS ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ,TROTSKY FAIL$ TO SET \T CLE>LY HIS IDEAS ON SU* FUNDAM5TAL MATT]S AS ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & PROP]TY RELATIONS1 & BETWE5 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY 9DICAT$1 P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT WEAKNESS ( ,TROTSKY IS HIS ACCEPTANCE ( ! OR?ODOX R$UCTION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION TO SIMPLE PROP]TY RELATIONS1 WE %ALL BRIEFLY EXAM9E ?IS N[4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 NOT ONLY DID ,TROTSKY 9T]PRET ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( PROP]TY RELATIONS BUT1 ALONG ) ,/AL91 9SI/$ ?AT !SE PROP]TY RELATIONS HAD TO BE GIV5 AN IMM$IATE EXPRESSION 9 ! JURIDICAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ?AT REGULAT$ SOCIETY4 ,AS ,TROTSKY ASS]TS3 ',9 ALL CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES1 PROP]TY RELATIONS >E VALIDAT$ BY LAWS'4 ,BUT1 AS WE HAVE ALSO SE51 9 ORD] TO PRESS HOME HIS CRITIQUE ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY ,TROTSKY HAD TO GO BEYOND ! APP>5T LEGAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & 9 DO+ SO1 AT LEA/ IMPLICITLY1 ACKN[L$GE ?AT REAL PROP]TY RELATIONS MAY DIFF] FROM !IR =MAL & JURIDICAL EXPRESSION4 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS DISJUNCTION BETWE5 REAL & =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS IS NOT UNKN[N 9 CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N CORPORATION FROM ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !RE HAS >IS5 A GR[+ DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & !IR MANAGEM5T4 ,! MOD]N JO9T /OCK COMPANY IS =MALLY [N$ BY ITS %>EHOLD]S :ILE ! ACTUAL RUNN+ ( ! COMPANY IS LEFT TO ! S5IOR MANAGEM5T :O CAN BE SAID TO HAVE ! REAL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W\LD BE TRANS=M$ SIMPLY BY NATIONALIZ+ ! FIRM SO ?AT IT IS RUN = SOCIETY AS A :OLE RA!R ?AN = A FEW %>EHOLD]S4 ,) NATIONALIZATION1 LEGAL [N]%IP IS TRANSF]R$ TO ! /ATE :ILE ! REAL POSSESSION ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION MAY REMA9 9 ! H&S ( ! MANAGEM5T OR BUREAUCRACY4 ,H5CE1 JU/ AS UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES ! MANAGEM5T ( JO9T /OCK COMPANY CREAM (F SOME ( ! PR(ITS 9 ! =M ( HUGE SAL>IES & %>E OPTIONS1 SO UND] CONDITIONS ( UND]DEVELOPM5T ! MANAGEM5T ( /ATE 5T]PRISES MAY ALSO BE 9 A POSITION TO CREAM ( ! ECONOMIC SURPLUS PRODUC$ BY ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RY4 

,YET FEW W\LD D5Y ?AT :ILE ! MANAGEM5T ( A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE MAY NOT !MSELVES LEGALLY [N ! FIRM !Y /ILL FUNCTION AS CAPITALI/S ) REG>D TO ! WORK]S4 ,! MANAGEM5T FUNCTIONS TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-VALUE & AS A CONSEQU5CE !Y FUNCTION AS ! ACTUAL EXPLOIT]S ( ! WORK]S4 ,)9 ! ,SOVIET 5T]PRISE ! WORK]S MAY =MALLY [N ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT 9 REAL T]MS !Y >E DISPOSSESS$4 ,!Y HAVE TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] = A WAGE4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ! 'SOCIALI/' MANAGEM5T >E OBLIG$ TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-LABOR JU/ AS MU* AS !IR CAPITALI/ C\NT]P>TS1 AS EV5 ,TROTSKY ADMITS4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! ACTUAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION BETWE5 ! WORK]S :O >E REALLY DISPOSSESS$ & ! MANAGEM5T :O HAVE REAL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS ! SAME4 ,:AT HAS *ANG$ IS ! M]ELY ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS :I* AFFECTS ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SURPLUS-LABOR1 NOT ITS PRODUCTION4 

,9 ?IS VIEW ,TROTSKY'S POSITION BECOMES 9V]T$3 ! REVOLUTION ( #aiag ONLY W5T SO F> AS TO SOCIALIZE ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! ECONOMIC SURPLUS :ILE LEAV+ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION AS CAPITALI/4 ,?IS L9E ( >GUM5T PROVIDES ! BASIS = A TELL+ CRITIQUE1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 BUT ALSO ! 'POLITICISM' ( ! 5TIRE ,L59I/ PROJECT :I* HAD BE5 9H]IT$ FROM ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#c#a.> ,9DE$1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?IS L9E ( >GUM5T HAS (T5 BE5 TAK5 UP 9 V>I\S GUISES BY MANY AN>*I/S & LEFT COMMUNI/S OPPOS$ TO ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,YET1 IF WE >E TO GRASP :AT HAS GIV5 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE ITS HOLD AS ONE ( ! PR9CIPLE CRITIQUES ( ! ,U,S,S,R IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONSID] ! IMPORTANCE ( 'TRANSITION' TO ,TROTSKY4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! NOTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 9 A /ATE ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM WAS C5TRAL = ,TROTSKY4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ?IS V]Y NOTION ( TRANSITION :I* ALL[$ ,TROTSKY TO DEF5D ! OR?ODOX ,L59I/ & ,M>XI/ POSITIONS ALONGSIDE ,/AL91 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME DI/ANC+ HIMSELF SUFFICI5TLY FROM ,/AL9 TO MAKE A ?OR\< CRITIQUE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 BO? ,/AL9 & ,TROTSKY SUPPORT$ ! OR?ODOX POSITION ?AT ! REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ANY E/ABLI%$ MODE ( PRODUCTION W\LD HAVE TO F9D !IR IMM$IATE LEGAL & =MAL EXPRESSION4 ,YET1 :ILE ,/AL9 ASS]T$ ?AT ) ! FIVE YE> PLANS & ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE ! ,U,S,S,R HAD BECOME SOCIALI/1 ,TROTSKY 9SI/$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /ILL 9 A /ATE ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,S9CE ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 TRANSITION FROM ONE MODE ( PRODUCTION TO ANO!R1 ! =MAL & LEGAL PROP]TY RELATIONS C\LD BE 9 ADVANCE ( ! REAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! DISJUNCTION BETWE5 ! REAL & =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ! RESULT ( ! REAL CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO ?OSE ( SOCIALISM4 

,( C\RSE = ,TROTSKY1 SOON] OR LAT] =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE BR\<T 9TO CON=MITY ) ! REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,EI!R ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES W\LD EV5TUALLY ALL[ ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS TO BE GIV5 A REAL SOCIALI/ CONT5T OR ELSE ! ,U,S,S,R W\LD COLLAPSE BACK 9TO CAPITALISM ) ! RE/ORATION ( ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,FUR!RMORE1 = ,TROTSKY1 IT WAS ?IS CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS & ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT PLAC$ ! BUREAUCRACY 9 A PREC>I\S & UN/ABLE POSITION :I* PREV5T$ IT FROM CON/ITUT+ ITSELF AS A CLASS4 ,TO DEF5D ITS POSITION ! BUREAUCRACY HAD TO DEF5D /ATE PROP]TY & DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,YET1 :ILE ! SOCIAL POSITION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ WAS ROOT$ 9 ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT WAS BACK$ BY LAW1 ! 9DIVIDUAL BUREAUCRAT WAS SIMPLY AN EMPLOYEE ( ! /ATE :O [$ HIS OR H] POSITION TO ?OSE HI<] UP 9 ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,UNABLE TO REPRODUCE ITSELF OV] ! G5]ATIONS ?R\< 9H]ITANCE ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY C\LD NOT LA/ LONG4 ,! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY WAS M]ELY A FLEET+ PH5OM5A ( TRANSITION ?AT W\LD ONE WAY OR ANO!R HAVE TO PASS AWAY4.<#c#b.> 

,IT WAS ON ?IS BASIS ?AT ,TROTSKY >GU$3 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT1 9 CONTRA/ TO DECAY+ CAPITALISM1 IT DEVELOPS ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 .<! BUREAUCRACY.> IS PREP>+ ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( SOCIALISM4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT1 = ! B5EFIT ( AN UPP] /RATUM1 IT C>RIES TO MORE & MORE EXTREME EXPRESSION B\RGEOIS NORMS ( DI/RIBUTION1 IT IS PREP>+ A CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION4 7,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 P4 #b#d#d7 

,SO1 = ,TROTSKY1 EI!R ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W\LD MAKE ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM1 9 :I* CASE ! BUREAUCRACY W\LD BE SWEPT AWAY1 OR ELSE IT W\LD 9TO CAPITALISM & ! BUREAUCRACY W\LD LEGALIZE !IR POSITION ?R\< ! RE9TRODUCTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & CAPITALISM1 & 9 DO+ SO TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO A NEW CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,TROTSKY'S NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 A /ATE ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM WAS C5TRAL TO HIS !ORY ( ,RUSSIA AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE &1 AT ! TIME ( WRIT+1 SEEM$ TO GIVE HIS !ORY SUB/ANTIAL EXPLANATORY P[]4 ,YET ,TROTSKY'S PROGNOSIS ?AT ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> W\LD SEE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION EI!R BECOME SOCIALI/ ) ! SUPPORT ( WORLD REVOLUTION OR ELSE FACE ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM WAS TO BE CONTRADICT$ BY ! 5TR5*M5T ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY FOLL[+ ! W>4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?IS WAS TO PROVOKE A RECURR5T CRISIS AMONG ,TROTSKY'S FOLL[]S4 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM )9 ,TROTSKYISM 
,! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM )9 ,TROTSKYISM 

,9TRODUCTION 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! ,/AL9I/ SY/EM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD ONLY BE BUT A TRANSITORY HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A4 ,LACK+ A FIRM LEGAL BASIS 9 ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY WAS DOOM$ TO A M]E FLEET+ APPE>ANCE 9 ! OV]ALL C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,9DE$1 ?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS1 ,TROTSKY HAD BE5 CONV9C$ ?AT ! DAYS ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY W]E NUMB]$4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 WORLD CAPITALISM WAS 9 T]M9AL DECL9E4 ,! ECONOMIC /AGNATION ?AT HAD FOLL[$ ! ,WALL ,/REET CRA% 9 #aibi C\LD ONLY 9T5SIFY IMP]IALI/ RIVALRIES AMONG ! GREAT CAPITALI/ P[]S :I* ULTIMATELY C\LD ONLY BE RESOLV$ ?R\< ! DEVA/ATION ( A ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,YET ,TROTSKY FIRMLY BELIEV$ ?AT1 LIKE ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ?IS ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> W\LD BR+ 9 ITS WAKE A R5EW$ REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT W\LD SWEEP ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE IF NOT ! WORLD4 ,9 ! MID/ ( SU* A REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO OV]?R[ ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY 9 A POLITICAL REVOLUTION :I* W\LD !N1 ) ! AID ( REVOLUTIONS ELSE:]E1 OP5 ! WAY = ,RUSSIA TO COMPLETE ITS TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,EV5 IF ! WOR/ CAME TO ! WOR/1 & ! PO/W> REVOLUTION>Y WAVE WAS DEFEAT$1 !N ! WAY W\LD !N BE OP5 = ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,) ! DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BO? 9 ,RUSSIA & ELSE:]E1 ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY W\LD SOON TAKE ! OPPORTUNITY TO CONV]T ITSELF 9TO A NEW B\RGEOISIE ?R\< ! PRIVATIZATION ( /ATE 9DU/RY4 ,EI!R WAY ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY W\LD SOON DISAPPE>1 ALONG ) ! 5TIRE ,/AL9I/ SY/EM ?AT HAD >IS5 FROM ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,AS ! APPROA* ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> BECAME MORE & MORE APP>5T1 ,TROTSKY BECAME MORE CONV9C$ ?AT ,/AL9'S DAY ( RECKON+ W\LD NOT BE F> (F4 ,YET NOT ALL ( ,TROTSKY'S FOLL[]S %>$ HIS OPTIMISM4 

,FOLL[+ HIS EXPULSION FROM ,RUSSIA 9 #aibi ,TROTSKY HAD S\<T TO REE/ABLI% ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION ON AN 9T]NATIONAL BASIS SEEK+ TO OPPOSE ,/AL9 )9 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ( ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! FACE ( ,/AL9'S RESOLUTE HOLD OV] ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS CON/ITU5T ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES ,TROTSKY'S EF=TS TO BUILD ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION )9 ! (FICIAL WORLD ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T SOON PROV$ TO BE FUTILE4 ,9 #aicc ,TROTSKY DECID$ TO BREAK FROM ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL & ATTEMPT TO REGR\P ALL ?OSE ,COMMUNI/S OPPOS$ TO ,/AL9 9 AN EF=T TO BUILD A NEW ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,) ! 9T]NATIONAL UPTURN 9 CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! MID-#a#i#cS1 :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#c#f1 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( ,COMMUNI/S :O HAD BECOME DISILLUSION$ ) ,/AL9ISM W]E DRAWN TO ,TROTSKY'S PROJECT4 ,BY #ai* ,TROTSKY HAD FELT ?AT ! TIME HAD COME TO E/ABLI% ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AL?\< ! V>I\S GR\PS ACROSS ! WORLD :O SUPPORT$ ! PROJECT ( A ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL W]E /ILL V]Y SMALL COMP>$ ) ! MASS ,COMMUNI/S ,P>TIES ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT IT WAS VITAL TO HAVE ! 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 PLACE BE=E ! ONSET ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT JU/ AS ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> HAD ?R[N ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9TO CONFUSION1 ) ALL ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL BE+ SWEPT ALONG 9 PATRIOTIC F]VOR1 SO ! SAME W\LD HAPP5 ) ! ONSET ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD HAVE TO PROVIDE A RESOLUTE PO9T ( REF]5CE & CL>ITY 9 ! COM+ /ORM :I* C\LD !N PROVIDE A RALLY+ PO9T ONCE ! PATRIOTIC FEV] HAD GIV5 WAY TO ! URGE = REVOLUTION AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS ACROSS ! WORLD4 

,YET BY #ai* ! UPTURN 9 CLASS /RUGGLE HAD MORE OR LESS PASS$4 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ & ,FRANCO'S FASCI/S W]E WELL ON !IR WAY TO W9N+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,) FASCISM ALREADY TRIUMPHANT 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY & ADVANC+ ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE ! SITUATION WAS LOOK+ 9CREAS+ BLEAK = ?OSE ON ! LEFT ?AT HAD BECOME DISILLUSION$ ) ,/AL9ISM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 FEW C\LD HAVE BE5 AS CONV9C$ AS ,TROTSKY WAS ?AT ! ONSET ( A ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* PROMIS$ TO BE EV5 MORE T]RIBLE ?AN FIR/1 W\LD BR+ 9 ITS WAKE A R5EW$ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,EUROPE1 IF NOT ! WORLD4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 MANY1 EV5 )9 ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 CAME TO DRAW RA!R PESSIMI/IC CONCLUSIONS CONC]N+ ! WORLD SITUATION4 ,)9 SU* A PESSIMI/IC P]SPECTIVE IT WAS EASY TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION HAD FAIL$1 BO? 9 ,RUSSIA & ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,FROM ?IS IT WAS BUT A %ORT /EP TO >GUE ?AT CAPITALISM WAS NOT BE+ REPLAC$ BY SOCIALISM1 AS ,M>X HAD =ESE51 BUT BY A NEW & UN=ESE5 =M ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LIFE WAS SUBSUM$ BY A TOTALIT>IAN /ATE1 :I* HAD BECOME EVID5T NOT ONLY 9 ,MUSSOL9I'S ,ITALY & ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY BUT ALSO 9 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS NEW =M ( SOCIETY N[ SEEM$ DE/9$ TO DOM9ATE ! WORLD1 JU/ AS CAPITALISM HAD DONE BE=E IT4 ,?IS VIEW F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! V>I\S !ORIES ( 'BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM' ?AT 9CREAS+LY GA9$ SUPPORT AMONG ,TROTSKYI/S T[>DS ! 5D ( ! #a#i#cS4 

,! !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM WAS ORIG9ALLY PUT =W>D BY ,BRUNO ,RIZZI 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 ,YET IT WAS 9 #aici ?AT ?IS !ORY BECAME C5TRAL TO ! FIR/ GRAVE CRISIS 9 ,TROTSKYISM4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ON ! BASIS ( HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 ,TROTSKY HAD >GU$ ?AT1 DESPITE ALL ! CRIMES P]PETUAT$ BY ! ,/AL9'S REGIME1 IT WAS NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] TO DEF5D ! PROLET>IAN GA9S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 TO GIVE CRITICAL SUPPORT TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,AS WE HAVE ALSO NOT$1 ?IS POSITION BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO DEF5D AS TRUE NATURE ( ,/AL9'S REGIME BECAME APP>5T1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! ,MOSC[ %[ TRIALS ( ! #a#i#cS & ! ROLE ( ! ,/AL9I/S 9 CRU%+ ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 9 ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g4 ,= MANY ,TROTSKYI/S ! LA/ /RAW CAME :5 ,/AL9 SIGN$ A NON-AGGRESSION PACT ) ,HITL] 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#i4 ,H]E WAS ! ,U,S,S,R OP5LY DEAL+ ) A FASCI/ REGIME6 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] #aici SEV]AL LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ! ,U,S,A1 :I*1 ) SEV]AL ?\S& MEMB]S1 WAS ONE ( ! L>GE/ SECTIONS ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 ANN\NC$ ! =MATION ( AN ORGANIZ$ M9ORITY FACTION OPPOS$ TO ! (FICIAL /ANCE T[>DS ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9 !IR POLEMICS ) ,TROTSKY & HIS SUPPORT]S 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,S,W,P ! NOTION C5TRAL TO BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM -- ?AT ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA WAS LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY -- PROV$ TO BE A P[]FUL WEAPON4 ,9DE$1 MANY ( ! LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ?IS OPPOSITIONAL FACTION1 :I* EV5TUALLY SPLIT FROM ! ,S,W,P 9 #aid TO =M ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 CAME TO ADOPT ! !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM AS !IR [N4 ,AS SU* ! !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM CAME TO POSE ! MA9 *ALL5GE TO OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM FROM )9 ,TROTSKYISM ITSELF4 

,9 HIS 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! FI]CE POLEMICS ?AT PREC$$ ! SPLIT 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,S,W,P1 ,TROTSKY MADE IT CLE> ?AT HE SAW ! !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM AS NO?+ LESS ?AN A DIRECT ATTACK NOT M]ELY ON HIS [N IDEAS1 BUT ON ,M>XISM ITSELF4 ,! NOTION ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS DE/9$ TO BE SURPASS$1 NOT BY SOCIALISM BUT BY A =M ( SOCIETY BAS$ ON BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM1 CLE>LY BROKE ) ! FUNDAM5TAL UND]/&+ ( HI/ORY ?AT HAD UND]P9N$ ,M>XISM FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION4 ,YET1 IF ?IS WAS NOT BAD 5\<1 NONE ( ! V>I\S V]SIONS ( ! !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM W5T AS F> TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE MAT]IALI/ & CLASS ANALYSIS ( :AT BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM WAS & H[ IT HAD COME AB\T4 ,AS A RESULT1 AS ,TROTSKY CEASELESSLY PO9T$ \T1 !SE !ORIES ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM W]E UNABLE TO GO BEYOND ! LEVEL ( APPE>ANCE & AS SU* REMA9$ M]ELY DESCRIPTIVE4 

,SU* CRITICISMS W]E SE5 TO BE BORNE \T BY ! EV5TUAL FATE ( ! V>I\S !ORIES ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM & !IR LEAD+ PROPON5TS4 ,HAV+ AB&ON$ ,M>XISM1 ! !ORIES ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM LACK$ ANY !ORETICAL GR\ND+ ( !IR [N4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO LOOK TO V>I\S /R&S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGY & 5D$ UP JO9+ ! GR[+ /REAM ( B\RGEOIS !ORIES ?AT SAW ! 9CREAS+ TOTALIT>IANISM & BUREAUCRATIZATION ( MOD]N SOCIETIES AS AN 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,?IS WAS P]HAPS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ BY ONE ( ! LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ! SPLIT FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,S,W,P 9 #a#i#d1 ,JAMES ,BURNHAM4 ,AS A UNIV]SITY PR(ESSOR1 ,BURNHAM WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS ONE ( ! LEAD+ 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! M9ORITY ?AT SPLIT FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,S,W,P1 BUT HE W5T ON TO BECOME ONE ( ! ORIG9ATORS ( ! !ORY ( ! 'MANAG]IAL SOCIETY' :I* WAS TO BECOME POPUL> AMONG B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGI/S 9 ! '#eS & '#fS4 ,YET :ILE ! LOGIC ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM L$ ,BURNHAM TO BECOME A LIB]AL1 = ,S*A*TMAN1 :O HAD BE5 ONE ( ! PRIME PROPON5TS ( ! !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM1 IT MEANT EV5TUALLY 5D+ UP AS A VIRUL5T ANTI-,COMMUNI/ :O OP5LY BACK$ ! ,MC,C>?Y WIT* HUNTS ( ! #a#i#eS4 ,= ?OSE :O REMA9$ LOYAL TO ,TROTSKY ! FATE ( !SE SUPPORT]S ( ! BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM C\LD ONLY BE TAK5 AS A /]N LESSON 9 ! DANG]S ( /RAY+ TOO F> FROM ! TEA*+S ( ,TROTSKY & ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY4 

,YET IT %\LD BE NOT$ H]E ?AT NOT ALL ?OSE :O SPLIT FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,S,W,P AT ?IS TIME W]E PROPON5TS ( A !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM OR V>IANTS ( ONE4 ,FROM ! V]Y F\NDATION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL !RE HAD BE5 A SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T :O HAD OPPOS$ ,TROTSKY'S /ANCE TO ! ,U,S,S,R BY >GU+ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS NOT A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE BUT WAS SIMPLY /ATE CAPITALI/4.<#c#c.> ,IT WAS ?IS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS BE+ /ATE CAPITALI/ :I* WAS TO REEM]GE ) GREAT] =CE AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 AS WE %ALL N[ SEE4 

,! !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM & ! SECOND CRISIS 9 ,TROTSKYISM 

,TROTSKY'S PR$ICTIONS = ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* HAD SU/A9$ ! HOPES ( ?OSE :O HAD REMA9$ LOYAL TO HIM1 W]E SOON PROV$ TO BE FALSE4 ,!RE WAS NO REPEAT ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT HAD SWEPT ,EUROPE AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>2 NOR WAS ! GRIP ( EI!R ,/AL9ISM OR SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ON ! WORK]S' MOVEM5TS WEAK5$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 BO? ,/AL9ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EM]G$ FROM ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> F> /RONG] ?AN !Y HAD EV] BE54 

,AS IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY APP>5T ?AT ! REALITIES ( ! IMM$IATE PO/W> WORLD CONTRADICT$ ! PR$ICTIONS ?AT ,TROTSKY HAD MADE BE=E HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#d1 & ) !M ! BASIC ORI5TATION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! /RA9S )9 ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T BETWE5 ?OSE :O S\<T TO REVISE ,TROTSKYISM TO MEET !SE NEW REALITIES & ?OSE :O FE>$ SU* REVISIONISM REA*$ ! PO9T ( CRISIS4 ,9 #a#i#e#c1 LESS ?AT EI<T YE>S AFT] ! 5D ( ! W> ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL F9ALLY SPLIT GIV+ RISE TO ! '#e#g V>IETIES' ( ,TROTSKYISM ?AT WE F9D TODAY4 ,ONE ( ! CRUCIAL ISSUES AT ! HE>T ( ?IS CRISIS )9 ,TROTSKYISM WAS ?AT ( ! QUE/ION ( ! RESPECTIVE NATURES ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 

,! RETREAT ( ! ,G]MAN >MIES DUR+ ! F9AL /AGES ( ! W> HAD PROMPT$ POPUL> UPRIS+S ACROSS ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,= ! MO/ P>T !SE UPRIS+S HAD EI!R BE5 CONTA9$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 :]E !Y PROVID$ ! POPUL> BASE ON :I* TO BUILD BROAD-BAS$ ANTI-FASCI/ GOV]NM5TS1 OR1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y C\LD NOT BE CONTA9$1 !Y W]E EI!R CRU%$ BY ! ADVANC+ ,R$ ,>MY1 OR ELSE AB&ON$ TO ! V5GEANCE ( ! RETREAT+ ,G]MAN =CES4 

,AT FIR/ ,/AL9 DID NOT SEEK TO IMPOSE ! ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL MODEL ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ON ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,! BROAD-BAS$ ANTI-FASCI/ GOV]NM5TS W]E ELECT$ ON TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC L9ES & 9 MO/ CASES CAME TO 9CLUDE NOT ONLY ,COMMUNI/S & SOCIALI/S BUT ALSO LIB]ALS & REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEASANT & RURAL CLASSES4 ,AL?\< !SE GOV]NM5TS W]E 5C\RAG$ TO C>RY \T NATIONALIZATIONS ( KEY 9DU/RIES1 & IMPLEM5T V>I\S SOCIAL & AGR>IAN RE=MS1 9 MANY RESPECTS ?IS DIFF]$ LITTLE FROM ! POLICIES ( NATIONALIZATION ( AIL+ 9DU/RY & WELF>E RE=MS ?AT W]E HAPP5+ ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE4 ,BUT AS ! ,COLD ,W> BEGAN TO SET 91 & ,EUROPE BEGAN TO POL>IZE BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/1 ,/AL9 BEGAN TO IMPOSE ! ,SOVIET ECONOMIC & POLITICAL MODEL ON TO ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,IF NECESS>Y1 ! PO/W> COALITIONS W]E PU%$ ASIDE & ! :OLESALE NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY WAS C>RI$ \T & ! M>KET WAS REPLAC$ BY C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+4 

,! 9ITIAL PHASE ( ! PO/W> ]A 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE HAD PRES5T$ ,TROTSKYI/S ) FEW PROBLEMS4 ,! UPRIS+S AT ! 5D ( ! W> C\LD BE SE5 AS PORT5TS ( ! COM+ WORLD REVOLUTION1 :ILE ! REPRESSION BY ! ,/AL9I/S C\LD BE RI<TE\SLY CONDEMN$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! FACT ?AT !SE UPRIS+S HAD = ! MO/ P>T FAIL$ EXPLA9$ :Y ,EA/]N ,EUROPE REMA9$ CAPITALI/4 ,H[EV]1 ONCE ! ',RUSSIFICATION ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE' BEGAN TO TAKE PLACE1 ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY BEGAN TO FACE A S]I\S DILEMMA4 

,( C\RSE1 ! TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY RELATIONS ?AT HAD BE5 BR\<T AB\T BY ! :OLESALE NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY & ! 9TRODUCTION ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ C\LD BE SE5 TO REAFFIRM ,TROTSKY'S 9SI/5CE ON ! OBJECTIVELY PROGRESSIVE ROLE ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY4 ,9DE$1 IT C\LD N[ BE >GU$ ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY HAD NOT ONLY DEF5D$ ! PROLET>IAN GA9S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BUT HAD N[ EXT5D$ !M TO ! RE/ ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 

,YET1 IF ?IS WAS ! CASE1 DID ?IS NOT IMPLY ?AT ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE HAD N[ BECOME DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATES LIKE ! ,U,S,S,R8 ,BUT H[ C\LD Y\ HAVE A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE :5 !RE HAD BE5 NO REVOLUTION1 & ?US NO WORK]S' /ATE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE86 ,IT WAS N[ NO LONG] JU/ ?AT A WORK]S' /ATE WAS SUPPOS$ TO EXI/ :]E ! WORK]S HAD NO /ATE P[]1 AS ,TROTSKY HAD >GU$ = ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 BUT WORK]S' /ATES' W]E N[ SUPPOS$ TO EXI/ :]E ! WORK+ CLASS HAD NEV] BE5 9 P[]6 ,) ! QUE/ION ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ! FUNDAM5TAL DI*OTOMY ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 9 :I* ! OBJECTIVE 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E SOMEH[ ABLE TO /& AP>T FROM & AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! =M ( ! ALI5 P[] ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 N[ /OOD EXPOS$4 

,BUT IF ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE W]E NOT ADMITT$ AS BE+ DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATES !N :AT W]E !Y8 ,! OBVI\S ANSW]1 GIV5 ?AT ! PR9CIPLE MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAD BE5 SIMPLY NATIONALIZ$ BY ! /ATE )\T A WORK]S' REVOLUTION1 WAS ?AT !Y W]E /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,H[EV]1 SU* AN ANSW] CONTA9$ EV5 GREAT] DANG]S = OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S ?AN ! FIR/4 ,AS ,EA/]N ,EUROPE BECAME RECON/RUCT$ 9 ! IMAGE ( ! ,U,S,S,R IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO AVOID ! CONCLUSION ?AT IF ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE W]E /ATE CAPITALI/ !N SO MU/ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BE NO?+ O!R ?AN A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,AFT] NUM]\S ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE ?IS DILEMMA ! (FICIAL L9E :I* EM]G$ )9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ?AT ! UPRIS+ AT ! 5D ( ! W> HAD ALL BE5 P>T ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ?AT HAD BE5 MUTILAT$ & DE=M$ BY ,/AL9ISM4 ,! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE W]E !RE=E NOT DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATES AS SU*1 BUT 'DE=M$ WORK]S' /ATES'4 ,YET ?IS ATTEMPT$ SOLUTION /ILL IMPLI$ ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY WAS AN ACTIVE AG5T 9 CREAT+ ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ( SOCIALISM4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,TROTSKY HAD >GU$ ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY WAS PROGRESSIVE 9 ?AT 9 DEF5D+ ITS [N BASIS 9 /ATE PROP]TY IT WAS IMPELL$ TO DEF5D ! OBJECTIVE GA9S ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS ! /ATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,N[ ,TROTSKYISM HAD COME TO >GUE ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY NOT ONLY DEF5D$ SU* PROLET>IAN GA9S BUT C\LD N[ ACTUALLY EXT5D !M6 ,) ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY N[ DEEM$ TO BE A PRIM>Y AG5T 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM ! IMPORTANCE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS BECAME DIM9I%$4 ,! WAY WAS N[ OP5$ = ,TROTSKYI/S 9 ! COM+ DECADES TO SUPPORT ALL SORTS ( NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS REG>DLESS ( ! ROLE )9 !M ( ! PROLET>IAT4.<#c#d.> 

,CLIFF & ! NEO-,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS /ATE CAPITALI/ 

,P]HAPS RA!R IRONICALLY1 ,TONY ,CLIFF WAS ORIG9ALLY S5T TO ,BRITA9 BY ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 AN EF=T TO HEAD (F ANY POT5TIAL SUPPORT )9 ! ,BRITI% ,SECTION = ! !ORY ?AT ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,U,S,S,R W]E 9 ANY WAY /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 IT WAS NOT ,G]RY ,HEALEY1 ,T$ ,GRANT OR ANY ( ! O!R LEAD+ FIGURES ( ! ,BRITI% ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY.<#c#e.> AT ?AT TIME :O CAME TO ADOPT ! !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM BUT NONE O!R ?AN ,CLIFF HIMSELF4 

,YET 9 COM+ TO ! VIEWPO9T ?AT IT WAS NOT ONLY ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ?AT WAS /ATE CAPITALI/ BUT ALSO ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TONY ,CLIFF WAS DET]M9$ NOT TO FOLL[ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( SO MANY =M] ,TROTSKYI/S :O1 HAV+ REJECT$ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ,RUSSIA AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 HAD COME TO REJECT ,TROTSKY & EV5 ,M>XISM ITSELF4 ,9/EAD1 ,CLIFF WAS COMMITT$ TO DEVELOP+ A /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R :I* REMA9$ FIRMLY )9 BO? ! ,TROTSKYI/ & OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ TRADITION4 ,AGA9/ ?OSE :O >GU$ ?AT ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE WAS C5TRAL TO ,TROTSKY'S ,M>XISM1 ,CLIFF REPLI$ BY >GU+ ?AT NOT ONLY W]E !RE NUM]\S EXAMPLES 9 ,TROTSKY'S [N WRIT+S :]E HE 9DICAT$ S]I\S D\BTS CONC]N+ HIS CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE BUT ?AT T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE ,TROTSKY HAD %[N SIGNS ( MOV+ AWAY FROM SU* CONCLUSIONS ALTOGE!R4 ,9DE$1 ,CLIFF S\<T TO CLAIM ?AT HAD ,TROTSKY LIV$ !N HE TOO W\LD HAVE EV5TUALLY COME R\ND TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD BECOME /ATE CAPITALI/1 & C]TA9LY W\LD NOT HAVE DOGMATICALLY DEF5D$ A POSITION ?AT FLEW 9 ! FACE ( ALL ! EVID5CE AS HIS LOYAL FOLL[]S 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL HAD DONE4 

,CLIFF ORIG9ALLY PRES5T$ HIS RA!R H]ETICAL IDEAS 9 #aidh 9 ! =M ( A DUPLICAT$ DISCUSSION DOCUM5T 5TITL$ ,! ,NATURE ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,AFT] SEV]AL $ITIONS & ACCOMPANY+ AM5DM5TS & ADDITIONS1 ?IS TEXT N[ TAKES ! =M ( A BOOK 5TITL$ ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA :I* PROVIDES US ) A DEF9ITIVE /ATEM5T ( ,CLIFF'S POSITION4 

,CLIFF DEVOT$ MU* ( ! FIR/ ?IRD ( ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA TO PRES5T+ A MASS ( EVID5CE ) :I* HE S\<T TO %[ BO? ! EXPLOITATIVE & REPRESSIVE NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,YET1 AS P[]FUL AN 9DICTM5T ( ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME AS ?IS MAY HAVE BE51 ! EVID5CE ,CLIFF PRES5T$ WAS F> FROM SUFFICI5T TO CONV9CE HIS OPPON5TS )9 EI!R ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY OR ! BROAD] ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,= OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S SU* EVID5CE C\LD SIMPLY BE TAK5 TO CONFIRM ! EXT5T ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & DID LITTLE TO REFUTE ! P]SI/5CE ( ,RUSSIA AS ESS5TIALLY A WORK]S' /ATE4 ,AS ,CLIFF HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! APP>5T EXPLOITATIVE & REPRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION NECESS>ILY >OSE1 NOT FROM ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A WORK]S' /ATE BUT RA!R FROM ! FACT ?AT UND] ,/AL9 ! ,U,S,S,R HAD CEAS$ TO BE A WORK]S' /ATE & HAD BECOME /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,YET TO DO ?IS ,CLIFF HAD FIR/ ( ALL TO CL>IFY :AT HE MEANT BY '/ATE CAPITALISM' & H[ SU* A CONCEPTION WAS NOT ONLY COMPATIBLE )1 BUT ROOT$ )9 ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ TRADITION4 

,= OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 CAPITALISM HAD BE5 DEF9$ AS A CLASS SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE :I* >ISES FROM ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ON ! BASIS ( SU* A DEF9ITION IT W\LD APPE>1 AT LEA/ AT FIR/ SI<T1 ?AT ! NOTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ABSOLUTE S5SE WAS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,IF ALL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E NATIONALIZ$1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS EXPROPRIAT$ & ! LAW ( VALUE & ! M>KET REPLAC$ BY /ATE ALLOCATION & PLANN+1 !N IT W\LD APPE> ?AT CAPITALISM MU/ HAVE BE51 BY DEF9ITION1 ABOLI%$4 ,IF IT WAS ACCEPT$ ?AT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD L$ TO ! ABOLITION ( ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !N IT W\LD SEEM CLE> ?AT1 FROM A ,M>XI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 CAPITALISM 9 ANY =M C\LD NOT EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 7,& ( C\RSE ?IS IS ! COMMON OBJECTION WE F9D ADVANC$ AGA9/ ALL !ORIES ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R47 

,H[EV]1 AS ,CLIFF WAS KE5 TO PO9T \T1 IT HAD ALSO BE5 C5TRAL TO OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS TRANSITORY4 ,CAPITALISM WAS M]ELY A PHASE 9 HUMAN HI/ORY :OSE V]Y DEVELOPM5T W\LD EV5TUALLY UND]M9E ITS [N BASIS4 ,AS CAPITALISM REPEAT$LY REVOLUTIONIZ$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION IT ADVANC$ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION TO AN UNPREC$5T$ DEGREE4 ,YET 9 ADVANC+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION CAPITALISM WAS OBLIG$ TO 9CREAS+LY SOCIALIZE PRODUCTION AS PRODUCTION WAS C>RI$ \T ON AN EV] L>G] & MORE COMPLEX SCALE4 ,! MORE SOCIAL ! PRODUCTION PROCESS BECAME ! MORE IT CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( ! WEAL? ?AT IT PRODUC$4 ,AS A RESULT CAPITALISM WAS OBLIG$ TO NEGATE ITS V]Y [N BASIS 9 ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTION & 9 DO+ SO IT PREP>$ ! WAY = SOCIALISM4 

,AS WE HAVE NOT$ BE=E1 ALREADY BY ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY MO/ ,M>XI/S HAD COME TO ! VIEW ?AT ! CLASSICAL /AGE ( FREE COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM1 ?AT HAD BE5 DESCRIB$ & ANALYZ$ BY ,M>X 9 ! #a#h#fS1 HAD GIV5 WAY TO ! F9AL /AGES ( ! CAPITALI/ ]A4 ,! GR[? ( HUGE C>TELS & MONOPOLIES & ! 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC ROLE ( ! /ATE WAS SE5 AS NEGAT+ ! M>KET & ! OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! EM]G5CE ( JO9T /OCK COMPANIES & ! NATIONALIZATION ( KEY 9DU/RIES MEANT ! REPLACEM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY COLLECTIVE =MS ( [N]%IP :I* IMPLI$ ! FUR!R NEGATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,9DE$1 AS ,5GELS >GU$1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( BO? MONOPOLY & /ATE CAPITALISM WAS LEAD+ TO ! PO9T ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS SUP]FLU\S TO ! PRODUCTION PROCESS ITSELF4 ,CAPITAL NO LONG] NE$$ ! CAPITALI/4 ,AS ,5GELS HIMSELF /ATES3 

.<,T.>HE CONV]SION ( ! GREAT ORGANIZATIONS = PRODUCTION & COMMUNICATION 9TO JO9T-/OCK COMPANIES & /ATE PROP]TY %[ ?AT = ?IS PURPOSE ! B\RGEOISIE CAN BE DISP5S$ )4 ,ALL ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/S >E N[ C>RI$ \T BY SAL>I$ EMPLOYES4 ,! CAPITALI/ HAS NO LONG] ANY SOCIAL ACTIVITY SAVE ! POCKET+ ( REV5UES1 ! CLIPP+ ( C\PONS & GAMBL+ ON ! /OCK EX*ANGE1 :]E DIFF]5T CAPITALI/S FLEECE EA* O!R ( !IR CAPITAL4 ,JU/ AS AT FIR/ ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION DISPLAC$ ! WORK]S1 SO N[ IT DISPLACES ! CAPITALI/S1 RELEGAT+ !M1 JU/ AS IT DID ! WORK]S1 TO ! SUP]FLU\S POPULATION1 EV5 IF 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE NOT TO ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 

,BUT NEI!R ! CONV]SION 9TO JO9T /OCK COMPANIES NOR 9TO /ATE PROP]TY DEPRIVES ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( !IR *>ACT] AS CAPITAL4 ,9 ! CASE ( JO9T /OCK COMPANIES ?IS IS OBVI\S4 ,& ! MOD]N /ATE1 TOO1 IS ONLY ! ORGANIZATION ) :I* B\RGEOIS SOCIETY PROVIDES ITSELF 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! G5]AL EXT]NAL CONDITIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION AGA9/ 5CROA*M5TS EI!R BY WORK]S OR BY 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S4 ,! MOD]N /ATE1 :ATEV] ITS =M1 IS AN ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ MA*9E2 IT IS ! /ATE ( CAPITALI/S1 ! IDEAL COLLECTIVE BODY ( ALL CAPITALI/S4 ,! MORE PRODUCTIVE =CES IT TAKES OV] AS ITS PROP]TY1 ! MORE IT BECOMES ! REAL COLLECTIVE BODY ( ALL CAPITALI/S1 ! MORE CITIZ5S IT EXPLOITS4 ,! WORK]S REMA9 WAGE E>N]S1 PROLET>IANS4 ,! CAPITALI/ RELATION%IP IS NOT ABOLI%$2 IT IS RA!R PU%$ TO AN EXTREME4 ,BUT AT ?IS EXTREME IT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ITS OPPOSITE4 ,/ATE [N]%IP ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES IS NOT ! SOLUTION ( ! CONFLICT1 BUT IT CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ! =MAL MEANS1 ! KEY TO ! SOLUTION4 7,5GELS1 ,ANTI-,DUHR+1 P4 #c#c7 

,SO = ! OLD OR?ODOXY ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IT WAS UND\BT$LY ACCEPT$ ?AT !RE WAS AN 9H]5T T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$ IT WAS ?IS T5D5CY :I* WAS SE5 AS LAY+ ! BASIS = SOCIALISM4 ,YET IT HAD ALSO BE5 C5TRAL = BO? ,L59 & ! NEW ,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! 9CREAS+ NEGATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! LAW ( VALUE 9DICATE ! RIP5ESS = SOCIALISM1 BUT ! FUSION ( ! /ATE & CAPITAL )9 /ATE CAPITALISM EXPLA9$ ! 9CREAS+ IMP]IALI/ RIVALRIES ?AT HAD L$ TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,AS ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & CAPITAL BECAME AT ! SAME TIME A /RUGGLE BETWE5 IMP]IALI/ /ATES1 IMP]IALI/ W> BECAME 9EVITABLE4 ,AS ,BUKH>9 REM>KS 9 ,IMP]IALISM & ! ,WORLD ,ECONOMY1 :I* PROVID$ ! !ORETICAL BASIS = ,L59'S !ORY ( IMP]IALISM3 

,:5 COMPETITION HAS F9ALLY REA*$ ITS HI<E/ /AGE1 :5 IT HAS BECOME COMPETITION BETWE5 /ATE CAPITALI/ TRU/S1 !N ! USE ( /ATE P[]1 & ! POSSIBILITIES CONNECT$ ) IT PLAY A V]Y L>GE P>T4 ,! /ATE APP>ATUS HAS ALWAYS S]V$ AS A TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ITS C\NTRY1 & IT HAS ALWAYS ACT$ AS ! !IR 0DEF5D] & PROTECTOR0 9 ! WORLD M>KET2 AT NO TIME1 H[EV]1 DID IT HAVE ! COLOSSAL IMPORTANCE ?AT IT HAS 9 ! EPO* ( F9ANCE CAPITAL & IMP]IALI/ POLITICS4 ,) ! =MATION ( /ATE CAPITALI/ TRU/S COMPETITION IS BE+ ALMO/ 5TIRELY %IFT$ ONTO =EIGN C\NTRIES2 OBVI\SLY ! ORGANS ( ! /RUGGLE ?AT IS TO BE WAG$ ABROAD1 PRIM>ILY /ATE P[]1 MU/ !RE=E GR[ TREM5D\SLY444 ,IF /ATE P[] IS G5]ALLY GR[+ 9 SIGNIFICANCE ! GR[? ( ITS MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ! >MY & ! NAVY1 IS P>TICUL>LY /RIK+4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 /ATE CAPITALI/ TRU/S IS DECID$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BY ! RELATION BETWE5 !IR MILIT>Y =CES1 = MILIT>Y P[] ( ! C\NTRY IS ! LA/ RESORT ( ! /RUGGL+ 0NATIONAL0 GR\PS ( CAPITALI/S4 7,BUKH>91 P4 #a#b#d7 

,SO IT C\LD NOT BE D\BT$ ?AT ! NOTION ?AT CAPITALISM WAS DEVELOP+ T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM1 SU* ?AT ITS V]Y BASIS )9 BO? ! LAW ( VALUE & PRIVATE PROP]TY WAS 9CREAS+LY BECOM+ NEGAT$1 WAS CLE>LY ROOT$ )9 OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 ,! QUE/ION !N WAS :E!R /ATE CAPITALISM 9 AN ABSOLUTE S5SE WAS POSSIBLE4 ,C\LD IT NOT BE ! CASE ?AT AFT] A C]TA9 PO9T QUANTITY W\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO QUALITY8 ,WAS IT NOT ! CASE ?AT ONCE ! PR9CIPLE MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAD BE5 NATIONALIZ$ & ! LA/ MAJOR CAPITALI/ EXPROPRIAT$ CAPITALISM HAD NECESS>ILY BE5 OBJECTIVELY ABOLI%$8 ,& WAS ?IS NOT ! CASE = ,RUSSIA FOLL[+ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION8 

,TO C\NT] ?IS CONT5TION1 ?AT C\LD ALL TOO EASILY BE ADVANC$ BY HIS ,TROTSKYI/ CRITICS1 ,CLIFF >GU$ ?AT ! QUALITATIVE %IFT FROM CAPITALISM TO ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM C\LD NOT BE SIMPLY CALCULAT$ FROM ! 'P]C5TAGE' ( /ATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT WAS A TRANSITION ?AT WAS NECESS>ILY POLITICALLY DET]M9$4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM WAS A RESULT ( ! GR[+ CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! 9CREAS+LY SOCIAL =MS ( PRODUCTION & ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL?4 ,COLLECTIVE1 & ULTIMATELY /ATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E A MEANS TO RECONCILE ?IS CONTRADICTION :ILE AT ! SAME TIME PRES]V+ PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL? & ) IT PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,?US ! T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM 9VOLV$ ! P>TIAL NEGATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ON ! BASIS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ITSELF4 

,SO AT ! LIMIT1 /ATE CAPITALISM C\LD BE SE5 AS ! 'P>TIAL NEGATION ( CAPITALISM ON ! BASIS ( CAPITALISM ITSELF'4 ,SO LONG AS ! /ATE ECONOMY WAS RUN TO EXPLOIT ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS !N ! ECONOMY REMA9$ /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,H[EV]1 IF ! WORK+ CLASS SEIZ$ P[] & RAN ! /ATE ECONOMY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE AS :OLE !N /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD GIVE WAY TO A WORK]S' /ATE & ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM C\LD BEG94 ,?US /ATE CAPITALISM WAS A TURN+ PO9T1 IT WAS ! F9AL SWAN SONG ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ONCE ! WORK+ CLASS SEIZ$ ! /ATE IT W\LD BE ! BASIS = ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 

,H[EV]1 IT C\LD BE OBJECT$ ?AT MANY REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S1 9CLUD+ ,TROTSKY HIMSELF1 HAD EXPLICITLY D5I$ ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD REA* ! LIMIT ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 AGA9/ ! RE=MI/S 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 :O HAD >GU$ ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD NATURALLY EVOLVE 9TO /ATE CAPITALISM :I* C\LD !N BE SIMPLY TAK5 OV] BY DEMOCRATICALLY CAPTUR+ ! /ATE1 REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S HAD >GU$ ?AT1 :ILE !RE WAS A T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM1 IT C\LD NEV] BE FULLY REALIZ$ 9 PRACTICE DUE TO ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & BY ! V]Y ?REAT ( EXPROPRIATION ( ! /ATE BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,CLIFF C\NT]$ ?IS BY >GU+ ?AT SU* >GUM5TS HAD ONLY APPLI$ TO ! CASE ( ! EVOLUTION ( TRADITIONAL CAPITALISM 9TO /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9 ,RUSSIA !RE HAD BE5 A REVOLUTION1 ?AT HAD EXPROPRIAT$ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & 9TRODUC$ A WORK]S' /ATE1 & !N A C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD RE/OR$ CAPITALISM 9 ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM RUN 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A NEW BUREAUCRATIC CLASS4 ,= ,CLIFF1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD CREAT$ A WORK]S' /ATE1 BUT1 ISOLAT$ BY ! FAILURE ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE1 ! WORK]S' /ATE HAD DEG5]AT$4 ,) ! DEG5]ATION ( ! WORK]S' /ATE ! BUREAUCRACY 9CREAS+LY BECAME SEP>AT$ FROM ! WORK+ CLASS UNTIL1 ) ,/AL9'S ASC5DANCY1 IT WAS ABLE TO CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS A NEW EXPLOITATIVE CLASS & SEIZE /ATE P[]4 ,) ! BUREAUCRACY'S SEIZURE ( P[] ! WORK]S' /ATE WAS OV]-TURN$ & /ATE CAPITALISM WAS RE/OR$ TO ,RUSSIA4 

,?IS P]IODIZATION ( PO/-REVOLUTION>Y ]A 9 ,RUSSIA NOT ONLY ALL[$ ,CLIFF TO OV]COME ! OBJECTION ?AT ,TROTSKY HAD D5I$ ! POSSIBILITY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY FULLY REALIZ+ ! T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM1 BUT ALSO ALL[$ HIM TO ACCEPT MO/ ( ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ITS AFT]MA?4 ,CLIFF ONLY HAD TO P>T WAYS ) ,TROTSKY = ! ANALYSIS ( ! T5 YE>S FOLL[+ #a#i#b#h1 :]E ,TROTSKY MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAS REMA9$ A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE :ILE ,CLIFF >GU$ ?AT IT HAD BECOME /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,YET1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?IS P]IODIZATION1 DESPITE ALL ITS ADVANTAGES = ,CLIFF'S CR$IBILITY AS A ,TROTSKYI/1 WAS TO PROVE AN IMPORTANT WEAK PO9T 9 HIS !ORY4 ,BUT BE=E LOOK+ AT ! WEAK PO9TS ( ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM WE MU/ FIR/ EXAM9E MORE CLOSELY :AT ,CLIFF SAW AS ! NATURE ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 AL?\< ,CLIFF UNCRITICALLY DEF5D$ ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ DEF9ITION ( CAPITALISM1 HE WAS ABLE TO C\NT] ! OBJECTIONS ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD NOT BE 9 ANY S5SE CAPITALI/ BECAUSE !RE WAS NEI!R ! LAW ( VALUE NOR PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BY >GU+ ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM WAS ! 'P>TIAL NEGATION ( CAPITALISM ON ! BASIS ( CAPITALISM ITSELF'4 ,SO :AT DID HE MEAN BY '! P>TIAL NEGATION ( CAPITALISM'8 ,CLE>LY CAPITALISM C\LD NOT BE COMPLETELY NEGAT$ O!RWISE IT W\LD NOT BE CAPITALISM2 SO 9 :AT S5SE IS ! NEGATION ( CAPITALISM P>TIAL8 ,) ,CLIFF ! MEAN+ ( ! P>TIAL NEGATION ( CAPITALISM BECOMES MO/ EVID5T 9 T]MS ( ! LAW ( VALUE4 

,FOLL[+ ,M>X1 ,CLIFF >GU$ ?AT UND] CAPITALISM !RE IS A TWO-FOLD DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,FIR/ ( ALL !RE IS ! DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT >ISES BETWE5 CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES :I* IS REGULAT$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE ?AT OP]ATES ?R\< ! 'AN>*Y ( ! M>KET'4 ,SECONDLY !RE IS ! DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT >ISES )9 EA* CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE :I* IS DIRECTLY DET]M9$ BY ! RATIONAL & CONSCI\S DICTATES ( ! CAPITALI/S OR !IR MANAG]S4 ,( C\RSE ! SECOND DIVISION ( LABOR IS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! LAW ( VALUE 9S(> AS ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE HAS TO COMPETE ON ! M>KET4 ,H[EV]1 ! LAW ( VALUE APPE>S AS EXT]NAL TO IT4 

,= ,CLIFF ! ,U,S,S,R ACT$ AS IF IT WAS SIMPLY ONE HUGE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,AS SU* ! LAW ( VALUE NO LONG] OP]AT$ )9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 IT HAD BE5 NEGAT$ ) ! NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! 9TRODUCTION ( COMPREH5SIVE /ATE PLANN+4 ,BUT1 9S(> AS ! ,U,S,S,R WAS OBLIG$ TO COMPETE BO? ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY )9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD SY/EM IT BECAME SUBORD9AT$ TO ! LAW ( VALUE LIKE ANY CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 = ,CLIFF1 ! LAW ( VALUE WAS ONLY 'P>TIALLY NEGAT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! LAW ( VALUE ITSELF'4 

,YET1 IF NEI!R M>KET NOR ! LAW ( VALUE OP]AT$ )9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?IS IMPLI$ ?AT PRODUCTS W]E NOT REALLY B\<T & SOLD )9 ! ,U,S,S,R AS COMMODITIES1 !Y W]E SIMPLY ALLOCAT$ & TRANSF]R$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ADM9I/RATIVE PRICES4 ,IF ?IS WAS TRUE !N IT ALSO IMPLI$ ?AT LABOR-P[] WAS NOT REALLY A COMMODITY2 A CONCLUSION ?AT ,CLIFF WAS =C$ TO ACCEPT4 ,9DE$1 AS ,CLIFF >GU$1 IF LABOR-P[] WAS TO BE A COMMODITY !N ! WORK] HAD TO BE FREE TO SELL IT P]IODICALLY TO ! HI<E/ BIDD]4 ,IF ! WORK] C\LD ONLY SELL HIS ABILITY TO WORK ONCE & = ALL !N HE WAS LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM A SLAVE S9CE 9 EFFECT HE SOLD HIMSELF NOT HIS LABOR-P[]4 ,YET 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! WORK] C\LD ONLY SELL HIS LABOR-P[] TO ONE EMPLOY]1 ! /ATE4 ,H5CE ! WORK] WAS NOT FREE TO SELL TO ! HI<E/ BIDD] & LABOR-P[] WAS NOT REALLY A COMMODITY4 

,! FLAWS 9 ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 

,AT FIR/ SI<T ,CLIFF PROVIDES A CONV9C+ !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R :I* NOT ONLY REMA9S FIRMLY )9 ! BROAD OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ TRADITION1 BUT ALSO PRES]VES MU* ( ,TROTSKY'S CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS TRADITION4 ,AS ! PO/W> ]A UNFOLD$ LEAV+ ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY MORE FIRMLY 5TR5*$ ?AN EV]1 ,CLIFF'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME 9CREAS+LY ATTRACTIVE4 ,)\T ! PROBLEMS FAC+ OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ GR\P+S FOLL[+ ! APP>5T FAILURE ( ,TROTSKY'S PR$ICTIONS ( ! FALL ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY1 ,CLIFF1 UND] ! SLOGAN ( 'NEI!R ,WA%+TON NOR ,MOSC['1 WAS 9 A P]FECT POSITION TO ATTRACT SUPPORT]S ) ! REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 ,L59ISM & ,TROTSKYISM ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,9DE$1 ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S ,GR\P1 :I* !N BECAME ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 ,CLIFF HAS BE5 ABLE TO BUILD ONE ( ! L>GE/ ,L59I/ GR\P+S 9 ,BRITA9 :OSE MO/ DI/9CTIVE FEATURE HAS BE5 ITS REFUSAL TO TAKES SIDES 9 ! ,COLD ,W>4.<#c#f.> 

,H[EV]1 DESPITE ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ON CLOSE 9SPECTION WE F9D HIS !ORY HAS VITAL WEAKNESSES :I* HAVE BE5 SEIZ$ ON BY MORE OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S4 ,9DE$1 !SE WEAKNESSES >E SO S]I\S ?AT MANY HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT ,CLIFF'S !ORY IS FATALLY FLAW$4 ,?IS OP9ION HAS EV5 BE5 RECOGNIZ$ )9 ! ,S,W,P ITSELF & HAS RESULT$ 9 V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO RECON/RUCT ,CLIFF'S ORIG9AL !ORY4.<#c#g.> ,AS WE %ALL >GUE1 !SE FLAWS 9 ,CLIFF'S !ORY >ISE TO A L>GE EXT5T FROM HIS DET]M9ATION TO AVOID CRITICAL CONFRONTATION ) BO? ,TROTSKY & ! BROAD] OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ TRADITION4 

,!RE >E ?REE MA9 FLAWS )9 ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,! FIR/ CONC]NS ,CLIFF'S 9SI/5CE ?AT ! F9AL ASC5DANCY ( ,/AL91 & ) ?IS ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! FIR/ FIVE YE> PLAN1 M>K$ A C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* OV]?REW ! WORK]S' /ATE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION & TURN$ ,RUSSIA OV] TO /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! ISSUE ( :5 ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME /ATE CAPITALI/ IS CLE>LY A S5SITIVE ONE = ,TROTSKYI/S S9CE1 IF ,CLIFF IS UNABLE TO HOLD ! L9E AT #a#i#b#h1 !N :AT IS TO /OP ! DATE ( ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION BE+ PU%$ RI<T BACK TO #a#i#a#g8 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY W\LD !N BE SE5 AS LEAD+ A REVOLUTION ?AT SIMPLY 9TRODUC$ /ATE CAPITALISM 9TO ,RUSSIA6 ,SU* FE>S W]E CLE> EXPRESS$ BY ,T$ ,GRANT 9 HIS RESPONSE TO ,CLIFF'S ORIG9AL PRES5TATION ( HIS !ORY 9 ,! ,NATURE ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,!N ,T$ ,GRANT W>N$3 

,IF COMRADE ,CLIFF'S !SIS IS CORRECT1 ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY1 !N HE CANNOT AVOID ! CONCLUSION ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM HAS BE5 9 EXI/5CE S9CE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! FUNCTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF WAS TO 9TRODUCE ?IS /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( SOCIETY4 ,= DESPITE HIS TORTU\S EF=TS TO DRAW A L9E BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY BE=E ! YE> #aibh & AFT]1 ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY HAS 9 FACT REMA9$ UN*ANG$4 7,T$ ,GRANT1 ,! ,UNBROK5 ,?READ1 P4 #a#i#i7 

,! FIR/ L9E ( ATTACK ?AT HAS BE5 TAK5 BY OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S HAS BE5 TO >GUE ?AT IF !RE HAD BE5 A C\NT]-REVOLUTION AGA9/1 RA!R ?AN FROM )91 ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 :I* RE/OR$ ,RUSSIA TO CAPITALISM1 !N ! WORK]S' /ATE W\LD HAVE TO HAVE BE5 VIOL5TLY SMA%$4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO >GUE = A GRADUAL & PEACEFUL RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM W\LD1 AS ,TROTSKY HIMSELF HAD SAID1 SIMPLY BE 'RUNN+ BACKW>DS ! FILM ( REVISIONISM'4.<#c#h.> ,YET1 DESPITE ! EXPULSIONS ( ,TROTSKY & ! ,UNIT$ & ,LEFT ,OPPOSITIONS 9 #a#i#b#h1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE REMA9$ L>GELY 9TACT4 ,9DE$ !RE SEEMS MORE ( A CONT9UITY )9 ! /ATE BE=E #aibh & AFT]W>DS RA!R ?AN ANY %>P BREAK ?AT W\LD 9DICATE A C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 LET ALONE ANY VIOL5T C\P D'ETAT OR VIOL5T C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

,CLIFF ATTEMPT$ TO C\NT] ?IS L9E ( ATTACK BY >GU+ ?AT :ILE IT IS NECESS>Y = A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION TO SMA% ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 9 ORD] TO CON/RUCT A NEW REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN /ATE1 IT IS NOT NECESS>ILY ! CASE ?AT A C\NT]-REVOLUTION HAS TO SMA% AN EXI/+ WORK]S' /ATE4.<#c#i.> ,! EXAMPLE ,CLIFF US$ WAS ?AT ( ! >MY4 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE A WORK]S' /ATE ! B\RGEOIS /&+ >MY HAS TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A WORK]S' MILITIA4 ,BUT ANY SU* TRANS=MATION 9EVITABLY W\LD BE RESI/$ BY ! (FIC] CORP4 ,SU* RESI/ANCE W\LD HAVE TO BE VIOL5TLY CRU%$4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! (FIC]S ( A WORK]S' MILITIA MAY BECOME 9CREAS+LY 9DEP5D5T TO ! PO9T AT :I* !Y BECOME P>T ( ! BUREAUCRACY !REBY TRANS=M+ ! WORK]S' MILITIA 9TO A B\RGEOIS /&+ >MY4 ,SU* A PROCESS1 9 :I* A WORK]S' MILITIA BECOMES TRANS=M$ 9TO A /&+ >MY1 DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEET ANY CONC]T$ RESI/ANCE1 & AS A CONSEQU5CE MAY OCCUR GRADUALLY4 

,YET SU* AN >GUM5T BY ITSELF FAILS TO P9 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y BREAK ON #a#i#b#h4 ,9DE$1 ,CLIFF'S EXAMPLE W\LD SEEM TO IMPLY ?AT ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS BR\<T AB\T BY ,TROTSKY HIMSELF :5 HE TOOK *>GE ( RE-ORGANIZ+ ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 #aiah ON ! L9ES ( A CONV5TIONAL /&+ >MY6 ,! ONLY OV]T POLITICAL 9DICATION ,CLIFF IS ABLE TO PRES5T = ! BUREAUCRATIC C\NT]-REVOLUTION IS ! ,MOSC[ %[ TRIALS & PURGES1 :I* HE CLAIMS W]E3 

! CIVIL W> ( ! BUREAUCRACY AGA9/ ! MASSES1 A W> 9 :I* ONLY ONE SIDE WAS >M$ & ORGANIZ$4 ,!Y WITNESS$ ! CONSUMMATION ( ! BUREAUCRACY'S TOTAL LIB]ATION FROM POPUL> CONTROL4 7,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 P4 #a#i#e7 

,YET ! ,MOSC[ %[ TRIALS OCCURR$ 9 ! #a#i#cS1 NOT 9 #a#i#b#h4 

,:AT WAS CRUCIAL AB\T #aibh WAS ?AT IT WAS ! YE> ?AT M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! FIR/ FIVE YE> PLAN & ! BUREAUCRACY'S COMMITM5T TO ! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA4 ,= ,CLIFF1 BY ADOPT+ ! OV]RID+ IMP]ATIVE ( 9DU/RIALIZ+ ,RUSSIA1 REG>DLESS ( ! HUMAN CO/ ?IS W\LD 9VOLVE1 ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY HAD TAK5 ON ! HI/ORIC ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ADOPT+ BO? ! ECONOMIC & HI/ORIC FUNCTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE ! BUREAUCRACY HAD TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS4 ,:]EAS BE=E #aibh ! BUREAUCRACY HAD SIMPLY BE5 A PRIVILEG$ LAY] )9 A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE ?AT WAS ABLE TO GA9 MORE ?AN ITS FAIR %>E ( ! NATION'S WEAL?1 AFT] #aibh ! BUREAUCRACY BECAME ! /ATE CAPITALI/S :O COLLECTIVELY EXPLOIT$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,( C\RSE1 IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT = ,CLIFF TO %[ ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A %>P DECREASE 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS FOLL[+ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! FIR/ FIVE YE> PLAN AS ! BUREAUCRACY S\<T TO MAKE ! PROLET>IAT PAY ! HUGE CO/S ( ! POLICY ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,H[EV]1 ,CLIFF'S >GUM5T ?AT ?IS %>P DECREASE 9 MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS REPRES5T$ A QUALITATIVE %IFT T[>DS ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY ! BUREAUCRACY WAS F> FROM CONV9C+4 ,IF ANY?+ ,CLIFF'S ATTEMPTS TO %[ A QUALITATIVE %IFT 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ONLY S]VE TO 9DICATE ?AT BUREAUCRATIC EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD EXI/$ BE=E #a#i#b#h4 

,YET P]HAPS MORE DEVA/AT+ TO ! CR$IBILITY ( ,CLIFF'S L9E ( >GUM5T AMONG ,TROTSKYI/S WAS ?AT BY SUGGE/+ ?AT ) ! IMPOSITION ( ! POLICY ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ! BUREAUCRACY HAD F9ALLY TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS1 & 9 DO+ SO TRANS=M$ ,RUSSIA FROM A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE 9TO /ATE CAPITALISM1 ,CLIFF WAS 9 EFFECT ATTACK+ ,TROTSKY6 ,HAD IT NOT BE5 ! MA9 CRITICISM ADVANC$ BY ,TROTSKY & ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION AGA9/ ,/AL9 ?AT HE HAD NOT 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOON 5\<86 ,WAS NOT ! C5TRAL PLANK ( ,TROTSKY'S UND]/&+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE =CES HAD TO BE ADVANC$ AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE IF !RE WAS TO BE ANY HOPE ( SOCIALISM8 ,IF ?IS WAS SO1 WAS NOT ,CLIFF ACCUS+ ,TROTSKY ( ADVOCAT+ /ATE CAPITALISM86 ,ULTIMATELY ,CLIFF IS UNABLE TO CIRCUMV5T ,TROTSKY'S 9TR9SIC COMPLICITY ) ,/AL94 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! FAILURE TO BREAK ) ,TROTSKYISM L$ TO ?IS VITAL FLAW 9 ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,YET ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,CLIFF'S FAILURE TO CRITICALLY CONFRONT OR?ODOX ,M>XISM OP5$ UP ANO!R EV5 MORE IMPORTANT WEAKNESS 9 HIS !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM :I* HAS BE5 SEIZ$ UPON BY HIS MORE OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ CRITICS4 ,?IS WEAKNESS /EMM$ FROM ,CLIFF'S D5IAL ( ! OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE )9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 = ,CLIFF ! ,U,S,S,R WAS CON/ITUT$ AS IF IT WAS ONE HUGE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,AS SU* !RE C\LD BE NO OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE 9T]NAL TO ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,M>X PO9T$ \T1 IT IS ONLY ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE ?AT ANY CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE IS CON/RA9$ TO ACT AS CAPITAL4 ,IF !RE WAS NO LAW ( VALUE 9T]NAL TO ! /ATE ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R :AT MADE IT ACT AS IF IT WAS A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE8 ,! ANSW] WAS ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S RELATION TO WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS ?R\< ! COMPETITIVE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC RELATION TO ! RE/ ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! LAW ( VALUE1 & IT WAS ?R\< ?IS SUBORD9ATION TO ! LAW ( VALUE ?AT ! CAPITALI/ NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME EXPRESS$4 

,H[EV]1 AS ,CLIFF RECOGNIZ$1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ) ITS HUGE NATURAL RES\RCES1 HAD BECOME L>GELY SELF-SUFFICI5T4 ,=EIGN TRADE ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD WAS M9IMAL COMP>$ ) ! AM\NT PRODUC$ & CONSUM$ )9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,AS A RESULT ,CLIFF C\LD NOT >GUE ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL LAW ( VALUE IMPOS$ ITSELF ON ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY ?R\< ! NECESSITY TO COMPETE ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,9/EAD1 ,CLIFF HAD TO >GUE ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE IMPOS$ ITSELF 9DIRECTLY ON ! ,U,S,S,R ?R\< ! NECESSITY TO COMPETE POLITICALLY ) ! MAJOR CAPITALI/ & IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,9 ORD] TO KEEP UP ) ! >MS RACE1 P>TICUL>LY ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,COLD ,W> ) ! ,U,S,A1 ! ,U,S,S,R HAD TO ACCUMULATE HUGE AM\NTS ( MILIT>Y H>DW>E4 ,?IS DRIVE = MILIT>Y ACCUMULATION L$ ! DRIVE = ACCUMULATION ELSE:]E 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,9DE$1 ?IS MILIT>Y COMPETITION C\LD BE SE5 TO SPUR CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 & ) IT ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 JU/ AS MU*1 IF NOT MORE SO1 ?AN ANY ECONOMIC COMPETITION FROM ! WORLD M>KET C\LD HAVE DONE4.<#d.> 

,H[EV]1 AS ,CLIFF'S ,TROTSKYI/ CRITICS PO9T \T1 = ,M>X ! LAW ( VALUE DOES NOT IMPOSE ITSELF ?R\< 'COMPETITION' AS SU*1 BUT ?R\< ! COMPETITIVE EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ONLY ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES ?AT VALUE IS =M$1 & H5CE IT IS ONLY ?R\< SU* EX*ANGE ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE CAN COME TO IMPOSE ITSELF4 ,MILIT>Y ACCUMULATION IS NOT DIRECTLY AN ACCUMULATION ( VALUES BUT AN ACCUMULATION ( USE-VALUES4 ,9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY SU* AN ACCUMULATION CAN BECOME P>T ( ! OV]ALL PROCESS ( ! ACCUMULATION ( VALUE1 & H5CE ( CAPITAL1 9S(> AS IT GU>ANTEES ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! FUTURE BY PROTECT+ OR ELSE EXT5D+ =EIGN M>KETS4 ,H[EV]1 9 ITSELF MILIT>Y ACCUMULATION IS SIMPLY AN ACCUMULATION ( ?+S1 NOT CAPITAL4 ,SO 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES MILIT>Y SP5D+ SUPPRESSES VALUE & ! LAW ( VALUE TEMPOR>ILY 9 ORD] TO EXT5D IT LAT]4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION DID NOT SEEK TO EXP& VALUE PRODUCTION ?R\< ! CONQUE/ ( NEW M>KETS1 MILIT>Y PRODUCTION MEANT ! P]MAN5T SUPPRESSION ( VALUE & ! LAW ( VALUE 9 ?AT IT WAS SIMPLY ! PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES REQUIR$ TO DEF5D A SY/EM BAS$ ON ! PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES4 

,= ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,TROTSKYI/S1 ,CLIFF'S ATTEMPT TO 9VOKE MILIT>Y COMPETITION AS ! MEANS ?R\< :I* ! ,U,S,S,R WAS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! LAW ( VALUE EXPOS$ ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL WEAKNESS ( ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! >GUM5T PUT =W>D BY ,CLIFF ?AT UND] /ATE CAPITALISM '! ACCUMULATION ( VALUE TURNS 9TO ITS OPPOSITE ! ACCUMULATION ( USE-VALUES' IS NO?+ BUT A SOPHI/RY :I* /RIPS AWAY ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL =MS ?AT >E ESS5TIAL TO DEF9E A P>TICUL> MODE ( PRODUCTION SU* AS CAPITALISM4 ,AS !Y CORRECTLY PO9T \T1 CAPITAL IS NOT A ?+ BUT A SOCIAL RELATION ?AT GIVES RISE TO SPECIFIC SOCIAL =MS4 ,! FACT ?AT MILIT>Y H>DW>E IS ACCUMULAT$ IS 9 NO WAY ! SAME ?+ AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,)\T ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES !RE CAN BE NO VALUE & )\T VALUE !RE CAN BE NO ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT ,CLIFF >GUES !RE IS NO PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 P>TICUL>LY NOT 9 ! MILIT>Y 9DU/RIES1 S9CE NO?+ IS PRODUC$ = A M>KET1 ?US !RE CAN BE NEI!R VALUE NOR CAPITAL4 

,?IS PO9T CAN BE FUR!R PRESS$ HOME ONCE ,CLIFF'S CRITICS TURN TO ! QUE/ION ( LABOR-P[]4 ,= ,M>X ! SPECIFIC NATURE ( ANY MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS DET]M9$ BY BO? ! MANN] & =MS ?R\< :I* ! DOM9ANT CLASS >E ABLE TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-LABOR FROM ! DIRECT PRODUC]S4 ,)9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION SURPLUS-LABOR IS EXTRACT$ FROM ! DIRECT PRODUC]S BY ! PUR*ASE ( ! WORK]'S LABOR-P[] AS A COMMODITY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 SURPLUS-LABOR IS EXPROPRIAT$ 9 ! =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE :I* IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! VALUE ( LABOR-P[] 7I4E4 ! CO/S ( REPRODUC+ ! WORK]'S ABILITY TO WORK7 & ! VALUE ! WORK] CREATES ?R\< WORK+4 ,H[EV]1 = ,CLIFF1 LABOR-P[] WAS NOT A COMMODITY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R & WAS NOT !RE=E REALLY SOLD4 ,BUT IF LABOR-P[] WAS NOT A COMMODITY IT C\LD NOT HAVE A VALUE1 & H5CE ANY SURPLUS-LABOR EXTRACT$ C\LD NOT TAKE ! =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE4 ,IF SURPLUS-LABOR DID NOT TAKE ! =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE H[ C\LD ! ,U,S,S,R BE 9 ANY S5SE CAPITALI/ 9 /RICT ,M>XI/ T]MS86 

,! ?IRD FATAL FLAW 9 ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ONE ?AT >ISES FROM HIS COMMITM5T TO OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 IS ! VIEW ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM IS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 IT IS C5TRAL = ,CLIFF ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM WAS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM S9CE IT WAS FROM ?IS PREMISE ?AT HE C\LD CLAIM ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM WAS AT ! PO9T ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,BUT IF /ATE CAPITALISM IS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 & IF IT IS ACCEPT$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R IS /ATE CAPITALI/1 !N ?IS W\LD SEEM TO IMPLY ?AT1 9 SOME FUNDAM5TAL S5SE1 ! ,U,S,S,R %\LD BE 9 ADVANCE ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS MAY HAVE SEEM$ REASONABLE 9 ! LATE #a#i#dS4 ,AFT] ALL1 UND] ,/AL9 ! ,U,S,S,R HAD MADE AN UNPREC$5T$ LEAP =W>D ) ! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA1 & IT SEEM$ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS SET TO \T-P]=M MO/ ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES 9 ! ,WE/ 9 ! PO/W> ]A4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! FOLL[+ DECADES ! ECONOMIC /AGNATION & ECONOMIC WA/E ( ! ',SOVIET SY/EM' BECAME 9CREAS+LY APP>5T1 CULM9AT+ ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #a#i#i4 ,?IS1 COMB9$ ) ! GLOBALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 :I* HAS S]I\SLY UND]M9$ ! EFFICACY ( /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 ,WE/]N CAPITALISM1 HAS MEANT ?AT ! NOTION ?AT CAPITALISM IS T5D+ T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM IS N[ F> LESS CONV9C+ ?AN IT WAS FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE 9 ! NEXT ISSUE1 AL?\< ,CLIFF DID DEVELOP A !ORY TO EXPLA9 ! ECONOMIC /AGNATION 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION IT PROV$ 9SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 ! F9AL CRISIS & COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,?IS PO9T HAS BE5 TAK5 UP ) RELI% BY ,CLIFF'S MORE OR?ODOX CRITICS1 :O N[ FEEL V9DICAT$ ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ SY/EM HAS PROV$ EPHEM]AL &1 AS ,TROTSKY PR$ICT$1 CAPITALISM HAS BE5 RE/OR$1 ALBEIT AFT] SOME DELAY4 

,SO1 DESPITE ITS PRACTICAL APPEAL DUR+ ! PO/W> ]A1 ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA WAS !ORETICALLY1 AT LEA/ = OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S1 FATALLY FLAW$4 ,9DE$1 = ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,TROTSKYI/S ,CLIFF'S !ORY IS USUALLY DISMISS$ ) LITTLE MORE ADO1 & !N PRES5T$ AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! WEAKNESS ( ALL !ORIES ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R IS BY NO MEANS ! ORIG9AL OR =EMO/ ONE1 AL?\< IT IS P]HAPS ! MO/ WELL KN[N4 ,9 ! NEXT ISSUE WE %ALL BEG9 BY CONSID]+ O!R !ORIES ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT HAVE >IS5 AMONG ! LEFT COMMUNI/S BE=E TURN+ TO EXAM9E ,TICKT9'S EF=TS TO GO BEYOND BO? ! !ORY ( ,RUSSIA AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE & /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES4 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,RUSSIA AS A ,NON-MODE ( ,PRODUCTION 
,P>T ,I,I3 ,RUSSIA AS A ,NON-MODE ( ,PRODUCTION 

,HAV+ DISPOS$ ( ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE'1 ,TICKT9'S !ORY PRES5TS ITSELF AS ! MO/ P]SUASIVE ALT]NATIVE TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS CAPITALI/4 

,ITS /R5G? IS ITS ATT5TION TO ! EMPIRICAL REALITY ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS CONSID]ATION ( ! SPECIFIC =MS ( CLASS /RUGGLE IT WAS SUBJECT TO4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE WE ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS A MALFUNCTION+ SY/EM1 WE >GUE ?AT1 BECAUSE ,TICKT9 DOESN'T RELATE HIS CATEGORIES ( 'POLITICAL ECONOMY' TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 HE FAILS TO GRASP ! CAPITALI/ NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,H]E WE PRES5T ! SECOND P>T ( \R >TICLE ',:AT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R8'4 ,9 \R LA/ ISSUE1 WE DEALT ) ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ?AT IT WAS A 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE'1 & ! BE/ KN[N !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM :I* HAS EM]G$ )9 ,TROTSKYISM -- ?AT ( ,TONY ,CLIFF4 ,\R ORIG9AL 9T5TION WAS TO FOLL[ ?AT UP BY DEAL+ ) BO? ! LESS WELL-KN[N !ORIES ( /ATE CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ BY ! LEFT COMMUNI/S & ) ,HILLEL ,TICKT9'S !ORY ?AT SEES ITSELF AS GO+ BEYOND BO? ,TROTSKY'S !ORY & ! /ATE CAPITALI/ ALT]NATIVE4 ,DUE TO =ESEEABLE CIRCUM/ANCES TOTALLY )9 \R CONTROL1 WE HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO DO ?IS4 ,!RE=E WE HAVE DECID$ NOT TO COMB9E !SE SECTIONS1 & 9/EAD H]E COMPLETE ! TRAJECTORY ( ,TROTSKYISM ) AN ACC\NT & CRITIQUE ( ,TICKT9'S !ORY1 & PUT (F \R TREATM5T ( ! LEFT COMMUNI/S TILL \R NEXT ISSUE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS EFFECTIVE EXT5SION ( ! >TICLE'S L5G? LEADS US TO ANSW] SOME QUE/IONS READ]S MAY HAVE4 ,IT CAN BE ASK$3 ,:Y BO!R GIV+ SU* AN EXT5D$ TREATM5T TO ?IS QUE/ION8 ,ISN'T ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! REGIME ?AT EM]G$ FROM IT N[ M]ELY ( HI/ORICAL 9T]E/8 ,%\LDN'T WE BE WRIT+ AB\T :AT IS GO+ ON 9 ,RUSSIA N[8 ,ONE RESPONSE W\LD BE TO SAY ?AT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO UND]/& :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ,RUSSIA N[ )\T GRASP+ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT1 :ILE ?AT IS TRUE TO AN EXT5T1 ! DETAIL WE >E *OOS+ TO GIVE ?IS ISSUE DOES DES]VE MORE EXPLANATION4 

,AS ,LOR5 ,GOLDN] PUTS IT1 9 A V]Y 9T]E/+ >TICLE PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#i#a3 

,9TO ! MID-#a#i#gS1 ! ',RUSSIAN QUE/ION' & ITS IMPLICATIONS WAS ! 9ESCAPABLE 'P>ADIGM' ( POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! LEFT1 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,U4,S4 & YET #ae YE>S LAT] SEEMS LIKE SU* ANCI5T HI/ORY4 ,?IS WAS A POLITICAL MILIEU :]E ! M9UTE /UDY ( ! MON?-TO-MON? HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,COM9T]N FROM #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#h SEEM$ ! KEY TO ! UNIV]SE AS A :OLE4 ,IF SOMEONE SAID !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 #a#i#a#i1 #a#i#b#a1 #a#i#b#c1 #a#i#b#g1 OR #a#i#c#f1 OR #a#i#e#c1 ONE HAD A PRETTY GOOD S5SE ( :AT !Y W\LD ?9K ON JU/ AB\T EV]Y O!R POLITICAL QUE/ION 9 ! WORLD3 ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ( ,*9A1 ! NATURE ( ! WORLD ,C,PS1 ! NATURE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ! NATURE ( TRADE UNIONS1 ! ,UNIT$ ,FRONT1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS1 ES!TICS & PHILOSOPHY1 ! RELATION%IP ( P>TY & CLASS1 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( SOVIETS & WORK]S' C\NCILS1 & :E!R ,LUXEMBURG OR ,BUKH>9 WAS RI<T AB\T IMP]IALISM4.<#d#a.> 

,H[EV]1 ?AT P]IOD SEEMS TO BE AT A CLOSE4 ,IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! >GUM5TS >\ND IT WILL NOT HAVE ! SAME SIGNIFICANCE = ?OSE BECOM+ 9VOLV$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT N[ AS IT DID = PREVI\S G5]ATIONS4 

,POS+ ! ISSUE SLI<TLY DIFF]5TLY1 ,CAMATTE WROTE 9 #a#i#g#b3 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ITS 9VOLUTION >E 9DE$ SOME ( ! GREATE/ EV5TS ( \R C5TURY4 ,?ANKS TO !M1 A HORDE ( ?9K]S1 WRIT]S & POLITICIANS >E NOT UNEMPLOY$40.<#d#b.> ,CAMATTE USEFULLY !N DRAWS ATT5TION TO ! WAY ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( !ORIES ON ! ,U,S,S,R HAS V]Y (T5 S]V$ PURPOSES QUITE OPPOS$ TO ?AT ( CL>IFICATION ( ! QUE/ION4 ,TO BE ACKN[L$G$ AS A PROP] POLITICAL GR\P OR -- AS ,CAMATTE W\LD SAY -- GANG1 IT WAS SE5 AS AN ESS5TIAL REQUIREM5T TO HAVE A DI/9CTIVE POSITION OR !ORY ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,BUT IF ,CAMATTE EXPRESS$ RELUCTANCE TO 0PLACE SOME NEW GOODS ON ! OV]-SATURAT$ M>KET01 HE NONE!LESS & JU/IFIABLY ?\<T IT WOR?:ILE TO DO SO4 ,BUT IS \R PURPOSE AS CLE>8 ,= REVOLUTION>IES1 HASN'T ! POSITION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 7/ATE-7 CAPITALI/ & OPPOS$ TO HUMAN LIB]ATION BECOME FAIRLY BASIC S9CE '#f#h8 ,HAV5'T !ORIES LIKE ,TROTSKY'S ?AT GAVE CRITICAL SUPPORT TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BE5 COMPREH5SIVELY EXPOS$8 ,WELL1 YES & NO4 ,TO SIMPLY ASS]T ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ANO!R =M ( CAPITALISM & ?AT LITTLE MORE NE$ BE SAID IS NOT CONV9C+4 

,>\ND ! SAME TIME AS ,CAMATTE'S COMM5TS1 ! ,TROTSKYI/ ACADEMIC ,HILLEL ,TICKT9 BEGAN TO DEVELOP A !ORY ( ! NATURE & CRISIS ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM :I* HAS COME TO HOLD A SIGNIFICANT /ATUS & 9FLU5CE4.<#d#c.> ,TICKT9'S !ORY1 ) ITS ATT5TION TO ! EMPIRICAL REALITY ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS CONSID]ATION ( ! SPECIFIC =MS ( CLASS /RUGGLE IT WAS SUBJECT TO1 IS C]TA9LY ! MO/ P]SUASIVE ALT]NATIVE TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS CAPITALI/4 ,BUT AGA9 IT CAN BE ASK$ :O REALLY C>ES AB\T ?IS ISSUE8 ,ULTIMATELY WE >E WRIT+ = \RSELVES1 ANSW]+ QUE/IONS WE FEEL IMPORTANT4 ,TO MANY IT SEEMS 9TUITIVELY ! POLITICALLY REVOLUTION>Y POSITION -- TO SAY ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 7/ATE7 CAPITALI/ & ?AT IS 5\<4 ,WE'D CONT5D1 H[EV]1 ?AT A POSITION APPE>S TO BE REVOLUTION>Y DOES NOT MAKE IT TRUE1 :ILE :AT IS TRUE WILL %[ ITSELF TO BE REVOLUTION>Y4 ,= US1 TO KN[ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS EXPLOITATIVE & OPPOS$ TO HUMAN LIB]ATION & TO CALL IT CAPITALI/ TO MAKE ONE'S CONDEMNATION CLE> IS NOT 5\<4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IS NOT JU/ ?AT IT CONDEMNS CAPITALISM1 BUT ?AT IT UND]/&S IT BETT] ?AN ! B\RGEOISIE & EXPLA9S IT BETT] ?AN MORALI/IC =MS ( CRITICISM4 ,! EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! MOM5T1 :I* REFLECT A PR(\ND FAILURE TO TURN IT 9TO AN >EA = ! SUCCESSFUL ACCUMULATION ( VALUE1 %[ ?AT 9 SOME WAYS ! QUE/ION ( ! ,U,S,S,R IS NOT OV]4 ,9 DEAL+ ) ?IS ISSUE WE >E NOT ATTEMPT+ TO PROVIDE ! F9AL DEF9ITIVE SOLUTION TO ! ,RUSSIAN QUE/ION4 ,!ORY -- ! SE>* = PRACTICAL TRU? -- IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT ONCE >RIV$ AT IS GIV5 FROM !N ON2 IT MU/ ALWAYS BE R5EW$ OR IT BECOMES IDEOLOGY4 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ORIG9S ( ,TICKT9'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 
,! ORIG9S ( ,TICKT9'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,9TRODUCTION 

,9 ,P>T ,I WE GAVE A L5G?Y TREATM5T ( :AT HAS PROBABLY BE5 ! BE/ KN[N CRITICAL !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION3 ,LEON ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE'4 ,:ILE CRITICAL ( ! PRIVILEGES ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY1 LACK ( FRE$OM & WORK]S' DEMOCRACY1 ,TROTSKY TOOK ! VIEW ?AT ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R -- I4E4 ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E NOT PRIVATE PROP]TY BUT ! PROP]TY ( A WORK]S' /ATE -- MEANT ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD NOT BE SE5 AS BE+ CAPITALI/1 BUT WAS 9/EAD A TRANSITORY REGIME CAU<T BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM :I* HAD DEG5]AT$4 ,IT FOLL[$ FROM ?IS ?AT1 = ,TROTSKY1 DESPITE ALL ITS FAULTS & MON/R\S DI/ORTIONS1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS ULTIMATELY PROGRESSIVE4 ,AS SU*1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS A DECISIVE ADVANCE OV] CAPITALISM :I*1 BY PRES]V+ ! PROLET>IAN GA9S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 HAD TO BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y & IDEOLOGICAL ATTACKS ( ! GREAT CAPITALI/ P[]S4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE SAW1 = ,TROTSKY ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S PR$ICAM5T C\LD NOT = LA/ LONG4 ,EI!R ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W\LD RISE UP & REASS]T CONTROL OV] !IR /ATE ?R\< A POLITICAL REVOLUTION :I* W\LD DEPOSE ! BUREAUCRACY1 OR ELSE ! BUREAUCRACY W\LD SEEK TO PRES]VE ITS PREC>I\S POSITION ( P[] BY RE9TRODUC+ PRIVATE PROP]TY RELATIONS & RE/OR+ CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,EI!R WAY1 = ,TROTSKY1 ! RA!R PECULI> HI/ORICAL SITUATION 9 :I* ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY F\ND ITSELF1 /UCK HALF-WAY BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 C\LD ONLY BE A FLEET+ PH5OM5A4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS SITUATION W\LD BE RESOLV$ ONE WAY OR ANO!R 9 ! IMM$IATE AFT]MA? ( ! SECOND WORLD W>4 

,YET1 AS WE N[ KN[1 ,TROTSKY'S PR$ICTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W\LD SOON BE EI!R OV]?R[N BY A WORK]S' REVOLUTION OR ELSE REV]T BACK TO CAPITALISM ) ! BUREAUCRACY CONV]T+ ITSELF 9TO A NEW ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE FAIL$ TO COME AB\T4 ,9/EAD ! ,U,S,S,R P]SI/$ = ANO!R =TY YE>S R5D]+ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY 9CREAS+LY UNT5ABLE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE MANY ,TROTSKYI/S W]E L$ TO BREAK FROM ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ POSITION REG>D+ ,RUSSIA TO >GUE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,9 ,BRITA9 ! MA9 DEBATE ON ! NATURE ( ,RUSSIA >OSE BETWE5 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM'S 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE' & ! NEO-,TROTSKYI/ V]SION ( /ATE CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ BY ,TONY ,CLIFF4 ,AS WE PO9T$ \T 9 ,P>T ,I1 :ILE ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ ACC\NT OBVI\SLY HAD BIG PROBLEMS1 ?IS ALT]NATIVE !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM HAD ?REE VITAL WEAKNESSES3 #a7 ,CLIFF'S ATTEMPT TO MAKE ! PO9T ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION & ! 9TRODUCTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM CO9CIDE ) ,/AL9'S FIR/ FIVE YE> PLAN 7& ,TROTSKY'S EXILE72 #b7 HIS D5IAL ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE OP]AT$ )9 ! ,U,S,S,R2 & #c7 HIS OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ 9SI/5CE ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM WAS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM :I* IMPLI$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4.<#d#d.> 

,AS A RESULT1 ?R\<\T ! PO/W> ]A1 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S W]E ABLE DOGMATICALLY TO DEF5D ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE2 !Y W]E CONT5T ?AT1 :ILE ! RIVAL /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORY MAY APPE> MORE POLITICALLY 9TUITIVE1 !IR [N WAS MORE !ORETICALLY COH]5T4 ,9DE$1 ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 #a#i#i1 MANY ,TROTSKYI/S FELT V9DICAT$ 9 ?AT ,TROTSKY'S PR$ICTIONS ( ! POSSIBLE RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM N[ SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 PROV$ CORRECT1 ALBEIT RA!R BELAT$LY4.<#d#e.> 

,H[EV]1 !RE HAVE BE5 A FEW MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,TROTSKYI/S :O1 9 RECOGNIZ+ ! 9ADEQUACIES ( ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 HAVE S\<T TO DEVELOP NEW CONCEPTIONS ( :AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS & H[ IT CAME TO COLLAPSE4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T ( !SE HAS BE5 ,HILLEL ,TICKT94 

,TICKT9 & ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,TROTSKYISM 

,BY ! #a#i#gS1 ! *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION & GROSS ECONOMIC 9EFFICI5CIES ( ,BREZHNEV'S ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME WIDELY RECOGNIZ$4 ,FEW 'SOVIETOLOGI/S' W]E NOT N[ SKEPTICAL ( ! PRODUCTION FIGURES PUMP$ \T BY ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES2 & EV]YONE WAS AW>E ( ! LONG QUEUES = BASIC NECESSITIES & ! ECONOMIC ABSURDITIES ?AT SEEM$ TO *>ACT]IZE ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,( C\RSE1 ,TROTSKY HIMSELF HAD >GU$ ?AT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( WORK]S' DEMOCRACY1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE PLANN+ W\LD LEAD TO WA/E & ECONOMIC 9EFFICI5CY4 ,YET1 = ,TROTSKY1 IT HAD BE5 CLE> ?AT1 DESPITE SU* 9EFFICI5CIES1 BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+ W\LD NECESS>ILY BE SUP]IOR TO ! AN>*Y ( ! M>KET4 ,YET IT WAS N[ BECOM+ APP>5T ?AT ! GROSS 9EFFICI5CIES & /AGNATION ( ! ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ( SU* A SCALE COMP>$ ) ECONOMIC P]=MANCE 9 ! ,WE/ ?AT ITS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SY/EM C\LD NO LONG] BE CONSID]$ AS BE+ SUP]IOR TO FREE M>KET CAPITALISM4 

,9 RESPONSE TO !SE P]CEPTIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S1 :ILE ACCEPT+ ! 9EFFICI5CIES ( BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+1 C\LD ONLY >GUE ?AT ! REPORTS ( ! ECONOMIC SITUATION 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W]E EXAGG]AT$ & OBSCUR$ ITS REAL & LA/+ A*IEVEM5TS4 ,YET IT WAS A L9E ?AT NOT ALL ,TROTSKYI/S F\ND EASY TO DEF5D4 

,AS AN ACADEMIC ,M>XI/ SPECIALIZ+ 9 ! FIELD ( ,RUSSIAN & ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN /UDIES1 ,TICKT9 C\LD NOT IGNORE ! CRITICAL ANALYZES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BE+ DEVELOP$ BY BO? LIB]AL & CONS]VATIVE 'SOVIETOLOGI/S'4 ,9 ! FACE ( ! M\NT+ EVID5CE ( ! DIRE /ATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY IT WAS !RE=E P]HAPS NOT SO EASY = ,TICKT9 TO SIMPLY DEF5D ! /&>D ,TROTSKYI/ L9E4 ,AS A RESULT ,TICKT9 CAME TO REJECT ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE & ! NOTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS OBJECTIVELY PROGRESSIVE ?AT ?IS !ORY IMPLI$4 

,H[EV]1 :ILE HE REJECT$ ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 ,TICKT9 REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,IMM]S$ 9 ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,TICKT9 MA9TA9$ ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ POSITION ?AT /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES SIMPLY PROJECT$ ! CATEGORIES ( CAPITALISM ONTO ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9DE$1 = ,TICKT9 ! FAILURE ( ALL ,M>XI/ !ORIES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS ?AT !Y DID NOT DEVELOP \T ( ! EMPIRICAL REALITIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,= ,TICKT9 ! TASK WAS TO DEVELOP A ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT WAS ABLE TO GRASP ! HI/ORICAL PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION )\T FALL+ F\L ( ! %ALL[ EMPIRICISM ( MO/ B\RGEOIS !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,H[EV]1 9 REJECT+ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE ,TICKT9 WAS OBLIG$ TO UND]TAKE A MAJOR REEVALUATION ( ,TROTSKY4 ,AFT] ALL1 ALONGSIDE HIS !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION & UNEV5 & COMB9$ DEVELOPM5T1 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE HAD BE5 SE5 AS C5TRAL TO BO? ,TROTSKY & ,TROTSKYISM4 ,AS ,CLIFF'S ADOPTION ( A !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM HAD %[N1 A REJECTION ( ! !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE C\LD PROVE PROBLEMATIC = ANYONE :O S\<T TO MA9TA9 A CONSI/5T ,TROTSKYI/ POSITION4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?R\< BO? HIS REEVALUATION ( ,TROTSKY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 HAS BE5 ABLE TO (F] A RECON/RUCT$ ,TROTSKYISM ?AT1 BY FREE+ IT FROM ITS CRITICAL SUPPORT = ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 HAS CUT ! UMBILICAL CORD ) A DECL9+ ,/AL9ISM1 PROVID+ ! OPPORTUNITY = A NEW LEASE ( LIFE = ,L59ISM 9 ! PO/-,/AL9I/ ]A4.<#d#f.> 

,TICKT9 & ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* 

,= OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM1 ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE /OOD ALONGSIDE BO? ! !ORY ( COMB9$ & UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T & ! !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION AS ONE ( ! C5TRAL PILL>S ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T4 ,= ,TICKT91 H[EV]1 ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ,TROTSKY'S IDEAS WAS ! NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,9DE$1 = ,TICKT91 ! NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* WAS ! KEY/ONE ?AT HELD ! 5TIRE /RUCTURE ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T TOGE!R1 & IT WAS ONLY BY FULLY GRASP+ ?IS NOTION ?AT HIS V>I\S !ORIES C\LD BE ADEQUATELY UND]/OOD4 

,( C\RSE1 ! NOTION ?AT CAPITALISM HAD 5T]$ ITS F9AL /AGE & WAS ON ! V]GE ( GIV+ WAY TO SOCIALISM HAD BE5 COMMONPLACE AMONG ,M>XI/S AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 IT HAD BE5 WIDELY ACCEPT$ BY MO/ LEAD+ !ORETICIANS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT1 ) ! EM]G5CE ( MONOPOLY CAPITALISM 9 ! #a#h#gS1 ! ]A ( CLASSICAL CAPITALISM /UDI$ BY ,M>X HAD COME TO AN 5D4 ,AS A RESULT ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL? W]E BECOM+ EV] MORE ACUTE & C\LD BE ONLY BE RESOLV$ ?R\< ! WORK+ CLASS COM+ TO P[] & CREAT+ A NEW SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,FAC$ ) ! HORRORS & %E] B>B>ITY ( ! FIR/ WORLD W>1 MANY ,M>XI/S HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT CAPITALISM HAD 5T]$ ITS F9AL /AGE & WAS 9 DECL9E4 ,:ILE N9ETE5? C5TURY CAPITALISM1 DESPITE ALL ITS FAULTS1 HAD AT LEA/ S]V$ TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION AT AN UNPREC$5T$ RATE1 CAPITALISM N[ SEEM$ TO (F] ONLY *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION & TOTAL W>4 ,AS CAPITALISM 5T]$ ITS F9AL /AGE ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION C\LD ONLY BE 'W> OR REVOLUTION'1 'SOCIALISM OR B>B>ISM'4.<#d#g.> 

,YET :ILE MANY ,M>XI/S HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! FIR/ WORLD W> H]ALD$ ! ]A ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT IT WAS ,TROTSKY :O W5T FUR!/ 9 DRAW+ \T BO? ! !ORETICAL & POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,?US1 :]EAS MO/ ,M>XI/S HAD SE5 ! QUE/ION ( TRANSITION PR9CIPALLY 9 T]MS ( P>TICUL> NATION-/ATES1 ,TROTSKY EMPHASIZ$ CAPITALISM AS A WORLD SY/EM4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 IT WAS CAPITALISM AS A WORLD SY/EM ?AT1 ) ! FIR/ WORLD W>1 HAD 5T]$ ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,FROM ?IS GLOBAL P]SPECTIVE !RE WAS NOT SOME PR$ET]M9$ L9E ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T :I* EA* NATION-/ATE HAD TO PASS ?R\< BE=E IT REA*$ ! ?RE%OLD ( SOCIALISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! DEVELOPM5T ( MORE BACKW>D ECONOMIES WAS CONDITION$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS4 

,IT WAS TO EXPLA9 H[ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! BACKW>D NATIONS ( ! WORLD W]E RADICALLY RE%AP$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS ?AT ,TROTSKY DEVELOP$ HIS !ORY ( COMB9$ & UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WAS !N1 ON ! BASIS ( ?IS !ORY ( COMB9$ & UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT ,TROTSKY C\LD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* W\LD BECOME MO/ ACUTE1 NOT 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES AS MO/ ,M>XI/S HAD ASSUM$1 BUT 9 ! MORE BACKW>D NATIONS SU* AS ,RUSSIA ?AT HAD YET TO MAKE ! FULL TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS ?IS CONCLUSION ?AT !N =M$ ! BASIS ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION 9 :I* ,TROTSKY HAD >GU$ ?AT 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY SU* AS ,RUSSIA IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y = ANY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION TO DEVELOP AT ONCE 9TO A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,?US1 :]EAS MO/ ,M>XI/S HAD ASSUM$ ! REVOLUTION W\LD BREAK \T 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS &1 BY DE/ROY+ IMP]IALISM1 W\LD SPREAD TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 ,TROTSKY1 ?R\< HIS NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*1 HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS MORE LIKELY TO BREAK \T 9 ! MORE BACKW>D NATIONS4 ,YET ,TROTSKY HAD 9SI/$ ?AT ANY SU* PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE SUCCESSFUL IF IT S]V$ TO SP>K PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS4 ,)\T ! AID ( REVOLUTIONS 9 !SE MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS ANY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY C\LD ONLY DEG5]ATE4 

,H5CE ,TROTSKY WAS LAT] ABLE TO EXPLA9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?AT SWEPT ACROSS ,EUROPE FOLL[+ ! 5D ( ! FIR/ WORLD W> HAD LEFT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ISOLAT$4 ,TRAPP$ )9 ITS [N ECONOMIC & CULTURAL BACKW>DNESS & SURR\ND$ BY HO/ILE CAPITALI/ P[]S1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' /ATE C\LD ONLY DEG5]ATE4 ,) ?IS !N WE HAVE ! BASIS ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 

,YET ! IMPORTANCE ( ,TROTSKY'S NOTION ( TRANSITIONAL EPO* WAS NOT ONLY ?AT IT ALL[$ ,TROTSKY TO GRASP ! PROBLEMS ( TRANSITION ON A WORLD SCALE1 BUT ALSO ?AT IT IMPLI$ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ?IS TRANSITION C\LD BE A PROLONG$ PROCESS4 ,IF PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS W]E MORE LIKELY AT FIR/ TO BREAK \T 9 LESS ADVANC$ C\NTRIES IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT !RE C\LD BE SEV]AL SU* REVOLUTIONS BE=E ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS REA*$ SU* A PO9T TO 5SURE ?AT SU* REVOLUTION>Y \TBREAKS W\LD LEAD TO A WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!R1 AS HAPP5$ ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ISOLATION & SUBSEQU5T DEG5]ATION ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 ! P]IPH]Y C\LD !N S]VE TO DISCR$IT & !REBY RET>D ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 

,H[EV]1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ,TROTSKY FAIL$ TO DRAW \T SU* IMPLICATIONS ( HIS NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,AS A RESULT ,TROTSKY SEV]ELY UND]E/IMAT$ ! CAPACITY ( BO? SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ,/AL9ISM 9 =E/ALL+ WORLD REVOLUTION & ! GLOBAL TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,>M$ ) ! H9DSI<T ( ! PO/W> ]A1 ,TICKT9 HAS S\<T TO OV]COME ?IS FAIL+ 9 ! ?\<T ( HIS GREAT TEA*]4 

,= ,TICKT9 !N1 ! FIR/ WORLD W> 9DE$ M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*1.<#d#h.> AN EPO* 9 :I* !RE CAN BE SE5 A GR[+ /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! LAW ( VALUE & ! IMMAN5T LAW ( PLANN+4 ,) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT SWEPT ,EUROPE FROM #a#i#a#h-#b#d1 ! FIR/ ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM ON A WORLD SCALE4 ,) ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE 9 ,EUROPE & ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 CAPITALISM F\ND ! MEANS TO PROLONG ITSELF4 ,9 ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 UND] ! BANN] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 A COMB9ATION ( CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS & ! NATIONALIZATION ( L>GE SECTIONS ( 9DU/RY ALL[$ CAPITALISM TO CONTA9 ! %>P5+ SOCIAL CONFLICTS BR\<T AB\T BY ! HEI<T5+ ( ITS FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL?4 

,YET !SE V]Y MEANS TO PREV5T COMMUNISM HAVE ONLY S]V$ TO UND]M9E CAPITALISM 9 ! LONG] T]M4 ,CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 = EXAMPLE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A WELF>E /ATE1 & ! NATIONALIZATION ( L>GE SECTIONS ( 9DU/RY HAVE S]V$ TO RE/RICT &1 AS ,RADICAL ,*A9S PUT IT1 'P>TIALLY SUSP5D' ! OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE4.<#d#i.> ,) ITS BASIC REGULATORY PR9CIPLE -- ! LAW ( VALUE -- BE+ PROGRESSIVELY MADE NON-OP]ATIONAL1 CAPITALISM IS ULTIMATELY DOOM$4 ,= ,TICKT91 EV5 ! MORE REC5T ATTEMPTS BY ,?AT*] & 'NEO-LIB]ALISM' TO REV]SE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & RE-IMPOSE ! LAW ( VALUE OV] ! LA/ TWO DECADES CAN ONLY BE %ORT LIV$4 ,! CLE>E/ EXPRESSION ( ?IS IS ! HUGE GR[? ( P>ASITICAL F9ANCE CAPITAL :OSE GR[? CAN ULTIMATELY ONLY BE AT ! EXP5SE ( DEVELOPM5T TRULY PRODUCTIVE 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 

,AS = ,RUSSIA1 ,TICKT9 ACCEPTS ,TROTSKY'S POSITION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION OV]?REW CAPITALISM & E/ABLI%$ A WORK]S' /ATE1 & ?AT ) ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' /ATE HAD DEG5]AT$4 ,H[EV]1 UNLIKE ,TROTSKY1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ) ! TRIUMPH ( ,/AL9 9 ! #a#i#cS ! ,U,S,S,R CEAS$ TO BE A WORK]S' /ATE4 ,) ,/AL9 ! BUREAUCRATIC ELITE HAD TAK5 P[]4 ,YET1 UNABLE TO MOVE BACK TO CAPITALISM )\T CONFRONT+ ! P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS1 & UNABLE & UNWILL+ TO MOVE =W>D SOCIALISM S9CE ?IS W\LD UND]M9E ! ELITE'S P[] & PRIVILEGES1 ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME /UCK HALF-WAY BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 

,AS A SY/EM ?AT WAS NE!R FI% NOR F\L -- NEI!R CAPITALISM OR SOCIALISM -- ! ,U,S,S,R WAS AN UNVIABLE SY/EM4 ,A SY/EM ?AT C\LD ONLY PRES]VE ! GA9S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION BY PETRIFY+ !M2 & IT WAS A SY/EM ?AT C\LD ONLY PRES]VE ITSELF ?R\< ! T]ROR ( ! ,GULAG & ! SECRET POLICE4 

,YET IT WAS SU* A MON/R\S SY/EM ?AT PRES5T$ ITSELF AS BE+ SOCIALI/ & DEM&$ ! ALLEGIANCE ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ! WORLD'S WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS SU* IT CAME TO DISCR$IT SOCIALISM1 &1 ?R\< ! DOM9ANCE ( ,/AL9ISM1 CRIPPLE ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T ?R\<\T ! WORLD = MORE ?AN FIVE DECADES4 ,?US1 AL?\< ! ,U,S,S,R S]V$ TO RE/RICT ! 9T]NATIONAL OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE BY REMOV+ MILLIONS FROM ! WORLD M>KET1 P>TICUL>LY FOLL[+ ! =MATION ( ! ,EA/]N BLOC & ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION1 IT ALSO S]V$ TO PROLONG ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* & ! SURVIVAL ( CAPITALISM4 

,BY DRAW+ \T ,TROTSKY'S CONCEPTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* 9 ?IS WAY1 ,TICTK9 ATTEMPT$ F9ALLY TO CUT ! UMBILICAL BETWE5 ,TROTSKYISM & A DECL9+ ,/AL9ISM4 ,TICKT9 IS !REBY ABLE TO (F] A RECON/RUCT$ ,TROTSKYISM ?AT IS FREE TO D5\NCE UNEQUIVOCALLY BO? ,/AL9ISM & ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AS WE %ALL N[ SEE1 9 DO+ SO ,TICKT9 IS L$ TO BO? EXALT ,TROTSKY'S !ORETICAL CAPACITIES & P9PO9T HIS !ORETICAL WEAKNESSES4 

,TICKT9 & ! FAILURE ( ,TROTSKY 

,FOLL[+ ,L59'S DEA?1 & ) ! RISE ( ,L59'S P]SONALITY CULT1 ,TROTSKY HAD 5DEAVOR$ TO PLAY D[N ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,L594 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S1 EV] FAI?FUL TO ! WORD ( ,TROTSKY1 HAD ALWAYS S\<T TO M9IMIZE ! !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY4 ,= !M ,TROTSKY WAS M]ELY ! TRUE HEIR TO ,L594 

,H[EV]1 BY FOCUS+ ON ,TROTSKY'S KEY CONCEPTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*1 ,TICKT9 IS ABLE CA/ NEW LI<T ON ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T AS A :OLE4 ,= ,TICKT91 AL?\< HE MAY WELL HAVE BE5 MORE POLITICALLY ADEPT ?AN ,TROTSKY1 ,L59'S OV]RID+ CONC]N ) IMM$IATE ,RUSSIAN AFFAIRS CON/RA9$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS !ORETICAL ?\<T AT CRUCIAL PO9TS4 ,9 CONTRA/1 = ,TICKT91 ! %E] COSMOPOLITAN BREAD? ( ,TROTSKY'S CONC]NS 9 MANY RESPECTS PLAC$ ,TROTSKY ABOVE ,L59 ) REG>DS TO !ORETICAL ANALYSIS4 

,BUT RAIS+ ! /&+ ( ,TROTSKY AS A !ORI/ ONLY S]VES TO UND]L9E AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION = ,TICKT9'S UND]/&+ ( ,TROTSKY4 ,IF ,TROTSKY WAS SO 9TELLECTUALLY BRILLIANT :Y DID HE P]SI/ 9 DEF5D+ ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE LONG AFT] LESS] 9TELLECTS HAD RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SU* A POSITION WAS UNT5ABLE8 ,TO ANSW] ?IS ,TICKT9 PUTS =W>D SEV]AL EXPLANATIONS4 

,FIR/ ( ALL ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ,TROTSKY MADE ! MI/AKE ( REG>D+ ,/AL9 AS A 'C5TRI/'4.<#e.> ,?R\<\T ! P]IOD ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 :AT ,TROTSKY FE>$ MORE ?AN ANY?+ WAS ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM ?R\< ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW CLASS ( CAPITALI/ F>M]S & MIDDLEM54 ,= ,TROTSKY AT ?IS TIME1 ,/AL91 & ! BUREAUCRATIC =CES ?AT HE REPRES5T$1 WAS A BULW>K AGA9/ DANG] ( CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION4 ,HE WAS A LESS] ( TWO EVILS4 ,?US ,TROTSKY HAD ALWAYS 5D$ UP DEF]R+ TO ,/AL9 RA!R ?AN RISK ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,RI<T4 ,IT WAS ?IS ATTITUDE T[>DS ,/AL9 AS A C5TRI/ ?AT WAS C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ,TROTSKY'S P]CEPTION ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA ?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS4 

,:ILE ?IS IMM$IATE POLITICAL ORI5TATION MI<T EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( ,TROTSKY'S POSITION ) REG>D TO ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA ( ! #a#i#cS IT DOES NOT EXPLA9 :Y HE P]SI/$ ) IT4 ,TO EXPLA9 ?IS ,TICKT9 PO9TS TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES ,TROTSKY F\ND HIMSELF 94 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ) HIS EXILE FROM ! ,U,S,S,R ,TROTSKY F\ND HIMSELF ISOLAT$4 ,BE+ REMOV$ FROM ! C5T] ( POLITICAL & !ORETICAL ACTIVITY & DULL$ BY ILL HEAL? & OLD AGE ! %>PNESS ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T BEGAN TO SUFF]4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 ! F9AL FEW YE>S ( HIS LIFE ,TROTSKY C\LD ONLY CL+ TO ! POSITIONS ?AT HE HAD DEVELOP$ UP AS F> AS ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 

,! DECL9E ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T WAS FUR!R COMP\ND$ BY ! WEAKNESS ( RIVAL !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 ,TROTSKY WAS EASILY ABLE TO %OOT D[N ! !ORY ORIG9ALLY PUT =W>D BY ,BRUNO ,RIZZI1 & LAT] TAK5 UP BY ! M9ORITY FACTION )9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,S,W,P1 :I* >GU$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION ?AT C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM4 ,! EASE ) :I* ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO DISMISS SU* RIVAL !ORIES ( ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS BE+ UN,M>XI/ MEANT ?AT HE WAS NOT OBLIG$ S]I\SLY TO RECONSID] HIS [N POSITION ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,YET1 AS ,TICKT9 RECOGNIZES1 :ILE SU* CIRCUM/ANTIAL EXPLANATIONS AS OLD AGE1 EXILE & LACK ( CR$IBLE ALT]NATIVES MAY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO AN UND]/&+ ( :Y ,TROTSKY FAIL$ TO RADICALLY REVISE HIS !ORY ( ! NATURE ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA !Y >E F> FROM CON/ITUT+ A SUFFICI5T EXPLANATION 9 !MSELVES4 ,= ,TICKT9 !RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL EXPLANATION = ,TROTSKY'S FAILURE TO DEVELOP HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AT ?IS TIME :I* >ISES DUE ,TROTSKY'S RELATION TO ,PREOBRAZH5SKY4 

,= ,TICKT91 ! FUNDAM5TAL OB/ACLE :I* PREV5T$ ,TROTSKY FROM DEVELOP+ HIS CRITIQUE ( ! ,U,S,S,R IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! V]Y ORIG9S ( ?IS CRITIQUE4 ,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE ORIG9AT$ FROM E>LI] CRITICISMS ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP & ! ,N,E,P ?AT HAD BE5 ADVANC$ BY ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION DUR+ ! #a#i#bS4 ,9 ADVANC+ !SE CRITICISMS1 !RE HAD BE5 A DI/9CT DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,TROTSKY1 AS ! SOLE MEMB] ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION )9 ! ,POLITBURO1 HAD CONC5TRAT$ ON ! BROAD POLITICAL ISSUES & DETAIL$ QUE/IONS ( POLICY4 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD BE5 LEFT TO SET \T ! 'ECONOMICS' :I* UND]LAY !SE POLITICAL & POLICY POSITIONS ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION4 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD S\<T TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY = ! P]IOD ( ! TRANSITION ( ,RUSSIA FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM 9 T]MS ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO REGULAT+ ME*ANISMS ( CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM ?AT HAD BE5 ID5TIFI$ BY ! CLASSICAL ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,= ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! BASIC REGULAT+ PR9CIPLE ( CAPITALISM WAS ! BL9D OP]ATION ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE'4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! BASIC REGULAT+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIALISM WAS TO BE CONSCI\S PLANN+4 ,=M ?IS ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD >GU$ ?AT DUR+ ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM !SE TWO PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION W\LD NECESS>Y CO-EXI/ & AS SU* W\LD BE 9 CONFLICT ) EA* O!R4 

,H[EV]1 = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 9 ! RELATIVELY BACKW>D CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA !RE WAS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( PLANN+ W\LD PREVAIL OV] ! LAW ( VALUE ON PURELY ECONOMIC GR\NDS4 ,H5CE1 = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! PROLET>IAN /ATE TO ACTIVELY 9T]V5E 9 ORD] TO ACCEL]ATE ACCUMULATION 9 ?OSE SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY1 SU* AS /ATE 9DU/RY1 :]E ! PR9CIPLE ( PLANN+ PR$OM9AT$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ?OSE SECTORS1 SU* AS PEASANT AGRICULTURE1 :]E ! LAW ( VALUE /ILL HELD SWAY4 ,IT WAS ?IS !ORY ( 'PRIMITIVE SOCIALI/ ACCUMULATION' :I* HAD UND]P9N$ ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION'S CRITICISMS ( ! ,N,E,P & !IR ADVOCACY ( AN ALT]NATIVE POLICY ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION4 

,:5 ,/AL9 F9ALLY AB&ON$ ! ,N,E,P 9 FAVOR ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ EMBODI$ 9 ! FIVE YE> PLANS MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 9CLUD+ ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HIMSELF1 TOOK ! VIEW ?AT ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP HAD F9ALLY1 IF RA!R BELAT$LY1 COME R\ND TO !IR POSITION ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY ALONG ) O!R =M] MEMB]S ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION FULLY EMBRAC$ ,/AL9'S NEW TURN & FELL 9 L9E ) LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY4 ,TROTSKY1 ON ! O!R1 MA9TA9$ A F> MORE CRITICAL ATTITUDE TO ,/AL9'S NEW TURN4 

,( C\RSE1 EV5 IF HE HAD WANT$ TO1 ,TROTSKY WAS 9 NO POSITION TO FALL 9 BEH9D ,/AL9 & ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY4 ,TROTSKY WAS TOO MU* ( AN 5EMY & RIVAL TO ,/AL9 = ?AT4 ,H[EV]1 ,TROTSKY'S BROAD] POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ALL[$ HIM TO MA9TA9 & DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA4 ,:ILE ,TROTSKY WELCOM$ ,/AL9'S ADOPTION ( A POLICY ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ & RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION HE >GU$ ?AT IT WAS TOO LONG DELAY$4 ,! SUDD5 ZIG-ZAGS ( POLICY FROM ONE EXTREME POSITION TO ANO!R W]E = ,TROTSKY SYMPTOMATIC ( ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE & ,P>TY & 9DICAT$ ! DEG5]ATION ( ,RUSSIA AS A WORK]S' /ATE4 

,?R\< SU* CRITICISMS ,TROTSKY CAME TO =MULATE HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 ,YET :ILE ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP HIS CRITIQUE ( ! NEW ,/AL9I/ REGIME 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 ?AT IS AS ! POLITICAL DOM9ATION ( A DI/9CT BUREAUCRATIC CA/E ?AT HAD TAK5 OV] ! WORK]S' /ATE1 HE FAIL$ TO RECONSID] ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! OLD DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ,TROTSKY IMPLICITLY REMA9$ CONT5T ) ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( TRANSITION ?AT HAD BE5 ADVANC$ 9 ! #a#i#bS BY ,PREOBRAZH5SKY4 

,= ,TICKT9 IT WAS ?IS FAILURE TO DEVELOP ,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY ( TRANSITION 9 ! LI<T ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA ?AT PROV$ TO BE ! ,A*ILLES' HEEL ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 ,( C\RSE1 GIV5 ?AT ,TROTSKY C\LD AT ! TIME REASONABLY EXPECT ! ,U,S,S,R TO BE A %ORT-LIV$ PH5OM5ON HE C\LD P]HAPS BE EXCUS$ FROM NEGLECT+ ! LONG & >DU\S TASK ( DEVELOP+ A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,= ,TICKT91 HIS FOLL[]S HAVE HAD NO SU* EXCUSE4 ,AS WE %ALL N[ SEE1 = ,TICKT9 ! C5TRAL TASK 9 DEVELOP+ ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS ( ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAS BE5 TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,TICKT9 & ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,SO1 = ,TICKT91 ! ,A*ILLES' HEEL ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE WAS HIS FAILURE TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,YET1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ,TICKT9 REJECT$ ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 ANY WAY CAPITALI/4 ,= HIM1 ,TROTSKY HAD BE5 CORRECT 9 SEE+ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 & ! SUBSEQU5T NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION UND] A WORK]S' /ATE1 AS A DECISIVE BREAK FROM CAPITALISM4 ,AS SU* ANY ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD NOT SIMPLY APPLY ! CATEGORIES DEVELOP$ BY ,M>X 9 HIS CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM S9CE ! ,U,S,S,R HAD CEAS$ TO BE CAPITALI/4 ,9/EAD IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DEVELOP A NEW POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A SPECIFIC SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM4 

,TICKT9 BEGAN HIS ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP SU* A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #aigc ) AN >TICLE 5TITL$ ',T[>DS A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R' :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,CRITIQUE4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY A S]IES ( >TICLES & POLEMICS 9 SUBSEQU5T ISSUES ( ,CRITIQUE & CULM9AT$1 #ai YE>S LAT]1 ) HIS ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 ,ESSAYS ON ! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( A ,DIS9TEGRAT+ ,SY/EM4 ,AL?\< ,TICKT9'S WORK UND\BT$LY PROVIDES IMPORTANT 9SI<TS 9TO :AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS & ! CAUSES ( ITS CRISIS & EV5TUAL COLLAPSE -- & AS SU* PROVIDES AN IMPORTANT *ALL5GE TO ANY ALT]NATIVE !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R -- AFT] ALL !SE YE>S HE FAILS TO PROVIDE A SY/EMATIC POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AS ! SUBTITLE TO ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 9DICATES1 HIS ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS OV]TAK5 BY EV5TS & ALL WE >E LEFT ) IS A S]IES ( ESSAYS :I* SEEK TO L9K HIS V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R ) AN EXPLANATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S EV5TUAL DEMISE4 

,AS WE %ALL >GUE1 ?IS FAILURE TO DEVELOP A SY/EMATIC PRES5TATION ( A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NO ACCID5T4 ,= US IT WAS A FAILURE ROOT$ 9 HIS V]Y PREMISE ( HIS ANALYSIS :I* HE D]IVES FROM ,TROTSKY4 ,YET BE=E CONSID]+ SU* AN >GUM5T WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL BRIEFLY REVIEW ,TICKT9'S ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,A ,QUE/ION ( ,ME?OD8 

,! TASK FAC+ ,TICKT9 ( DEVELOP+ A ,M>XI/ POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NOT AS /RAI<T=W>D AS IT MAY SEEM4 ,:AT IS POLITICAL ECONOMY8 ,= ,M>X1 POLITICAL ECONOMY WAS ! B\RGEOIS SCI5CE P> EXCELL5CE4 ,IT WAS ! SCI5CE ?AT GREW UP ) ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 & JU/IFY IT AS A NATURAL & OBJECTIVE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,:5 ,M>X CAME TO WRITE ,CAPITAL HE DID NOT AIM TO WRITE YET ANO!R TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY ( CAPITALISM -- NUM]\S B\RGEOIS WRIT]S HAD DONE ?IS ALREADY -- BUT RA!R HE S\<T TO DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,H[EV]1 EV5 IF WE ADMIT ?AT 9 ORD] TO MAKE HIS CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY ,M>X HAD TO DEVELOP & COMPLETE B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ! PROBLEM REMA9S ( H[ F> CAN A POLITICAL ECONOMY BE CON/RUCT$ = A MODE ( PRODUCTION O!R ?AN CAPITALISM8 ,AFT] ALL IT IS ONLY ) ! RISE CAPITALISM1 :]E ! SOCIAL RELATIONS COME TO MANIFE/ !MSELVES AS RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S1 ?AT ! POLITICAL ECONOMY AS AN OBJECTIVE SCI5CE BECOMES FULLY POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,TICKT9 IS NOT M]ELY SEEK+ TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY = A MODE ( PRODUCTION O!R ?AN CAPITALISM BUT = SY/EM 9 TRANSITION FROM ONE MODE ( PRODUCTION TO ANO!R -- 9DE$ = A SY/EM ?AT ,TICKT9 HIMSELF COMES TO CONCLUDE IS A 'NON-MODE ( PRODUCTION'6 

,UN=TUNATELY ,TICKT9 NOT ONLY SIDE-/EPS ALL !SE PRELIM9>Y QUE/IONS1 BUT HE ALSO FAILS TO ADDRESS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ME?ODOLOGICAL QUE/IONS ( H[ TO BEG9 & H[ TO PROCE$ ) HIS PROPOS$ 'POLITICAL ECONOMY' ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9/EAD HE ADOPTS A RA!R HEURI/IC APPROA*1 ADOPT+ V>I\S PO9TS ( DEP>TURE TO SEE H[ F> HE CAN GO4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 !SE REA* A DEAD 5D ?AT WE F9D ,TICKT9 APPEAL+ TO QUE/IONS ( ME?OD4 ,AS A RESULT WE F9D A NUMB] ( FALSE />TS ?AT ,TICKT9 !N SEEKS TO DRAW TOGE!R4 ,LET US BEG9 BY BRIEFLY EXAM9E SOME ( !SE FALSE />TS4 

,CLASS 

,9 ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 BEG9S ) AN ANALYSIS ( ! ?REE MA9 GR\PS & CLASSES ?AT C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ )9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 NAMELY1 ! ELITE1 ! ,9TELLIG5TSIA & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?R\< ?IS ANALYSIS ,TICKT9 IS !N ABLE TO DEVELOP A FRAMEWORK ?R\< :I* TO UND]/& ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL =CES LY+ BEH9D ! POLICIES ( ,GLASNO/ & ,P]E/ROIKA PURSU$ 9 ! F9AL YE>S ( ! ,U,S,S,R'S DECL9E4 ,YET1 DESPITE ! USEFULNESS SU* CLASS ANALYSIS MAY HAVE 9 EXPLA9+ C]TA9 POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS )9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 IT DOES NOT ITSELF AM\NT TO A 'POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R'4 ,9DE$1 IF WE TAKE ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL AS A 'MODEL ( A POLITICAL ECONOMY'1 AS ,TICKT9 SURELY DOES1 !N IT IS CLE> ?AT CLASS ANALYSIS MU/ BE A RESULT ( A POLITICAL ECONOMY NOT ITS PREMISE4.<#e#a.> 

,LAWS 

,IF 'CLASS' PROVES TO BE A NON/>T] 9 DEVELOP+ A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R !N A MORE PROMIS+ />T+ PO9T MAY APPE> TO BE AN ANALYSIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL LAWS ?R\< :I* IT WAS REGULAT$4 ,( C\RSE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ?IS WAS ! APPROA* ?AT HAD BE5 PIONE]$ BY ,PREOBRAZH5SKY & ADOPT$ BY ,TROTSKY & ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD >GU$ ?AT ! NATURE ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM HAD TO BE GRASP$ 9 T]MS ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO REGULAT+ ME*ANISM ( CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM3 ?AT IS BETWE5 ! LAW ( VALUE & ! LAW ( PLANN+4 ,9DE$1 AS WE HAVE ALSO SE51 ONE ( ,TICKT9'S MO/ IMPORTANT CRITICISMS ( ,TROTSKY WAS HIS FAILURE TO DEVELOP ,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ,/AL9 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ !N ?AT WE F9D ,TICKT9 REPEAT$LY RETURN+ TO ?IS L9E ( APPROA* 9 HIS V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,TICKT9 PROCE$S BY >GU+ ?AT ,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S !ORY WAS CORRECT = ,RUSSIA UP UNTIL ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & ! FIR/ FIVE YE> PLAN4 ,UP UNTIL !N !RE HAD EXI/$ A L>GE M>KET-ORI5T$ PEASANT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ALONGSIDE A /ATE-[N$ & PLANN$ 9DU/RIAL SECTOR 7AL?\< EV5 ?IS WAS /ILL BAS$ ON QUASI-AUTONOM\S 5T]PRISES RUN ON A 'PR(IT & LOSS' CRIT]IA74 ,AS SU*1 ! 'LAW ( PLANN+'.<#e#b.> & ! LAW ( VALUE CO-EXI/$ AS DI/9CT REGULAT+ ME*ANISMS -- AL?\< !Y BO? CONFLICT$ & CONDITION$ EA* O!R ?R\< ! RELATIONS BO? BETWE5 & )9 ! 9DU/RIAL & ! AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 

,) ! ABOLITION ( PEASANT AGRICULTURE ?R\< =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION1 & ! 9TRODUCTION ( COMPREH5SIVE C5TRAL PLANN+ GE>$ T[>DS ! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA1 ! TWO LAWS C\LD NO LONG] CO-EXI/ AS DI/9CT REGULATORY ME*ANISMS ?AT PR$OM9AT$ 9 DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! TWO LAWS '9T]P5ETRAT$' EA* O!R1 PREV5T+ EA* O!R'S PROP] FUNCTION+4 ,AS A RESULT !RE EM]G$ UND] ,/AL9 A SY/EM BAS$ NEI!R ON ! LAW ( VALUE NOR ON ! LAW ( PLANN+4 ,9DE$1 = ,TICKT9 !SE LAWS DEG5]AT$1 ! LAW ( PLANN+ GIV+ RISE TO ! 'LAW ( ORGANIZATION' & ! LAW ( VALUE GIV+ RISE TO ! 'LAW ( SELF-9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL UNIT'4 

,YET IT SOON BECOMES CLE> ?AT AS ! NUMB] ( LAWS 9 ,TICKT9'S ANALYSIS PROLIF]ATE !IR EXPLANATORY P[] DIM9I%ES4 ,9 ! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 :]E HE PURSUES ?IS L9E ( >GUM5T ! FUR!/1 ,TICKT9 IS EV5TUALLY OBLIG$ TO ASK ! QUE/ION :AT HE MEANS BY A 'LAW'4 ,HE ANSW]S ?AT A LAW IS ! MOVEM5T BETWE5 T[ POLES ( A CONTRADICTION BUT HE DOES NOT !N GO ON CONSID] ! GR\ND ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS4 

,WA/E 

,P]HAPS ,TICKT9'S MO/ PROMIS+ PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS ?AT ( ! PROBLEM ( ! 5DEMIC WA/E ?AT WAS SO APP>5T EV5 = ! LEA/ CRITICAL ( OBS]V]S ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,?IS BECAME MO/ CLE>LY EVID5T 9 ! />K CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! 9CREAS+ AM\NTS ! ,SOVIET ECONOMY WAS ABLE TO PRODUCE & ! CONT9U$ %ORTAGES ( EV5 ! MO/ BASIC CONSUM] GOODS 9 ! %OPS4 

,FOLL[+ ! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R UND] ,/AL9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION C\LD BOA/ ?AT IT C\LD RIVAL ANY C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD 9 T]MS ( ABSOLUTE LEVELS ( PRODUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS4 ,?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY TRUE = HEAVY & BASIC 9DU/RIES4 ,RUSSIA'S PRODUCTION ( SU* PRODUCTS AS COAL1 IRON1 /EEL1 CONCRETE & SO =? HAD GR[N 5ORM\SLY 9 M]ELY A FEW DECADES4 ,YET ALONGSIDE SU* COLOSSAL ADVANCES 9 ! QUANTITY ( GOODS PRODUC$1 :I* HAD ACCOMPANI$ ! />TL+ TRANS=MATION ( ,RUSSIA FROM A PR$OM9ANTLY PEASANT SOCIETY 9TO AN 9DU/RIALIZ$ ECONOMY1 ! /&>D ( LIV+ = MO/ PEOPLE HAD GR[N V]Y SL[LY4 ,DESPITE REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO GIVE GREAT] PRIORITY TO ! PRODUCTION 9 CONSUM] 9DU/RIES FROM ! #a#i#eS ONW>DS1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION CONT9U$ TO FACE ACUTE %ORTAGES ( BASIC CONSUM] GOODS RI<T UP UNTIL ! DEMISE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,SO :ILE ! APOLOGI/S ( ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD TRIUMPHANTLY GREET ! PUBLICATION ( EA* RECORD-BREAK+ PRODUCTION FIGURE1 !IR CRITICS M]ELY PO9T$ TO ! L5G?Y %OPP+ QUEUES & EMPTY %OPS EVID5T TO ANY VISITOR TO ,RUSSIA4 ,:AT !N EXPLA9$ ?IS HUGE GAP BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION8 ,= ,TICKT91 AS = MANY O!R !ORI/S ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! REASON CLE>LY LAY 9 ! HUGE WA/E 5DEMIC TO ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC SY/EM4 

,AL?\< ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS ABLE TO PRODUCE 9 GREAT QUANTITIES1 MU* ( ?IS PRODUCTION WAS SUB/&>D4 ,9DE$ A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION ( :AT WAS PRODUC$ WAS SO SUB/&>D AS TO BE USELESS4 ,?IS PROBLEM ( DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION BECAME FUR!R COMP\ND$ S9CE1 9 AN ECONOMY AS 9TEGRAT$ & SELF-CONTA9$ AS ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! \TPUTS ( EA* 9DU/RY 9 ! 9DU/RIAL *A9 ( PRODUCTION BECAME ! 9PUTS ( TOOLS1 MA*9]Y OR RAW MAT]IALS = SUBSEQU5T 9DU/RIES 9 ! *A94 ,9DE$4 9 MANY 9DU/RIES MORE LABOR HAD TO BE DEVOT$ TO REPAIR+ DEFECTIVE TOOLS1 MA*9]Y & \TPUT ?AN 9 ACTUAL PRODUCTION6 

,AS A RESULT1 WA/E SWALL[$ UP EV] 9CREAS+ AM\NTS ( LABOR & RES\RCES4 ,?IS1 TOGE!R ) ! GREAT RESI/ANCE TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW TE*NOLOGY & PRODUCTION ME?ODS 9 EXI/+ FACTORIES1 MEANT ?AT HUGE AM\NTS ( LABOR & RES\RCES HAD TO BE 9VE/$ 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE ! 9PUTS NECESS>Y TO ALL[ JU/ A SMALL 9CREASE 9 ! \TPUT ( CONSUM] GOODS AT ! 5D ( ! 9DU/RIAL *A9 ( PRODUCTION4 

,TAK+ ?IS PH5OM5ON ( 'WA/E'1 ,TICKT9 S\<T TO F9D A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R ANALOG\S TO ?AT :I* IS F\ND 9 ! OP5+ *APT] ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL4 ,9 ,CAPITAL ,M>X BEG9S ) ! IMM$IATE APPE>ANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 :I* WEAL? APPE>S AS AN 'IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES'4 ,M>X !N ANALYZ$ ! 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY & F\ND ?AT IT IS COMPOS$ ( TWO CONTRADICTORY ASPECTS3 EX*ANGE-VALUE & USE-VALUE4 ,BY EXAM9+ H[ ?IS CONTRADICTORY SOCIAL =M ( ! COMMODITY IS PRODUC$ ,M>X WAS !N ABLE TO DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( ALL ! CATEGORIES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,LIKEWISE1 ,TICKT9 S\<T TO TAKE AS HIS />T+ PO9T ! IMM$IATE APPE>ANCE ( ! ,SOVIET ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,H[EV]1 = ,TICKT91 ?IS ECONOMIC SY/EM DID NOT PRES5T ITSELF AS AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES4 ,9DE$1 = ,TICKT91 WEAL? DID NOT ASSUME ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M ( ! COMMODITY AS IT DOES = CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 

,( C\RSE1 AS ,BETTELHEIM HAS PO9T$ \T1 AL?\< ALL PRODUCTION IS =MALLY /ATE [N$ ACTUAL PRODUCTION IS DEVOLV$ 9TO COMPET+ UNITS4 ,!SE UNITS ( PRODUCTION1 ! 5T]PRISE & ! V>I\S TRU/S1 BUY & SELL PRODUCTS TO EA* O!R AS WELL AS SELL+ PRODUCTS TO CONSUM]S4 ,!RE=E ! M>KET & COMMODITIES /ILL P]SI/$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT SU* BUY+ & SELL+ WAS /RICTLY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! C5TRAL PLAN & W]E MORE LIKE TRANSF]S ( PRODUCTS RA!R ?AN REAL SALES4 ,:ILE MONEY WAS ALSO TRANSF]R$ AS A RESULT ( !SE PRODUCT TRANSF]S SU* TRANSACTIONS W]E SIMPLY A =M ( ACC\NT+ ) /RICT LIMITS BE+ PLAC$ ON ! AM\NT ( PR(ITS ?AT C\LD BE ACCUMULAT$ AS A RESULT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! PRICES ( PRODUCTS W]E NOT DET]M9$ ?R\< ! M>KET BUT W]E SET BY ! C5TRAL PLAN4 ,!SE PRICES W]E AS A RESULT ADM9I/]$ PRICES & W]E !RE=E NOT A REFLECTION ( VALUE4 ,PRODUCTS DID NOT !RE=E ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES NOR DID !Y HAVE A VALUE 9 ! ,M>XI/ S5SE4 

,H5CE1 = ,TICKT91 ! WEAL? DID NOT PRES5T ITSELF AS AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES AS IT DOES UND] CAPITALISM BUT RA!R AS AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS4 

,SO1 = ,TICKT91 S9CE PRODUCTS DID NOT ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES1 ! ELEM5T>Y CONTRADICTION ( ,SOVIET POLITICAL ECONOMY C\LD NOT BE ?AT BETWE5 USE-VALUE & VALUE1 AS IT WAS )9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,9/EAD1 ,TICKT9 >GU$ ?AT ! ELEM5T>Y CONTRADICTION ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM PRES5T$ ITSELF AS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! POT5TIAL USE-VALUE ( ! PRODUCT & ITS REAL USE-VALUE4 ,?AT IS1 ! PRODUCT WAS PRODUC$ = ! PURPOSE ( MEET+ A SOCIAL NE$ DET]M9$ ?R\< ! M$IATION ( ! BUREAUCRACY'S 'C5TRAL PLAN'2 AS SU*1 IT ASSUM$ ! 'ADM9I/]$ =M' ( AN 9T5D$ OR POT5TIAL USE-VALUE4 ,H[EV]1 9 G5]AL1 ! USE-VALUE ( ! PRODUCT FELL F> %ORT ( ! 9T5D$ OR POT5TIAL USE-VALUE -- IT WAS DEFECTIVE4 ,?US AS ,TICKT9 CONCLUDES3 

,! WA/E 9 ! ,U,S,S,R !N EM]GES AS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 :AT ! PRODUCT PROMISES & :AT IT IS4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! APPE>ANCE ( PLANN+ & SOCIALISM & ! REALITY ( A H>% BUREAUCRATIZ$ ADM9I/RATION %[S ITSELF 9 ! PRODUCT ITSELF4 

7,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 P4 #a#c#d7 

,! QUE/ION !N >ISES AS TO H[ ?IS CONTRADICTION EM]G$ \T ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION :I* PRODUC$ SU* PRODUCTS4 

,= ,M>X ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! SPECIFIC NATURE ( ANY CLASS SOCIETY WAS TO DET]M9E ! PRECISE WAY 9 :I* SURPLUS-LABOR WAS EXTRACT$ FROM DIRECT PRODUC]S4 ,) ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! DIRECT PRODUC]S >E DISPOSSESS$ ( BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,) NO MEANS ( SUPPORT+ !MSELVES ON !IR [N ACCORD1 ! DIRECT PRODUC]S >E OBLIG$ TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS :I* [NS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE H[ IT MAY APPE> TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL WORK]1 9 BUY+ ! LABOR-P[] ( ! WORK]S ! CAPITALI/S DO NOT PAY ACCORD+ TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR ! WORK]S P]=M1 & ?US ! AM\NT ( VALUE ! WORK]S CREATE1 BUT !Y PAY ! LEVEL ( WAGES REQUIR$ TO REPRODUCE ! LABOR-P[] ( ! WORK]S AS A :OLE4 ,S9CE WORK]S CAN CREATE PRODUCTS ) A VALUE GREAT] ?AN ! VALUE !Y REQUIRE TO REPRODUCE !IR [N LABOR-P[]1 ! CAPITALI/S >E ABLE TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-LABOR 9 ! =M ( ! SURPLUS-VALUE ( ! PRODUCT ! WORK]S PRODUCE4 

,?US = ,M>X ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS ! SALE ( ! WORK]'S LABOR-P[] & ! CONSEQU5T EXPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS-LABOR 9 ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE BY ! CLASS ( CAPITALI/S4 ,= ,TICKT91 H[EV]1 ! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4.<#e#c.> 

,YET1 AL?\< HE D5IES ?AT LABOR-P[] WAS SOLD 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 DOES NOT D5Y ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DISPOSSESS$ ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT ,TICKT9 REJECTS ANY IDEA ?AT ! WORK]S SOMEH[ [N$ !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION DUE TO ! P]SI/5CE ( SOME =M ( 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE'4 ,9DE$1 IT IS C5TRAL TO ,TICKT9'S >GUM5T ?AT ! WORK]S ALI5ATE ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR4 

,H[EV]1 ! DISPOSSESSION ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS NOT ! ONLY ESS5TIAL PRE-CONDITION = ! SALE ( LABOR-P[]4 ,! O!R ALL-IMPORTANT PRE-CONDITION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS ?AT !RE EXI/S G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,IF1 AS ,TICKT9 MA9TA9S1 !RE WAS NO G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R -- & ?US1 AS HE 9F]S1 NEI!R VALUE NOR REAL MONEY -- H[ C\LD LABOR-P[] ITSELF ASSUME ! =M ( A COMMODITY ?AT C\LD BE SOLD8 

,( C\RSE1 ,TICKT9 ADMITS ?AT WORK]S W]E =MALLY PAID WAGES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 JU/ AS GOODS W]E B\<T & SOLD1 BUT = HIM ?IS DID NOT AM\NT TO ! REAL SALE ( LABOR-P[]4 ,TO UND]/& :Y ,TICKT9 ?\<T ?IS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO LOOK AT HIS CONCEPTION ( ! WAGE & MONEY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,UND] CAPITALISM ! PR9CIPAL IF NOT EXCLUSIVE MEANS ( OBTA9+ WEAL? IS MONEY4 ,= ! WORK]1 MONEY ASSUMES ! =M ( ! WAGE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 MONEY1 & !RE=E ! WAGE1 WAS F> FROM BE+ A SUFFICI5T OR EXCLUSIVE MEANS ( OBTA9+ ! WORK]'S NE$S4 ,O!R FACTORS W]E NECESS>Y TO OBTA9 ! GOODS & S]VICES ! WORK] NE$$ -- SU* AS TIME TO WAIT 9 QUEUES1 CONNECTIONS & 9FLU5CE ) WELL-PLAC$ PEOPLE 9 ! /ATE OR ,P>TY APP>ATUS1 & ACCESS TO ! BLACK M>KET4 ,SU* FACTORS1 TOGE!R ) ! FACT ?AT A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! WORK]S' NE$S W]E PROVID$ = FREE OR W]E HI<LY SUBSIDIZ$ -- SU* AS H\S+1 *ILD-C>E1 & TRANSPORT -- MEANT ?AT ! WAGE WAS F> LESS IMPORTANT TO ! ,RUSSIAN WORK] ?AN TO HIS OR H] ,WE/]N C\NT]P>T4 ,9 FACT IT C\LD BE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! WAGE WAS MORE LIKE A P5SION ?AN A REAL WAGE4 

,UND] CAPITALISM ! WAGE APPE>S TO ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] AS ! PRICE ( !IR LABOR4 ,! MORE ?AT 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S LABOR ! MORE !Y >E PAID4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! WAGE S]VES AS A DIRECT 9C5TIVE = EA* 9DIVIDUAL WORK] TO WORK = ! CAPITALI/4.<#e#d.> ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! WAGE1 BE+ LITTLE MORE ?AN A P5SION1 WAS A F> WEAK] 9C5TIVE = ! ,SOVIET WORK]4 

,BUT NOT ONLY WAS ! WAGE AN 9ADEQUATE C>ROT1 MANAGEM5T LACK$ ! /ICK ( UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,UND] CAPITALISM ! ?REAT ( ! SACK OR R$UNDANCY IS AN IMPORTANT MEANS ?R\< :I* MANAGEM5T CAN DISCIPL9E ITS WORK=CE & 5SURE ITS CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 H[EV]1 ! /ATE GU>ANTE$ FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,AS A RESULT1 MANAG]S1 FAC+ *RONIC LABOR %ORTAGES1 HAD LITTLE SCOPE TO USE ! ?REAT ( DISMISSALS TO DISCIPL9E ! WORK =CE4 

,LACK+ BO? ! C>ROT ( MONEY-WAGES & ! /ICK ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 MANAGEM5T WAS UNABLE TO GA9 FULL CONTROL ( ! WORK]S' LABOR4 ,FROM ?IS ,TICKT9 CONCLUDES ?AT1 AL?\< ! WORK]S MAY HAVE BE5 PAID :AT AT FIR/ SI<T APPE>S AS A WAGE1 9 REALITY !Y DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[] S9CE ! WORK]S RETA9$ A SUB/ANTIAL CONTROL OV] ! USE ( !IR LABOR4 ,AS ! OLD ,BRITI% ,RAIL WORK]S' ADAGE HAD IT3 0MANAGEM5T PRET5DS TO PAY US & WE PRET5D TO WORK60 

,H[EV]1 AL?\< = ,TICKT9 ! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]1 & !RE=E DID NOT ALI5ATE !IR LABOR1 ,TICKT9 /ILL >GUES ?AT ! WORK]S ALI5AT$ ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR4 ,S9CE ! WORK]S W]E ALI5AT$ FROM ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR !Y HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 IT4 ,!RE=E ! WORK]S' MA9 CONC]N 9 EX]CIS+ !IR CONTROL OV] !IR [N LABOR WAS TO M9IMIZE IT4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 MANAGEM5T1 AL?\< TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! F9AL PRODUCT ( ! LABOR PROCESS1 LACK$ FULL CONTROL OV] ! LABOR PROCESS ?AT PRODUC$ IT4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ELITE LACK$ CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCTION ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT ( ! ECONOMY1 & ) ?IS ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS-PRODUCT NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT ITSELF4 

,IT IS ) ?IS ?AT ,TICKT9 LOCATES ! BASIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! DEM&S ( ! ELITE = 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION NECESS>Y TO SECURE ! EXTRACTION ( A SURPLUS-PRODUCT2 ON ! O!R SIDE1 & 9 OPPOSITION TO IT1 /OOD ! NEGATIVE CONTROL ( ! WORK+ CLASS OV] ! LABOR PROCESS :I* S\<T TO M9IMIZE ITS LABOR4 ,! RESOLUTION ( ?IS CONTRADICTION WAS F\ND 9 DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION4 

,?R\< ! IMPOSITION ( ! C5TRAL PLAN1 ! ELITE S\<T TO APPROPRIATE ! PRODUCTS ( ! LABOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS NECESS>Y BO? TO MA9TA9 ITS [N PRIVILEG$ POSITION & = ! EXP&$ REPRODUCTION ( ! SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,TO 5SURE ! EXTRACTION ( A SURPLUS-PRODUCT ?AT W\LD BE SUFFICI5T TO MEET ITS [N PRIVILEG$ NE$S1 & AT ! SAME TIME 5SURE ! EXPANSION ( ! SY/EM1 ! ELITE WAS OBLIG$ TO SET AMBITI\S & EV]-9CREAS+ PRODUCTION T>GETS ?R\< ! SY/EM ( C5TRAL PLANN+4 

,H[EV]1 ! ACTUAL IMPLEM5TATION ( ! C5TRAL PLAN HAD TO BE DEVOLV$ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE4 ,FAC$ ) ! AMBITI\S PRODUCTION T>GETS SET \T 9 ! C5TRAL PLAN ON ! ONE SIDE & ! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS OV] ! LABOR PROCESS ON ! O!R1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! 5T]PRISE W]E OBLIG$ TO /RIKE A COMPROMISE ) ITS WORK]S :I* 9 EFFECT SUBV]T$ ! 9T5TIONS ( ! PLAN :ILE AT ! SAME TIME APPE>+ TO FULFILL ITS SPECIFICATIONS4 ,TO DO ?IS1 MANAGEM5T S\<T TO MEET ! MORE V]IFIABLE CRIT]IA ( ! PLAN1 :I* W]E USUALLY ITS MORE QUANTIFIABLE ASPECTS1 :ILE SURR5D]+ ! PLAN'S LESS V]IFIABLE QUALITATIVE CRIT]IA4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 QUALITY WAS SACRIFIC$ = QUANTITY1 LEAD+ TO ! PRODUCTION ( DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS4 

,YET ?IS WAS NOT ALL4 ,9 ORD] TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM ! EV]-9CREAS+ UNREALIZABLE DEM&S ( ! C5TRAL PLANN]S1 ! MANAGEM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES RESORT$ TO SY/EMATICALLY MIS9=M+ ! C5T] CONC]N+ ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION AT ! SAME TIME AS HO>D+ WORK]S & SC>CE RES\RCES4 ,)\T RELIABLE 9=MATION ON ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ! PRODUCTION PLANS SET \T 9 ! C5TRAL PLAN BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIVORC$ FROM REALITY1 :I* L$ TO ! FUR!R MALFUNCTION+ ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM :I* COMP\ND$ DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION ?R\< ! MISALLOCATION ( RES\RCES4 

,?US1 = ,TICKT91 BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]1 AL?\< !Y ALI5AT$ ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR1 ! ELITE WAS UNABLE FULLY TO CONTROL ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ! ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS B$EVIL$ BY WA/E ON A COLOSSAL SCALE TO ! PO9T :]E IT B>ELY FUNCTION$4 ,AS NEI!R CAPITALISM NOR SOCIALISM1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 EFFECT A NON-MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU*1 ! CRUCIAL QUE/ION WAS NOT H[ ! ,U,S,S,R FUNCTION$ AS AN ECONOMIC SY/EM BUT H[ IT WAS ABLE TO SURVIVE = SO LONG4 ,IT WAS 9 ADDRESS+ ?IS PROBLEM ?AT ,TICKT9 CAME TO ANALYZE ! CRISIS & DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,! QUE/ION ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM & IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 

,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS BAS$ ON CLASS EXPLOITATION1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS YET TO BE TORN AP>T & DE/ROY$ BY CLASS ANTAGONISMS4 ,! REASON = ! P]SI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION GIVES RISE TO A P[]FUL IDEOLOGY ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 ITS V]Y MAT]IAL EXI/5CE4 

,! BASIS ( ?IS IDEOLOGY LIES 9 COMMODITY FETI%ISM4.<#e#e.> ,9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE APPE> AS A RELATION BETWE5 ?+S4 ,AS A RESULT1 SOCIAL RELATIONS APPE> AS SOME?+ OBJECTIVE & NATURAL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 SO F> AS CAPITALISM IS ABLE TO PRES5T ITSELF AS A SOCIETY ( G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 EV]YONE APPE>S AS A COMMODITY-[N]_/CITIZ54 ,AS SU*1 EV]YONE IS AS FREE & EQUAL AS EV]YONE ELSE TO BUY & SELL4 ,?US IT APPE>S ?AT ! WORK]1 AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE1 IS ABLE TO OBTA9 A FAIR PRICE = HIS LABOR1 JU/ AS MU* AS ! CAPITALI/ IS ABLE TO OBTA9 A FAIR RETURN ON HIS CAPITAL & ! L&LORD A FAIR R5T ON HIS L&4 

,SO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY APPE>S AS A SOCIETY :I* IS NOT ONLY NATURAL BUT ONE 9 :I* EV]YONE IS FREE & EQUAL4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS 'FREE M>KET' IDEOLOGY IS NOT SIMPLY PROPAG&A4 ,IT >ISES \T ( ! EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 SO F> AS IT EXI/S AS A M>KET ECONOMY4 ,IT IS !RE=E AN IDEOLOGY ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 ! EV]YDAY REALITY ( CAPITALISM4.<#e#f.> ,( C\RSE1 ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM AS A 'M>KET ECONOMY' IS ONLY ONE SIDE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! MORE SUP]FICIAL SIDE AT ?AT4 ,NEV]!LESS IT PROVIDES A /RONG & COH]5T F\NDATION = B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 

,H[EV]1 IF1 AS ,TICKT9 MA9TA9S1 !RE WAS NO COMMODITY EX*ANGE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R !RE C\LD NO BASIS = COMMODITY FETI%ISM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 LACK+ ANY ALT]NATIVE TO COMMODITY FETI%ISM :I* C\LD OBSCURE ! EXPLOITATIVE NATURE ( ! SY/EM1 !RE C\LD BE NO BASIS = A COH]5T IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9/EAD !RE WAS SIMPLY ! 'BIG LIE' :I* WAS (FICIALLY PROPAGAT$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4.<#e#g.> ,BUT ?IS WAS A LIE :I* NO ONE ANY LONG] REALLY BELIEV$ -- AL?\< EV]YONE WAS OBLIG$ TO PRET5D ?AT !Y DID BELIEVE IT4.<#e#h.> 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ! NATURE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E FULLY TRANSP>5T 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,) !IR PRIVILEG$ ACCESS TO GOODS & S]VICES1 EV]YONE C\LD SEE ! PRIVILEG$ POSITION ( ! ELITE & !IR EXPLOITATIVE & P>ASITICAL RELATION TO ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 GIV5 ! BLATANT WA/E & 9EFFICI5CY ( ! SY/EM1 NO ONE HAD ANY ILLUSIONS 9 ! EFFICACY ( 'SOCIALI/ PLANN+'4 ,EV]YONE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! SY/EM WAS A MESS & WAS RUN 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A SMALL M9ORITY ?AT MADE UP ! ELITE ( ! /ATE & ,P>TY BUREAUCRACY4 

,BUT IF ! WAS NO IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 :AT WAS IT ?AT S]V$ TO HOLD ?IS EXPLOITATIVE SY/EM TOGE!R = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY8 ,TICKT9 >GUES !RE W]E TWO FACTORS ?AT S]V$ TO MA9TA9 ! ,U,S,S,R = SO LONG4 ,FIR/1 !RE W]E ! CONCESSIONS MADE TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! GU>ANTEE ( FULL EMPLOYM5T1 FREE $UCATION & HEAL? C>E1 *EAP H\S+ & TRANSPORT & AN EGALIT>IAN WAGE /RUCTURE ALL S]V$ TO B9D ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! SY/EM4 ,SECOND1 & COMPLEM5T+ ! FIR/1 !RE WAS BRUTAL POLICE REPRESSION :I*1 BY SUPPRESS+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS & COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION NOT SANCTION$ BY ! /ATE1 S]V$ TO ATOMIZE ! WORK+ CLASS & PREV5T IT FROM BECOM+ A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS =-ITSELF4 

,IT WAS ?R\< ?IS CRUDE C>ROT-&-/ICK APPROA* ?AT ! ELITE S\<T TO MA9TA9 ! SY/EM & !IR PRIVILEG$ PLACE )9 IT4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS AN APPROA* ?AT WAS RIV5 BY CONTRADICTIONS & ONE ?AT WAS ULTIMATELY UNVIABLE4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 IT WAS !SE V]Y CONCESSIONS MADE TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( FULL EMPLOYM5T1 :I* MEANT ?AT ! ELITE W]E UNABLE TO GA9 FULL CONTROL ( ! LABOR PROCESS & :I* 9 TURN RESULT$ 9 ! GROSS 9EFFICI5CY ( ! SY/EM4 ,UNWILL+ TO SURR5D] !IR [N PRIVILEG$ POSITION1 ! ,SOVIET ELITE W]E UNABLE TO MOVE T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,!RE=E ! ELITE'S ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO MA9TA9+ ! GROSSLY 9EFFICI5T SY/EM ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS TO MOVE T[>DS CAPITALISM BY 9TRODUC+ ! M>KET4 ,BUT SU* A MOVE T[>DS ! M>KET NECESS>ILY 9VOLV$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( MASS UNEMPLOYM5T & ! )DRAWAL ( ! ELITE'S CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! ELITE !RE=E FAC$ A CONT9UAL DILEMMA4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE IT S\<T TO MOVE AWAY FROM ITS 9EFFICI5T ECONOMIC SY/EM BY 9TRODUC+ M>KET RE=MS2 BUT ON ! O!R SIDE IT FE>$ ?AT ! 9TRODUCTION ( SU* RE=MS W\LD CAUSE A REVOLUTION>Y RESPONSE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT IT WAS ?IS DILEMMA :I* UND]LAY ! HI/ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R FOLL[+ ! DEA? ( ,/AL9 & :I* EXPLA9S ! CRISIS ?AT CONFRONT$ ,GORBA*EV & ! F9AL DEMISE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,TICKT9'S ANALYSIS ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS F9AL CRISIS & DEMISE DOES NOT CONC]N US H]E4.<#e#i.> ,WE N[ NE$ TO EXAM9E ! PROBLEMS ( ,TICKT9'S 'POLITICAL ECONOMY' ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,PROBLEMS ( ,TICKT9'S 'POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R' 
,PROBLEMS ( ,TICKT9'S 'POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R' 

,WE HAVE DEVOT$ CONSID]ABLE SPACE TO ,TICKT9'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R S9CE IT PROVIDES P]HAPS ! MO/ COG5T EXPLANATION ( ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ! CAUSES ( ITS DECL9E :I* HAS >IS5 \T ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION4 ,%ORN ( ANY APOLOGY = ,/AL9ISM1 ,TICKT9 IS ABLE TO DEVELOP A !ORY :I* SEEKS TO %[ ! SPECIFIC 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM4 ,AS SU*1 IT IS A !ORY ?AT NOT ONLY GOES BEYOND ! TRADITIONAL ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 IT ALSO PROVIDES A =MIDABLE *ALL5GE TO ANY APPROA* :I* SEES ! ,U,S,S,R AS HAV+ BE5 9 SOME S5SE A CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,9DE$1 IT W\LD SEEM TO US ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS BE+ ESS5TIALLY A CAPITALI/ SY/EM MU/ TAKE ON BO>D & DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( SOME ( ! C5TRAL POSITIONS PUT =W>D BY ,TICKT94 ,P]HAPS MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 AFT] ,TICKT9 & ( C\RSE ! COLLAPSE HE DESCRIBES1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R CAN 9 NO WAY BE SE5 AS SOME HI<] & MORE DEVELOP$ /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 AS SOME /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES MI<T IMPLY4 ,:AT BECOMES CLE> FROM ,TICKT9 IS ?AT ANY UND]/&+ ( ! ,U,S,S,R MU/ />T FROM ITS MALFUNCTION+3 IT MU/ EXPLA9 ! SY/EMATIC WA/E & 9EFFICI5CIES ?AT IT PRODUC$4 ,IF ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 ANY WAY CAPITALI/ IT MU/ HAVE BE5 A DE=M$ CAPITALISM1 AS WE %ALL >GUE4 

,H[EV]1 :ILE WE ACCEPT ?AT ,TICKT9 PROVIDES A P[]FUL !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 WE ALSO >GUE ?AT IT HAS IMPORTANT DEFICI5CIES :I* LEAD US ULTIMATELY TO REJECT HIS UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,:5 WE COME TO DEVELOP & PRES5T \R [N !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 WE WILL NECESS>ILY HAVE TO CRITIQUE 9 DETAIL ! C5TRAL PREMISE ( ,TICKT9'S !ORY -- ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,= ! MOM5T1 H[EV]1 WE WILL CONF9E \RSELVES TO CRITICIZ+ ! PROBLEMS ?AT >ISE )9 ! !ORY ITSELF4 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 ,TICKT9 NOT ONLY FAILS TO PRES5T A SY/EMATIC PRES5TATION ( A 'POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R'1 HE ALSO FAILS TO CL>IFY HIS ME?ODOLOGICAL APPROA*4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,TICKT9 IS ABLE TO ESCAPE FROM ADDRESS+ SOME IMPORTANT LOGICAL QUE/IONS REG>D+ ! CATEGORIES ( HIS POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,AL?\< HE ATTACKS /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES = PROJECT+ CATEGORIES ( CAPITALISM ONTO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,TICKT9 HIMSELF HAS TO ADMIT ?AT MANY CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY APPE>$ TO P]SI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,CATEGORIES SU* AS 'MONEY'1 'PRICES'1 'WAGES' & EV5 'PR(ITS'4 ,9 CAPITALISM !SE CATEGORIES >E =MS ?AT EXPRESS A REAL CONT5T EV5 ?\< !Y MAY OBSCURE OR DEVIATE FROM ?IS CONT5T4 ,AS SU* !Y >E NOT M]ELY ILLUSIONS BUT >E REAL4 ,TICKT91 H[EV]1 FAILS TO SPECIFY H[ HE UND]/&S ! RELATION BETWE5 ! ESS5TIAL RELATIONS ( ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R & H[ !SE RELATIONS MAKE !IR APPE>ANCE1 & IS !RE=E UNABLE TO CL>IFY ! ONTOLOGICAL /ATUS ( SU* APP>5T =MS AS 'MONEY'1 'PRICES'1 'WAGES' & 'PR(ITS'4 ,9DE$1 9 HIS EF=TS TO D5Y ! CAPITALI/ NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 IS PU%$ TO ! PO9T :]E HE HAS TO IMPLY ?AT SU* CATEGORIES >E SIMPLY RELICS ( CAPITALISM1 EMPTY HUSKS ?AT HAVE NO REAL CONT5T4 ,BUT1 ( C\RSE1 IF !Y HAVE NO REAL CONT5T1 IF !Y >E PURELY NOM9AL1 H[ IS ?AT !Y CONT9UE TO P]SI/8 ,?IS FAILURE TO ADDRESS FULLY ! QUE/ION ( =M & CONT5T BECOMES MO/ APP>5T ) ! ALL IMPORTANT EXAMPLE ( ! WAGE & ! SALE ( LABOR-P[]4 

,! ,WAGE-,=M 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! CRUX ( ,TICKT9'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS HIS CONT5TION ?AT1 AL?\< !Y ALI5AT$ ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR1 ,SOVIET WORK]S DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,SO1 AL?\< !Y W]E PAID :AT AT FIR/ SI<T APPE>S AS A WAGE1 ON CLOSE 9SPECTION :AT ! WORK]S RECEIV$ WAS 9 FACT MORE AK9 TO A P5SION4 

,H[EV]1 9 HIS ATTEMPT TO COMP>E & CONTRA/ ! =M ( ! WAGE AS IT EXI/S UND] CAPITALISM ) :AT EXI/$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ORD] TO D5Y ! APPLICATION ( CAPITALI/ CATEGORIES TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,TICKT9 FAILS TO GASP ! FULL COMPLEXITIES ( ! WAGE-=M AS IT EXI/S )9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 UND] CAPITALISM WORK]S >E OBLIG$ TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! CAPITALI/S4 ,H[EV]1 TO BO? ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ & ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]1 ?IS SALE ( LABOR-P[] APPE>S 9 ! WAGE-=M AS NOT ! SALE ( LABOR-P[] AS SU* BUT ! SALE ( LABOR2.<#f.> ?AT IS1 ! WORK] APPE>S NOT TO BE PAID 9 ACCORDANCE TO ! VALUE ( HIS LABOR-P[] 7I4E4 ! VALUE 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! COMMODITIES REQUIR$ TO REPRODUCE ! WORK]'S CAPACITY TO WORK71 BUT 9 T]MS ( LABOR-TIME ! WORK] P]=MS = ! CAPITALI/4 

,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 A POT5TIAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! WAGE-=M & ITS REAL CONT5T -- ! SALE ( LABOR-P[] -- :I* MAY BECOME MANIFE/ IF ! WAGES PAID TO ! WORK]S >E 9SUFFICI5T TO REPRODUCE FULLY ! LABOR-P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!RE >E TWO PR9CIPAL SITUATIONS :]E ?IS MAY OCCUR4 ,FIR/1 AN 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ MAY BE NEI!R WILL+ NOR ABLE TO (F] SUFFICI5T H\RS = AN 9DIVIDUAL WORK] TO BE ABLE TO E>N A 'LIV+ WAGE'4 ,SECOND1 ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ MAY PAY A WAGE SUFFICI5T TO REPRODUCE ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] BUT NOT 5\< TO MEET ! CO/ ( LIV+ NECESS>Y = ! WORK] TO BR+ UP & $UCATE ! NEXT G5]ATION ( WORK]S4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ PAYS A WAGE ?AT IS 9SUFFICI5T TO REPRODUCE ! LABOR-P[] 9 ! LONG T]M4 

,9 BO? !SE CASES ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ CONFLICTS ) ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL 9 G5]AL :I* REQUIRES ! REPRODUCTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS ALSO TRUE 9 ! CASE ( UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL HAS LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 PAY+ WORK]S A WAGE IF IT HAS NO WORK = !M TO DO ?AT CAN MAKE IT A PR(IT2 H[EV]1 SOCIAL CAPITAL REQUIRES AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY ( ! UNEMPLOY$ -- UNEMPLOY$ LABOR-P[] -- 9 ORD] TO KEEP WAGES D[N1 & ?IS HAS TO BE MA9TA9$4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ! /ATE HAS TO 9T]V5E1 (T5 UND] PRESSURE FROM ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF1 9 ORD] TO OV]COME ! CONFLICT ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS & SOCIAL CAPITAL4 ,IT WAS ?R\< ?IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT ! WELF>E /ATE WAS =M$4 ,HEAL? C>E1 FREE /ATE $UCATION & WELF>E B5EFITS ALL HAVE TO BE 9TRODUC$ TO OV]COME ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! WAGE-=M 9 ! SOCIAL REPRODUCTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,?US1 UND] CAPITALISM1 !RE IS ALWAYS AN UND]LY+ T5SION )9 ! WAGE-=M BETWE5 ! WAGE BE+ SIMPLY A PAYM5T = LABOR-TIME & ! WAGE AS A PAYM5T TO COV] ! NE$S ( ! WORK] & H] FAMILY4 ,AS A RESULT1 UND] CAPITALISM1 ! PAYM5TS MADE TO 5SURE ! REPRODUCTION ( ! LABOR-P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS ALWAYS COMPOS$ NOT ONLY ( ! WAGE BUT ALSO B5EFITS & PAYM5TS 9 K9D4 ,9 ?IS LI<T1 ! ,U,S,S,R ONLY APPE>S AS AN EXTREME EXAMPLE 9 :I* ! NE$S ( SOCIAL CAPITAL HAVE BECOME P>AM\NT & COMPLETELY SUBSUME ?OSE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL4 

,LABOR-,P[] AS A ,COMMODITY 

,YET1 9 D5Y+ ! CAPITALI/ NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 ALSO >GUES ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT SELL ITS LABOR-P[] 9 ! ,U,S,S,R BECAUSE LABOR-P[] DID NOT EXI/ AS A COMMODITY4 ,BUT !N AGA91 AS ,TICKT9 FAILS TO RECOGNIZE1 LABOR-P[] DOES NOT EXI/ IMM$IATELY AS A COMMODITY UND] CAPITALISM EI!R4 ,A COMMODITY IS SOME ?+ ?AT IS ALI5ABLE & SEP>ABLE FROM ITS [N] :I* IS PRODUC$ = SALE4 ,H[EV]1 LABOR-P[] IS NOT PRODUC$ PRIM>ILY = SALE1 AL?\< ! CAPITALI/ MAY REG>D IT AS SU*1 BUT = ITS [N SAKE4 ,IT IS AFT] ALL SIMPLY ! POT5TIAL LIV+ ACTIVITY ( ! WORK] & IS REPRODUC$ ALONG ) ! WORK] H]SELF3 & AS SU* IT ALSO 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! WORK]4 

,LABOR-P[] IS !RE=E NOT IMM$IATELY A COMMODITY BUT MU/ BE SUBSUM$ AS SU* 9 ITS CONFRONTATION ) CAPITAL4 ,LABOR-P[] !RE=E IS A COMMODITY :I* IS NOT A COMMODITY2 & ?IS DOES NOT SIMPLY CEASE TO BE ! CASE :5 IT IS SOLD4 ,NORMALLY :5 SOMEONE BUYS A COMMODITY !Y OBTA9 ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION & USE ( IT AS A ?+ -- ! COMMODITY CEAS+ TO HAVE ANY CONNECTION ) ITS ORIG9AL [N]4 ,BUT ?IS CANNOT BE ! CASE ) LABOR-P[]4 ,LABOR-P[]1 AS ! SUBJECTIVE ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]1 IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! WORK] AS A SUBJECT4 ,AL?\< ! WORK] SELLS H] LABOR-P[] TO ! CAPITALI/1 %E MU/ /ILL BE PRES5T AS A SUBJECT )9 ! LABOR PROCESS :]E H] LABOR-P[] IS PUT TO USE BY ! CAPITALI/4 

,CAPITAL MU/ CONT9UE TO SUBSUME LABOR-P[] TO ! COMMODITY =M & ?IS CONT9UES RI<T 9TO ! LABOR PROCESS ITSELF4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR OV] ! LABOR PROCESS IS C5TRAL TO ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ATTEMPT TO OV]COME ! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION IS ! DRIV+ =CE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ) ! CAPITALI/S =C$ TO REVOLUTIONIZE ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR UPP] H& OV] ! RESI/ANCE ( !IR WORK]S4 

,! FACT ?AT ! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ABLE TO ASS]T CONSID]ABLE CONTROL OV] ! LABOR PROCESS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT !Y DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,IT NE$ ONLY MEAN ?AT1 GIV5 ! /ATE GU>ANTEE ( FULL EMPLOYM5T1 ! WORK]S 5JOY$ AN EXCEPTIONALLY FAVORABLE POSITION ) REG>D TO MANAGEM5T & W]E ABLE TO RESI/ ! FULL SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR-P[] TO ! COMMODITY =M )9 ! LABOR PROCESS4 

,AGA91 AS ) ! CASE ( ! WAGE-=M1 IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,U,S,S,R & ! CAPITALISM ?AT EXI/S 9 ! ,WE/1 AT LEA/ 9 T]MS ( ! ESS5TIAL RELATION ( WAGE-LABOR1 WAS SIMPLY A QUE/ION ( DEGREE RA!R ?AN ( K9D4 ,! FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE ?IS & GRASP ! FULL COMPLEXITIES ( ! WAGE-=M & ! COMMODIFICATION ( LABOR-P[] C\LD BE SE5 AS A RESULT ( ,TICKT9'S RE/RICTIVE UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM :I* HE 9H]ITS FROM OBJECTIVI/ OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 

,FIR/1 9 ACCORDANCE ) OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 ,TICKT9 SEES ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( CAPITALISM 9 T]MS ( ! OP]ATION ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE'4 ,H5CE1 = ,TICKT91 IF !RE IS NO M>KET !RE CAN BE NO OP]ATION ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE' & H5CE !RE CAN BE NO CAPITALISM4 ,HAV+ %[N ?AT PRODUCTS W]E NOT B\<T & SOLD 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 HAS ALL BUT %[N ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NOT CAPITALI/4 ,! DEMON/RATION ?AT EV5 LABOR-P[] WAS NOT REALLY SOLD SIMPLY CL9*ES ! >GUM5T4 

,H[EV]1 WE W\LD >GUE ?AT ! ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM IS NOT ! OP]ATION ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE' AS SU* BUT VALUE AS ALI5AT$ LABOR & ITS CONSEQU5T SELF-EXPANSION AS CAPITAL4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 IT IS ! ALI5ATION ( LABOR ?R\< ! SALE ( LABOR-P[] ?AT IS ESS5TIAL4.<#f#a.> ,! OP]ATION ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE' ?R\< ! SALE ( COMMODITIES ON ! M>KET IS !N SE5 AS M]ELY A MODE ( APPE>ANCE ( ! ESS5TIAL RELATIONS ( VALUE & CAPITAL4 

,SECOND1 ,TICKT9 FAILS TO GRASP ! REIFI$ *>ACT] ( ! CATEGORIES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 HE FAILS TO SEE H[ LABOR-P[]1 = EXAMPLE1 IS NOT SIMPLY GIV5 BUT CON/ITUT$ ?R\< CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,= ,TICKT91 !RE IS ! 'MOVEM5T ( ! CATEGORIES & ! MOVEM5T ( CLASS /RUGGLE' AS IF !Y W]E TWO EXT]NALLY RELAT$ MOVEM5TS4 ,AS A RESULT1 AS SOON AS ! WORK+ CLASS BECOMES P[]FUL 5\< TO RE/RICT ! LOGIC ( CAPITAL -- = EXAMPLE 9 IMPOS+ CONTROL OV] ! CAPITALI/'S USE ( LABOR-P[] -- !N ,TICKT9 MU/ SEE A DECISIVE %IFT AWAY FROM CAPITALISM4 ,TICKT9 IS L$ TO RE/RICT CAPITALISM 9 ITS PURE & UNADULT]AT$ =M TO A BRIEF P]IOD 9 ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY4.<#f#b.> 

,! ,QUE/ION ( ! ,TRANSITIONAL ,EPO* 

,AS ,TICKT9 ADMITS1 CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM HAS 9VOLV$ WIDESPREAD NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! ADM9I/RATION ( PRICES1 ! PROVISION ( WELF>E & ! SOCIAL WAGE2 MOREOV]1 9 ! TWO DECADES FOLL[+ ! SECOND WORLD W>1 CAPITALISM WAS ABLE TO MA9TA9 A COMMITM5T TO NE> FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,AS SU*1 CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! SECOND WORLD W>1 HAD FEATURES ?AT W]E /RIK+LY FAMILI> TO ?OSE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,H[EV]1 = ,TICKT91 SU* SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEATURES ( TW5TIE? C5TURY CAPITALISM W]E SIMPLY SYMPTOMS ( ! DECL9E ( CAPITALISM 9 ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,! ,U,S,S,R WAS !RE=E ONLY LIKE CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM 9S(> AS BO? ,RUSSIA & ,WE/]N CAPITALISM W]E P>T ( ! SAME TRANSITIONAL EPO*3 ! GLOBAL TRANSITION ( CAPITALISM 9TO SOCIALISM4 ,:]EAS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! 'LAW ( VALUE' HAD BECOME COMPLETELY NEGAT$1 9 ! ,WE/ ! ADVANCE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY MEANT ONLY ! P>TIAL NEGATION ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE'4 

,! PROBLEM ( ,TICKT9'S NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* IS NOT SIMPLY ! RE/RICTIVE UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM :I* WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$1 BUT ALSO ITS RE/RICTIVE NOTION ( SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM4 ,= ,TICKT91 9 ! TRUE TRADITION ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 SOCIALISM IS ESS5TIALLY ! NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE COMB9$ ) DEMOCRATIC /ATE PLANN+4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 = ,TICKT91 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MU/ BE SE5 AS A SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ?AT IT ABOLI%$ PRIVATE PROP]TY & LAID ! BASIS = /ATE PLANN+ UND] WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,IT WAS ONLY SUBSEQU5TLY ?AT1 DUE TO ! BACKW>DNESS & ISOLATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! WORK]S' /ATE DEG5]AT$ & AS A RESULT BECAME /UCK HALF-WAY BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 

,YET1 AS MANY AN>*I/S & LEFT COMMUNI/S HAVE >GU$1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS NEV] A SUCCESSFUL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION FAIL$ NOT SIMPLY BECAUSE ( ! ISOLATION & BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA -- AL?\< !SE MAY HAVE BE5 IMPORTANT FACTORS -- BUT BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS FAIL$ FULLY TO TRANS=M ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS FAILURE TO TRANS=M ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION MEANT ?AT1 EV5 ?\< ! WORK+ CLASS MAY HAVE TAK5 CONTROL ?R\< ! ,BOL%EVIKS' SEIZURE ( P[] & E/ABLI%$ A 'WORK]S' /ATE'1 !Y HAD FAIL$ TO GO BEYOND CAPITALISM4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! NEW /ATE BUREAUCRACY HAD TO ADOPT ! ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ADVANC+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION AT ALL CO/S4 

,IF ?IS POSITION IS CORRECT & ,RUSSIA NEV] W5T BEYOND CAPITALISM1 !N ! BASIC ASSUMPTION1 :I* ,TICKT9 HIMSELF ADMITS IS ! V]Y F\NDATION ( HIS ANALYSIS1 ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /UCK HALF-WAY BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 FALLS TO ! GR\ND4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,TICKT9'S NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A DI/ORT$ SY/EM DUE IT BE+ 9 TRANSITION FROM ONE MODE ( PRODUCTION TO ANO!R IS AN IMPORTANT 9SI<T4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE %ALL >GUE 9 ,P>T ,I,V ( ?IS >TICLE1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NOT SO MU* 9 TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM AS 9 TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 BE=E CONSID]+ ?IS WE %ALL 9 ,P>T ,I,I,I LOOK 9 MORE DETAIL AT ! V>I\S !ORIES ( /ATE CAPITALISM ?AT HAVE >IS5 )9 ! LEFT COMMUNI/ TRADITION4 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,9TRODUCTION 
,P>T ,I,I,I3 ,LEFT ,COMMUNISM & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,9 ! PREVI\S >TICLES WE EXAM9$ V>I\S ,TROTSKYI/ & NEO-,TROTSKYI/ POSITIONS ON ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,WE N[ TURN TO ! !ORIES ( ! LESS WELL KN[N BUT MORE 9T]E/+ ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT1 :O W]E AMONG ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM ! ,RUSSIAN MODEL BY DEEM+ IT /ATE CAPITALI/ OR SIMPLY CAPITALI/4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S' CRITIQUE REMA9$ AT ! LEVEL ( AN IMM$IATE RESPONSE TO H[ CAPITALI/ MEASURES W]E AFFECT+ ! CLASS1 :]EAS 9 BO? ! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* & ,ITALIAN ,LEFTS1 WE SEE REAL ATTEMPTS TO GR\ND REVOLUTION>Y !ORY 9 ,M>X'S CATEGORIES 9 A WAY DI/9CT FROM ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL OR?ODOXY4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,ANY ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES AN UND]LY+ CONCEPTION ( :AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/ APPROA*ES ?AT WE HAVE PREVI\SLY CONSID]$ >E ALL BAS$ ON ! CONCEPTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS BE+ AN ESS5TIALLY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ?AT SOMEH[ DEG5]AT$4 ,BY CONTRA/ A CONSID]ATION ( ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ !ORIES ALL[ US TO QUE/ION ?IS UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION1 & AS A RESULT PROVIDES VITAL 9SI<TS 9TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A !ORY ( :AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS4 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION SEEM$ TO %[ = ! FIR/ TIME ?AT WORK]S C\LD ACTUALLY OV]?R[ A B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ /ATE & RUN SOCIETY !MSELVES4 ,AFT] ALMO/ ALL ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS ( ! MA9/REAM ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL WORK]S MOVEM5T PATRIOTICALLY SUPPORT$ ! SLAU<T] ( ! FIR/ WORLD W>1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS IT SEEM$ HAD REASS]T$ AN 9T]NATIONALI/ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,BUT IF ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS 9ITIALLY A MASSIVE 9SPIRATION TO PROLET>IANS ACROSS ! WORLD1 BE+ A FIR/ \TBREAK 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT 5D$ ! W>1 ITS IMPACT AFT] ?AT IS MORE AMBIGU\S4 ,! WORD 'COMMUNI/' BECAME ASSOCIAT$ ) A SY/EM ( /ATE CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 C\PL$ ) SEV]E REPRESSION ( ALL OPPOSITION4 ,! WORK]S MOVEM5T ACROSS ! WORLD WAS DOM9AT$ BY ?IS MODEL ( 'ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM'1 & ! P>TIES :O ORI5T$ !MSELVES TO IT4 ,! ROLE ( !SE REGIMES & P>TIES WAS TO DO MORE TO KILL ! IDEA ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION & COMMUNISM ?AN ORD9>Y CAPITALI/ REPRESSION HAD EV] BE5 ABLE TO4 ,SO ?OSE 9 FAVOR ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION HAD TO DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM !SE (FICIAL COMMUNI/ P>TIES & TO MAKE S5SE ( :AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A GR\P ?AT DID SO WAS ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S OR ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT4 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,:O WAS ?IS COMMUNI/ LEFT8 
,:O WAS ?IS COMMUNI/ LEFT8 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT EM]G$ \T ( ! CRISIS ( ,M>XI/ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ?AT BECAME ACUTELY VISIBLE DUR+ ! W>4 ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ CURR5TS EM]G$ ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,?OSE ) POLITICS ?AT WE & ,L59 C\LD DESCRIBE AS LEFT COMMUNI/ W]E G5]ALLY ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS FROM !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES ATTRACT$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,COM9T]N7 SET UP 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,9 SOME C\NTRIES NOTABLY ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY A MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O =M$ !IR RESPECTIVE COMMUNI/ P>TIES HAD LEFT COMMUNI/ POLITICS4 ,H[EV] !IR EXP]I5CE WAS -- SOON] OR LAT] -- TO F9D !MSELVES 9 DISAGREEM5T ) ! POLICIES PROMOT$ FROM ,MOSC[ & EV5TUALLY EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,TWO MA9 W+S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT MANAG$ TO SURVIVE ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE AS TRADITIONS3 ! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* ,LEFT.<#f#c.> 7SOMETIMES KN[N AS ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S7 & ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT 7SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS ,BORDIGI/S AFT] A F\ND+ MEMB]74 ,:ILE !IR ANALYZES W]E NOT ! SAME ON ALL PO9TS1 :AT REALLY DEF9$ !M WAS A P]CEPTION ( ! NE$ = COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS TO BE A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK FROM ?OSE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,SU* A BREAK NECESS>ILY IMPLI$ AN ATTEMPT TO OV]COME ! DI*OTOMY BETWE5 ! POLITICAL & ! ECONOMIC ?AT WAS C5TRAL TO ! !ORY ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,AL?\< !Y DISAGRE$ AT :AT TIME IT OCCURR$1 !IR P]CEPTION WAS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY SLIPP$ BACK 9TO1 OR NEV] QUITE LEFT ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POSITIONS4 ,ID5TIFY+ !MSELVES AS REVOLUTION>Y & AS ,M>XI/ ! COMMON PROBLEM = !SE CURR5TS WAS TO UND]/& :AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 A WAY ?AT WAS TRUE TO BO?4 ,:ILE SAY+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS CAPITALI/ ALL[$ A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION TO BE TAK5 UP AGA9/ IT1 !Y F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO DO ?IS 9 A WAY ?AT MADE S5SE 9 T]MS ( ,M>X'S CATEGORIES & UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM4 ,\T ( !IR DIFF]5T EXP]I5CES !Y DEVELOP$ V]Y DIFF]5T !ORIES ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ( ! CAPITALISM ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,H[EV] !SE OPPOSITIONS TO ! ,MOSC[ L9E W]E L>GELY ECLIPS$ BY ! /R5G? ( ,/AL9ISM 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & BY A LAT] OPPOSITION TO ?IS ?AT GREW UP >\ND ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ! EXIL$ LEAD] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & /ATE4 ,DUE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CR$5TIALS & PRE/IGE ( ITS F\ND]1 ,TROTSKYISM E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS ! MO/ VISIBLE & NUM]\S OPPOSITION TO ! LEFT ( ! (FICIAL ',COMMUNI/' MOVEM5T4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ,BRITA91 :I* HAS NOT REALLY G5]AT$ ITS [N LEFT ,M>XI/ TRADITION1 IT MANAG$ TO PLAUSIBLY PRES5T ITSELF AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM AS ! G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,= ?IS REASON WE DEVOT$ ! PREVI\S >TICLES TO A PRES5TATION & CRITIQUE ( !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R COM+ \T ( ,TROTSKYISM3 ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE1 ,TONY ,CLIFF'S V]SION ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 & ,HILLEL ,TICKT9'S REC5TLY 9FLU5TIAL !ORY ( ,RUSSIA AS A SPECIFICALLY DI/ORT$ & UNT5ABLE SOCIETY4.<#f#d.> 

,WE >GU$ ?AT A WEAKNESS ( ALL !SE !ORIES WAS ?AT !Y MOV$ )9 A C]TA9 K9D ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 ,ID5TIFY+ ) ! ,SOVIET /ATE UND] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 !Y ASSUM$ ?AT1 ON ! BASIS ( ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ PREMISE ?AT SOCIALISM IS ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?R\< ITS :OLESALE NATIONALIZATION BY ! /ATE1 ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA :I* 9 SOME WAY HAD DEG5]AT$4 ,!Y DISAGRE$ ON :AT TYPE ( SY/EM HAD EM]G$1 BUT !Y G5]ALLY SAW IT AS H++ ON ! LACK ( WORK]S' DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY4 ,= ,TROTSKYISM1 ,L59ISM IS ! REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ,TROTSKYISM WAS ! REVOLUTION>Y CONT9UATION ( ,L59ISM AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM4 ,! EXI/5CE ( A ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT ?REAT5S ?IS PICTURE4 ,IT %[S ?AT ,TROTSKYISM WAS BY NO MEANS ! ONLY ,M>XI/ OPPOSITION TO ,/AL9ISM4 ,9 FACT1 AS WE'LL SEE1 IT QUE/IONS :E!R ,TROTSKYISM HAS BE5 A 'REVOLUTION>Y' OPPOSITION AT ALL4 

,H[EV] :ILE ,TROTSKYISM1 ?R\< ! FLEXIBLE TACTICS IT WAS WILL+ TO ADOPT1 C\LD EXI/ ON ! FR+ES ( A ,/AL9I/ & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DOM9AT$ WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! LEFT COMMUNI/S1 !IR POLITICS FUNDAM5TALLY ORI5T$ TO REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 W]E R$UC$ BY ! ?IRTIES TO A F> SMALL] & MORE ISOLAT$ EXI/5CE4 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] ,/AL9ISM'S HOLD ON ! REVOLUTION>Y IMAG9ATION BEGAN TO BREAK 9 #aief & ) ! WAVE ( /RUGGLES BEG9N+ 9 ! SIXTIES ?AT !RE WAS A RESURG5CE ( 9T]E/ 9 REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES TO ! LEFT ( ,TROTSKYISM1 LIKE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT4 ,! FOCUS ON ,C\NCILS & WORK]S' SELF-ACTIVITY ?AT WAS BASIC TO ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT WAS TAK5 UP BY GR\PS LIKE ,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM 7& ITS L9K$ ,BRITI% GR\P ,SOLID>ITY7 & BY ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#f#e.> ,! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT :I* DECL>$ ITSELF ANTI-,L59I/ WAS MORE IMM$IATELY ATTRACTIVE TO ?OSE REJECT+ ,/AL9ISM & ! CRITICAL SUPPORT GIV5 IT BY ,TROTSKYISM ?AN ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT :I*1 BECAUSE IT EMPHASIZ$ ! P>TY1 SEEM$ LIKE ANO!R V]SION ( ,L59ISM4 ,H[EV] AFT] '#f#h P>TLY DUE TO A P]CEIV$ WEAKNESS ( A M]ELY 'C\NCILI/' OR 'LIB]T>IAN' OPPOSITION TO ,L59ISM1 !RE WAS A R5EWAL ( 9T]E/ 9 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT :I* WAS ! O!R MA9 ,COMMUNI/ LEFT TO HAVE H&$ D[N A TRADITION4.<#f#f.> 

,9 ?IS >TICLE WE %ALL LOOK AT ! V>I\S !ORIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,G]MAN_/,DUT* & ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT4 ,WE %ALL IGNORE C]TA9 O!R COMMUNI/ LEFTS BECAUSE EI!R !Y HAVE NOT MANAG$ TO PASS D[N ANY !ORETICAL WRIT+S ON ! QUE/ION OR BECAUSE AS1 SAY1 ) ! ,BRITI% ,LEFT !Y L>GELY FOLL[$ ! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* LEFT ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4.<#f#g.> ,\R PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS ?AT ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT :I* DEVELOP$ )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ITSELF & :I* RECEIV$ ,L59'S WRA? BE=E ! RE/4 ,?\< ! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT CANNOT BE SAID TO HAVE DEVELOP$ ! SAME BODY ( COH]5T !ORY AS ! O!R TWO1 ITS V]Y CLOS5ESS TO ! EV5TS GIVES ITS CONSID]ATIONS A C]TA9 IMPORTANCE4 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 
,! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 

,:AT IS /RIK+ AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ CURR5T IS ?AT IT EM]G$ \T ( AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT WAS BO? DISSIMIL> & SIMIL> TO ! !IR ,EUROPEAN C\NT]P>TS4 ,AS WE WILL SEE 9 ! FOLL[+ SECTIONS1 ! ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFTS EM]G$ AS AN OPPOSITION TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S ACCOMMODATION ) & 9CORPORATION 9TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! SITUATION WAS SOME:AT DIFF]5T4 ,/ILL BE+ AN OV]:ELM+LY AGRICULTURAL & PEASANT C\NTRY UND] ! AUTOCRATIC RULE ( ! CZ>1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAD NOT BECOME DOM9ANT1 LET ALONE ALL[$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY )9 IT4 ,9 FACT1 ! V]Y REPRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ! CZ>I/ REGIME MEANT ?AT ! GRADUALI/ APPROA* ( /RESS+ LEGAL P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE UNION ME?ODS ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WAS L>GELY ABS5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 & !RE WAS A G5]AL ACCEPTANCE ( ! NE$ = A VIOL5T REVOLUTION4 ,?IS NE$ WAS CONFIRM$ BY ! #aie REVOLUTION1 :I* SAW MASS /RIKES1 ! SETT+ UP ( SOVIETS1 WIDE-SPREAD PEASANT UPRIS+S -- 9 G5]AL A VIOL5T CONFRONTATION ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & PEASANTS ) ! =CES ( ! /ATE4 ,BUT :IL/ ?IS CONTEXT SET ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS AP>T FROM !IR ,EUROPEAN C\NT]P>TS1 !RE WAS ALSO AN UND]LY+ CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,9 FACT1 ,L59 ?R\<\T TRI$ TO /AY TRUE TO ! OR?ODOXIES ( ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM1 & ACCEPT$ ,KAUTSKY1 ! *IEF !ORI/ ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 AS AN IDEOLOGICAL AU?ORITY4.<#f#h.> ,BASIC TO ?IS =M ( ,M>XISM WAS ! NOTION ( HI/ORY 9EVITABLY MOV+ 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION BY CONC5TRAT+ & C5TRALIZ+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 SO ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD BE SIMPLY ! ELIM9ATION ( ! PRIVATE CONTROL ( ?OSE =CES BY ! CAPTURE ( /ATE P[] & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ( !M 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT :]EAS ! DEVELOP$ *>ACT] ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM MEANT ?AT 9 !SE C\NTRIES ?IS !ORY DOVE-TAIL$ ) A GRADUALI/ & P>LIAM5T C5T]$ APPROA*1 DUE TO ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 IT TOOK A REVOLUTION>Y =M4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y SIDE ( ,L59'S ,M>XISM1 AS AGA9/ O!R ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT LEAD]S1 WAS EXPRESS$ MO/ CLE>LY :5 HE TOOK AN UNCOMPROMIS+ POSITION ( REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! W>4.<#f#i.> ,ON ?IS FUNDAM5TAL ISSUE ,RUSSIAN LEFT COMMUNI/S HAD NO REASON = DISAGREEM5T ) ,L594 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?IS WAS TO OCCUR ON O!R ISSUES1 SU* AS ,L59'S POSITION ON NATIONALISM1 & HIS VIEW 7UNTIL #a#i#a#g7 ?AT ,RUSSIA C\LD ONLY HAVE A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AN OPPOS+ LEFT FRACTION >\ND ,BUKH>9.<#g.> & ,PYATAKOV =M$ )9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!Y CONT5D$ ?AT ! W> HAD PROMPT$ GREAT ADVANCES ( F9ANCE CAPITAL & /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT MADE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION A POSSIBILITY44 ,FUNDAM5TALLY !Y SAW ! ISSUE AS ONE ( WORLD REVOLUTION ( :I* ,RUSSIA C\LD BE P>T4 ,A KEY TEXT = !M WAS ,BUKH>9'S ,IMP]IALISM & ,WORLD ,ECONOMY4 ,9 IT HE DREW HEAVILY ON ! ESS5TIALLY RE=MI/ ,HILF]D+ TO >GUE ?AT WORLD CAPITALISM1 9CLUD+ ,RUSSIA1 WAS MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( /ATE CAPITALI/ TRU/S :]E ! /ATE BECAME APPROPRIAT$ BY A F9ANCE CAPITAL ELITE4 ,H[EV]1 HE TOOK A MU* MORE RADICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! 'SYMBIOSIS ( ! /ATE & F9ANCE CAPITAL ELITE' MEANT ?AT ! P>LIAM5T>Y ROAD ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS BLOCK$ & SOCIALI/S HAD TO RETURN TO ! ANTI-/ATI/ /R& 9 ,M>X'S ?\<T4 ,! /ATE HAD TO BE DE/ROY$ AS A CONDITION ( SOCIALISM4 ,H[EV] = ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION1 :AT WAS KEY AB\T ,BUKH>9'S ANALYSIS ( IMP]IALISM & /ATE CAPITALISM WAS ?AT IT ALL[$ ,RUSSIAN LEFT COMMUNI/S TO AB&ON ! CLASSICAL ,M>XI/ L9E 7HELD BY BO? ! ,M5%EVIKS & ! ,BOL%EVIKS7 ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ONLY READY = A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION44 

,BUT DESPITE ,L59'S 9ITIAL HO/ILITY TO ! H]ETICAL IDEAS COM+ \T ( ?IS LEFT FRACTION1.<#g#a.> AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION HE %[$ ?AT HE W\LD NOT LET HIS OR?ODOXY PREV5T HIM FROM BE+ OP5 TO EV5TS4 ,JU/ AS ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP ?\<T ?AT A LONG P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS ON ! HORIZON1 IT WAS CLE> FROM ! CONT9U+ ACTIONS ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD WAS BY NO MEANS OV]4 ,WORK]S W]E SETT+ UP FACTORY COMMITTEES & MILITANTLY CONTE/+ CAPITALI/ AU?ORITY AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION2 PEASANT SOLDI]S W]E DES]T+ ! FRONT & SEIZ+ L&4 ,RESPOND+ TO ?IS1 & AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP1 ,L59 9 #aiag SEEM$ TO TAKE UP ALL ! ESS5TIAL POSITIONS ( ! LEFT COMMUNI/ T5D5CY )9 ! P>TY4 ,9 ! ,APRIL ,!SES HE CALL$ = PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,TO GIVE ?IS A ,M>XI/ JU/IFICATION1 HE >GU$ 9 ,! ,IMP5D+ ,CATA/ROPHE & ,H[ TO ,AVOID ,IT ?AT ! W> HAD REVOLUTIONIZ$ ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY BY DEVELOP+ /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,MEAN:ILE1 HE WAS WRIT+ ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* SAW HIM AT HIS MO/ UN-SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC2 HE EV5 ACKN[L$G$ ! ,DUT* LEFT COMMUNI/1 ,PANNEKOEK4 ,DUE TO ! N[ CLE>LY REVOLUTION>Y L9E ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 IT CONSEQU5TLY BECAME ! POLE ( RE-GR\PM5T = REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS & = RADICALIZ$ WORK]S4 ,ALL ?OSE AGA9/ ! W> & = TAK+ ! REVOLUTION =W>D W]E DRAWN TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS3 ,TROTSKY'S FOLL[]S1 MANY LEFT ,M5%EVIKS1 BUT MO/ IMPORTANTLY VA/ NUMB]S ( RADICALIZ$ WORK]S4 ,?US REVOLUTION>IES ) POLITICS CLOSE/ TO ! ,EUROPEAN LEFT COMMUNI/S W]E NOT AS ) !M1 FAIRLY SMALL M9ORITIES FI<T+ )9 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES AGA9/ !IR CLE>LY NON-REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 BUT 9/EAD W]E A SIZABLE P>T ( A P>TY -- ! ,BOL%EVIKS -- :OSE LEAD] ,L59 SEEM$ TO ACCEPT MANY ( !IR !ORETICAL POSITIONS1 & :AT'S MORE BR\<T ! P>TY TO ACT ON !SE BY OV]?R[+ ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T & DECL>+ ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS'4 

,ORGANIC ,RECON/RUCTION3 ,BACK TO ,OR?ODOXY 

,BUT IF ! REVOLUTION>Y SIDE ( ,L59 SEEM$ 9 #aiag TO BREAK FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC OR?ODOXY -- IF IT SEEM$ TO ! LEFT ?AT HE HAD BECOME ONE ( !M -- SOON AFT] ,OCTOB]1 !Y W]E TO D\BT IT4 ,A DI*OTOMY BETWE5 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ASPECTS ( ! REVOLUTION BECAME APP>5T 9 HIS ?9K+4 ,= ,L591 ! PROLET>IAN *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION WAS ASSUR$ 9 ! POLITICAL P[] ( A PROLET>IAN P>TY2 'ECONOMIC' ISSUES1 LIKE ! RELATIONS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 W]E NOT ( ! ESS5CE4 ,MORE & MORE ,L59'S ATT5TION RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS1 ITS UNRIP5ESS = IMM$IATE SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & ?US ! P>ADOXICAL NOTION ?AT /ATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS UND] ! PROP] POLITICAL GUIDANCE ( ! P>TY MI<T BE ! BE/ PA? T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,?IS TURN 9 ,L59'S ?9K+ WAS OBSCUR$ AT FIR/ BY ANO!R QUE/ION3 H[ TO RESPOND TO ,G]MANY'S T]MS = PEACE AT ! ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK NEGOTIATIONS4 ,:IL/ ! GR\P KN[N AS ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S W]E = REJECT+ !SE CONDITIONS & TURN+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> 9TO1 IF NOT AN \TRI<T REVOLUTION>Y W>1 !N A DEF5SIVE REVOLUTION>Y P>TIZAN W>1.<#g#b.> ,L59 9SI/$ ON ACCEPT+ ,G]MANY'S T]MS = PEACE4 ,PEACE1 HE >GU$1 WAS NE$$ AT ANY PRICE TO CONSOLIDATE ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA2 TO W9 '! FRE$OM TO C>RY ON SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION AT HOME'4.<#g#c.> 

,! ,LEFT RESPOND$ AGA9 BY /RESS+ ! 9T]NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE1 & >GU$ ?AT AN IMP]IALI/ PEACE ) ,G]MANY W\LD C>RY AS MU* DANG] AS ! CONT9UATION ( ! IMP]IALI/ W>4 ,SU* A PEACE1 BY /R5G!N+ ,G]MANY -- :I* HAD FAC$ A MASSIVE WAVE ( WILDCAT /RIKES 9 E>LY #aiah -- W\LD ACT AGA9/ ! PROSPECTS ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,H5CE1 ,L59'S APP>5T *OICE ( TEMPOR>ILY PRIORITIZ+ ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OV] SPREAD+ ! WORLD REVOLUTION WAS1 = !M1 A FALSE ONE4 ,BY TAK+ A LIMIT$ NATIONALLY ORI5T$ P]SPECTIVE AT ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK :AT W\LD BE CONSOLIDAT$1 !Y >GU$1 WAS NOT 'SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION' BUT ! =CES ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION )9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AS SU*1 ! LEFT COMMUNI/S W]E !N ! E>LIE/ PROPON5TS ( ! VIEW ?AT Y\ CANNOT HAVE SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY4 

,BUT :IL/ ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S POSITION 9ITIALLY HAD MAJORITY SUPPORT FROM ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS1 ?IS SUPPORT FAD$ AS ,G]MANY LAUN*$ AN (F5SIVE4 ,L59'S >GUM5TS1 :I* HE PURSU$ ) VIGOR1 !N PREVAIL$ LEAD+ TO ! TREATY ( ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK1 UND] :I* ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T AGRE$ TO ,G]MAN ANNEXATION ( A VA/ P>T ( ! >EA 9 :I* REVOLUTION HAD BROK5 \T 9CLUD+ ! ,BALTIC NATIONS1 ! ,UKRA9E & A P>T ( ,:ITE ,RUSSIA4.<#g#d.> 

,! SACRIFICE ( PURSU+ WORLD REVOLUTION = NATIONAL 'SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION' BECAME ALL ! GREAT] AS IT BECAME CLE> EXACTLY :AT ,L59 MEANT BY ?IS T]M4 ,9 FACE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS NOT HAV+ A V]Y CLE> PLAN ( :AT TO DO ECONOMICALLY AFT] SEIZ+ P[]1 ! FIR/ FIVE MON?S W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! SELF-ACTIVITY & CREATIVITY ( ! WORK]S4 ,! WORK]S TOOK ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T AS ! SIGNAL TO 9T5SIFY & EXT5D !IR EXPROPRIATION ( ! FACTORIES & REPLACEM5T ( CAPITALI/ CONTROL BY =MS ( DIRECT WORK]S CONTROL4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS NOT 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 BUT BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES ?R\< ! ,SOVIETS & ESPECIALLY ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS RELUCTANTLY OR O!RWISE HAD TO RUN ) ! TIDE AT ?IS PO9T4 ,?IS P]IOD WAS A HI< PO9T ( PROLET>IAN SELF ACTIVITY3 A SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( WORK]S SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS LEGITIMIZ$ 7ONE MI<T >GUE RECUP]AT$7 AFT] ! EV5T ) ! SLOGAN ',LOOT ! ,LOOT]S'1 & !IR DECREES ON ,WORK]S ,CONTROL & ! NATIONALIZATION ( 5T]PRISES4 ,! WORK]S W]E EUPHORIC ) ! COMMUNI/ POSSIBILITIES ( ABOLI%+ EXPLOITATION & CONTROLL+ !IR [N DE/9IES4 

,H[EV]1 BY SPR+ 7AS ! TREATY ( ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK WAS SIGN$71 ,L59 PU%$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO 9ITIATE A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC POLICY CALL$ ! ,NEW ,C\RSE 9VOLV+ A MORE CONCILIATORY ATTITUDE T[>DS 0CREATIVE ELEM5TS0 9 ! BUS9ESS COMMUNITY'4 ,:ILE ,L59 DIDN'T DIS[N 5TIRELY :AT ! WORK]S HAD DONE1 !RE WAS ! CLE> MESSAGE !Y HAD GONE TOO F>4 ,!IR ACTS %\LD N[ BE CURTAIL$ & CONTROLL$4 ,9 !IR PLACE1 HE TALK$ ( SETT+ UP JO9T /ATE_/PRIVATE CAPITALI/ TRU/S4 ,! BASIC IDEA SEEM$ ESS5TIALLY TO BE A MIX$ ECONOMY ) COOP]ATION BETWE5 PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTORS4 ,AL?\< ! ,M5%EVIKS WELCOM$ !SE MEASURES AS ! AB&ONM5T ( ! 'ILLUSORY *ASE AFT] SOCIALISM' & A TURN TO A MORE MOD]ATE REALI/IC PA?1 ,L59 /ILL TRI$ TO DIFF]5TIATE HIMSELF FROM ! ,M5%EVIKS1 BY /AT+ ?AT AS LONG AS ! /ATE REMA9S 9 ! H& ( ! PROLET>IAN P>TY1 ! ECONOMY W\LD NOT DEG5]ATE 9TO NORMAL /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! O!R SIDE ( ?IS FOCUS ON ! 'PROLET>IAN /ATE' WAS ?AT ,L591 :ILE WANT+ A RETURN TO CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION SAW NO NE$ = ! O!R MA9 ,M5%EVIK DEM&3 = 9DEP5D5T WORK]S ORGANIZATION4 ,AS ,L59 PUT IT1 0DEF5SE ( ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S WAS ! TASK ( ! UNIONS UND] CAPITALISM1 BUT S9CE P[] HAS PASS$ TO ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT ! /ATE ITSELF1 9 ITS ESS5CE ! WORK]S /ATE1 DEF5DS ! WORK]S 9T]E/S4' 

,IT IS ?IS ,NEW ,C\RSE :I* ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S W]E TO OPPOSE 9 !IR !SES.<#g#e.> PUBLI%$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! PEACE TREATY4 ,9 IT !Y ID5TIFI$ ! PEACE TREATY AS A CONCESSION TO ! PEASANTS1 & AS A SLIDE T[>DS 'PETTY B\RGEOIS POLITICS ( A NEW TYPE'4 ,!Y SAW BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION AS AN ATTACK ON ! 9DEP5D5T P[] ( ! SOVIETS1 & ON ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & W>N$ ?AT BY SU* MEANS SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T FROM SOCIALISM WAS AB\T TO BE E/ABLI%$4 ,! ,NEW ,C\RSE TALK ( ACCOMMODATION ) CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA WAS SE5 AS EXPRESSIVE ( :AT HAD BECOME CLE> E>LI] ) ,L59'S WILL+NESS TO COMPROMISE ) IMP]IALISM OV] ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK1 NAMELY AN OV]ALL DRIFT T[>DS COMPROMISE ) ! =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL & 9T]NAL CAPITAL4 ,! LEFT COMMUNI/S W>N$ ?AT BEH9D ! >GUM5T = SAV+ & DEF5D+ ,SOVIET P[] 9 ,RUSSIA = 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION LAT]1 :AT W\LD HAPP5 WAS ?AT 0ALL EF=TS WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>DS /R5G!N+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES T[>DS 'ORGANIC CON/RUCTION'1 :ILE REJECT+ ! CONT9U$ SMA%+ ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & EV5 FUR!R+ !IR P>TIAL RE/ORATION40.<P#a.> ,:AT WAS BE+ DEF5D$ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS NOT SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION1 BUT A 'SY/EM ( /ATE CAPITALISM & PETTY B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,! DEF5SE ( ! SOCIALI/ FA!RL&' WILL !N PROVE 9 ACTUAL FACT TO BE DEF5SE ( A PETTY B\RGEOIS MO!RL& SUBJECT TO ! 9FLU5CE ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL40.<P#i.> 

,L59'S ,>GUM5TS = ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM ,V]SUS ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,L59 WAS =C$ TO REPLY TO ?IS ACCUSATION ( PURSU+ /ATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC POLICIES4 ,:AT IS REVEAL+ ?\< IS ?AT :5 HE DID SO 9 ,LEFT ,W+ ,*ILDI%NESS & ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS1 IT WAS NOT BY JU/IFY+ ! REC5T MEASURES AS A =M ( SOCIALISM1 BUT BY FULLY 5DORS+ /ATE CAPITALISM & >GU+ IT W\LD BE AN ADVANCE = ,RUSSIA4 ,HE N[ BR\<T 9TO QUE/ION HIS PRIOR >GUM5TS ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS P>T ( A WORLD /ATE CAPITALISM & ?US RIPE = SOCIALISM1 :I* HAD SEEM$ NECESS>Y TO JU/IFY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,L59 AGA9 RETURN$ TO ! NOTION ( ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS4 ,A !ORY ( TRANSITION BAS$ ON ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ACCEPTANCE ( UNIL9E> 'PROGRESSIVE' /AGES CAME TO ! =E4 ,HE NOT$ ?AT ALL W\LD AGREE ?AT ,RUSSIA BE+ 9 TRANSITION MEANT ?AT IT CONTA9$ ELEM5TS ( SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM1 BUT HE N[ SAID ! ACTUAL SITUATION WAS EV5 MORE COMPLICAT$4 ,9 A MODEL ?AT WE WILL SEE WAS KEY TO HIS UND]/&+1 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS MEANT IT ACTUALLY COMB9$ FIVE TYPES ( ECONOMIC /RUCTURE3 

PATRI>*AL1 I4E4 TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T NATURAL1 PEASANT F>M+2 

SMALL COMMODITY PRODUCTION 7?IS 9CLUDES ! MAJORITY ( ?OSE PEASANTS :O SELL !IR GRA972 

PRIVATE CAPITALISM2 

/ATE CAPITALISM2 

SOCIALISM 

,RUSSIA1 HE CLAIM$1 :ILE HAV+ ADVANC$ POLITICALLY WAS NOT ECONOMICALLY ADVANC$ 5\< = DIRECT ADVANCES T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,! /ATE CAPITALISM1 ?AT HE HAD E>LI] SEEM$ TO AGREE ) ! LEFT COMMUNI/S HAD >RIV$ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS1 N[ HE SAID ONLY A %ELL PI]C$ BY ! L[] =MS ( ECONOMY4 ,! REAL BATTLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 HE CONT5D$1 WAS NOT ?AT ( SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM1 BUT ( /ATE CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM ON ONE SIDE V]SUS ALL ! O!R ECONOMIES ON ! O!R4 ,ECONOMIC GR[? & EV5 ECONOMIC SURVIVAL HE CONT5D$ DEP5D$ ON /ATE CAPITALI/ MEASURES4 ,! ONES HE >GU$ = 9CLUD$ ! PAY+ ( HI< SAL>IES TO B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( RIGID ACC\NT+ & CONTROL ) SEV]E P5ALTIES = ?OSE :O BREAK IT1 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY & 9T5SITY ( LABOR1 PIECE WORK & ! 'SCI5TIFIC & PROGRESSIVE' ELEM5TS ( ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM4 

,! OV]>*+ REPEAT$ DEM& FROM ,L59 WAS = 'DISCIPL9E1 DISCIPL9E1 DISCIPL9E' & HE ID5TIFI$ ?IS ) ! ACCEPTANCE BY ! WORK]S ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T -- ?AT IS 'UNQUE/ION$ OB$I5CE TO ! WILL ( A S+LE P]SON4' ,! >GUM5TS ( ! LEFT ?AT ?IS WAS SUPPRESS+ CLASS AUTONOMY & ?REAT5$ TO 5?RALL$ ! WORK+ CLASS WAS JU/ DISMISS$ BY ,L59 ) ! 9SI/5CE ?AT !RE WAS 0ABSOLUTELY NO CONTRADICTION 9 PR9CIPLE BETWE5 ,SOVIET 7?AT IS1 SOCIALI/7 DEMOCRACY & ! EX]CISE ( DICTATORIAL P[]S BY 9DIVIDUALS40 .< P #b#f#h.> ,ALL IT WAS APP>5TLY1 WAS A MATT] ( LE>N+ 0TO COMB9E ! 0PUBLIC MEET+0 DEMOCRACY ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE -- TURBUL5T1 SURG+1 OV]FL[+ ITS BANKS LIKE A SPR+ FLOOD -- ) IRON DISCIPL9E :ILE AT WORK1 ) UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE TO ! WILL ( A S+LE P]SON1 ! ,SOVIET LEAD]1 :ILE AT WORK4'0 .< P #b#g#a.> ,! PO9T = ,L59 WAS ?AT AS LONG AS IT WAS A PROLET>IAN /ATE ?AT 9TRODUC$ !SE MEASURES IT C\LD PREV5T REGRESSION D[N ! RUNGS ( ! LADD] & PREP>E = ! EV5TUAL MOVEM5T UP T[>DS SOCIALISM4 

,LEFT W+ OPPOSITION TO ,L59'S L9E AT ?IS PO9T HAD TWO MA9 ?RU/S1 :I* 9 P>T REFLECT$ A DIVISION 9 ! #aiah LEFT COMMUNI/S4 ,ONE SIDE WE MI<T CALL 'TE*NOCRATIC'1 EMPHASIZ$ OPPOSITION TO PRECISELY :AT ! ,M5%EVIKS WELCOM$1 NAMELY ! SUGGE/$ COMPROMISES ) PRIVATE CAPITALI/S4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT :OEV] CONTROLL$ ! ECONOMY W\LD CONTROL POLITICS1 CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC P[] W\LD DISSOLVE ! P[] ( ! ,SOVIETS & 'A REAL /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM' & ! RULE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL W\LD BE ! RESULT4 ,! O!R ?RU/ ( LEFT COMMUNI/ CRITICISM WAS AGA9/ ! REEMPLOYM5T ( AU?ORIT>IAN CAPITALI/ RELATIONS & ME?ODS )9 PRODUCTION4 ,AS ,OSS9SKY 9 P>TICUL> >GU$1 ONE MAN MANAGEM5T & ! O!R IMPOSITIONS ( CAPITALI/ DISCIPL9E W\LD /IFLE ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( WORK]S 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION2 ,TAYLORISM TURN$ WORK]S 9TO ! APP5DAGES ( MA*9ES1 & PIECE-WAGES IMPOS$ 9DIVIDUALI/ RA!R ?AN COLLECTIVE REW>DS 9 PRODUCTION SO 9/ALL+ PETTY B\RGEOIS VALUES 9TO WORK]S4 ,9 SUM !SE MEASURES W]E RI<TLY SE5 AS ! RE-TRANS=MATION ( PROLET>IANS )9 PRODUCTION FROM COLLECTIVE SUBJECT BACK 9TO ! ATOMIZ$ OBJECTS ( CAPITAL4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 IT WAS >GU$1 HAD TO CONSCI\SLY P>TICIPATE 9 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 ?IS BE/ T5D5CY )9 ! #aiah ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 !RE WAS AN EMPHASIS ON ! PROBLEM ) CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION BE+ ! WAY IT TURN$ WORK]S 9TO OBJECTS1 & ON ITS TRANSC5D5CE LY+ 9 !IR CONSCI\S CREATIVITY & P>TICIPATION1 ?AT IS REM9ISC5T ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( ALI5ATION4 ,IT IS ! WAY ! ,RUSSIAN LEFT COMMUNI/S >GUM5TS EXPRESS$ & REFLECT$ WORK]S REACTIONS & RESI/ANCE TO ! /ATE CAPITALI/ DIRECTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & WORK]S ASPIRATIONS TO REALLY TRANS=M SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ?AT !RE IMPORTANCE LAY4 ,SU* S5TIM5TS RAN ?R\< ! LEFT OPPOSITIONS1 EV5 IF UNTIL #aiba !IR LOYALTY TO ! P>TY G5]ALLY /OPP$ !M SUPPORT+ WORK]S PRACTICAL EXPRESSIONS ( RESI/ANCE4 ,AS ,OSS9SKY PUT IT3 

0,WE /& = ! CON/RUCTION ( ! PROLET>IAN SOCIETY BY ! CLASS CREATIVITY ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 NOT BY ! UKASES ( ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO CREATE ! NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITES = ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 NO ONE CAN DO ?IS = IT & NO ONE CAN COMPEL IT TO DO ?IS4 ,! /ICK1 IF RAIS$ AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 WILL F9D ITSELF 9 ! H&S ( A SOCIAL =CE :I* IS EI!R UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ANO!R SOCIAL CLASS OR IS 9 ! H&S ( ! SOVIET P[]44 ,SOCIALISM & SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION WILL BE SET UP BY ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 OR !Y WILL NOT BE SET UP AT ALL3 SOME?+ ELSE WILL BE SET UP -- /ATE CAPITALISM40.<#g#f.> 

,!SE >GUM5TS ( ,OSS9SKY REPRES5T$ ! BE/ ELEM5T 9 ! LEFT COMMUNI/S' POSITIONS3 A RECOGNITION ?AT ! MASS CREATIVITY & AUTONOMY ( ! WORK]S WAS ESS5TIAL TO ANY MOVE T[>DS COMMUNISM1 ?US ?AT NATIONALIZATION OR /ATISATION ( PRODUCTION WAS NOT 5\<4 ,L59'S VIEW WAS ?AT DIRECT WORK]S CONTROL ( !IR [N ACTIVITY WAS AN ISSUE = ! FUTURE & ?AT 9 ! MEANTIME IRON DISCIPL9E WAS REQUIR$4 

',W> ,COMMUNISM' 

,! CONDITIONS ( CIVIL W> & IMP]IALI/ 9VASION ?AT ,RUSSIA FELL 9TO 9 ! SECOND HALF ON #a#i#a#h1 ALT]$ ! CONDITIONS ( DEBATE & BROKE ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S AS A COHESIVE OPPOSITION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 :]E ! ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS ,:ITE >MIES COMMITT$ TO ! RE/ORATION ( ! OLD ORD]1 CRITICISM BY WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ! MEASURES ! P>TY WAS TAK+1 WAS TEMP]$4 ,BUT AP>T FROM ?IS PRAGMATIC ISSUE1 ! CIVIL W> ALSO EXPOS$ ! 9ADEQUATE F\NDATION MU* ! LEFT COMMUNI/ CRITICISM HAD BE5 BAS$ ON4 ,CONSID]+ ?AT1 = MANY LEFT COMMUNI/S1 !IR CRITIQUE ( ! ,NEW ,C\RSE1 & ! CONSEQU5T ACCUSATION ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 WAS BAS$ MA9LY ON ! NOTION ( COMPROMISE ) PRIVATE CAPITALI/S1 & P]CEIV$ CONCESSIONS TO ! PEASANTRY1 9 ! FACE ( :AT WAS TO BE CALL$ 'W> COMMUNISM' !Y HAD V]Y LITTLE LEFT TO CRITICIZE4 ,NOT ONLY DID A :OLE WAVE ( NATIONALIZATIONS TAKE PLACE1 VIRTUALLY WIP+ \T ! PREVI\S ROLE ( ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/1 BUT IF !RE WAS ONE ?+ W> COMMUNISM WAS NOT1 IT WAS SY/EM BAS$ ON CONCESSIONS TO ! PEASANTS4 ,IT CONSEQU5TLY BECAME DIFFICULT = !M TO DESCRIBE ,RUSSIA AS /ATE CAPITALI/4 

,9 FACT1 ! TE*NOCRATIC W+ ( ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ EV5 W5T AS F> AS WELCOM+ 'W> COMMUNISM' AS A REAL ADVANCE TO COMMUNISM4 ,& :5 W> COMMUNISM RESULT$ 9 MASS 9FLATION VIRTUALLY WIP+ \T MONEY1 !Y EQUALLY SAW IT AS A G5]AL MOVE TO AN ECONOMY 9 K9D ) ALL SORTS ( TRANSACTIONS1 EV5 WAGES1 CEAS+ TO USE MONEY4 ,! SELF-EMANCIPATORY W+1 7:I* WAS TO PROVIDE BO? ! ORIG9AL >GUM5TS AS WELL AS P]SONNEL ( ! LAT] LEFT OPPOSITIONS ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,C5TRALI/S & ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION7 TOOK A MORE CAUTI\S /&4 ,!Y HAD T5D$ TO FOCUS !IR CRITICISM ON ! EXCESSIVE C5TRALIZATION ( P[] & ! BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( ! /ATE ECONOMY1 TO :I* !Y C\NT]-POS$ A RE/ORATION ( P[] & LOCAL 9ITIATIVE TO ! SOVIETS & O!R WORK]S' BODIES4 ,BUT )\T ! O!R COMPON5TS ( !IR E>LI] CRITIQUE1 & CONSID]+ ?AT ,L59 HIMSELF HAD DESCRIB$ /ATE CAPITALISM -- ) ALL ITS MANAGEM5T ME?ODS -- AS PLAY+ A PROGRESSIVE P>T1 ! LEFT OPPOSITIONS CEAS$ TO DESCRIBE IT AS SU*4 

,! MI/AKE ( CONFUS+ ! W>-TIME MEASURES AS A /EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM BECAME CLE> AS ! W> CAME TO AN 5D & ! ,BOL%EVIKS TRI$ TO /EP UP ! W> ECONOMY MEASURES4.<#g#g.> ,! FALLACY ( ASSOCIAT+ /ATE-CONTROL ) SOCIALISM1 DESPITE ! 9T5SIFICATION ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 BECAME CLE> AS WORK]S & PEASANTS REACT$ TO !IR MAT]IAL SITUATION ) A WAVE ( /RIKES & UPRIS+S4 ,! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT 9 P>TICUL> %[$ ! GIANT GULF BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,DESPITE ?IS G5]AL DISCONT5T1 BO? \TSIDE & )9 ! P>TY1 ,L59 RESPOND$ )1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P71 & ON ! O!R1 ! BANN+ ( FACTIONS ) ! FAM\S /ATEM5T ?AT WAS TO *>ACT]IZE ! REGIME !REAFT]3 ',H]E & !RE ) A RIFLE1 BUT NOT ) OPPOSITION2 WE'VE HAD 5\< OPPOSITION'4 

,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY3 ,NEW ,OPPOSITION 

,IT IS IMPORTANT !N TO GRASP ?AT ! ,N,E,P1 :I* WAS ESS5TIALLY A RETURN TO ! MOD]ATE /ATE CAPITALISM *AMPION$ BY ,L59 9 ! ,NEW ,C\RSE DEBATE1 DID NOT M>K AN AB&ONM5T ( COMMUNISM1 BUT M]ELY A *ANGE 9 ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,C5TRAL TO ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 WAS A *ANG$ RELATION TO ! PEASANTRY ) A PROGRESSIVE TAX 9 K9D REPLAC+ /ATE PROCUREM5T & LEAV+ ! PEASANTS FREE TO TRADE = A PR(IT ANY?+ LEFT ABOVE ?IS4 ,FREE TRADE :I* HAD NOT DISAPPE>$ WAS N[ LEGAL4 ,ON ! 9DU/RIAL FRONT SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION WAS TOTALLY D5ATIONALIZ$ & MANY1 ?\< NOT ! L>GE/ FACTORIES1 LEAS$ BACK TO !IR =M] [N]S TO RUN ON A CAPITALI/ BASIS4 ,= ! WORK+ CLASS !RE WAS RE9TRODUC$ PAYM5T ( WAGES 9 CA% & *>GES = PREVI\SLY FREE S]VICES4 ,! COMM& ECONOMY ( ! 'W> COMMUNISM' YE>S WAS AB&ON$ 9 FAVOR ( ! RUNN+ ( ! ECONOMY ON A COMM]CIAL BASIS4 ,NEV]!LESS ! COMM&+ HEI<TS ( ! ECONOMY REMA9$ UND] /ATE CONTROL & ! BASIS = SY/EMATIC /ATE PLANN+ 9 T]MS ( =ECA/+ ETC4 CONT9U$ TO BE DEVELOP$4 ,9 FACT1 ! V]Y CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! ,NEW ,C\RSE & ! ,N,E,P ALSO %[$ UP 9 ! FACT ?AT ,L591 9 TRY+ TO JU/IFY ! ,N,E,P 9 ! PAMPHLET ,TAX 9 ,K9D1 REPR9T$ L>GE P>TS ( HIS E>LI] CRITIQUE ( ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 9CLUD+ ! '#e SOCIO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURES' MODEL ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 

,9 #aiba ,L59 GAVE ! SAME REPLY TO ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION ACCUSATIONS ( /ATE CAPITALISM AS HE HAD TO ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 9 #a#i#a#h1 NAMELY ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE A TREM5D\S /EP =W>D FROM :AT ,RUSSIA ACTUALLY WAS1 :I* WAS A 'PETTY PRODUC] CAPITALISM ) A WORK+-CLASS P>TY CONTROLL+ ! /ATE4'.<#g#h.> ,! KEY ?+ AB\T ! REGIME DEVELOP+ AT ! TIME ( ,N,E,P WAS ?AT1 ACCOMPANY+ ECONOMIC CONCESSIONS TO PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 WAS 9T5SIFI$ POLITICAL REPRESSION1 ! BANN+ ( FACTIONS 9 ! P>TY1 & NON-TOL]ATION ( ANY 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS ,CILIGA LAT] OBS]V$1 BE=E ! ,N,E,P ! 9T5SITY ( REPRESSION ( LEFT OPPOSITION HAD V>I$1 AFT] ?IS DATE ALL OPPOSITION WAS REPRESS$ ON PR9CIPLE & ! TREATM5T ( PRISON]S GREW WORSE4.<#g#i.> 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ( POLITICAL REPRESSION & ECONOMIC RE-IMPOSITION ( CAPITALI/ =MS ?AT A NUMB] ( SMALL OPPOSITION GR\PS EM]G$1 :I* AGA9 TOOK UP ! NOTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,:AT WAS COMMON TO !SE NEW GR\PS WAS ?AT1 UNLIKE ! PREVI\S LEFT COMMUNI/ T5D5CY & ! LAT] LEFT OPPOSITION ( ,TROTSKY1 !SE GR\PS DID MAKE A DECISIVE BREAK FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,ONE SU* GR\P ?AT EM]G$ WAS ! ,WORK]S ,TRU? C5T]$ >\ND AN OLD LEFT ADV]S>Y ( ,L591 ,BOGDANOV4 ,9 ISSU+ AN ,APPEAL1 />T+ ) ,M>X'S FAM\S '! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S CAN ONLY BE ! DE$ ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES'1 !Y >GU$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY WAS NO LONG] A PROLET>IAN P>TY1 BUT RA!R ! P>TY ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS1 & ?US !Y CALL$ = A NEW P>TY4.<#h.> 

,) AT FIR/ A LITTLE LESS !ORETICAL CL>ITY1 IT WAS H[EV]1 ! ,WORK]S ,GR\P1 C5T]$ >\ND ,MIASNIKOV1 ?AT MADE ! BIGGE/ IMPACT ON ! CLASS4 ,! MA9 OPPOSITION /R& HAD BE5 ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION1 :I* :ILE APPE>+ TO SUPPORT ! WORK+ CLASS1 HAD ESS5TIALLY BE5 DEM&+ A TRANSF] ( P[] FROM ONE P>TY FACTION TO ANO!R1 NAMELY ?AT ORGANIZ$ 9 ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,MIASNIKOV & HIS SUPPORT]S HAD AT ?IS PO9T REJECT$ BO? ! /ATE ECONOMIC BODIES & ! TRADE UNIONS AS BUREAUCRATIZ$ =MS1 & 9 >GU+ = A RETURN ( P[] TO ! SOVIETS1 HAD IMPLICITLY QUE/ION$ ! P>TY4 ,MIASNIKOV /OOD \T EV5 MORE BY NOT SUPPORT+ ! REPRESSION ( ,KRON/ADT1 :I* HE DESCRIB$ AS AN ABYSS ! P>TY HAD CROSS$4 ,?IS WILL+NESS TO BREAK ) ! P>TY WAS CRUCIAL BECAUSE OPPOSITIONS UNTIL !N1 ?\< REFLECT+ DISCONT5T \TSIDE ! P>TY1 HAD REMA9$ W$D$ TO IT SEEK+ REFUGE 9 ORGANIZATIONAL FIXES ?AT FAIL$ CONSPICU\SLY TO DELIV]4 

,9 #aibc !Y PRODUC$ A ,MANIFE/O APPEAL+ TO BO? ! ,RUSSIAN & 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT4 ,RA!R ?AN !ORETICAL CONSID]ATIONS !IR DESCRIPTION ( ! ,N,E,P AS /&+ = ! ',NEW ,EXPLOITATION ( ! ,PROLET>IAT' SIMPLY TRIES TO EXPRESS ! CONDITIONS ?AT ! WORK]S W]E FAC+4 ,!Y D5\NC$ ! ATTACKS ON ! WORK+ CLASS ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS C>RY+ \T MAK+ A PO9T ?AT E*O$ ,LUXEMBURG3.<#h#a.> 0! B\RGEOISIE HAS1 & WILL HAVE1 NO BETT] ADVOCATE' ?AN ! 'SOCIALI/S ( ALL C\NTRIES' BECAUSE !Y HAVE ! ABILITY TO DISORI5TATE ! PROLET>IAT ) !IR PHRASES4 ,OR AGA93 'A V]Y GREAT DANG] ?REAT5S ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 NOT SO MU* FROM \TSIDE AS FROM 9SIDE ITSELF4' ,EXPRESS+ ?IS EMPHASIS ON ! WORLD PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T ! WORK]S GR\P TOOK A RESOLUTELY 9T]NATIONALI/ L9E4 ,!Y W]E SURE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT'S ONLY HOPE LAY 9 AID FROM REVOLUTION ELSE:]E4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES ( A 'SOCIALI/ UNIT$ FRONTS' & WORK]S GOV]NM5TS W]E ACT+ AGA9/ ?AT HOPE ( WORLD REVOLUTION4.<#h#b.> 

,H[EV]1 ! REAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! GR\P WAS ! FACT ?AT !Y TOOK !IR CRITICISM ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ DIRECTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( SUPPORT+ PROLET>IAN OPPOSITION TO ! REGIME4 ,9 LATE '#b#c A WAVE ( /RIKES BROKE \T & ! ,WORK]S ,GR\P BECAME 9VOLV$ GA9+ AN 9FLU5CE = !IR ,MANIFE/O AMONG ! PROLET>IAT & PROMPT+ !IR SUPPRESSION BY ! SECRET POLICE4 ,SOON !IR EXI/5CE WAS RELEGAT$ TO ! PRISON CAMPS OR 9 EXILE4 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT !Y MOV$ AWAY FROM !IR FOCUS ON ! ,N,E,P1 & />T$ TO QUE/ION W> COMMUNISM4 ,!RE !IR /ATE CAPITALI/ ANALYSIS BECAME MORE & MORE 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! CAMPS :]E1 AS ,CILIGA OBS]V$1 A POLITICAL LIFE REPRESS$ ELSE:]E CONT9U$4 ,!Y EXT5D$ !IR CRITIQUE TO ! SORT ( 'SOCIALISM' ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TRI$ TO CREATE EV5 BE=E ,N,E,P1 >GU+ ?AT BECAUSE IT WAS BAS$ ON CO]CION OV] ! WORK+ CLASS & NOT ! FREE CREATION ( ! CLASS1 WAS 9 REALITY A BUREAUCRATIC /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,WE HAVE LOOK$ !N AT ?OSE >GUM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT MO/ ILLUM9AT+ = AN UND]/&+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! #aiah ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S WAS NOT JU/ ! FACT ?AT !Y RI<T FROM AN E>LY /AGE >GU$ ?AT !RE WAS A DANG] ?AT NOT SOCIALISM1 BUT CAPITALISM W\LD EM]GE FROM ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE 9 HIS BATTLES ) !M1 ,L59 MO/ EXPLICITLY REVEAL$ HIS [N SUPPORT = '/ATE CAPITALISM'4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ,MIASNIKOV'S ,WORK]S ,GR\P LAY 9 !M BE+ ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ( ! PO/ #aiba GR\PS :O TOOK !IR CRITICISM ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ DIRECTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( SUPPORT+ PROLET>IAN OPPOSITION TO ! REGIME4 ,!IR CONFRONTATION ) ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE WAS F> MORE CONSI/5T & COH]5T ?AN ?AT ( ,TROTSKY'S ,LEFT OPPOSITION4 ,H[EV] WE CANNOT SAY ?AT !Y PROVID$ ! !ORETICAL >GUM5TS TO SOLIDLY GR\ND A !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,WE WILL TURN N[ TO ! T5D5CIES 9 ,EUROPE1 ) :OM !Y MADE CONTACT1 TO SEE IF !Y HAD MORE SUCCESS4 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT 
,! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT 

,9 ,G]MANY ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A T5SION BETWE5 (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL EXPRESSIONS ( WORK+ CLASS /R5G?4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7,S,P,D71 :I* HAD F\ND$ & DOM9AT$ ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 HAD GR[N TO AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE 7ALMO/ BECOM+ A '/ATE )9 A /ATE'71 & WAS RECEIV+ /EADILY L>G] PROPORTION ( VOTES 9 ELECTIONS4 ,ON ! O!R1 !RE WAS ALSO AN 9CREAS$ MILITANCY & RADICALIZATION ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 MANIFE/+ ITSELF 9 MORE & MORE /RIKES & LOCK\TS.<#h#c.> -- /RUGGLES ?AT 9 MANY CASES W5T BEYOND ECONOMIC DEM&S & TOOK ON A MASS & POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,:ILE A LEFT RADICAL CURR5T )9 ! ,S,P,D WAS TO SEE !SE AS A WAY ! CLASS WAS DEVELOP+ T[>DS REVOLUTION1 ! MA9/REAM P>TY & TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP SET ITSELF AGA9/ !SE NEW =MS ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! YE>S TO COME !SE TWO EXPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS W]E TO DRA/ICALLY CLA%4 ,9DE$ ! DIRECT /RUGGLE BETWE5 CLASS & CAPITAL W\LD BECOME ?AT ( REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY ( ! PROLET>IAT & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY SID+ ) & REPRES5T+ CAPITAL4 

,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! GRADUALI/ PRACTICE ( ! ,S,P,D FIR/ CAME BRUTALLY TO LI<T :51 9 ! 9T]E/ ( PREP>+ = ! NEXT ELECTION1 ! P>TY /EPP$ 9 TO DEMOBILIZE A WAVE ( 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLES & SUFFRAGE AGITATION ?AT SWEPT ,PRUSSIA 9 #a#i#a4 ,AL?\< LEAD+ TO SOME FI]CE >GUM5TS OV] /RATEGY BETWE5 ,KAUTSKY & ! EM]G+ RADICAL LEFT T5D5CY1 IT WAS ONLY ) ! W> ?AT !SE OPPOSITIONS MADE MOVES T[>DS A SPLIT ) ! P>TY4 ,DESPITE ALWAYS HAV+ HAD A POSITION ( OPPOS+ IMP]IALI/ W>S1 ! ,S,P,D & ! UNIONS TURN$ TO SOCIAL PATRIOTISM -- ! P>TY VOT$ = W> CR$ITS & ! UNIONS SIGN$ A PACT TO MA9TA9 W> PRODUCTION & PREV5T /RIKES4 ,AS A RESULT1 TWO MA9 OPPOSITION T5D5CIES EM]G$3 ! LEFT-COMMUNI/ T5D5CY ?AT SPLIT FROM ! P>TY1 & ! ,SP>TACI/S ?AT AT FIR/ TRI$ TO /AY )9 ! P>TY & RE=M IT FROM )94 ,H[EV]1 !IR DIFF]5T RESPONSES TO ! ,S,P,D'S TURN TO SOCIAL PATRIOTISM1 WAS EMBLEMATIC ( :AT WAS TO FOLL[4 ,:IL/ ! LEFT COMMUNI/S ?R\<\T PUT !MSELVES ON ! SIDE ( REVOLUTION1 ! ,SP>TACI/ LEAD]%IP NEV] 5TIRELY MANAG$ TO BREAK FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTIONS4 

,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,BREAK+ FROM ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 

,BUT :IL/ ,S,P,D'S SUPPORT = ! W> WAS IMPORTANT 9 G5]AT+ A RADICAL LEFT T5D5CY1 IT WAS ONLY 9 ! FACE ( ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT ! OV]TLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BECAME CLE> TO L>GE NUMB]S ( WORK]S4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 A MASSIVE 9SPIRATION = REVOLUTION>IES & ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 E>LY #aiah !RE WAS A WAVE ( MASS WILDCAT /RIKES4 ,& AL?\< ! ,S,P,D PUT A LID ON !SE /RUGGLES1 ! OPPOSITION KEPT GR[+4 ,F9ALLY 9 ,NOVEMB]1 REVOLUTION BROKE \T :5 SAILORS MUT9IES & A G5]ALIZ$ SETT+ UP ( WORK]S C\NCILS 5D$ ! FIR/ WORLD W>4 ,! RUL+ CLASS1 KN[+ ?AT IT C\LD 9 NO WAY CONTA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE1 TURN$ TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TO SAVE ! NATION1 & APPO9T$ ! ,S,P,D LEAD] AS *ANCELLOR4 ,KN[+ ?AT DIRECT CONFRONTATION W\LD GET !M NO:]E1 !Y SET !MSELVES TO DE/ROY ! C\NCILS FROM )94 ,! ,SP>TACI/S1 TRAPP$ )9 A 'C5TRI/' FACTION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 C\LD ONLY WAT* :ILE IT HELP$ ! ,S,P,D 9 ?IS TASK4 ,! ,S,P,D ?US MANAG$ TO GET A MAJORITY VOTE AT ! FIR/ ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S ,C\NCILS 9 FAVOR ( ELECTIONS TO A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY & = DISSOLV+ ! C\NCILS 9 FAVOR ( ?AT P>LIAM5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! TRADE UNIONS WORK$ H& 9 H& ) MANAGEM5T TO GET REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S DISMISS$ & TO DE/ROY 9DEP5D5T C\NCIL ACTIVITY 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,C\NCILS AGA9/ P>LIAM5T & TRADE UNIONS BECAME ! WAT* WORD ( REVOLUTION>IES4 

,RECOGNIZ+ ! DEP? ( !IR FAILURE1 ! ,SP>TACI/S BROKE FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & JO9$ ! LEFT COMMUNI/S TO =M ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY 7,K,P,D74 ,& 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i1 )9 DAYS ( ?IS F\ND+ CONF]5CE1 ! ,K,P,D WAS TE/$ 9 COMBAT4 ,PREMATURELY PROVOK$ TO ACTION BY ! GOV]NM5T1 REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ,B]L9 ATTEMPT$ TO OV]?R[ ! ,S,P,D GOV]NM5T 9 FAVOR ( A C\NCIL REPUBLIC4 ,! ,K,P,D PUT ITSELF ON ! SIDE ( ! 9SURRECTION1 :I* WAS CRU%$ BY ! ,S,P,D M9I/] ,NOSKE'S FREICORPS -- A VOLUNTE] >MY ( PROTO-FASCI/ EX-(FIC]S & SOLDI]S4 ,! ,SP>TACI/ LEAD]S1 ,LUXEMBURG & ,LIEBKNE*T1 W]E >RE/$ & MURD]$4 ,OV] ! NEXT MON?S REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS 9 ,BAV>IA1 ,BREM51 ,WILHEM%AV5 & O!R PLACES1 W]E LIKEWISE DEFEAT$ 9 ISOLATION4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ?R\< >M$ =CE :5 NECESS>Y1 BUT MORE FUNDAM5TALLY ?R\< ! IDEOLOGICAL HOLD IT & ITS TRADE UNIONS HAD OV] ! WORK+ CLASS1 HAD DEFEAT$ ! REVOLUTION & SAV$ ,G]MAN CAPITALISM4 

,H[EV]1 )9 ! CLASS !RE WAS ALSO A PROCESS ( RADICALIZATION4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( WORK]S1 RECOGNIZ+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! ,S,P,D & ! UNIONS1 & HAV+ F\<T ,S,P,D TROOPS & POLICE ON ! /REETS1 REJECT$ ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM & LEFT ! UNIONS4 ,AS AN ALT]NATIVE !Y =M$ FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS TO PROVIDE A MEANS = UNIT$ PROLET>IAN ACTION1 & TO BE READY = ! RE-=MATION ( REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL P[]4 ,:ILE ! MAJORITY ( ! ,K,P,D1 9CLUD+ ! RANK & FILE ,SP>TACI/S1 SUPPORT$ !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 ! ,SP>TACI/ LEAD]%IP /ILL WANT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ELECTIONS & ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,9 MID-#a#i#a#i1 BY A S]IES ( BUREAUCRATIC MANEUV]S !Y MANAG$ TO EXCLUDE ! MAJORITY FROM ! P>TY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ESS5TIALLY SID$ ) ?IS RUMP LEAD]%IP4 ,! BASIS ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ LEFT & ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS PREP>$4 

,9 ,M>*_/,APRIL #aib ! SPLIT 9 ! ,K,P,D WAS TO BECOME P]MAN5T4 ,AT ?IS TIME ! FREICORPS ?AT ! ,S,P,D HAD US$ TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION1 TURN$ ON !IR MA/]S & LAUN*$ A C\P3 ! ,KAPP PUTS*4 ,! TRADE UNIONS CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS RESPOND$ TO SOLIDLY1 BR++ ! C\NTRY TO A /OP4 ,! C\P COLLAPS$1 BUT WORK]S W]E N[ MOBILIZ$ ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RON<OLD ( ! ,RUHR ! WORK]S HAD =M$ A #h1 /RONG ,R$ ,>MY ?AT REFUS$ TO DIS>M4 ,AL?\< HAV+ BE5 SAV$ BY ?IS REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE1 ! ,S,P,D SAW !IR ROLE AS ! SAME AS IT HAD BE5 A YE> PREVI\SLY1 NAMELY TO MAKE SURE ?AN ! /RUGGLES DID NOT DEVELOP 9TO FULL SCALE REVOLUTION4 ,ONLY ?IS TIME1 !Y DID NOT HAVE ! SAME WORK+ CLASS CR$IBILITY ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY ALL[$ !M TO CONTROL ! SITUATION4 ,FAC$ BY ?IS1 !Y *OSE A DUAL /RATEGY3 TO REE/ABLI% !IR SOCIALI/ CR$IBILITY !Y TALK$ ( =M+ A GOV]NM5T COMPOS$ ONLY ( WORK]S P>TIES1 :IL/ AT ! SAME TIME S5D+ 9 !IR -- N[ LOYAL ONCE MORE -- TROOPS TO ATTACK & DIS>M ! ,RUHR4 

,! TWO SIDES ( ,G]MAN 'COMMUNISM' REACT$ TOTALLY DIFF]5TLY TO !SE EV5TS4 ,! EXCLUD$ MAJORITY ( ! P>TY PUT !MSELVES ) ! WORK+ CLASS REACTION FROM ! BEG9N+ & SUPPORT$ ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 ! ,RUHR :5 ! ,S,P,D TROOPS ATTACK$ IT4 ,! RUMP LEAD]%IP ( ! ,K,P,D1 :ILE IT HAD 9ITIALLY SAID IT W\LD NOT 'LIFT A F+]' = ! ,S,P,D GOV]NM5T1 QUICKLY *ANG$ ITS POSITION TO TOTAL SUPPORT4 ,IT (F]$ ITSELF A 'LOYAL OPPOSITION' TO ! PROPOS$ 'WORK]S GOV]NM5T'1 & CALL$ ON ! >M$ WORK]S TO NOT TO RESI/ ! ,S,P,D TROOPS4 ,?US ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! SITUATION WAS DEFEAT$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,MOSC[ SUPPORT$ ,K,P,D1 :O CLAIM$ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y BREAK FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! LEFT COMMUNI/ SIDE ( ! ,K,P,D1 FEEL+ NO RAPPRO*EM5T WAS POSSIBLE ) A GR\P ?AT HAD TACITLY SUPPORT$ ! VIOL5T SUPPRESSION ( ! CLASS1 =M$ ITSELF AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY 7,K,A,P,D71 ORI5TAT$ TOTALLY T[>DS ! C\NCILS4 ,! QUE/ION IS ( C\RSE H[ !SE LESSONS AFFECT$ !IR VIEW ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,G]MAN ,LEFT & ! ,COM9T]N 

,= !SE REVOLUTION>IES ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S MOVEM5T HAD %[N ! FUNDAM5TAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! ME?ODS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD SEEM$ TO !M ?AT ',BOL%EVIK PR9CIPLES' SU* AS ! SUPPRESSION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ITS REPLACEM5T BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT ?R\< WORK]S C\NCILS1 W]E KEY TO OV]COM+ ! OPPORTUNISM ( ! ,S,P,D & W9N+ ! REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ',BOL%EVISM' HAD HELP$ !IR BREAK FROM ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! FACT ?AT ! L9E COM+ \T ( ,MOSC[ SEEM$ TO FAVOR SOME ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS ! LEFT COMMUNI/S W]E BREAK+ FROM1 WAS M]ELY SE5 AS BE+ BAS$ ON !IR UNFAMILI>ITY ) ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN SITUATION4 ,!Y ?\<T ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E FALSELY G5]ALIZ+ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION1 9 :I* ! USE ( P>LIAM5T>Y ME?ODS ETC4 MI<T HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y1 TO ! WE/ ,EUROPEAN SITUATION :]E ! BREAK ) P>LIAM5T>Y PRACTICES1 & ! EMPHASIS ON C\NCILISM WAS ESS5TIAL = ! REVOLUTION TO SUCCE$4 ,EV5 :5 ,L59 LAUN*$ ,LEFT-,W+ ,COMMUNISM -- ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD] A VICI\S POLEMIC AGA9/ !M & 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,K,P,D L9E1 !Y /ILL ?\<T IT WAS A MATT] ( ,L59 NOT UND]/&+ ! CONDITIONS = REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/4 ,EV5 :5 .<,OTTO.> ,RUHLE1 !IR DELEGATE TO ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N1 RETURN$ >GU+ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS 'SOVIET' ONLY 9 NAME1 ! MAJORITY OPPOS$ HIS VIEW4 ,H[EV]1 ,RUHLE'S C\NCILI/ >GUM5T ?AT :AT ,RUSSIA %[$ WAS ?AT P>TY-RULE WAS A B\RGEOIS =M1 ?AT 'REVOLUTION WAS NOT A P>TY AFFAIR'1 BUT A MATT] ( C\NCILS & UNIT>Y FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS ONLY1 WAS LAT] TO BECOME ! DOM9ANT POSITION ( ! REMA9S ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 

,H[EV]1 AT ?IS TIME1 IT WAS ONLY :5 ! ,COM9T]N ADOPT$ A L9E ( A 'UNIT$ FRONT'1 & ORD]$ ! ,K,A,P,D TO LIQUIDATE & RE-JO9 ! ,K,P,D1 :I* HAD BY !N M]G$ ) LEFT SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 DID !Y />T TO RE?9K !IR POSITION4 ,BY LATE #aiba -- AS A RESULT ( HE>+ AB\T ! ,N,E,P1 ! SUPPRESSION ( /RIKES1 AS WELL AS ,RUSSIA'S WILL+NESS TO MAKE COMM]CIAL & MILIT>Y TREATIES ) CAPITALI/ P[]S -- !Y DECID$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,COM9T]N HAD LEFT ! FIELD ( REVOLUTION4 ,!Y BEGAN TO CONSID] ?AT !RE MI<T HAVE BE5 9T]NAL CONDITIONS =C+ ! C\NT] REVOLUTION>Y POLICIES ABROAD4 ,! ,:ITE C\NT]-REVOLUTION HAD FAIL$1 YET ,RUSSIA WAS ACT+ 9 A CAPITALI/ WAY BO? AT HOME & ABROAD4 ,:AT WAS ! EXPLANATION = ?IS8 

,! SPECT] ( ,M5%EVISM3 ,OCTOB]1 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION8 

,9 #a#i#a#g1 :5 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS HAD SUPPORT$ ! ,M5%EVIK L9E ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ONLY READY = A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT HAD WELCOM$ ,OCTOB] AS ! FIR/ CRACK 9 B\RGEOIS P[] -- ! />T ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,N[ ) IT APPE>+ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E RETREAT+ FROM ! PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ PA?1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT />T$ A MOVE BACK TO OR?ODOXY4 ,/>T+ ) A REVIS$ NOTION ?AT ,OCTOB] WAS A DUAL REVOLUTION1 !Y W]E TO 5D BY DECID+ IT WAS A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ?R\< & ?R\<4 ,KEY TO !IR UND]/&+ WAS ! P]CEIV$ DOM9ANCE ( ! PEASANTS 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,?IS FIR/ MANIFE/$ ITSELF :51 9 ! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL !Y TRI$ TO SET UP AS A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,COM9T]N1 !Y NOT ONLY QUALIFI$ !IR PREVI\S VIEW ( ! SOCIALI/ *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION BY GO+ = A NOTION ( DUAL REVOLUTION1 BUT DREW ! FUR!R CONCLUSION ?AT ! 5D RESULT HAD NOT BE5 SOCIALISM1 BUT /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,AS ,GORT] PUT IT1 09 ! L>GE T[NS IT WAS A *ANGE FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS A *ANGE FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! L>GE T[NS ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CAME TO PASS3 9 ! C\NTRY ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION40.<#h#d.> ,! REF]5CE TO ! PASS+ ( ! SOCIALI/ SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS A REF]5CE TO H[1 AS !Y >GU$1 ! ,N,E,P HAD NOT M]ELY BE5 A 'CONCESSION' TO ! PEASANTRY1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS TALK$ ( IT1 BUT HAD BE5 A COMPLETE CAPITULATION TO ! PEASANT -- = !M1 B\RGEOIS -- SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! EFFECT WAS ?AT ! PROLET>IAN SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 SACRIFIC$1 & :AT HAD BE5 PUT 9 ITS PLACE WAS 9/EAD A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,BACK TO ,LUXEMBURG8 

,IT WAS ! C5TRAL1 IF IMPLICIT1 ROLE ( ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION & ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE WAS TO PLAY 9 !IR !ORIES ?AT L$ !M TO RETURN1 IRONICALLY TO ,LUXEMBURG4 ,9 #aiah %E WROTE A TEXT -- ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION -- 9 :I*1 :ILE DECL>+ SOLID>ITY ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 %E MADE SOME DEEP CRITICISMS ( !IR ACTIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 NE>LY ALL ( :I* ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT W]E TO TAKE UP AS !IR [N4 ,WRITT5 BE=E ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION1 H] CONDEMNATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS1 H[EV]1 SECOND>Y TO H] CONDEMNATION ( ! PASSIVITY ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS = NOT FOLL[+ !IR REVOLUTION>Y EXAMPLE4 ,%E HAD NO TIME = ! ,M5%EVIK L9E E*O$ BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9 ,G]MANY ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ONLY READY = A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,9/EAD %E 9SI/$ ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W]E 0A PRODUCT ( 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5TS PLUS ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION' :I* 'CANNOT POSSIBLY BE SOLV$ )9 ! LIMITS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY' & ?US ?AT ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION DEP5D$ ON ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT1 ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT )\T :I* AID ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION C\LD NOT FAIL TO BECOME DI/ORT$1 BECOM+ 'TANGL$ 9 A MAZE ( CONTRADICTIONS & BLUND]S4' 7P4 #b#i7 ,! ,G]MAN ,LEFT -- NOT GUILTY LIKE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ( BETRAY+ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION -- C\LD SEE ITSELF AS !ORETICALLY UNTANGL+ !SE CONTRADICTIONS & BLUND]S :I* ! FAILURE ( WORLD REVOLUTION HAD L$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9TO4 

,! BLUND]S ,LUXEMBURG CRITICIZ$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS = W]E3 !IR L9E ON NATIONAL SELF DET]M9ATION2 !IR SUPPRESSION ( ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY & VOT+2 !IR T5D5CY T[>DS A ,JACOB9 ,P>TY DICTATOR%IP RA!R ?AN A REAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9VOLV+ ! MASSES2 & !IR L& POLICY :I* %E SAID W\LD CREATE 'A NEW & P[]FUL LAY] ( POPUL> 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM ON ! C\NTRYSIDE1 5EMIES :OSE RESI/ANCE WILL BE MU* MORE DANG]\S & /UBBORN ?AN ?AT ( ! NOBLE L>GE L&[N]S40 .<P #d#f.> ,GIV+ ?IS LA/ PO9T DECISIVE IMPORTANCE1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT SUPPORT$ ALL ( ,LUXEMBURG CRITICISMS EXCEPT = H] POSITION ON ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 

,9 FACT ! IMPORTANCE !Y ATTA*$ TO ?IS LA/ PO9T BECAME EV5 CLE>] :5 ,GORT]1 9 DRAW+ UPON ,LUXEMBURG'S ASSESSM5T ( ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP1 NEV]!LESS PUT A DIFF]5T SLANT ON IT4 ,?IS CAME \T :5 9 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,REVOLUTION1.<#h#e.> />T$ BY QUOT+ H] /ATEM5T3 0,YES3 DICTATOR%IP444 BUT ?IS DICTATOR%IP MU/ BE ( ! WORK ( ! CLASS & NOT ?AT ( A LEAD+ M9ORITY 9 ! NAME ( ! CLASS3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IT MU/1 /EP BY /EP1 >ISE FROM ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! CLASS1 REMA9 UND] ITS DIRECT 9FLU5CE1 & BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! CONTROL ( PUBLICITY & BE ! \TCOME ( ! POLITICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! :OLE PEOPLE40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,GORT] AGRE$ ) ,LUXEMBURG ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS NOT ! UNDEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY1 BUT RA!R ! QUITE DEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP ( ! :OLE CLASS4 ,H[EV] HE ADD$ ?AT :AT %E 'DID NOT UND]/&' WAS '?AT ALL ?IS C\LD NOT HAPP5 9 ,RUSSIA2 ?AT NO CLASS DICTATOR%IP WAS POSSIBLE !RE1 BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT WAS TOO SMALL & ! PEASANTRY TOO MI<TY4' ,?IS ORI5TATION TO ! NE$ = A MAJORITY PROLET>IAT HAD ?US TAK5 HIM TO QUE/ION ! POSSIBILITY ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,GORT] MOV$ TO ! VIEW ?AT ! B\RGEOIS MEASURES ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD MADE W]E BE+ =C$ BY ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! M9ORITY /ATUS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA HAD =C$ A 'P>TY DICTATOR%IP'1 & /AT$ ?AT DESPITE NOT BE+ ORGANIZ$1 ! 'ELEM5T>Y P[]' ( ! PEASANTRY '=C$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS -- EV5 M5 LIKE ,L59 -- TO /& AGA9/ ! CLASS FROM :I* IT HAD SPRUNG1 & :I* WAS 9IMICAL TO ! PEASANTRY4' ,BUT :AT HE DID CRITICIZE ! ,BOL%EVIKS =1 H[EV]1 WAS !IR PROGRAM & ! ACTION !Y HAD PRESCRIB$ TO ! PROLET>IAT 9 ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 :I* HAD BLOCK$ ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 & H5CE MADE ! BUILD+ UP ( WORLD CAPITALISM POSSIBLE4 ,IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! LATT] ?AT ! B\RGEOIS MEASURES 9 ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME UNR$EEMABLE4 

,RUHLE WAS TO GO EV5 FUR!R ?AN ,GORT] 9 ?IS FATALI/IC DIRECTION4 ,GO+ AWAY FROM ,GORT]'S NOTION ( A DUAL REVOLUTION1 HE >GU$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 B\RGEOIS FROM ! />T4 ,HE GR\ND$ ?IS VIEW ON :AT HE CALL$ '! PHASEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T AS ADVOCAT$ BY ,M>X1 ?AT AFT] FEUDAL CZ>ISM 9 ,RUSSIA !RE HAD TO COME ! CAPITALI/ B\RGEOIS /ATE1 :OSE CREATOR & REPRES5TATIVE WAS ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4'.<#h#f.> ,SO CONSID]+ ! HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,ITS ROLE WAS TO GET RID ( CZ>ISM1 TO SMOO? ! WAY = CAPITALISM1 & TO HELP ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO ! SADDLE POLITICALLY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 REG>DLESS ( ! SUBJECTIVE 9T5TIONS1 ULTIMATELY HAD TO B[ = ! HI/ORICAL =CES AT PLAY4 ,& !IR ATTEMPT TO LEAP A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T HAD NOT ONLY %[$ H[ !Y HAD =GOTT5 ! ',A,B,C ( ,M>XI/ KN[L$GE' ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD ONLY COME FROM MATURE CAPITALISM1 BUT WAS ALSO BAS$ '! VAGUE HOPE ( WORLD REVOLUTION' ?AT ,RUHLE N[ *>ACT]IZ$ AS UNJU/IFI$ 'RA%NESS4' 

,BUT :IL/ ?IS MOVE TO A SEMI-,M5%EVIK POSITION WAS 9DE$ A MOVE BACK TO ! EXACT SAME POSITION !Y HAD PREVI\SLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS = HAV+1 IT ALSO HAD ITS M]ITS4 ,:]E ! E>LI] ,G]MAN ,LEFT FOCUS ON ! ,NEW ,C\RSE & ,N,E,P AS A REV]SION TO CAPITALISM HAD ! DEEPLY UNPLEASANT IMPLICATIONS ?AT BO? W> COMMUNISM & ,/AL9'S 'LEFT TURN' WAS A RETURN TO SOCIALISM1 ! RIGIDLY S*EMATIC POSITION ( ,RUHLE'S !ORY ALL[$ HIM TO QUE/ION ! MEASURES ( NATIONALIZATION US$ 9 BO? !SE P]IODS3 

'NATIONALIZATION IS NOT SOCIALIZATION4 ,?R\< NATIONALIZATION Y\ CAN >RIVE AT A L>GE SCALE1 TI<TLY RUN /ATE CAPITALISM1 :I* MAY EXHIBIT V>I\S ADVANTAGES AS AGA9/ PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY IT IS /ILL CAPITALISM4 & H[EV] Y\ TWI/ & TURN1 IT GIVES NO WAY ( ESCAPE FROM ! CON/RA9T ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS'4 

,IT WAS ,RUHLE'S SEMI-,M5%EVIK & FATALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( ,RUSSIA ?AT1 LIKE HIS FULL BL[N C\NCILISM1 WAS AT FIR/ RESI/$1 BUT !N L>GELY ACCEPT$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 ,?IS CAME \T 9 :AT WAS ITS CLOSE/ TO A DEF9ITIVE /ATEM5T ON ! ,RUSSIAN QUE/ION3 ! ,!SES ON ,BOL%EVISM4.<#h#g.> 

,!SES ON ,BOL%EVISM 

,! POSITION ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT WAS >RIV+ AT1 & :I* CAME \T 9 !IR ,!SES1 WAS ?AT ! CLASS & PRODUCTION CONDITIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 FIR/ =C$ ! DICTATOR%IP TO BE A P>TY RA!R ?AN CLASS ONE1 & SECOND =C$ ?AT P>TY DICTATOR%IP TO BE A B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ ONE4 ,BUT :]E ?IS G5]AL IDEA1 9 ,RUHLE1 HAD BE5 SOLELY CONF9$ TO DESCRIB+ ! HI/ORICAL =CES ?AT W]E AT PLAY BEH9D ! BACKS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 & REG>DLESS ( !IR SUBJECTIVE 9T5TIONS1 9 ! ,!SES IT TOOK A MORE CONSPIRATORIAL =M4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NOT M]ELY BE5 =C$ 9TO A POSITION ( UNWITT+LY C>RY+ \T A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 BUT HAD DONE SO 9T5TIONALLY4 ,FROM ! V]Y />T !Y HAD BE5 A 'JACOB9AL' ORGANIZATION ( ! 'REVOLUTION>Y PETTY B\RGEOISIE'1 :O HAD BE5 FAC$ ) A B\RGEOISIE ?AT NEI!R HAD ! COLLECTIVE WILL NOR /R5G? TO C>RY \T A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,SO BY MANIPULAT+ ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY1 !Y HAD BE5 ABLE TO C>RY \T A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 '! TASK ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION .<HAD BE5.> TO DE/ROY ! REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM1 9DU/RIALIZE AGRICULTURE1 & CREATE A L>GE CLASS ( FREE LABOR]S'4 ,BUT DESPITE ?IS RA!R CONSPIRATORIAL ELEM5T ( ! !ORY ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT1 !Y ESCAP$ >GU+ ?AT IF ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT HAD JU/ REALIZ$ ! TRUE NATURE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !Y C\LD HAVE AVOID$ ! FATE ?AT WAS AWAIT+ !M4 ,RA!R1 ! FACT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TAK5 ! =M ( A REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE WAS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA1 & ! CONSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T HAD BE5 9EVITABLE4 

,IT WAS ?IS NOTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS TAK+ ! ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ALL[$ !M1 LIKE ,RUHLE HAD DONE1 TO AVOID SEE+ ,/AL9'S 'LEFT TURN' AS A /EP 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION1 & 9/EAD !Y SAW IT AS AN ATTEMPT BY ! ,SOVIET /ATE TO MA/] ! CONTRADICTORY T5SION ( ! TWO =CES IT HAD BE5 RID+3 A 'BOL%EVI/IC1 BUREAUCRATICALLY CONDUCT$ /ATE ECONOMY' BAS$ ON A REGIM5T$ T]RORIZ$ PROLET>IAT1 & ! PEASANT ECONOMY :I* 'CONCEALS 9 ITS RANKS ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/ T5D5CIES' ( ! ECONOMY4 .<P#e#g.> ,OR 9 O!R WORDS1 NOT AS ) ,TROTSKY'S ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 A T5SION BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/ & CAPITALI/ SECTORS1 BUT BETWE5 ! /ATE CAPITALI/ & PETTY CAPITALI/ SIDES ( ! ECONOMY4 

,SO LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN LEFT COMMUNI/ CURR5T1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT WAS TO 5D UP *>ACT]IZ+ ,RUSSIA AS /ATE CAPITALI/1 OR AS !Y CALL$ IT '/ATE PRODUCTION ) CAPITALI/ ME?ODS4' ,:IL/ ! COMM&+ HEI<TS ( ! ECONOMY W]E BUREAUCRATICALLY CONDUCT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE1 ! UND]LY+ *>ACT] WAS ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/4 ,?IS !Y GR\ND$ BY >GU+ ?AT 'IT RE/S ON ! F\NDATION ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 IT IS CONDUCT$ ACCORD+ TO ! VIEWPO9T ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITABILITY2 IT REVEALS A DECID$LY CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( WAGES & SPE$UP2 IT HAS C>RI$ ! REF9EM5TS ( CAPITALI/ RATIONALIZATION TO ! UTMO/ LIMITS4' ,FUR!RMORE1 ! /ATE =M ( PRODUCTION1 !Y >GU$1 WAS /ILL BAS$ ON SQUEEZ+ SURPLUS VALUE \T ( ! WORK]S2 ! ONLY DIFF]5CE BE+ ?AT1 RA!R ?AN A CLASS ( PEOPLE 9DIVIDUALLY & DIRECTLY POCKET+ ! SURPLUS VALUE1 IT WAS TAK5 BY ! 'BUREAUCRATIC1 P>ASITICAL APP>ATUS AS A :OLE' & US$ = RE9VE/M5T1 !IR [N CONSUMPTION1 & TO SUPPORT ! PEASANTS4 

,!SE >GUM5TS W]E A /ATEM5T ( ! CLASSIC /ATE CAPITALI/ CASE3 ,RUSSIA WAS CAPITALI/ BECAUSE ALL ! CATEGORIES ( CAPITALISM CONT9U$ TO EXI/ ONLY ) ! /ATE APPROPRIAT+ ! SURPLUS VALUE & ! BUREAUCRATS PLAY+ ! ROLE ( CAPITALI/S4 ,& 9 KEEP+ ) ! NOTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM PO/ULAT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS1 !Y 5D$ UP GRASP+ IT AS A HI<] /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS !Y >GU$1 ',! ,RUSSIAN /ATE ECONOMY IS !RE=E PR(IT PRODUCTION & EXPLOITATION ECONOMY4 ,IT IS /ATE CAPITALISM UND] ! HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE CONDITIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 & ACCORD+LY REPRES5TS A DIFF]5T & MORE ADVANC$ TYPE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ?AN EV5 ! GREATE/ & MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRIES HAVE TO %[4'.<#e#h-#e#i.> 

,H[EV]1 ! PROBLEMS ) GR\ND+ ! ACCUSATION ( /ATE CAPITALISM ON ! BASIS ?AT ALL ! CAPITALI/ CATEGORIES CONT9U$ TO EXI/ SOON BECAME APP>5T4 ,TO SAY ?AT PRODUCTION WAS ORI5T$ TO CAPITALI/ PR(ITABILITY SEEM$ QUE/IONABLE :5 ! IMM$IATE AIM SEEM$ TO BE ! PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES1 P>TICUL>LY ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION ) NO CONC]N = ! IMM$IATE PR(ITABILITY ( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,ALSO TO SAY ?AT GOODS W]E PRODUC$ AS COMMODITIES :5 IT WAS ! /ATE DIRECTION RA!R ?AN !IR EX*ANGE VALUE :I* SEEM$ TO DET]M9E :AT & H[ MANY GOODS W]E PRODUC$1 ALSO REQUIR$ MORE >GUM5T4 ,:ILE ! /ATE UNQUE/IONABLY SEEM$ TO BE EXTRACT+ & ALLOCAT+ SURPLUS PRODUCTS BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION ( SURPLUS LABOR1 TO SAY ?AT IT TOOK ! =M ( SURPLUS VALUE SEEM$ PRECISELY A PO9T ( CONT5TION4 ,IT WAS !SE APP>5T DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,RUSSIAN & WE/]N CAPITALISM ?AT L$ !M TO USE ! T]MS '/ATE CAPITALISM' & '/ATE SOCIALISM' 9T]*ANGEABLY4 ,& IT WAS !SE !ORETICAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT ?AT ,MATTICK WAS LAT] TO TRY & SOLVE4 ,H[EV]1 ! MA9 DIRECTION ( ,G]MAN ,LEFT !ORETICAL EF=T 9 RELATION TO ! ,RUSSIA QUE/ION WAS NOT TO ANALYZE ! SY/EM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 BUT TO BUILD ALT]NATIVE MODELS ( TRANSITION TO ! /ATI/ ONE !Y ID5TIFI$ AS RESPONSIBLE = ! ,RUSSIAN DISA/]4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !Y W]E TEMPT$ BY A MA!MATICAL MODEL ( LABOR ACC\NT+ ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO OV]COME MONEY & VALUE1.<#h#h.> ON ! O!R1 !Y MADE ELABORATE PLANS ( H[ WORK]S C\NCILS C\LD RUN SOCIETY 9/EAD ( ! A P>TY-/ATE4.<#h#i.> 

,MATTICK3 ,ITS CAPITALISM1 ,JIM1 BUT NOT AS WE KN[ IT 

,SEE+ HIS ROLE AS ONE ( CONT9U+ ! ,G]MAN C\NCIL COMMUNI/ TRADITION1 & PRES]V+ ITS 9SI<TS1 ,MATTICK FIR/ MADE EXPLICIT :AT HAD BE5 IMPLICIT 9 !IR ASSESSM5T ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES4.<#i.> ,RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ,L59ISM WAS M]ELY A V>IANT ( ,KAUTSKYI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 HE MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM WAS FROM ! />T V]Y DIFF]5T FROM1 & 9 OPPOSITION TO1 ! ONE COM+ \T ( ! C\NCILI/ LEFT4 ,! REALITY ( :AT ,RUSSIA TURN$ \T TO BE WAS NOT M]ELY A REFLECTION ( ! P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES IT WAS FAC$ )1 BUT WAS EMB$D$ 9 ! V]Y IDEOLOGY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS ESS5TIALLY ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IDEOLOGY HAD SE5 ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALISM AS CONSI/+ 9 IT BE+1 ON ! ONE H&1 AN AN>*IC SY/EM 9 :I* ! LAW ( VALUE REGULAT$ ! M>KET 'BEH9D PEOPLE'S BACK' &1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAV+ A T5D5CY T[>DS ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( MORE & MORE C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ & CONTROL4 ,SOCIALISM WAS ?US SE5 AS ! RATIONAL SOLUTION TO ?IS AN>*Y ?R\< ! APPROPRIATION1 BY A WORK]S P>TY1 ( ! PLANN+ & C5TRALIZATION ?AT CAPITALISM WAS ITSELF DEVELOP+4 

,MATTICK1 FOLL[+ ! C\NCILI/ TRADITION1 SAW ?IS /ATI/ VISION AS HAV+ 5TIRELY LO/ ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIALISM AS ! ABOLITION1 BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ( !IR SEP>ATION FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 ( ! ABOLITION ( ! CAPITAL_/LABOR RELATION & !IR CONSEQU5T ABILITY TO CONTROL ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE -- TO E/ABLI% A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( PRODUC]S1 AS ,M>X HAD CALL$ IT4 ,IT WAS ?IS P]SPECTIVE ?AT ALL[$ HIM1 LIKE PREVI\S LEFT COMMUNI/S1 TO SAY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 BY TAK+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! H&S ( ! /ATE1 HAD NOT A*IEV$ SOCIALIZATION1 BUT ONLY ! 'NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITAL AS CAPITAL' [N]%IP BY GOV]NM5T RA!R ?AN PRIVATE CAPITALI/S4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT HE1 AGA9/ ,TROTSKY & ,/AL91 C\LD MAKE ! OBVI\S PO9T ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E NOT CONTROLL$ BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 BUT /ILL EXI/$ VIS A VIS ! WORK]S AS ALI5 CAPITAL1 & AS SU* ,RUSSIA HAD NOT ABOLI%$ ! CAPITAL_/LABOR RELATION FUNDAM5TAL TO CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ?IS PO9T WAS IMPORTANT1 IT WAS NOT 5\< PRO( 9 ,M>XIAN T]MS ( ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM4 ,! QUE/IONS REMA9$3 H[ DID ! SY/EM OP]ATE81 :AT WAS ITS DRIVE OR REGULAT+ PR9CIPLES81 :AT LAWS GOV]N$ IT8 ,& ON !SE QUE/IONS HE WAS OR?ODOX 5\< A ,M>XI/ TO ACCEPT ?AT COMPLETE /ATIFICATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS A MODIFICATION ( CAPITALISM ) S]I\S IMPLICATIONS = ! VALIDITY ( FUNDAM5TAL VALUE CATEGORIES4 

,SPECIFICALLY ! PROBLEM CONSI/$ 9 TO :AT EXT5T ! LAW ( VALUE /ILL GOV]N$ ! ECONOMY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AS ,M>X HAD >GU$1 ONE ( ! MA9 DEF9+ *>ACT]I/ICS ( CAPITALISM IS ?AT ! M>KET IS GOV]N$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 9/EAD ( HAV+ A SY/EM 9 :I* PRODUCTION IS CONSCI\SLY PLANN$ SO AS TO MEET PEOPLE'S NE$S1 WE HAVE A SY/EM 9 :I* !SE NE$S >E ONLY MEET 9DIRECTLY ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES ON ! M>KET4 ,& ! ONLY REGULATORY PR9CIPLE ON ! M>KET IS ?AT ( SUPPLY & DEM&4 ,AGA9/ ! PREVI\S LEFT COMMUNI/ T5D5CY TO CLASSIFY ,RUSSIA AS /ATE CAPITALI/ )\T TRY+ TO GR\ND IT 9 ! CATEGORIES ( VALUE1 ,MATTICK EV5 MADE ! FUR!R PO9T ?AT 0TO SPEAK ( ! LAW ( VALUE AS ! 'REGULATOR' ( ! ECONOMY 9 ! ABS5CE ( SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ M>KET RELATIONS CAN ONLY MEAN ?AT ! T]MS 'VALUE' & 'SURPLUS VALUE' >E RETA9$1 ?\< !Y EXPRESS NO MORE ?AN A RELATION BETWE5 LABOR & SURPLUS LABOR40 .<P#c#b#a.> ,! PROBLEM = ,MATTICK WAS ( C\RSE ?AT1 CONSID]+ HE TOOK ,RUSSIA AT FACE VALUE & ?\<T IT WAS A G5U9ELY PLANN$ SY/EM1 IT BECAME DIFFICULT TO AT ! SAME TIME CALL IT CAPITALI/4 ,CONSID]+ ?AT ! M>KET W\LD NO LONG] BE RUN ALONG ! L9ES ( 9DIRECT =MS ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE GOV]N$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE1 BUT W\LD BE DIRECTLY PLANN$ ACCORD+ TO NE$1 IT W\LD BE PROBLEMATIC TO SAY ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE EXI/$ AT ALL4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS L$ ,MATTICK TO CONC$E ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA LACK$ :AT WAS A DEF9+ FEATURE ( CAPITALISM1 NAMELY ! LAW ( VALUE4 ,NO LONG] HAV+ ?IS OPTION OP5 TO HIM1 ,MATTICK REV]T$ BACK TO HIS PREVI\S REASONS = CALL+ ,RUSSIA CAPITALI/1 C\PL$ ) ! VAGUE PO9T ?AT IT WAS 'A SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION BAS$ ON ! DIRECT CONTROL ( A RUL+ M9ORITY OV] ! RUL$ MAJORITY4'.<P#c#b#a.>4 ,BUT :ILE HE /ILL 9SI/$ ON ! CONT9UITY ( EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ! FACT ?AT ,MATTICK ?\<T ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE HAD CEAS$ TO EXI/1 L$ HIM TO AFFIRM ! >GUM5T ( ! PREVI\S ,G]MAN ,LEFT ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS AN ADVANC$ =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS EV5 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAD OV]COME SOME ( ! MA9 PROBLEMS ( PRIVATE-PROP]TY CAPITALISM1 NAMELY COMPETITION1 CRISES &1 AS A RESULT ( ! CONSEQU5T /ABILITY1 TO SOME EXT5T CLASS ANTAGONISMS4 

,! NOTION ?AT ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT HAVE A PROBLEM ) CRISIS S\NDS IRONIC TODAY4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! FUR!R IRONY ?AT :ILE ! MA9 PO9T ( ,MATTICK'S BOOK -- ON :I* IT SUCCE$$ PRETTY WELL -- WAS TO ATTACK ! VIEW1 SO PREVAL5T 9 ! PO/W> BOOM1 ?AT ,KEYNESIANISM HAD RESOLV$ CAPITALISM'S CRISIS T5D5CY4 ,BUT A MORE PRESS+ PROBLEM ) HIS !ORY ( ,RUSSIA LIES EXACTLY ) :AT HE SET \T TO PROVE1 NAMELY ?AT ,RUSSIA1 DESPITE ITS APP>5T DIFF]5CES FROM WE/]N CAPITALISM WAS /ILL CAPITALI/ 9 ,M>X'S T]MS4 ,AL?\< TRY+ TO SAY ?AT :AT HE WAS DESCRIB+ WAS JU/ A *ANGE 9 ! =M ( CAPITALISM1 FROM 'M>KET' TO '/ATE-PLANN$'1 ?IS WAS OP5 TO ! OBJECTION ?AT VALUE RELATIONS SU* AS ?OSE ?AT OCCUR ?R\< ! M>KET >E NOT 9CID5TAL -- !Y >E ( ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! CAPITAL RELATION4 ,& AL?\< ,MATTICK RI<TLY PO9T$ TO ! FACT ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS /ILL BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MAJORITY BY ! M9ORITY1 ONE C\LD EASILY >GUE ?AT ! DEF9+ PO9T AB\T CAPITALISM IS EXACTLY ?AT ?IS EXPLOITATION OCCURS ?R\< ! 9DIRECT =M ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE ) ALL ITS MY/IFICATIONS4 ,9DE$1 IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ,MATTICK VIRTUALLY IMPLI$ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS A NON-CAPITALI/ =M ( EXPLOITATION ?AT US$ CAPITALI/ =MS TO COV] UP ! >BITR>Y NATURE ( ITS EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS 9 ! LI<T ( ! MAJOR CONCESSIONS TO ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! /ATE SY/EM & NORMAL CAPITALISM ,MATTICK WAS WILL+ TO MAKE1 ?AT CRITICS W\LD BE JU/IFI$ 9 D\BT+ ! VALIDITY ( ! T]M AT ALL4 ,H5CE 9/EAD ( SOLV+ ! PROBLEMS ( ! !ORY ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT1 ?AT L$ !M TO USE ! T]MS '/ATE CAPITALI/' & '/ATE SOCIALI/' 9T]*ANGEABLY1 HE M]ELY EXPOS$ !M4 

,9 A #aiia 9T]VIEW1 HIS SON ,PAUL ,MATTICK 7,JNR7 SPECULAT$ ?AT ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R MI<T HAVE 9DICAT$ ?AT HIS FA!R WAS WRONG &3 

:E!R IT WASN'T A MI/AKE ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 MEMB]S ( ?IS ULTRA-LEFT CURR5T1 AMONG :OM ,I W\LD 9CLUDE MYSELF1 TO ?9K ( ! ,BOL%EVIK =M1 ! C5TRALIZ$1 /ATE CONTROLL$ ECONOMY1 AS A NEW =M1 :I* WE %\LD ?9K ( AS COM+ AFT] CAPITALISM1 AS REPRES5T+1 SAY1 A LOGICAL 5D PO9T ( ! T5D5CY TO MONOPOLIZATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 :I* IS A FEATURE ( ALL PRIVATE PROP]TY CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,9/EAD1 IT SEEMS TO REALLY HAVE BE5 A K9D ( PREP>ATION = CAPITALI/1 DEVELOPM5T1 A PRE-CAPITALI/ =M1 IF Y\ WANT4 ' 

,?IS IS EXACTLY :AT ! LEAD+ ?9K] ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT HAD >GU$4 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT 
,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT 

,ORIG9S 

,WE N[ TURN TO ! O!R MA9 LEFT COMMUNI/ POSITION1 ?AT ( ! ,ITALIAN LEFT4 ,LIKE ! ,G]MAN & ,DUT* ,LEFTS ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT ORIG9AT$1 9 ! YE>S BE=E ! FIR/ WORLD W> AS A LEFT OPPOSITION )9 A ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL P>TY1 9 !IR CASE ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY 7,P,S,I74 ,BUT :]EAS ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD EXPOS$ ITSELF AS BO? REACTION>Y & ACTIVELY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 ! V]Y RADICALITY ( ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS1 & CONSEQU5T /R5G? ( ! ,LEFT1 MEANT ?AT RE=MISM 9 ! ,P,S,I WAS NOT AS HEGEMONIC AS 9 ! ,S,P,D4 ,9 #aiab ! P>TY EV5 EXPELL$ AN ULTRA-RE=MI/ W+ OV] ITS SUPPORT = ,ITALY'S ,LIBYAN W>1 & :5 ! WORLD W> BROKE \T & ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS RESPOND$ ) A ,R$ ,WEEK ( RIOTS ACROSS ! C\NTRY REA*+ 9SURRECTION>Y PROPORTIONS 9 ,ANCONA1 ! ,P,S,I ALONE AMONG ! WE/]N ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES DID NOT RALLY TO ! NATION4 ,!IR APP>5T DIFF]5CE FROM ! ,S,P,D FUR!R CAME \T :5 9 #aiai ! ,P,S,I AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,COM9T]N4 ,! 5EMY ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT WAS ?US NOT AN OBVI\SLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 BUT ONE DOM9AT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PO/URE ( ',MAXIMALISM'1 ?AT IS1 COMB9+ V]BAL EXTREMISM ) OPPORTUNI/ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PRACTICE1 OR MORE TO ! PO9T1 9ACTION4 ,?IS DISCONT9UITY BETWE5 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY WAS TO GREATLY 9FLU5CE !IR !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5TS4 ,:]E ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT HAD V]Y QUICKLY REACT$ TO ! CURR5T EV5TS BY MAK+ A F9AL BREAK ) SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & GO+ = A FULL BL[N C\NCILI/ L9E1 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT REMA9$ MU* MORE FAVORABLE TO P>TYISM4 ,9 A S5SE WE C\LD SAY ?AT :ILE ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT T5D5CY WAS TO OV]COME ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC SEP>ATION ( ! 'POLITICAL' & 'ECONOMIC' /RUGGLE BY PUTT+ !IR TRU/ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y 'ECONOMIC' /RUGGLE1 ! SOLUTION ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT MOV$ TO WAS AN ABSOLUTE SUBORD9ATION ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLES TO A G5U9ELY COMMUNI/ 'POLITICAL' DIRECTION4 

,! DET]M9ATION TO DECISIVELY POLITICALLY BREAK FROM ALL RE=MISM DEVELOP$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,ITALY'S EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE -- ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO 7,R$ ,TWO ,YE>S74 ,?IS WAS A P]IOD 9 :I* WORK]S SET UP FACTORY C\NCILS1 POOR PEASANTS & DEMOBILIZ$ SOLDI]S SEIZ$ L&1 & :]E DEMON/RATIONS1 /REET ACTIONS1 RIOT+1 /RIKES & G5]AL /RIKES W]E REGUL> OCCURR5CES4 ,FROM ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#i1 :5 ! /ATE NE>LY BUCKL$ 9 ! FACE ( NE> 9SURRECTION>Y FOOD RIOTS & SYNDICALI/ =MS ( R$I/RIBUTION & C\NT] P[]1 TO ! ,OCCUPATIONS ( ! ,FACTORIES 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 REVOLUTION SEEM$ ALMO/ )9 !IR REA*4 ,H[EV]1 9/EAD ( TAK+ AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y WAVE1 ! ,P,S,I & ITS L9K$ UNIONS REFUS$ TO ACT & AT TIMES EV5 ACTIVELY SABOTAG$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 :]E ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT HAD REACT$ TO SIMIL> OCCURR5CES BY BREAK+ ) ! ,S,P,D & ID5TIFY+ ) ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T1 ! REACTION )9 ! ,ITALIAN P>TY WAS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,AB/5TIONI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,FRACTION >\ND ,BORDIGA /RUGGL+ TO ELIM9ATE ! RE=MI/S FROM ! P>TY1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO 7,L',O,N7 C5T]$ >\ND ,GRAMSCI & ORI5TAT$ TO C\NCILS1 BUT :O SAW NO NE$ TO BREAK FROM ! ',MAXIMALISM' ( ! ,P,S,I4 

,! ADEQUATE BASIS = ! BREAK ) ',MAXIMALISM' WAS F9ALLY PROVID$ :51 9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS 9T5SE CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! ,ITALIAN ,P,S,I DELEGATES1 9CLUD+ ,BORDIGA1 W5T TO ! #bND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N 9 MID-#a#i#b4 ,KEY TO ?IS ,CONGRESS WAS ! SETT+ ( #ba CONDITIONS = MEMB]%IP ( AFFILIAT+ P>TIES4 ,AL?\< ,BORDIGA'S GR\P HAD TO R5\NCE !IR AB/5TIONISM1 ! OV]ALL T>GET WAS ! 'C5TRI/' & OPPORTUNI/ T5D5CIES ( ! ,P,S,I4 ,SEE+ ?AT ! OV]ALL T5D5CY )9 ! ,COM9T]N WAS 9 !IR FAVOR1 ,BORDIGA EV5 MANAG$ TO BEEF UP ! DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES SO ?AT COMPLY+ ) ! DIRECTIVES GIV5 BY ! ,COM9T]N WAS A CONDITION = AFFILIATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS TURN$ \T TO BE MASSIVELY HELPFUL TO !M 9 !IR BATTLE ) ! C5T]_/RI<T1 & AS SU* !IR ATTEMPTS TO =GE A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ,ITALY4 ,!Y CAME AWAY /R5G!N$ 9 !IR FI<T ) ! ,P,S,I BY ,L59'S AU?ORITY1 & FELT ?AT !IR FI<T = A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY WAS 9 CONV]G5CE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! IDEAS BEG9N+ TO EM]GE )9 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT -- ?AT ,BOL%EVIK PRESCRIPTIONS = ! ,WE/]N PROLET>IAT W]E NOT NECESS>ILY APPROPRIATE2 ?AT !RE MI<T EV5 BE A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ,BOL%EVISM & REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS2 & ?AT ! GOOD ( ! ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION WAS BE+ SACRIFIC$ TO ! NATIONAL NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE -- NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO RESONATE ) ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT1 BUT QUITE ! OPPOSITE SEEM$ TO BE ! CASE4 

,) ?IS RE9=CEM5T FROM ,MOSC[ ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT F9ALLY MADE !IR BREAK ) ! ,P,S,I4 ,?IS WAS PROMPT$ BY ! MOVEM5T ( FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 ?AT EXPOS$ ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! ,P,S,I & ITS ,C,G,L UNIONS4 ,AS A WAGE DISPUTE BY MEMB]S ( ! ,METAL WORK]S UNION DEVELOP$ 9TO A MASSIVE WAVE ( FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 & EV]YBODY C\LD SEE ?AT ! SITUATION WAS CRITICAL & HAD MOV$ BEYOND ECONOMIC DEM&S1 ! ,P,S,I & ! UNIONS RESPOND$ BY EXPOS+ !IR ABSOLUTE 9ABILITY TO ACT = REVOLUTION4 ,9/EAD ( TAK+ ANY REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE1 ! ,P,S,I PASS$ ! BUG TO ! ,C,G,L1 :O HAD A VOTE ON :E!R TO GO = REVOLUTION OR NOT4 ,! \TCOME WAS #d#i1 = REVOLUTION & #e#i1 AGA9/4 ,BUT :]E ! BREAK FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD L$ ! ,G]MANS TO A FULL BL[N C\NCILI/ APPROA*1 9 ,ITALY ! DEFEAT ( ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS ALSO M>K$ ! 5D ( ! C\NCILI/ APPROA* ( ,GRAMSCI'S ,L',O,N GR\P4 ,BORDIGA'S ANALYSIS ON ! NE$ = A PR9CIPL$ BREAK ) ,P,S,I'S ',MAXIMALISM' WAS N[ ACCEPT$ BY NE>LY ALL REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! P>TY1 & 9 E>LY #aiba !Y =M$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY 7,P,C,I7 UND] HIS LEAD]%IP4 

,H[EV]1 ! COM+ TOGE!R ( ! COMMUNI/ ELEM5TS CAME TOO LATE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! ,BI5NO ,ROSSO A FAIL$ REVOLUTION1 BUT A FASCI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS ON ! C>DS4 ,) ! TACIT SUPPORT ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 FASCI/ SQUADRI/A MOV$ FROM !IR RURAL /RON<OLDS TO ATTACK WORK]S NEI<BORHOODS & WORK] ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AL?\< COMMUNI/ & O!R WORK]S =M$ >M$ DETA*M5TS TO FI<T BACK1 ! SORT ( WORK+ CLASS REACTION ?AT 9 ,G]MANY DEFEAT$ ! ,KAPP PUTS* DID NOT MAT]IALIZE1 & BY ! 5D ( #aibb ,MUSSOL9I WAS 9 P[]4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SETBACKS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT JU/ CONF9$ TO ,ITALY1 BUT WAS A G5]AL 9T]NATIONAL PH5OM5ON4 ,BUT 9/EAD ( RECOGNIZ+ ?IS AS BE+ ! RESULT ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 7OR ! FAILURE ( !SE P>TIES TO LEAD ! /RUGGLES 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION1 AS ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT SAW IT71 ! ,COM9T]N RESPOND$ BY IMPOS+ ITS POLICY ( A 'UNIT$ FRONT'4 ,= ,ITALY ! 'UNIT$ FRONT' L9E MEANT DEM&+ ! ,P,C,I FUZE ) ,S]RATI'S ,P,S,I1 ONLY ASK+ ?AT IT FIR/ EXPEL ITS RI<T W+ >\ND ,TURATTI4 ,= ,BORDIGA & ! ,P,C,I1 AFT] !IR H>D F\<T BATTLE TO DIS5TANGLE !MSELVES FROM ! PSEUDO REVOLUTION>Y MAXIMILISM ( ,S]RATI1 ! DEM& !Y UNITE ) HIM WAS ANA!MA4.<#i#a.> ,!Y FELT ?AT 9 ! TURN TO !SE FLEXIBLE TACTICS1 ! COMMUNI/ POLITICAL PROGRAM !Y HAD >RIV$ AT WAS 9 DANG] ( BE+ DILUT$ OR LO/4 

,BUT :]E ?IS1 9 ,G]MANY1 L$ TO ! F9AL BREAK ) ,BOL%EVISM1 9 ,ITALY IT RESULT$ 9 A TOTAL ,BOL%EVISATION ( ! ,P,C,I4 ,IRONICALLY IT WAS ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT ?AT HAD NOT ONLY F\<T TO MAKE ! ,ITALIAN ,P>TY ,BOL%EVIK 79 T]MS ( !IR P]CEPTION ( ! MEAN+ ( ?AT T]M71 BUT HAD ALSO 9SI/$ ON ! ,COM9T]N'S DISCIPL9>Y ROLE ON NATIONAL SECTIONS4 ,BUT N[ !Y W]E TO BECOME ONE ( ! MA9 VICTIMS ( ?AT DISCIPL9E4 ,!IR 9SI/5CE ?AT SOCIALISM WAS ONLY POSSIBLE IF C>RI$ \T ON A WORLD-SCALE & L$ BY AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 AS WELL AS !IR FAILURE TO SEE ?AT ! ,COM9T]N WAS L>GELY DOM9AT$ BY ,RUSSIA & US$ = ITS [N NATIONAL PURPOSES1 MEANT ?AT !Y /ILL P]CEIV$ ! ,COM9T]N AS ?IS 9T]NATIONAL & REVOLUTION>Y AG5T4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS MEANT ?AT !Y W]E WILL+ TO ACCEPT ! RIGORS ( DISCIPL9E TO POLICIES !Y TOTALLY OPPOS$ & 9DE$ FELT W]E BETRAY+ ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM1 9 ORD] TO HOLD ON = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS EV5 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,BORDIGA1 DESPITE HIS OV]ALL MAJORITY 9 ! ,P,C,I1 CONC$$ LEAD]%IP TO A SMALL FACTION ( ! P>TY L$ BY ,GRAMSCI1 :I* WAS WILL+ TO OBEY ,MOSC[ & IMPOSE ',BOL%EVISATION' ON ! P>TY4 ,LAT] ,BORDIGA & ! FRACTION >\ND HIM W]E =C$ \T ( ! P>TY !Y HAD CREAT$4.<#i#b.> ,/ILL1 IT W\LD BE MANY YE>S BE=E W\LD FULLY ID5TIFY ,RUSSIA AS CAPITALI/4 

,BORDIGA'S !ORY 

,SO :]E ! ,G]MANS1 9 !IR C\NCILISM1 HAD TAK5 AN \TRI<T ANTI-,L59I/ /ANCE1 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT TOOK A MU* MORE ,L59I/ APPROA*4 ,9DE$ :5 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT HAD F9ALLY1 9 EXILE1 />T$ TO QUE/ION ! NATURE ( ,RUSSIA1 IT WAS 9 A MANN] ?AT SEEM$ AT FIR/ CLOS] TO ?AT ( ,TROTSKY'S1 RA!R ?AN ! !ORIES COM+ \T ( LEFT COMMUNI/S ELSE:]E4 ,AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN LEFT COMMUNI/S1 !Y HAD 9SI/$ ?AT ! >GUM5T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 B\RGEOIS FROM ! />T1 WAS A LOSS ( ! :OLE 9T]NATIONAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT HAD BE5 %>$ BY ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y FRACTIONS AT ! TIME4 ,BUT :IL/ ?IS PO9T C]TA9LY ALL[$ ! ,ITALIANS NOT TO LOSE ! REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICANCE ( ,OCTOB]1 !IR LOGIC ?AT IF ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! /ATE WAS A PROLET>IAN /ATE ?AT HAD DEG5]AT$1 HAD ! D[N-SIDE ( APPE>+ TO BE A V]SION ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE4 

,! ',L59I/' SIDE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT BECAME ESPECIALLY CLE> ) ,BORDIGA :51 9 HIS ATTEMPT TO GA9 AN UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( ,RUSSIA1 PUT GREAT EMPHASIS ON ! V]Y TEXT ?AT ,L59 HAD US$ TO ATTACK ! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 NAMELY ! ,TAX 9 ,K9D PAMPHLET4 ,BY RETURN+ TO ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION ,BORDIGA BYPASS$ A LOT ( /ATE CAPITALI/ CONC]NS4 ,LOOK$ AT ECONOMICALLY1 HE >GUES1 ,RUSSIA DID NOT HAVE ! PR]EQUISITES = SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM1 & ! TASKS ?AT FAC$ IT W]E B\RGEOIS TASKS1 NAMELY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES = :I* RESOLV+ ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,H[EV]1 ! W> ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS P>T ( WAS AN IMP]IALI/ W> ?AT EXPRESS$ ?AT ! CAPITALI/ WORLD AS A :OLE WAS READY = SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION & ,RUSSIA HAD NOT ONLY A PROLET>IAT :O C>RI$ \T ! REVOLUTION1 BUT A PROLET>IAN P>TY ORI5T$ TO WORLD REVOLUTION HAD BE5 PUT 9 P[]4 ,?US ON ! 'PRIMACY ( ! POLITICAL' ,OCTOB] WAS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 9S(> AS ,BORDIGA ASSUM$ ?AT1 ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+1 !RE WAS NO O!R PA? TO SOCIALISM ?AN ?R\< ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAN P>TY WAS SIMPLY TO ALL[ BUT AT ! SAME TIME KEEP UND] CONTROL ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5TS NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 SOCIAL LIFE 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,IRONICALLY H[EV]1 IT WAS EXACTLY 9 EMPHASIZ+ ,L59'S NOTION ?AT CAPITALISM UND] WORK]S CONTROL ( ! P>TY WAS ! BE/ ,RUSSIA C\LD HAVE1 ?AT ,BORDIGA C\LD GO BEYOND NOT ONLY ! ,TROTSKYISM1 ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT !ORY ( ,RUSSIA HAD 9ITIALLY SEEM$ CLOSE TO1 BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY MAYBE1 ! !ORY ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 ,AS WAS %[N 9 ! PREVI\S >TICLE ( ?IS S]IES1 ,TROTSKY TOOK ! NATIONALIZATION ( L& & 9DU/RY AS WELL AS ! MONOPOLY ON =EIGN TRADE1 AS EVID5CE = ,RUSSIA 9 FACT HAV+ ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS = SOCIALISM -- H5CE HIS NOTION ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS CONGEAL$ 9 'PROP]TY =MS'4 ,& RELY+ ON ,PREOBRAZ5SKY'S CONTRA/ BETWE5 :AT HE SAW AS ! 'LAW ( PLANN+' ( ! /ATE SECTOR V]SUS ! LAW ( VALUE ( ! PEASANT SECTOR1 HE >GU$ ?AT ONE ( ! MA9 OB/ACLES ?AT HAD TO BE DEALT ) BE=E >RIV+ AT SOCIALISM PROP]1 WAS ! CAPITALI/ FEATURES ( ! PEASANT SECTOR4 ,AS SU* HE >GU$ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS A MORE ADVANC$ SOCIALI/IC TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY4 ,! ,G]MAN ,LEFT1 AL?\< DIFF]+ FROM ,TROTSKY'S VIEW 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y MA9TA9$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 B\RGEOIS FROM ! />T1 WAS 9 ESS5CE V]Y CLOSE TO IT4 ,?IS WAS 9S(> AS !Y1 9 L9E ) ! TRADITIONAL /ATE CAPITALI/ >GUM5T1 SAW ,RUSSIA AS A MORE ADVANC$1 CONC5TRAT$ V]SION ( CAPITALISM1 LEAD+ ,MATTICK VIRTUALLY TO A ?IRD SY/EM CONCEPTION4 

,BORDIGA1 EXACTLY BY RETURN+ TO ,L59'S EMPHASIS ON ! POLITICAL1 C\LD AVOID GO+ D[N ?AT PA?4 ,! CLA%ES BETWE5 ! /ATE 9DU/RIAL SECTOR & ! PEASANT SECTOR WAS NOT1 AS ,TROTSKY & ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD >GU$1 ! CLA% BETWE5 SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM4 ,RA!R1 AS ,BORDIGA >GU$1 IT WAS ! CLA% BETWE5 CAPITALISM & PRE-CAPITALI/ =MS4 ,& H]E LAY ! REAL ORIG9ALITY ( ,BORDIGA'S ?\<T3 ,RUSSIA WAS 9DE$ A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY1 BUT TRANSITIONAL T[>DS CAPITALISM4 ,F> FROM HAV+ GONE BEYOND CAPITALI/ LAWS & CATEGORIES1 AS = 9/ANCE ,MATTICK HAD >GU$1 ! DI/9CTIV5ESS ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM LAY 9 ITS LACK ( FULL DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS WAS GR\ND$ ON ,RUSSIA'S P]IPH]AL /ATUS V]SUS ! CORE CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES4 ,9 A P]IOD :5 WORLD CAPITALISM W\LD O!RWISE HAVE PREV5T$ ! TAKE (F ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 PREF]R+ TO USE UND]DEVELOP$ >EAS = RAW MAT]IALS1 *EAP LABOR & SO ON1 ,RUSSIA WAS AN EXAMPLE ( JU/ SU* AN >EA1 ?AT ?R\< EXTREME ME?ODS ( /ATE PROTECTIONISM & 9T]V5TION SECUR$ ECONOMICAL DEVELOPM5T & AS SU* PREV5T$ ! FATE ( BE+ ASSIGN$ A P]IPH]AL /ATUS ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,IT IS ?IS ROLE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS ! 5=C] ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT EXPLA9S :Y ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME A MODEL = ELITES 9 EX-COLONIAL & O!RWISE LESS DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 

,! FAILURE ( BO? ,TROTSKY & ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT TO SEE ?IS ALSO %[$ UP 9 !IR CONFUSION ) REG>D TO ,/AL9'S 'LEFT-TURN'4 ,NEV] HAV+ ACCEPT$ ! ,PRIMITIVE ,SOCIALI/ ,ACCUMULATION !SIS ( ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ,BORDIGA C\LD MAKE ! RA!R OBVI\S JUDGM5T ?AT :AT ,/AL9 C>RI$ \T 9 ! ?IRTIES -- ! =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION ( PEASANTS & ! #e YE> PLANS -- WAS A SAVAGE PRIMITIVE CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION3 A ',RUSSIAN CAPITALISM ,M>K #b'4 ,/AL9'S 'LEFT TURN' WAS !N NEI!R A PRODUCT ( HIS IMPULSES NOR REPRES5T$ HIM BE+ =C$ TO DEF5D ! 'SOCIALI/' GA9S ( ! ECONOMY'4 ,RA!R IT CAME FROM ! PRESS+ NE$ = CAPITAL ACCUMULATION FELT BY ,RUSSIA AS A COMPET+ CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,& ! ,/AL9I/ EXCESSES ( ! ?IRTIES -- 0LIT]ALLY A WORK]S' HELL1 A C>NAGE ( HUMAN 5]GY40.<#i#c.> -- W]E BUT A P>TICUL> EXPRESSION ( ! 0G5]AL UNIV]SAL CONDITIONS APPROPRIATE TO ! G5ESIS ( ALL CAPITALISM40 ,= ,BORDIGA ONCE ! PROLET>IAN POLITICAL SIDE W5T1 :AT WAS /RIK+ WAS ! CONT9UITY ( ! PROBLEMS FAC+ ! EM]G+ CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA :E!R ITS GOV]NM5T BE ,CZ>I/ OR ,/AL9I/3 ?AT ( ATTEMPT+ TO DEVELOP ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY FAC+ WORLD IMP]IALISM4 ,9 #aiec HE /ATES3 0,! ECONOMIC PROCESS UND]WAY 9 ! T]RITORIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN UNION CAN BE DEF9$ ESS5TIALLY AS ! IMPLANT+ ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 9 ITS MO/ MOD]N =M & ) ! LATE/ TE*NICAL MEANS1 9 C\NTRIES ?AT >E BACKW>D1 RURAL1 FEUDAL & ASIATIC-ORI5TAL40 .<P#d#c.> 

,9DE$1 AS ,BORDIGA RECOGNIZ$1 ! PROBLEMS 9VOLV$ ) ! CRA% C\RSE 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS IMPOS$1 ALSO RESULT$ 9 C]TA9 MEASURES ?AT W]E TO OB/RUCT ! FULL EXPRESSIONS ( A CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,HE C5T]$ ?IS ON ITS 9ADEQUATE RESOLUTION ( ! S9 QUA NON ( CAPITALISM3 ! ,AGR>IAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,DESPITE ITS BRUTALITY1 ,BORDIGA NOT$ ?AT ! COLLECTIVIZATION PROCESS 9VOLV$ A COMPROMISE BY :I* ! PEASANTS DID NOT BECOME 5TIRELY PROP]TY-LESS1 BUT W]E ALL[$ TO RETA9 A PLOT ( L& & SELL ITS PRODUCE ?R\< M>KET ME*ANISMS4 ,?IS1 AS ,BORDIGA SAW IT1 RE-PRODUC$ ! CAPITALI/ =M ( ! SMALL-HOLD]1 BUT )\T ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRESSIVE T5D5CY TO RU9 & EXPROPRIATE !SE PRODUC]S1 BECAUSE '! LITTLE ?AT BELONGS TO HIM IS GU>ANTE$ BY LAW4 ,! COLLECTIVE F>M] IS !RE=E ! 9C>NATION ( ! COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! EX-PROLET>IAN /ATE & ! SMALL PRODUC]S PA/ ON 9 P]PETUITY4'.<#b#e-#f.> ,:ILE COLLECTIVIZATION DID PRODUCE ! PROLET>IANS NECESS>Y = /ATE 9DU/RY1 ,SOVIET AGRICULTURE REMA9$ A HYBRID =M1 AN A*ILLES HEEL ( ! ECONOMY NEV] ATTA9+ FULL SUBORD9ATION TO CAPITALI/ LAWS4 

,?IS VIEW ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE BE+ 9 ! S]VICE ( DEVELOP+ CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA ALSO ALL[$ ,BORDIGA TO GO BEYOND ! FOCUS ON BUREAUCRACY ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY1 & ITS MIRROR 9 MO/ /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES1 SU* AS ! ,G]MANS1 ( ID5TIFY+ !SE NEW /ATE (FICIALS AS A NEW RUL+ CLASS4 ,BORDIGA FELT ?AT ! OBSESSION ) F9D+ 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ OR SUB/ITUTES = CAPITALI/S HAD LO/ ,M>X'S UND]/&+ ( CAPITAL AS ABOVE ALL AN IMP]SONAL =CE4 ,AS ,BORDIGA SAID 'DET]M9ISM )\T M5 IS MEAN+LESS1 ?AT IS TRUE1 BUT M5 CON/ITUTE ! 9/RUM5T & NOT ! MOTOR4'.<#i#d.> ,SU* A PO9T ALSO APPLIES TO ! /ATE3 AS ,BORDIGA >GU$1 'IT IS NOT A CASE ( ! P>TIAL SUBORD9ATION ( CAPITAL TO ! /ATE1 BUT ( ULT]IOR SUBORD9ATION ( ! /ATE TO CAPITAL'.<P4#g.> ,/ATE DESPOTISM 9 ,RUSSIA WAS AT ! S]VICE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION PU%+ ITS DEVELOPM5T 9 >EAS ?AT RESI/$ IT4 ,H[EV]1 A WEAKNESS ( ,BORDIGA'S ANALYSIS WAS ?AT :]EAS HE LOOK$ UND] ! SURFACE ( ! ,SOVIET CLAIMS AB\T AGRICULTURE1 HE T5D$ TO BASE HIS VIEW ?AT ! /ATE SECTOR WAS GOV]N$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE SIMPLY ON ! APPE>ANCE ( =MS1 LIKE COMMODITIES & MONEY1 & ON ,/AL9'S CLAIMS ?AT VALUE EXI/S UND] SOCIALISM4 ,SO AL?\< ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT SEEM$ AT FIR/ CLOS] TO ! ,TROTSKY'S NOTION ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE1 IT WAS ?R\< ,BORDIGA'S LIT]AL 9T]PRETATION ( ,L59 ON ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY1 HE C\LD GO BEYOND BO? ,TROTSKY & ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,CONCLUSION 
,CONCLUSION 

,AS /AT$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION1 ANY ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ! SOCIETY ?AT EM]G$ FROM IT CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM A CONCEPTION ( :AT COMMUNISM IS4 ,9DE$ ONE WAY 9 :I* ALL ! LEFT COMMUNI/S1 UNLIKE ,TROTSKY1 C\LD GO BEYOND ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM1 WAS BY 9SI/+ ?AT NEI!R ! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM NOR COMMUNISM ITSELF %\LD 9 ANY WAY BE ID5TIFI$ ) /ATE-CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$ NO?+ %ORT ( !IR PROP] SOCIALIZATION OR COMMUNIZATION W\LD DO4 ,IT WAS ?IS P]SPECTIVE ?AT ALL[$ !M TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM1 & CRITICIZE ,RUSSIA AS BE+ /ATE CAPITALI/ OR1 AS ,BORDIGA PUT IT1 SIMPLY CAPITALI/4 

,H[EV]1 ) REG>D TO !IR SPECIFIC ANSW]S TO ! QUE/ION ( :AT A G5U9E COMMUNIZATION PROCESS W\LD HAVE CONSI/$ 91 ! SITUATION WAS SLI<TLY MORE AMBIGU\S4 ,! ,G]MANS 7& TO SOME EXT5T ! ,RUSSIANS71 9 !IR FOCUS ON ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 ULTIMATELY 5D$ UP ) A NOTION ( COMMUNISM CONSI/+ 9 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! IMPORTANT DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM WAS CORRECTLY SE5 TO LIE 9 WORK]S OV]COM+ !IR SEP>ATION FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! IDEA WAS ?AT ONLY 9 ! FACTORY1 ONLY AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION C\LD WORK]S OV]COME ! DOM9ATION MA9TA9$ BY B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 CEASE TO ACT AS ISOLAT$ B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALS & ACT AS A SOCIALIZ$ =CE1 AS A CLASS4 ,?IS SLIPP$ 9TO A FACTORYISM :I* NEGLECT$ ! FACT ?AT ! 5T]PRISE IS A CAPITALI/ =M P> EXCELL5CE & ?AT IF ! CLASS IS UNIT$1 !RE IT IS UNIT$ AS V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,IT WAS ?IS C\NCILI/ APPROA* ?AT L$ !M TO WORK \T RA!R MA!MATICAL ACC\NT+ S*EMES.<#i#e.> = H[ ! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM C\LD WORK & ELABORATE S*EMES = H[ ! C\NCILS C\LD L9K UP4 

,! PROBLEM ) ?IS SELF-MANAGEM5T APPROA* WAS ( C\RSE ?AT IT SEEM$ TO IMPLY ?AT AS LONG AS ! 5T]PRISES W]E MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 IT DID NOT MATT] ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS CONT9U$ TO EXI/4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT NEV] MANAG$ TO MAKE A FULL BREAK FROM ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM'S ID5TIFICATION ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ) ! WORK+ CLASS AS WORK+ CLASS4 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT CAME \T4 ,9 EMPHASIZ+ ! 'PRIMACY ( ! POLITICAL'1 !Y C\LD TAKE A MORE SOCIAL & HOLI/IC /&PO9T4 ,COMMUNISM WAS NOT JU/ AB\T REPLAC+ ! P>TY ) ! C\NCILS1 & /ATE-CONTROL ) WORK]S CONTROL4.<#i#f.> ,COMMUNISM1 !Y >GU$1 WAS NOT M]ELY AB\T WORK]S MANAG+ !IR [N EXPLOITATION1 BUT AB\T ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR1 ! 5T]PRISE =M & ALL CAPITALI/ CATEGORIES4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION WAS NOT SO MU* ?AT ( ':O MANAGES8' BUT AB\T ':AT IS MANAG$8' 

,BUT :IL/ ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT'S FOCUS ON ! ECONOMIC HAD L$ !M 9TO ! SELF-MANAGEM5T TRAP1 ONE ?+ IT DID ALL[ !M TO DO WAS TO EMPHASIZE ! SUBJECTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS AN AG5T ( *ANGE4 ,?IS NOTION ( SUBJECTIVITY WAS1 IF NOT 5TIRELY ABS5T 9 ! !ORY ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT1 !N RES]V$ ONLY = ! P>TY4 

,! ABSURDITIES 9VOLV$ 9 REJECT+ ANY NOTION ( WORK+ CLASS SUBJECTIVITY BECAME ESPECIALLY CLE> 9 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT'S ASSESSM5T ( ,RUSSIA4 ,!RE1 !Y >GU$1 COMMUNISM C\LD BE REPRES5T$ 9 ! CORRECT POLITICAL L9E ( A RUL+ P>TY MANAG+ A SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS -- A RIDICUL\SLY UNMAT]IALI/ POSITION -- >GU+ ?AT :AT MATT]$ WAS NOT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 A C\NTRY1 BUT ! SUBJECTIVE 9T5TIONS ( ?OSE 9 P[] 7A P]FECT JU/IFICATION = REPRESSION BAS$ ON ! NOTION ?AT 'IT WAS = !IR [N GOOD !Y W]E MASSACR$'74 ,& IT WAS 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT HAD NOT COMPLETELY BROK5 FROM ! POLITICISM_/P>TYISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,9DE$1 IT WAS ! BL9D SPOTS 9 EA* !ORY ?AT L$ TO !IR MUTUAL 9COMPREH5SION3 :IL/ ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT SAW ! ,G]MANS AS NO?+ MORE ?AN A ,M>XOID =M ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 ! ,G]MANS 9 TURN M]ELY SAW ! ,ITALIANS AS A BUN* ( ,L59I/S4 ,BUT IF ! DOGMATIC SIDES ( !IR RESPECTIVE !ORIES M]ELY S]V$ TO PU% !M FUR!R AP>T1 IT WAS ULTIMATELY ! ONE-SID$NESS ( !IR RESPECTIVE APPROA*ES ?AT RESULT$ 9 !M NOT BREAK+ 5TIRELY AWAY FROM ! DOGMATISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,:IL/ ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT HAD >RIV$ AT A MORE ADEQUATE NOTION ( ! CONT5T ( COMMUNISM1 IT WAS ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT ?AT WAS TO PROVIDE ! =M ?R\< :I* EMANCIPATION C\LD BE REA*$4 

,9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 BO? ! ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN LEFT COMMUNI/ CURR5TS MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 A CORRECT POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,:ILE ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT EMPHASIZ$ WORK]S' SELF-EMANCIPATION1 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT PROVIDE A BETT] ANGLE ON :AT COMMUNISM W\LD CONSI/ 94 ,YET1 9 T]MS ( A 'SCI5TIFIC' ACC\NT ( ! K9D ( SOCIETY DEVELOP+ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 BO? FELL D[N4.<#i#g.> 

,ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT SLIPP$ 9TO A CONCEPTION ( '/ATE CAPITALISM' ?AT WAS NOT GR\ND$ 9 VALUE4 ,)\T ?IS ESS5TIAL CATEGORY !Y T5D$1 LIKE ,TONY ,CLIFF & ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 TO SEE ! ,U,S,S,R AS A 'HI<]'1 CRISIS-FREE TYPE ( ECONOMY4 ,BORDIGA'S !ORY1 ON ! O!R H&1 DID NOT FALL 9TO ! TRAP ( SEE+ ! ,U,S,S,R AS A MORE ADVANC$ =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,9/EAD HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS 9 TRANSITION T[>DS CAPITALISM4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?IS IS AN IMPORTANT 9SI<T 9TO UND]/&+ ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,BUT ,BORDIGA DID NOT REALLY CONC]N HIMSELF ) VALUE CATEGORIES4 ,HE L>GELY ASSUM$ ?AT ! OBVI\S SIGNS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION MU/ BE BAS$ ON COMMODITIES1 MONEY & WAGE-LABOR1 ALL PLAY+ ! SAME ROLE AS 9 ! ,WE/4 ,IT IS ?US ,MATTICK :O EXPOS$ ! ISSUE MORE CONSCI5TI\SLY4 ,& IF WE >E REALLY TO GRASP ! CAPITALI/ NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 BO? BE=E & S9CE ! FALL ( 'COMMUNISM'1 WE MU/1 ON ! VALUE QUE/ION1 PROVIDE A DIFF]5T ANSW] ?AN HIS4 ,?IS WILL BE EXPLOR$ 9 \R F9AL ,P>T ( ?IS >TICLE 9 ! NEXT ISSUE4 

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,9TRODUCTION 
,P>T ,I,V3 ,T[>DS A !ORY ( ! DE=MATION ( VALUE 

,SO \R SAGA ON ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R DRAWS TO A CLOSE4 ,:ILE SOME READ]S HAVE AWAIT$ AVIDLY = EA* EXCIT+ 9/ALLM5T1 O!RS FROM ! BEG9N+ ?\<T WE GAVE DISPROPORTIONATE SPACE TO ?IS RA!R TIR$ OLD TOPIC4.<#i#h.> ,ANO!R DISSATISFI$ GR\P MAY BE ! P>TIZANS ( P>TICUL> !ORIES :I* W]E NOT GIV5 ! RECOGNITION !Y FEEL !Y DES]V$4.<#i#i.> ,?IS WAS UNAVOIDABLE CONSID]+ ! %E] NUMB] ( !ORIES ONE C\LD HAVE DEALT )4 ,! LI/ ( POLITICAL T5D5CIES :I* HAVE CONSID]$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A V>IETY ( CAPITALISM 9CLUDES 'AN>*ISM1 C\NCIL COMMUNISM1 0IMPOSSIBILISM01 MANY TYPES ( ,L59ISM 79CLUD+ ,BORDIGISM1 ,MAOISM & A NUMB] >IS+ \T ( ,TROTSKYISM71 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 ,M>XI/-,HUMANISM1 ,M5%EVISM1 ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4.<#a.> ,SOME MI<T ALSO QUE/ION :Y1 ( \R PREVI\S P>TS1 ONLY ONE DEALT ) 7/ATE-7CAPITALI/ !ORIES \TSIDE ,TROTSKYISM4 ,YET :AT IS /RIK+ 9 LOOK+ AT !SE ALT]NATIVES IS ?AT NONE DEALT ADEQUATELY ) ! 'OR?ODOX ,M>XI/' CRITICISMS COM+ FROM ,TROTSKYISM4 ,IF ,TROTSKYISM ITSELF HAS BE5 POLITICALLY BANKRUPT 9 ITS RELATION TO BO? ,/AL9ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY -- & ?IS IS NOT UNRELAT$ TO ITS REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS CAPITALI/ -- AT A C]TA9 !ORETICAL LEVEL IT /ILL POS$ A *ALL5GE4 ,WE RE/ATE ! ISSUES AT /AKE 9 ! FIR/ FEW PAGES BEL[4 ,:ILE FRAGM5T$ IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPTIONS SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ ACQUIRE !ORY3 ! PRACTICAL TRU? NECESS>Y = ITS UNIV]SAL TASK ( SELF-ABOLITION :I* AT ! SAME TIME ABOLI%ES CLASS SOCIETY4 ,CLE>+ SOME ( ! BULL%IT & CL>IFY+ ISSUES >\ND ONE ( ! C5TRAL OB/ACLES TO HUMAN EMANCIPATION ?AT ! #b? C5TURY HAS ?R[N UP1 NAMELY ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,LEFT ) CAPITAL1 MAY HELP ! NEXT C5TURY HAVE DONE ) ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ONCE & = ALL4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! PROBLEM ( DET]M9+ ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ?AT IT EXHIBIT$ TWO CONTRADICTORY ASPECTS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,U,S,S,R APPE>$ TO HAVE *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT W]E /RIK+LY SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! ACTUALLY EXI/+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES ( ! ,WE/4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS DEP5D5T = !IR LIVELIHOODS ON WAGE-LABOR4 ,RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION & ! =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE UND] ,/AL9 HAD L$ TO ! BREAK UP ( TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES & ! EM]G5CE ( A MASS 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY MADE UP ( ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS & FAMILIES4 ,:ILE ! OV]RID+ AIM ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS ! MAXIMATION ( ECONOMIC GR[?4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,U,S,S,R DIV]G$ M>K$LY FROM ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM ?AT HAD BE5 ANALYZ$ BY ,M>X4 ,! ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NOT MADE UP ( COMPET+ PRIVATELY [N$ 5T]PRISES REGULAT$ ?R\< ! '9VISIBLE H&' ( ! M>KET4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALL ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E /ATE [N$ & ! ECONOMY WAS CONSCI\SLY REGULAT$ ?R\< C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 !RE W]E NEI!R ! %>P DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC NOR ! POLITICAL NOR WAS !RE A DI/9CT CIVIL SOCIETY ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 FAMILY & /ATE4 ,F9ALLY ! ECONOMIC GR[? WAS NOT DRIV5 BY ! PR(IT MOTIVE BUT DIRECTLY BY ! NE$ TO EXP& ! MASS ( USE-VALUES TO MEET ! NE$S ( BO? ! /ATE & ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ANY !ORY ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ESS5TIALLY A CAPITALI/ =M ( SOCIETY MU/ BE ABLE TO EXPLA9 ?IS CONTRADICTORY APPE>ANCE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,FIR/LY1 IT MU/ %[ H[ ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT >OSE 9 ! PECULI> HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCE ( ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS3 & TO ?IS EXT5T ! !ORY MU/ BE GR\ND$ 9 A VALUE-ANALYSIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,SECONDLY IT MU/ %[ H[ !SE SOCIAL RELATIONS MANIFE/$ !MSELVES1 NOT ONLY 9 ?OSE FEATURES ( ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT W]E CLE>LY CAPITALI/1 BUT ALSO 9 ?OSE FEATURES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?AT APPE> AS DI/9CTLY AT V>IANCE ) CAPITALISM4 

,! CAPITALI/ ESS5CE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I,I1 !RE W]E A NUMB] ( !ORIES ?AT EM]G$ \T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT FOLL[+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT CAME TO >GUE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ESS5TIALLY A =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,MO/ ( !SE E>LY !ORIES1 H[EV]1 HAD FOCUS$ ON ! QUE/ION ( ! CLASS NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & HAD FAIL$ TO GO F> 9 DEVELOP+ A VALUE-ANALYSIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,SY/EM4.<#a#a.> ,H[EV]1 FOLL[+ ,MATTICK'S ATTEMPT TO ANALYZE ! ,U,S,S,R ( VALUE-=MS !RE HAVE BE5 A NUMB] ( ATTEMPTS TO %[ ?AT1 DESPITE APPE>ANCES TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ 9 NATURE4 

,( C\RSE1 ANY !ORY ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 SOME S5SE CAPITALI/ MU/ REJECT ! VULG> 9T]PRETATION ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM :I* SIMPLY SEES CAPITALISM AS A PR(IT DRIV5 SY/EM BAS$ ON PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! 'AN>*Y ( ! M>KET'4 ,! ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM IS ! DOM9ANCE ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT :AT IS CAPITAL8 ,FROM ,M>X IT CAN BE >GU$ ?AT CAPITAL WAS ESS5TIALLY ! SELF-EXPANSION ( ALI5AT$ LABOR3 ! CREATIVE & PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( HUMAN ACTIVITY ?AT BECOMES AN ALI5 =CE ?AT SUBSUMES HUMAN WILL & NE$S TO ITS [N AUTONOM\S EXPANSION4 

,YET ! ALI5ATION ( LABOR PRESUPPOSES WAGE-LABOR :I* ITSELF PRESUPPOSES ! SEP>ATION ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S FROM BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,( C\RSE1 9 ! 'CLASSICAL =M' ( CAPITALISM PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ! 9/ITUTIONAL MEANS ?R\< :I* ! DIRECT PRODUC]S >E SEP>AT$ FROM BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,! CLASS ( CAPITALI/S [NS BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 9 ! =M ( ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/4 ,9 CONFRONT+ ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ ! WORK] F9DS HIMSELF EXCLUD$ FROM ACCESS TO ! MEANS ?R\< HE CAN EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY SATISFY HIS NE$S4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE HE IS OBLIG$ TO SELL HIS LABOR-P[] TO ONE CAPITALI/ SO ?AT HE CAN !N BUY HIS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE FROM ANO!R4 ,YET 9 SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] TO CAPITALI/S ! WORK+ CLASS PRODUCE !IR FUTURE MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & !IR FUTURE MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,9 DO+ SO !Y 5D UP REPRODUC+ ! RELATION ( CAPITAL & WAGE-LABOR4 

,YET ?IS SOCIAL RELATION IS NOT FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]$ ) ! 9/ITUTION ( ! /ATE [N]%IP ( BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,( C\RSE ! ,/AL9I/ APOLOGI/S W\LD CLAIM ?AT ! /ATE [N]%IP ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION MEANT ! [N]%IP ( BY ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,BUT ?IS WAS QUITE CLE>LY A LEGAL =MALITY4 ,! ,SOVIET WORK+ CLASS NO MORE [N$ & CONTROLL$ !IR FACTORIES ?AN ,BRITI% WORK]S [N$ ,BRITI% ,/EEL1 ,BRITI% ,COAL OR ,BRITI% ,LEYL& 9 ! DAYS ( ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES4 ,/ATE [N]%IP1 :E!R 9 ,RUSSIA OR ELSE:]E1 WAS M]ELY A SPECIFIC 9/ITUTIONAL =M ?R\< :I* ! WORK+ CLASS WAS EXCLUD$ FROM BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & !RE=E OBLIG$ TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4 

,9 SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! V>I\S /ATE 5T]PRISES ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S DID NOT WORK TO PRODUCE = !IR [N NE$S BUT WORK$ 9 EX*ANGE = WAGES4 ,?US 9 A V]Y REAL S5SE !Y ALI5AT$ !IR LABOR & H5CE PRODUC$ CAPITAL4 ,9/EAD ( SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] TO CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( A PRIVATE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS SIMPLY SOLD !IR LABOR-P[] TO CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( ! /ATE [N$ 5T]PRISE4 

,:]EAS 9 ! 'CLASSICAL =M' ( CAPITALISM ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! /ATE & AS SU* COLLECTIVELY [N$ & CONTROLL$ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BY MAK+ ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS WORK LONG] ?AN ?AT NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE ! EQUIVAL5T ( !IR LABOR-P[] ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE 5T]PRISES W]E ABLE TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-VALUE JU/ AS ! C\NT]P>TS 9 ! ,WE/ W\LD DO4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :ILE A P>T ( ?IS SURPLUS-VALUE W\LD BE US$ TO PAY = ! PRIVILEGES ( ! '/ATE B\RGEOISIE'1 AS 9 ! ,WE/1 ! L>GE/ P>T W\LD BE RE9VE/$ 9 ! EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMY & ?US 5SUR+ ! SELF-EXPANSION ( /ATE-CAPITAL4 

,H5CE BY P5ETRAT+ BEH9D ! =MS ( PROP]TY WE CAN SEE ?AT ! REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS )9 ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ESS5TIALLY ?OSE ( CAPITAL4 ,! ,U,S,S,R CAN !RE=E BE SE5 AS HAV+ BE5 CAPITALI/ -- AL?\< 9 ! SPECIFIC =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV] POLITICALLY USEFUL & 9TUITIVE CORRECT ?IS CLASSIFICATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R MAY BE1 ! PROBLEM IS ?AT BY ITSELF ?IS APPROA* IS UNABLE TO EXPLA9 ! APP>5TLY NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AS ANYONE ACQUA9T$ ) ,HEGEL MI<T SAY '! ESS5CE MU/ APPE>6'4 ,CAPITAL MAY BE ! SELF-EXPANSION ( ALI5AT$ LABOR BUT IT IS LABOR 9 ! =M ( VALUE4 ,H[ CAN WE SPEAK ( VALUE1 OR 9DE$ SURPLUS-VALUE1 :5 !RE IS NO PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 S9CE )\T M>KETS !RE WAS NO REAL PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE8 

,!SE CRITICISMS ( /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAVE EM]G$ \T ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION4 ,IT IS TO ?IS TRADITION ?AT WE MU/ N[ TURN TO EXPLORE ! LIMITS ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,! ,TROTSKYI/ APPROA* 

,! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,TROTSKYI/ !ORI/S HAVE CRITICIZ$ ! ME?OD ( /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,!Y >GUE IT IS WRONG TO SEEK TO ID5TIFY AN AB/RACT & AHI/ORICAL ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM & SEEK TO ID5TIFY ITS EXI/5CE TO A CONCRETE HI/ORICAL SOCIAL =MATION SU* AS ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,= !M ! APP>5T CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! NON-CAPITALI/ & CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A REAL CONTRADICTION ?AT CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD BY GRASP+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A TRANSITIONAL SOCIAL =MATION4 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 = ,TROTSKYI/S1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION M>K$ A DECISIVE BREAK ) CAPITALISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 FOLL[+ #a#i#a#g1 ,RUSSIA HAD 5T]$ A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,AS SU* ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NEI!R CAPITALI/ NOR SOCIALI/ BUT HAD ASPECTS ( ! TWO :I* >OSE FROM ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! LAW ( VALUE & ( PLANN+4 

,AS A RESULT ,TROTSKYI/ NEV] D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9DE$ !Y ACCEPT$ ! P]SI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ =MS SU* AS MONEY1 PR(ITS1 9T]E/ & WAGES4 ,BUT !SE W]E DECAY+ =MS -- 'EMPTY HUSKS' -- ?AT DISGUIS$ ! EM]G+ SOCIALI/ RELATIONS 9 A P]IOD ( TRANSITION4 ,?IS BECOMES CLE>1 !Y >GUE IF WE EXAM9E !SE 'CAPITALI/ =MS' MORE CLOSELY4 

,FIR/LY1 IT MAY APPE> ?AT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT PRODUCTION TOOK ! =M ( PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE & H5CE PRODUCTS TOOK ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 ,AFT] ALL1 DIFF]5T /ATE 5T]PRISES TRAD$ ) EA* O!R & SOLD PRODUCTS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT = ! MO/ P>T SU* EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS WAS DET]M9$ BY ! C5TRAL PLAN NOT BY COMPETITIVE EX*ANGE ON ! M>KET4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 :ILE ! /ATE 5T]PRISES =MALLY SOLD !IR \TPUTS & PUR*AS$ !IR 9PUTS SU* 'EX*ANGES' W]E 9 CONT5T M]ELY TRANSF]S ?AT W]E MADE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! C5TRAL PLAN4 ,H5CE PRODUCTION WAS NOT = EX*ANGE BUT = ! PLAN & ?US PRODUCTS DID NOT REALLY ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 

,SECONDLY1 S9CE !RE WAS NO REAL COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 BUT SIMPLY A PLAN$ TRANSF] ( PRODUCTS1 !RE C\LD BE NO REAL MONEY 9 ,U,S,S,R4 ,:ILE MONEY C]TA9LY EXI/$ & WAS US$ 9 TRANSACTIONS IT DID NOT BY ANY MEANS HAVE ! FULL FUNCTIONS ?AT MONEY HAS UND] CAPITALISM4 ,MONEY PR9CIPALLY FUNCTION$ AS A UNIT ( ACC\NT4 ,UNLIKE MONEY UND] CAPITALISM1 :I* AS ! UNIV]SAL EQUIVAL5T1 WAS BO? NECESS>Y & SUFFICI5T TO BUY ANY?+1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R MONEY MAY HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO BUY C]TA9 ?+S BUT WAS (T5 V]Y F> FROM BE+ SUFFICI5T4 ,AS ! LONG QUEUES & %ORTAGES TE/IFI$ :AT WAS NE$$ 9 ,U,S,S,R TO OBTA9 ?+S WAS NOT JU/ MONEY BUT ALSO TIME OR 9FLU5CE4 

,?IRDLY1 !RE W]E ! =MS ( PR(ITS & 9T]E/4 ,UND] CAPITALISM PR(IT S]VES AS ! DRIV+ =CE ?AT PROPELS ! EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM1 :ILE 9T]E/ 5SURES ! EFFICI5T ALLOCATION ( CAPITAL TO ! MO/ PR(ITABLE SECTORS & 9DU/RIES4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! =MS ( PR(IT & 9T]E/ EXI/$ BUT !Y W]E = ! MO/ P>T ACC\NT+ DEVISES4 ,PRODUCTION WAS NO MORE PRODUCTION = PR(IT ?AN IT WAS PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE4 ,9DE$ ! EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS DRIV5 BY ! C5TRAL PLAN ?AT SET SPECIFIC T>GETS = ! PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES NOT VALUES4.<#a#b.> 

,F9ALLY & P]HAPS MO/ IMPORTANTLY WE COME TO ! =M ( WAGES4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,TROTSKYI/ !ORI/S REJECT ! ,/AL9I/ NOTION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W]E CO-[N]S ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES1 !Y >E OBLIG$ TO ACCEPT ?AT ! DIRECT PRODUC]S W]E SEP>AT$ FROM BO? !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! ABS5CE ( G5]AL COMMODITY PRODUCTION IT IS >GU$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK] WAS UNABLE TO SELL H] LABOR-P[] AS A COMMODITY4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE ! WORK] WAS NOT 'FREE' TO SELL H] LABOR P[] TO :O EV] %E *OSE & SECONDLY BECAUSE ! MONEY WAGE C\LD NOT BE FREELY TRANS=M$ 9TO COMMODITIES4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 AL?\< ! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R W]E NOM9ALLY PAID WAGES1 9 REALITY SU* WAGES W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN P5SIONS OR RATIONS ?AT BORE SCANT RELATION TO ! LABOR P]=M$4 ,! POSITION ( ! WORK] WAS MORE LIKE ?AT ( A S]F OR SLAVE TI$ TO A SPECIFIC MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT A 'FREE' WAGE WORK]4 

,WE %ALL RETURN TO CONSID] ?IS QUE/ION ( 'EMPTY CAPITALI/ =MS' LAT]4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT AT PRES5T IS TO SEE H[ ! ,TROTSKYI/ APPROA* IS ABLE TO GR\ND ! CONTRADICTORY APPE>ANCE ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS BO? CAPITALI/ & NON-CAPITALI/ 9 T]MS ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! ,TROTSKYI/ APPROA* HAS ! ADVANTAGE OV] MO/ /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ?AT >E UNABLE TO ADEQUATELY ACC\NT = ! NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,?IS FAILURE TO GRASP ! NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS BE5 EXPOS$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! DECAY & F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,CAPITALI/ CRISIS & ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS ITS CRISIS RIDD5 MODE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,CAPITALISM HAS BR\<T AB\T AN UNPREC$5T$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 YET SU* DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 REPEAT$LY PUNCTUAT$ BY CRISES ( OV]PRODUCTION4 

,! %E] WA/E ?AT SU* CRISES C\LD 9VOLVE HAD BECOME CLE>LY APP>5T 9 ! GREAT DEPRESSION ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE MILLIONS ( WORK]S 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES HAD BE5 PLUNG$ 9TO POV]TY BY MASS UNEMPLOYM5T :ILE ON ! O!R SIDE /OOD IDLE FACTORIES ?AT HAD PREVI\S S]V$ AS A MEANS TO FE$ & CLO! !SE WORK]S4 ,9 CONTRA/1 AT ?AT TIME ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA WAS UND]GO+ A PROCESS ( RAPID APP>5TLY CRISIS FREE 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT WAS TO TRANS=M ! ,U,S,S,R FROM A PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN ECONOMY 9TO A MAJOR 9DU/RIAL & MILIT>Y P[]4.<#a#c.> 

,9 ! #a#i#cS & ! DECADES ?AT FOLL[$1 EV5 B\RGEOIS OBS]V]S HAD COME TO ACCEPT ! VIEW ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ SY/EM ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ HAD OV]COME ! PROBLEM ( ECONOMIC CRISIS & WAS AT LEA/ 9 ECONOMIC T]MS AN ADVANCE OV] FREE M>KET CAPITALISM4 ,! ONLY QUE/ION ?AT REMA9$ = SU* OBS]V]S WAS :E!R ! CO/ 9 B\RGEOIS FRE$OM ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ SY/EM SEEM$ TO IMPLY WAS WOR? ! ECONOMIC GA9S ( A RATIONALLY PLANN$ ECONOMY4 

,:ILE IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT = ,TROTSKYI/S TO DEF5D ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS 9 ANY S5SE 9 P[]1 ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD /ILL BE DEF5D$ AS BE+ PROGRESSIVE 9 ?AT IT WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION FA/] ?AN CAPITALISM4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION WAS CREAT+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM !N ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD /ILL BE SE5 AS BE+ 9 ! LONG T]M 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,MANY ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORI/S %>$ ?IS COMMON VIEW ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS AN ADVANCE OV] ! FREE M>KET CAPITALISM ( ! ,WE/4 ,:ILE !Y MAY HAVE DISAGRE$ ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ NOTION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD L$ TO A BREAK ) CAPITALISM !Y /ILL ACCEPT$ ?AT BY LEAD+ TO ! EV5TUAL 9TRODUCTION ( A PR$OM9ANTLY /ATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMY IT HAD M>K$ AN ADVANCE NOT ONLY OV] PRE-,REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA BUT ALSO OV] ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 

,?IS VIEW SEEM$ TO BE CONFIRM$ BY ! PO/ ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> DEVELOPM5T 9 ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ,KEYNESIAN DEM& MANAGEM5T1 WIDESPREAD NATIONALIZATION ( KEY 9DU/RIES1 9DICATIVE PLANN+.<#a#d.> & ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! WELF>E /ATE ALL SEEM$ TO 9DICATE AN EVOLUTION T[>DS ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,= MANY B\RGEOIS AS WELL AS ,M>XI/ !ORI/S ( ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS !RE WAS DEVELOP+ A CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ! ,WE/ & ! ,EA/ AS ! /ATE 9CREAS+LY CAME TO REGULATE ! ECONOMY4 ,= ,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM !RE WAS EM]G+ :AT !Y T]M$ A 'BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM' ?AT HAD OV]COME ! PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC CRISIS4 

,AS WE NOT$ 9 ,P>T ,I,I,I1 ,MATTICK AS ONE ( ! LEAD+ /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORI/ ( ! ,G]MAN LEFT1 REJECT$ ! CLAIMS ?AT ,KEYNESIANISM HAD RESOLV$ ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,YET NEV]!LESS HE TOOK ! CLAIMS ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD ITSELF RESOLV$ ! PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC CRISIS ?R\< RATIONAL PLANN+ AT FACE VALUE4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 BY ! #a#i#gS IT HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY CLE> ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD 5T]$ A P]IOD ( *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #aii ONLY ! MO/ H>D L9E ,/AL9I/ C\LD D5Y ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD BE5 A BUREAUCRATIC NI<TM>E ?AT 9VOLV$ 5ORM\S ECONOMIC WA/E & 9EFFICI5CY4 

,/ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES HAVE SO F> PROV$ UNABLE TO EXPLA9 ! PECULI> NATURE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT L$ TO ITS *RONIC /AGNATION & EV5TUAL D[NFALL4.<#a#e.> ,IF ! ,U,S,S,R WAS SIMPLY A =M ( CAPITALISM !N ! CRISIS !ORIES ( CAPITALISM %\LD BE 9 SOME WAY APPLICABLE TO ! CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLA9 ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ( ! ,U,S,S,R SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( ! FALL+ RATE & PR(IT1 OV]PRODUCTION & CRISIS ETC4 HAVE FAIL$ TO EXPLA9 ! SPECIFIC FEATURES ( ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AT BESET ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT EXP]I5CE ACUTE CRISIS ( OV]PRODUCTION BUT RA!R PROBLEMS ( SY/EMATIC WA/E & *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION1 NONE ( :I* CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! /&>D !ORIES ( CAPITALI/ CRISIS4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS LIMITATION ( /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES1 P]HAPS RA!R IRONICALLY1 ! MO/ P]SUASIVE EXPLANATION ( ! D[NFALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS NOT >IS5 FROM ?OSE TRADITIONS ?AT HAD MO/ CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & :I* HAD GIV5 RISE TO ! !ORIES ?AT ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS A =M ( ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM1 BUT FROM ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION ?AT HAD GIV5 ! ,U,S,S,R ITS CRITICAL SUPPORT4 ,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 IT HAS BE5 ,TICKT9 ?AT HAS GIV5 ! MO/ PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION & DESCRIPTION ( ! DECL9E & FALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AL?\< 9 DEVELOP+ HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R ,TICKT9 WAS OBLIG$ TO DIT* ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R REMA9$ A DEG5]ATE WORK]S /ATE1 HE HELD ON TO ! CRUCIAL ,TROTSKYI/ NOTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 9 A TRANSITIONAL /AGE BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,= ,TICKT91 ,RUSSIA'S TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM WAS P>T ( ! GLOBAL TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,) ! FAILURE ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION FOLL[+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ,RUSSIA WAS LEFT 9 ISOLATION & WAS UNABLE TO COMPLETE ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME /UCK 9 A HALF-WAY POSITION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,! ,U,S,S,R SUBSEQU5TLY DEG5]AT$ 9TO A 'NON-MODE ( PRODUCTION'4 ,:ILE IT CEAS$ TO BE REGULAT$ BY ! 'LAW ( VALUE' IT C\LD NOT ADEQUATELY REGULAT$ ?R\< ! LAW ( PLANN+ )\T ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 IT IS )9 ?IS !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK ?AT ,TICKT9 >GU$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO MAKE ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM )9 ! GLOBAL EPO* ( ! DECL9E ( CAPITALISM ?AT ,TICKT9 WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP HIS ANALYSIS ( ! DECL9E & FALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE ALSO SAW :ILE HIS ANALYSIS IS P]HAPS ! MO/ PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION ?AT HAS BE5 (F]$ = ! DECL9E & FALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R IT HAS IMPORTANT FAIL+S4 ,AS WE HAVE >GU$1 DESPITE TW5TY YE>S & NUM]\S >TICLES DEVELOP+ HIS ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 HAS BE5 UNABLE TO DEVELOP A SY/EMATIC & COH]5T ME?ODOLOGICAL EXPOSITION ( HIS !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A NON-MODE PRODUCTION4 ,9/EAD ,TICKT9 IS OBLIG$ TO TAKE UP A NUMB] ( FALSE />TS EA* ( :I*1 :ILE (T5 (F]+ IMPORTANT 9SI<TS 9TO ! NATURE & FUNCTION+ ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 RUNS 9TO PROBLEMS 9 ITS EF=TS TO %[ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 9 SOME S5SE 9 TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,9DE$1 HE IS UNABLE TO ADEQUATELY EXPLA9 ! P]SI/5CE & FUNCTION ( CAPITALI/ CATEGORIES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,IF WE >E TO DEVELOP AN ALT]NATIVE TO ,TICKT9 !ORY :I* IS ROOT$ 9 ! TRADITION ?AT HAS CONSI/5TLY SE5 ! ,U,S,S,R AS BE+ /ATE CAPITALI/.<#a#f.> IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT WE >E ABLE TO EXPLA9 ! NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT PREVI\S /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES HAVE FAIL$ TO DO4 ,TO DO ?IS WE PROPOSE TO FOLL[ ,TICKT9 & CONSID] ! ,U,S,S,R AS A TRANSITIONAL SOCIAL =MATION1 BUT1 FOLL[+ ! 9SI<TS ( ,BORDIGA & ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT1 WE DO NOT PROPOSE TO GRASP ! ,U,S,S,R AS HAV+ BE5 9 TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM BUT AS A SOCIAL =MATION 9 TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM4 

,BUT BE=E WE CAN DO ?IS WE MU/ FIR/ CONSID] P>TICUL> NATURE ( ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( /ATE CAPITALISM 
,! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( /ATE CAPITALISM 

,)9 ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM ( BO? ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS /ATE CAPITALISM IS VIEW$ AS ! HI<E/ =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS ,M>X >GU$1 ! PREVAL5T T5D5CY )9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM IS ! BO? ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,AS CAPITAL IS ACCUMULAT$ 9 EV] L>GE AM\NTS ! WEAK CAPITALS >E DRIV5 \T BY ! /RONG4 ,CAPITAL BECOMES C5TRALIZ$ 9TO FEW] & FEW] H&S AS 9 EA* 9DU/RY ! COMPETITION BETWE5 MANY SMALL CAPITALS BECOMES REPLAC$ BY ! MONOPOLY ( A FEW4 

,BY ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! !ORI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BEGUN TO >GUE ?AT ?IS T5D5CY HAD GONE SO F> ?AT ! COMPETITIVE LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM ?AT ,M>X HAD ANALYZ$ 9 ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS GIV+ WAY TO A MONOPOLY CAPITALISM 9 :I* ! KEY 9DU/RIES W]E DOM9AT$ BY NATIONAL MONOPOLI/IC CORPORATION OR PRICE-FIX+ C>TELS4 ,IT WAS >GU$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( SU* MONOPOLIES & C>TELS MEANT ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE WAS 9 DECL9E4 ,\TPUT & PRICES W]E N[ 9CREAS+LY BE+ PLAN$ BY ! MONOPOLIES & C>TELS RA!R ?AN EM]G+ SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! AN>*Y ( A COMPETITIVE M>KET4 

,FUR!RMORE IT WAS >GU$ ?AT 9 ORD] TO MOBILIZE ! HUGE AM\NTS ( CAPITAL N[ NECESS>Y TO F9ANCE L>GE SCALE PRODUCTIVE 9VE/M5TS 9 LEAD+ SECTORS SU* ?OSE ( ! /EEL1 COAL & RAIL 9DU/RIES1 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL HAD BEGUN TO ALLY1 & !N 9CREAS+LY FUZE1 ) BANK+ CAPITAL TO =M :AT ! LEAD+ ECONOMIC !ORI/ ,HILF]D+ T]M$ F9ANCE CAPITAL4 ,)9 F9ANCE CAPITAL ! HUGE NATIONAL MONOPOLIES 9 EA* 9DU/RY W]E UNIT$ ) EA* O!R =M+ HUGE NATIONAL CONGLOM]ATES ) 9T]E/S 9 ALL ! /RATEGIC SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! LOGICAL \TCOME ( ?IS PROCESS WAS = ! C5TRALIZATION ( F9ANCE CAPITAL TO PROCE$ TO ! PO9T :]E !RE WAS ONLY ONE CONGLOM]ATE ?AT [N$ & CONTROLL$ ALL ! IMPORTANT 9DU/RIES 9 ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 

,H[EV]1 ! GR[? ( F9ANCE CAPITAL ALSO W5T H& 9 H& ) ! GR[+ ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ( ! /ATE4 ,ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE ! DEVELOPM5T ( F9ANCE CAPITAL )9 EA* NATION /ATE L$ TO 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION 9CREAS+LY BECOM+ POLITICIZ$ AS EA* /ATE *AMPION$ ! 9T]E/S ( ITS [N NATIONAL CAPITALS BY MILIT>Y =CE IF NECESS>Y4 ,AGA9/ RIVAL IMP]IAL P[]S EA* /ATE HAD BEGUN TO C>VE \T EMPIRES & SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE ACROSS ! GLOBE TO 5SURE PRIVILEG$ ACCESS TO M>KETS & RAW MAT]IALS NECESS>Y TO ITS DOME/IC CAPITAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUGE MONOPOLIES & F9ANCE CAPITAL =C$ ! /ATE TO TAKE A F> MORE ACTIVE ROLE 9 REGULAT+ ! ECONOMY & >BITRAT+ BETWE5 ! CONFLICT+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ?AT C\LD NO LONG] BE M$IAT$ ?R\< ! FREE OP]ATION ( COMPETITIVE M>KETS4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( F9ANCE CAPITAL IMPLI$ NOT ONLY A FUSION BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & BANK+ CAPITAL BUT ALSO A FUSION BETWE5 CAPITAL & ! /ATE4 ,CAPITALISM WAS REMORSELESSLY DEVELOP+ 9TO A /ATE CAPITALISM 9 :I* !RE W\LD BE BUT ONE CAPITAL ?AT W\LD DOM9ATE ! 5TIRE NATION & BE RUN BY ! /ATE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,= ! !ORI/ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IT WAS ?IS V]Y T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM ?AT PROVID$ ! BASIS ( SOCIALISM4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( /ATE CAPITALISM ALL ?AT W\LD BE NE$$ WAS ! SEIZURE ( ! /ATE BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ALL ! ME*ANISMS = RUNN+ ! NATIONAL ECONOMY W\LD !N BE 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S GOV]NM5T :O C\LD !N RUN ! ECONOMY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS RA!R ?AN A SMALL GR\P ( CAPITALI/S4 

,BUT ?IS NOTION ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM WAS ! CULM9ATION ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 & H5CE ?AT IT WAS CAPITALISM'S HI<E/ /AGE1 >OSE \T ( ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS & EXP]I5CE ( ,G]MANY AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,G]MANY'S RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION FOLL[+ ITS UNIFICATION 9 #ahff HAD MEANT ?AT BY ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IT WAS S]I\SLY *ALL5G+ ,BRITA9 AS ,EUROPE'S =EMO/ ECONOMIC P[]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! RAPID EM]G5CE ( AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT HAD GIV5 RISE TO ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY :I* WAS NOT ONLY ! FIR/ BUT ALSO ! L>GE/ & MO/ IMPORTANT MASS WORK]S P>TY 9 ! WORLD & AS SU* DOM9AT$ ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT IS P]HAPS NO SURPRISE !N ?AT ! ,M>XI/ !ORI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 :E!R ,G]MAN OR NOT1 %\LD LOOK TO ,G]MANY4 ,BUT !IR G5]ALIZATION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ( ,G]MANY TO A UNIV]SAL LAW WAS TO PROVE AN IMPORTANT ]ROR4 

,?IS ]ROR BECOMES CLE> IF WE CONSID] ! O!R TWO LEAD+ CAPITALI/ P[]S AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 ,BRITA9 ?AT HAD BE5 ! LEAD+ CAPITALI/ P[] ?R\<\T ! C5TURY1 & ! ,U,S,A1 ALONG ) ,G]MANY W]E RAPIDLY OV]TAK+ ,BRITA9 9 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,( C\RSE1 9 BO? ,BRITA9 & ! ,U,S,A CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAD SE5 ! PREVAL5CE ( ! T5D5CY ( ! C5TRALIZATION & CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL ?AT WAS TO LEAD TO ! GR[? ( HUGE CORPORATIONS & MONOPOLIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 P>TLY AS A RESULT ( SU* A CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 & P>TLY AS A RESULT ( ! CLASS CONFLICT ?AT ACCOMPANI$ IT1 ! /ATE WAS TO TAKE ON 9CREAS+ RESPONSIBILITIES 9 MANAG+ ! ECONOMY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE WAS NO FUSION BETWE5 BANK+ & 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL NOR WAS !IR A FUSION BETWE5 ! /ATE & CAPITAL ON ANY SCALE COMP>ABLE ?AT :I* C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ 9 ,G]MANY EI!R AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY OR SUBSEQU5TLY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL ORI5TATION ( ,BRITI% CAPITAL ?AT HAD BECOME FUR!R CONSOLIDAT$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 MEANT !RE WAS LITTLE PRESSURE = ! EM]G5CE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL 9 ,HILF]D+'S S5SE4 ,BRITI% 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL HAD LONG E/ABLI%$ M>KETS ACROSS ! WORLD & WAS UND] LITTLE PRESSURE TO CONSOLIDATE NATIONAL M>KETS ?R\< ! CON/RUCTION ( C>TELS OR NATIONAL MONOPOLIES4 

,EQUALLY ,BRITI% BANK+ CAPITAL WAS C5T]$ ON MANAG+ 9T]NATIONAL FL[S ( CAPITAL & 9VE/+ ABROAD & WAS F> FROM 9CL9$ TO MAKE ! LONG T]M COMMITM5TS NECESS>Y = A M]G] ) 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,BRITI% 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL RAIS$ F9ANCE PR9CIPALLY ?R\< ! /OCK M>KET OR ?R\< RETA9$ PR(ITS NOT ?R\< ! BANKS AS !IR ,G]MAN C\NT]P>TS DID4 ,:ILE ! ,BRITI% /ATE PURSU$ AN IMP]IAL POLICY ?AT S\<T TO PROTECT ! M>KETS & S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS = ,BRITI% CAPITAL IT /OP %ORT !RE4 ,! ,BRITI% ,/ATE MADE LITTLE EF=T TO PROMOTE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,BRITI% CAPITAL ?R\< DIRECT /ATE 9T]V5TION S9CE 9 MO/ SECTORS ,BRITI% CAPITAL /ILL RETA9$ A COMM&+ COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE4 

,9 ! ,U,S,A ! CONC5TRATION ( BANK+ CAPITAL WAS RE/RICT$4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !RE C\LD BE NO FUSION BETWE5 L>GE SCALE BANK+ CAPITAL & L>GE SCALE 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,AS A CONT95TAL ECONOMY !RE WAS F> MORE ROOM = EXPANSION 9 ! ,U,S,A BE=E CAPITALS 9 P>TICUL> 9DU/RIES REA*$ A MONOPOLI/IC /AGE & :5 !Y DID REA* ?IS /AGE !Y (T5 FAC$ ANTI-TRU/ LEGISLATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! RELATIVE GEO-ECONOMIC ISOLATION ( ! ,U,S,A MEANT ?AT PROTECTIONI/ MEASURES W]E SUFFICI5T TO PROMOTE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE NE$ = ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T TO GO BEYOND IMPOS+ T>IFFS ON =EIGN IMPORTS 9 ORD] TO 5C\RAGE ! DEVELOPM5T ( DOME/IC 9DU/RY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !RE WAS NOT ONLY NO BASIS = ! FUSION ( 9DU/RIAL & BANK+ CAPITAL BUT !RE WAS ALSO LITTLE BASIS = ! FUSION ( ! /ATE ) CAPITAL4 

,9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IT WAS ! ,U,S,A1 NOT ,G]MANY1 ?AT TOOK OV] FROM ,BRITA9 AS ! HEGEMONIC ECONOMIC P[]4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ! T5D5CY T[>DS ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL HAS CONT9U$ 9 ! ,U,S,A1 ?AT BO? /ATE REGULATION & /ATE SP5D+ HAS /EADILY 9CREAS$1 & ?AT ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! 9DU/RIAL-MILIT>Y COMPLEX !RE HAS GR[N 9CREAS+ L9KS BETWE5 ! /ATE & C]TA9 SECTORS ( 9DU/RY1 ! ,U,S,A1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ P[]1 CAN H>DLY BE DESIGNAT$ AS HAV+ A /ATE CAPITALI/ POLITICAL-ECONOMY4 ,9DE$1 ) ! RISE ( GLOBAL F9ANCE CAPITAL & ! RETREAT ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! NATION /ATE1 ! NOTION ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM IS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY UNT5ABLE4 

,IF /ATE CAPITALISM IS NOT ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM AS WAS >GU$ BY ! !ORI/S ( ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS !N :AT WAS ITS HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE8 ,TO ANSW] ?IS WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL BRIEFLY CONSID] ! P>TICUL> DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,G]MANY :I* W]E PROVID$ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS \T ( :I* ?IS NOTION FIR/ >OSE4 

,G]MANY & ! CONDITIONS ( LATE 9DU/RIALIZATION 

,AS ,M>X RECOGNIZ$1 ,BRITA9 PROVID$ ! CLASSIC CASE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,AFT] NE>LY F\R C5TURIES ( EVOLUTION ! DEVELOPM5T ( M]CANTILE & AGR>IAN CAPITALISM HAD CREAT$ ! ESS5TIAL PRECONDITIONS = ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,BRITA9 BY ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,C5TURIES ( 5CLOSURES HAD DISPOSSESS$ ! ,BRITI% PEASANTRY & CREAT$ A L>GE POOL ( POT5TIAL PROLET>IANS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION HAD CONC5TRAT$ WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( AN EM]G+ B\RGEOISIE & EMB\RGEOIFI$ G5TRY :O W]E BO? WILL+ & ABLE TO 9VE/ IT AS CAPITAL4 

,! E>LY DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY SAW ! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION & URBANIZATION ( ,BRITA94 ,BY ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY ,BRITA9 HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS ! 'WORK%OP ( ! WORLD'4 ,BRITA9'S MANUFACTUR]S FLOOD$ ! WORLD M>KETS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ,EUROPE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FACTORY SY/EM & ! SUBSEQU5T APPLICATION ( /EAM P[] MEANT ?AT ! PRODUCTS ( ,BRITI% 9DU/RY W]E F> *EAP] ?AN ?OSE ( ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RIES ?AT W]E = ! MO/ P>T /ILL BAS$ ON H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE MU* ( ! PROTO-9DU/RIAL CRAFT PRODUCTION ?AT HAD GR[N UP ACROSS ,EUROPE DUR+ ! PREVI\S TWO C5TURIES FAC$ RU9 FROM ,BRITI% 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,:]EAS 9 ,BRITA9 ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM HAD SE5 A RETREAT 9 ! ROLE ( ! /ATE & ! EM]G5CE ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE1 ON ! CONT95T ! RU9\S COMPETITION ( ,BRITI% 9DU/RY =C$ ! ,EUROPEAN /ATES TO TAKE MEASURES TO PROTECT & FO/] DOME/IC 9DU/RY4 ,9DE$ ,BRITI% ECONOMIC COMPETITION MEANT !RE WAS NO OPTION = ! GRADUAL EVOLUTION 9TO CAPITALISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! ,EUROPEAN RUL+ CLASSES HAD TO 9DU/RIALIZE OR BE LEFT BEH9D4 ,IF ! DOME/IC B\RGEOIS PROV$ TO WEAK TOO C>RY \T 9DU/RIALIZATION !N ! /ATE HAD TO C>RY \T ITS HI/ORICAL MISSION = IT4 

,! #a#h#gS M>K$ A CRUCIAL TURN+ PO9T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =MATION ( ! WORLD CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! P]IOD #a#h#g-#a#i M>K$ A SECOND /AGE 9 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT WAS TO DIVID$ ! WORLD BETWE5 A CORE ( ADVANC$ 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES & P]IPH]Y ( UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,A DIVISION ?AT = ! MO/ P>T /ILL EXI/S TODAY4 

,! FIR/ /AGE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT HAD BEGUN 9 ,BRITA9 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & :I* HAD BE5 C5T]$ ON ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES1 HAD >IS5 \T ( H&ICRAFT & >TISANAL 9DU/RY ?AT HAD GR[N UP 9 ! PREVI\S MANUFACTUR+ P]IOD4 ,! MA*9]Y ?AT WAS US$ TO ME*ANIZE PRODUCTION WAS = ! MO/ P>T SIMPLY A MULTIPLICATION & ELABORATION ( ! H& TOOLS ?AT HAD BE5 US$ 9 H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION & W]E !MSELVES ! PRODUCT ( H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! QUANTUM ( MONEY-CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO SET UP 9 PRODUCTION WAS RELATIVELY SMALL & WAS WELL )9 ! COMPASS ( MIDDLE CLASS FAMILY =TUNES4 

,! SECOND /AGE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! F9AL DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS C5T]$ >\ND L>GE SCALE /EEL PRODUCTION1 & HEAVY 5G9E]+4 ,9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION N[ PRESUPPOS$ 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,9DU/RIAL MA*9]Y WAS N[ NO LONG] ! PRODUCT ( H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION BUT WAS ITSELF ! PRODUCT ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION HAD GR[N DRAMATICALLY 9 SCALE & 9 CO/4 ,! QUANTUM ( CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO SET UP 9 PRODUCTION WAS N[ (T5 WELL BEYOND ! POCKETS ( EV5 ! RI*E/ ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,MONEY-CAPITAL HAD TO BE CONC5TRAT$ ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( JO9T-/OCK COMPANIES & BANKS4 

,9 ,BRITA91 & P]HAPS TO A LESS] EXT5T ,FRANCE1 ! P]IOD ( E>LY 9DU/RIALIZATION HAD CREAT$ ! PRESUPPOSITIONS = ! FUTURE 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! SECOND /AGE4 ,AN 9DU/RIAL BASE HAD ALREADY BE5 E/ABLI%$ :ILE ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS PROVIDE ! MASS ( MONEY CAPITAL NECESS>Y = FUR!R 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ ! DIVISION ( ,G]MANY 9TO PETTY-/ATELETS ?AT WAS ONLY F9ALLY OV]COME ) ITS UNIFICATION 9 #ahff HAD RET>D$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,G]MANY HAD TO SUMMON UP \T ( ALMO/ NO?+ ! PRECONDITIONS = ! SECOND /AGE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION IF IT WAS NOT TO FALL IRREVOCABLY BEH9D4 ,?IS REQUIR$ A =C$ CONC5TRATION ( NATIONAL CAPITAL & ! ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE4 

,?IS WAS FUR!R COMP\ND$ BY ,G]MANY'S LATE 5TRANCE 9TO ! RACE TO DIVIDE UP ! WORLD4 ,! NEW 9DU/RIES ?AT BEGAN TO EM]GE 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY DEM&$ A WIDE RANGE ( RAW MAT]IALS ?AT C\LD ONLY BE OBTA9$ \TSIDE ( ,EUROPE4 ,TO SECURE SUPPLIES ( !SE RAW MAT]IALS A RACE DEVELOP$ TO DIVIDE UP ! WORLD & ?IS L$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! VA/ ,FR5* & ,BRITI% ,EMPIRES ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,EXCLUD$ FROM MU* ( ! WORLD1 ,G]MAN CAPITAL F\ND ITSELF COMPRESS$ )9 ! N>R[ NATIONAL CONF9ES ( ,G]MANY & ITS IMM$IATE EA/]N ,EUROPEAN H9T]L&4 

,IT WAS ?IS =C$ CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( ,G]MAN CAPITAL & ITS CONF9EM5T )9 ! N>R[ NATIONAL B\ND>IES ( ,G]MANY & EA/]N ,EUROPE ?AT CAN BE SE5 AS ! BASIS = ! T5D5CIES T[>DS ! FUSION BO? BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & BANK+ CAPITAL & BETWE5 ! /ATE & CAPITAL ?AT W]E PECULI> TO ,G]MANY AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AS SU* ! T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM ?AT WAS ID5TIFI$ BY ! !ORI/ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL [$ MORE TO ,G]MANY'S LATE 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AN TO ANY UNIV]SALLY APPLICABLE T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS %[N1 ?OSE ECONOMIES ?AT HAVE MANAG$ TO OV]COME ! HUGE DISADVANTAGES ( LATE 9DU/RIALIZATION -- SU* AS ,JAPAN & MORE REC5TLY ! ',NEWLY ,9DU/RIALIZ+ ,C\NTRIES' 7,N,I,CS7 SU* AS ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,TAIWAN1 ,9DONESIA1 ,BRAZIL & ,MEXICO -- /ATE-L$ DEVELOPM5T HAS PLAY$ A CRUCIAL P>T 9 !IR SUCCESS4.<#a#g.> 

,H[EV]1 /ATE CAPITALISM ONLY REMA9$ A T5D5CY 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! FUSION ( ! /ATE & CAPITAL CAN BE SE5 TO HAVE BE5 FULLY REALIZ$4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E TURN TO CONSID] ! CASE ( ! LATE DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA4 

,RUSSIA & LATE ,DEVELOPM5T 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 ! ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY HAD MADE REPEAT$ EF=TS TO 'MOD]NIZE' & '9DU/RIALIZE' ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,) ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 #ahff & ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,/OLYP9 AGR>IAN RE=MS 9 ! E>LY #a#iS ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5TS HAD S\<T TO FO/] ! GR[? ( CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME 5C\RAG$ =EIGN 9VE/M5T 9 ! MO/ MOD]N PLANT & MA*9]Y4 

,H[EV]1 ! ,CZ>I/ EF=TS TO MOD]NIZE & 9DU/RIALIZE ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE W]E TEMP]$ BY ! DANG] ?AT SU* MOD]NIZATION & 9DU/RIALIZATION W\LD UNLEA% SOCIAL =CES ?AT W\LD UND]M9E ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL RELATIONS UPON :I* ! ,RUSSIAN IMP]IAL AUTOCRACY WAS F\ND$4 ,9DE$1 ! PRIME MOTIVE = PROMOT+ ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE WAS ! NE$ = AN 9DU/RIAL BASIS = ! CONT9U$ MILIT>Y /R5G? ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,AS MILIT>Y /R5G? 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T ON 9DU/RIALLY PRODUC$ WEAPONS !N IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT = ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE TO 9DU/RIALIZE4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( PRE-,REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA WAS N>R[LY BAS$ ON ! NE$S ( MILIT>Y ACCUMULATION4 ,:ILE ,RUSSIA CAME TO POSSESS SOME ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ FACTORIES 9 ! WORLD ! VA/ BULK ( ! ,RUSSIAN POPULATION WAS /ILL EMPLOY$ 9 SUBSI/5CE OR PETTY-COMMODITY PRODUC+ AGRICULTURE4 ,IT WAS ?IS ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 9 :I* A SMALL ISL&S ( L>GE SCALE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION EXI/$ 9 A SEA ( A PR$OM9ANTLY BACKW>D PRE-CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE1 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9H]IT$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS A DUAL REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! ONE H& IT WAS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS ?AT BR\<T D[N ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 DEFEAT$ ! ,KORNILOV'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,AUGU/ & !N1 ?R\< ! POLITICAL =M ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 SEIZ$ POLITICAL P[] 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,YET AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 9 ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY1 SUCCE$$ 9 SWEEP+ AWAY ! ,CZ>I/ AUTOCRACY1 & UPROOT+ ! SEMI-FEUDAL >I/OCRATIC RUL+ CLASS ON :I* IT RE/$ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WAS ULTIMATELY DEFEAT$4 

,! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT FAIL$ TO GO BEYOND ! SITUATION ( DUAL P[] 9 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES ?AT HAD >IS5 DUR+ P]IOD BETWE5 ! ,FEBRU>Y & ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,UNABLE TO TAKE OV] & DIRECTLY TRANS=M ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ! CONTRADICTIONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! SITUATION ( DUAL P[] W]E RESOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( NATIONALIZATION RA!R ?AN ! COMMUNIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( :I* SOON BECAME CLE> ) ! RE-9TRODUCTION ( ,TAYLORISM & ! IMPOSITION ( ONE MAN MANAGEM5T 9 ! ,SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 :I* HAD BE5 ! POLITICAL =M ?R\< :I* ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT HAD TRIUMPH$1 !N BECAME ! =M ?R\< :I* IT SUFF]$ ITS DEFEAT4 ,! ,L59I/S C\LD ONLY SAVE ! REVOLUTION BY DEFEAT+ IT4 ,! EM]G5CY MEASURES EMPLOY$ TO DEF5D ! GA9S ( ! REVOLUTION -- ! CRU%+ ( POLITICAL OPPOSITION1 ! REEMPLOYM5T ,CZ>I/ (FICIALS1 ! REIMPOSITION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ME?ODS & 9C5TIVES ETC41 ONLY S]V$ TO BREAK ! REAL P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS & OP5 UP ! GAP BETWE5 ! 'WORK]S' ,GOV]NM5T' & ! ,WORK]S4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS TO BECOME FUR!R CONSOLIDAT$ ) ! DECIMATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT DUR+ ! ?REE YE>S ( CIVIL W>4 

,YET1 ON ! O!R H&1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION CAN BE SE5 AS A FAIL$ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IT CAN ALSO BE SE5 AS A P>TIALLY SUCCESSFUL 'NATIONAL B\RGEOIS' REVOLUTION4 ,A NATIONAL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 NEI!R 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT WAS L$ BY A SELF-CONSCI\S ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 NOR 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT S]V$ TO =GE A SELF-CONSCI\S ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ?AT BY SWEEP+ AWAY ! ,CZ>I/ ABSOLUTI/ /ATE IT OP5$ ! WAY = ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( A ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE W\LD HAVE PROBABLY GONE ! WAY ( ! ,AU/RIAN-,HUNG>IAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE W\LD HAVE BE5 BROK5 UP 9 ! FACE ( 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION4 ,! MORE ADVANC$ P>TS MAY HAVE !N BE5 RE9TEGRAT$ )9 ! ORBIT ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM1 :ILE ! RE/ W\LD HAVE BE5 DUMP$ 9 ! ECONOMICALLY UNDEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD =G$ A /RONG /ATE ?AT1 UNLIKE ! PREVI\S ,CZ>I/ REGIME1 WAS ABLE TO FULLY DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T BY ?R\< ! =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES DIRECT$ BY ! CONC5TRAT$ & C5TRALIZ$ DIRECTION & P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,IT WAS ONLY ?R\< /ATE-L$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT BO? ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL CON/RA9TS ?AT BLOCK$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM C\LD BE OV]COME4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ONLY WAY TO 9DU/RIALIZE -- & H5CE MAKE ! TRANSITION TO A SELF-SU/A9+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY -- WAS ?R\< ! FUSION ( /ATE & CAPITAL -- ?AT IS ?R\< ! FULL REALIZATION ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,YET TO UND]/& ?IS WE MU/ BRIEFLY CONSID] ! EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL CON/RA9TS ?AT HAD BLOCK$ ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,UND]DEVELOPM5T 
,UND]DEVELOPM5T 

,9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ,M>X REM>KS3 

,! B\RGEOISIE1 BY ! RAPID IMPROVEM5T ( ALL 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 BY ! IMM5SELY FACILITAT$ MEANS ( COMMUNICATION4 DRAWS ALL1 EV5 ! MO/ B>B>IAN1 NATIONS 9TO CIVILIZATION4 ,! *EAP PRICES ( ITS COMMODITIES >E ! HEAVY >TILL]Y ) :I* IT BATT]S D[N ALL ,*9ESE WALLS1 ) :I* IT =CES ! B>B>IANS' 9T5SELY OB/9ATE HATR$ ( =EIGN]S TO CAPITULATE4 ,IT COMPELS ALL NATIONS1 ON PA9 ( EXT9CTION1 TO ADOPT ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION2 IT COMPELS !M TO 9TRODUCE :AT IT CALLS CIVILIZATION 9TO !IR MID/ I4E41 TO BECOME B\RGEOIS !MSELVES4 ,9 ONE WORD1 IT CREATES A WORLD AFT] ITS [N IMAGE4.<#a#h.> 

,( C\RSE1 CAPITAL'S 9H]5T T5D5CY TO REPRODUCE ITSELF ON AN EV] GREAT] SCALE HAS L$ TO ! REL5TLESS GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM TO ! PO9T :]E ITS HAS LONG S9CE 5COMPASS$ ! 5TIRE GLOBE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS PROCESS HAS BE5 A HI<LY UNEV5 ONE4 ,! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL ?AT HAS L$ TO RAPID CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ONE REGION ( ! WORLD HAS PRESUPPOS$ ! PLUND] & DE-DEVELOPM5T ( O!R REGIONS ( ! WORLD4 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA IMPOS$ AN 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT /ILL DIVIDES ! WORLD A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]4 ,! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT S]V$ TO PROMOTE ! RAPID ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! 'CORE' ( WORLD CAPITALISM AT ! SAME TIME S]V$ TO BLOCK ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ! P]IPH]Y ( WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T WORLD CAPITALISM BECAME POL>IZ$4 

,9 ?IS PROCESS ( POL>IZATION ,RUSSIA F\ND ITSELF 9 A PECULI> POSITION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 AS ! IMPACT ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM SPREAD EA/W>DS ACROSS ,EUROPE FROM ,BRITA91 ,RUSSIA WAS ! LA/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY TO CONFRONT ! NE$ TO 9DU/RIALIZE4 ,AS SU* IT WAS ! LA/ ( ! LATE ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RIALIS]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,RUSSIA CAN BE SE5 AS ! FIR/ ( ! NON-WE/]N C\NTRIES ?AT S\<T TO RESI/ ! IMPACT ( UND]DEVELOPM5T4 

,TO UND]/& ?IS PECULI> POSITION ?AT ,RUSSIA F\ND ITSELF 9 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 & H[ IT %AP$ ! TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 WE MU/ BRIEFLY CONSID] ! QUE/ION ( UND]DEVELOPM5T4 

,M]CANTILE & ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 

,CAPITALISM1 OR MORE PRECISELY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ONLY BECOMES E/ABLI%$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 CAPITAL TAKES FULL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & TRANS=MS !M 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N NE$S ?AT CAPITALISM BECOMES A SELF-SU/A9+ ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT CAN DOM9ATE SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 :]E EV] !RE HAS BE5 ! WIDESPREAD USE ( MONEY >IS+ FROM ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES CAPITAL HAS EM]G$ 9 ! DI/9CT =M ( M]CANTILE CAPITAL4 

,M]CANTILE CAPITAL HAS HAD AN 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE S9CE ! E>LY P]IOD ( ANTIQUITY4 ,H[EV]1 9 PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION IT HAS BE5 ULTIMATELY P>ASITIC4 ,M]CANTILE CAPITALISM IS DRIV5 BY PR(IT4 ,BUT IT IS A PR(IT NOT BAS$ ON ! DIRECT EXPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS-VALUE BUT ON UNEQUAL EX*ANGE -- BUY+ *EAP 9 ORD] TO SELL DE>4 ,M]CANTILE CAPITAL WAS !RE=E ALWAYS ULTIMATELY DEP5D5T ON ! PR$OM9ANT MEANS ( SURPLUS EXTRACTION 9 ANY P>TICUL> SOCIETY4 

,FOLL[+ ! CRISIS 9 ,EUROPEAN FEUDALISM 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY & ! SUBSEQU5T EM]G5CE ( ! WORLD M>KET 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY M]CANTILE CAPITALISM CAME 9 TO ITS [N & BEGAN TO RAPIDLY EXP& IT 9FLU5CE4 ,AS SU* IT HAD TWO CONTRADICTORY EFFECTS4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 M]CANTILE CAPITALISM BR\<T ) IT AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( MONEY & COMMODITIES & 9 DO+ SO S]V$ TO UND]M9E ! TRADITIONAL PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T IT PREP>$ ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL PRECONDITIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION -- ! CREATION ( AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 9S(> M]CANTILE CAPITALISM REMA9$ DEP5D5T ON ! TRADITIONAL /RUCTURES ( SOCIETY1 IT BECAME A CONS]VATIVE =CE ?AT BLOCK$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 

,M]CANTILE CAPITALISM HAD GR[N UP H& 9 H& ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE4 ,9 ORD] TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! FEUDAL NOBILITY ! ABSOLUTI/ /ATE WAS 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T ON LOANS & MONEY TAXES ?AT HAD BECOME POSSIBLE ) ! MONATRISATION ( ! FEUDAL ECONOMY ?AT WAS BE+ BR\<T AB\T BY ! RISE ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM4 ,YET1 :ILE ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y WAS DEP5D5T ON M]*ANTS & !IR BANK]S = LOANS & TAXES1 !Y 9 TURN W]E DEP5D5T ON ! /ATE = ! DEF5SE ( !IR MONOPOLIES & ACCESS TO =EIGN M>KETS4 

,H[EV]1 AL?\< !RE WAS A C]TA9 SYMBIOSIS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE & M]CANTILE CAPITALISM1 ! ABSOLUTE /ATE WAS C>EFUL TO CONTA9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM4 ,! EXCESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM ALWAYS ?REAT5$ TO UND]M9E ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] ON :I* ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE RE/$ AS TRADITIONAL RELATIONS ( AU?ORITY W]E REPLAC$ BY ! CYNICAL & IMP]SONAL RELATIONS ( ! M>KET4 ,?US :ILE ! /ATE 5C\RAG$ M]*ANTS TO PR(ITE] AT ! EXP5SE ( =EIGN]S !Y W]E F> LESS 9CL9$ TO ALL[ SU* PR(ITE]+ TO CAUSE SOCIAL DISCORD AT HOME4 ,H5CE ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE WAS KE5 TO 9T]V5E TO REGULATE TRADE1 NOT ONLY TO PROTECT ! MONOPOLY POSITIONS ( ! FAVOR$ M]*ANTS1 BUT ALSO TO MA9TA9 SOCIAL PEACE & /ABILITY4 

,9 ORD] TO SECURE ITS S\RCES ( SUPPLY M]CANTILE CAPITAL HAD FROM AN E>LY /AGE 9VOLV$ ITSELF 9 PRODUCTION4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY & COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 = ! MO/ P>T M]CANTILE ONLY =MALLY SUBSUM$ PRODUCTION4 ,M]CANTILE CAPITAL LEFT UNALT]$ ! TRADITIONAL CRAFT BAS$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 H[EV]1 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL BEGAN TO 9 TO ITS [N ) ! RISE ( FACTORY PRODUCTION & ! APPLICATION ( /EAM P[]$ MA*9]Y4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITAL DIRECTLY EXPROPRIAT$ SURPLUS-VALUE ?R\< ITS DOM9ATION ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,AS SU* IT HAD NO NE$ = ! PRIVILEGES ( BE/[$ BY ! /ATE ON M]*ANT CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO MAKE A PR(IT4 ,9DE$ SU* PRIVILEGES & MONOPOLIES BECAME A BLOCK TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL'S [N SELF-EXPANSION4 ,UND] ! BANN]S ( LIB]TY & LAISSEZ-FAIRE ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE 9CREAS+LY CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! CONS]VATISM ( M]CANTILE CAPITAL & ! E/ABLI%$ RUL+ CLASSES ?AT IT UPHELD4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL TRIUMPH$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE OV] M]CANTILE CAPITAL & ITS >I/OCRATIC ALLIES4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 M]CANTILE CAPITAL BECAME SUBORD9AT$ TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,IT BECAME M]ELY A DI/9CT MOM5T 9 ! CIRCUIT ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL2 DEAL+ 9 ! SALE & DI/RIBUTION ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,! PR(ITS ( M]CANTILE CAPITAL NO LONG] CAME TO DEP5D ON /ATE PRIVILEGES BUT D]IV$ FROM ! SURPLUS-VALUE PRODUC$ BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< M]CANTILE CAPITAL BECAME 9TEGRAT$ ) 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ITS RELATION TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD WAS DIFF]5T4 

,FROM ! SIXTE5? C5TURY M]CANTILE CAPITAL HAD COME TO 5COMPASS ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE 9 ,EUROPE ! CORROSIVE EFFECTS ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM ON ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL ORD] HAD BE5 HELD 9 *ECK BY ! /ATE1 9 MU* ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD ! IMPACT ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM HAD BE5 DEVA/AT+3 

,9 ,AM]ICA & ,AU/RALIA :OLE CIVILIZATIONS :]E WIP$ \T2 ,WE/ ,AFRICA WAS R$UC$ TO A SLAVE M>KET & NO SOCIETY ESCAP$ )\T BE+ R$UC$ TO A CORRUPT P>ODY ( ITS =M] SELF4.<#a#i.> 

,! CONDITIONS CREAT$ BY M]CANTILE CAPITALISM 9 !SE P>TS ( ! WORLD W]E F> FROM BE+ CONDUCIVE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & SUBSEQU5TLY ,NOR? ,AM]ICA :]E CAPITAL HAD ALREADY BE5 CONC5TRAT$ & :]E CONDITIONS W]E MORE FAVORABLE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL LEFT M]CANTILE CAPITAL TO ITS [N DEVISES 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,GE(FREY ,KAY >GUES3 

,IF M]*ANT CAPITAL RETA9$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD1 IT WAS NO LONG] ALL[$ TO TRADE SOLELY ON ITS [N ACC\NT BUT WAS =C$ TO BECOME ! AG5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 M]*ANT CAPITAL 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY EXI/$ 9 ITS TWO HI/ORICAL =MS SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,AT ONE & ! SAME MOM5T IT WAS ! ONLY =M ( CAPITAL BUT NOT ! ONLY =M ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS APP>5T P>ADOX IS ! SPECIFICA DIFF]5TIA ( UND]DEVELOPM5T1 & ITS EM]G5CE AS A HI/ORICAL FACT 9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY M>KS ! BEG9N+ ( UND]DEVELOPM5T AS WE KN[ IT4.<#a#a.> 

,AS ! AG5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL M]*ANT CAPITAL PLUND]$ ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD = *EAP RAW MAT]IALS :ILE PROVID+ LUCRATIVE \TLETS = 9DU/RIAL COMMODITIES PRODUC$ 9 ! DEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT RETA9$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE M]CANTILE CAPITAL %OR$ UP ! CONS]VATIVE ELITES & BLOCK$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,H5CE3 

,! CONSEQU5CES W]E D\BLY DEPRESS+ = ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD3 ON ! ONE SIDE ! T5D5CY ( M]*ANT CAPITAL TO REPRESS G5]AL ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 PROPORTION TO ITS [N 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T2 ON ! O!R ! REORGANIZATION ( :OLE ECONOMIES TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( EXT]NAL ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4.<#a#a#a.> 

,! EM]G5CE ( A WORLD POL>IZ$ BETWE5 A CORE ( 9DU/RIALLY ADVANC$ ECONOMIES & A P]IPH]Y ( UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES WAS FUR!R COMP\ND$ ) ! RISE ( 9T]NATIONAL MONEY$ CAPITAL4 

,AS WE SAW PREVI\SLY1 ! GR[? 9 ! %E] SCALE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION MEANT ?AT ! MASS ( CAPITAL REQUIR$ TO SET UP 9 PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ BEYOND ! MEANS ( MO/ PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ITSELF PRESUPPOS$ ! EXI/5CE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,?IS HAD IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES ON ! POL>IZATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY & ! PROCESS ( UND]DEVELOPM5T4 

,FIR/LY1 :]EAS 9 ,5GL& & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL HAD BE5 ABLE GR[ UP ON ! BASIS ( ! PREEXI/5T CRAFT PRODUCTION4 ,9 CONTRA/ UNDEVELOP$ ECONOMIES1 LIKE ! LATE DEVELOP+ ECONOMIES 9 ,EUROPE ITSELF1 C\LD NOT SIMPLY REPEAT ! EVOLUTION>Y /AGES ?R\< :I* 9DU/RY HAD 9VOLV$ 9 ! CORE ECONOMIES S9CE !Y W\LD BE UNCOMPETITIVE 9 ! WORLD M>KET4 ,9/EAD !Y HAD TO MAKE ! LEAP & 9TRODUCE MOD]N PLANT & MA*9]Y4 ,BUT SU* MOD]N PLANT & MA*9]Y WAS ! PRODUCT ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ?AT = ! MO/ P>T DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,IT !RE=E HAD TO BE IMPORT$ FROM ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL ECONOMIES4 

,SECONDLY1 ! UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES LACK$ ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO F9ANCE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES4 ,IT !RE=E NOT ONLY HAD TO IMPORT PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO 9DU/RIALIZE1 IT HAD TO IMPORT MONEY$ CAPITAL EI!R 9 ! =M ( DIRECT =EIGN 9VE/M5TS BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITALS ( ! CORE ECONOMIES OR BORR[ MONEY-CAPITAL FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL BANKS & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES W]E ABLE TO ATTRACT =EIGN 9VE/M5T OR LOANS IT WAS ABLE DEVELOP IT 9DU/RY4 ,BUT SU* 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS = ! MO/ P>T LIMIT$ & ORI5TAT$ T[>DS PRODUC+ COMMODITIES DEM&$ BY ! NE$S ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ 9DU/RIALIZ$ ECONOMIES4 ,ITS S]FDOM CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CREATION ( AN 9DU/RIAL BASE ON :I* A SELF-SUFFICI5T NATIONAL ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL C\LD OCCUR4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 ! LONG T]M ! 9T]E/ OR PR(ITS ON SU* =EIGN 9VE/M5TS W]E REPATRIAT$ TO ! CORE ECONOMIES & DID NOT CONTRIBUTE TO ! FUR!R NATIONAL ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES !MSELVES4 

,RUSSIA & ! PROBLEM ( UND]DEVELOPM5T 

,! DEFEAT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 & ! SUBSEQU5T FAILURE ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 LEFT ! ,BOL%EVIKS ISOLAT$ & 9 *>GE ( A PR$OM9ANTLY BACKW>D & UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMY4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 & ) IT ! SURVIVAL ( ! ',SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T'1 N[ DEP5D$ ON ! ,BOL%EVIKS C>RY+ ?R\< ! TASKS ( ! NATIONAL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION -- ?AT IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 

,YET 9 ORD] TO C>RY ?R\< SU* TASKS ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO OV]COME ! =MIDABLE PROBLEMS ( UND]DEVELOPM5T ?AT RE9=C$ ! 9T]NAL OB/ACLES TO ! MOD]NIZATION & 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! TWO MO/ PRESS+ 9T]NAL OB/ACLES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL W]E ! PROBLEM ( F9ANCE & ! PROBLEM ( AGRICULTURE4 

,RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE WAS PR$OM9ANTLY BAS$ ON SMALL SCALE SUBSI/5CE OR PETTY-COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,?IS HAD TWO IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES = 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,FIR/LY1 IT BLOCK$ ! =MATION ( AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT S9CE ! BULK ( ! POPULATION WAS /ILL TI$ TO ! L&4 ,SECONDLY1 ! 9EFFICI5T & BACKW>D NATURE ( ,RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE PREV5T$ IT FROM PRODUC+ A SURPLUS ?AT C\LD FE$ AN EXP&+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS C\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO PRODUCE = ! WORLD M>KET !N !RE C\LD BE EXPECT$ ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( A CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE4 ,AS PRODUCTION = PR(IT L$ TO AN 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION 9 ! PEASANTRY SOME W\LD GR[ RI* :ILE O!RS W\LD BECOME POOR & BECOME PROLET>IANIZ$4 ,BUT ?IS WAS LIKELY TO BE A LONG DRAWN \T PROCESS4 ,PR(ITS W\LD BE SMALL GIV5 ! M>K UPS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL M]*ANTS & ! NE$ TO COMPETE ) MORE EFFICI5T CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,FUR!RMORE1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY PRODUC$ = ! WORLD M>KET1 IT C\LD NOT PROVIDE *EAP FOOD = AN EXP&+ ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 

,! SECOND IMPORTANT OB/ACLE TO 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS F9ANCE4 ,! BACKW>D *>ACT] ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM MEANT ?AT !RE WAS LITTLE 9T]NAL CAPITAL ?AT HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT$4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,RUSSIA HAD 9DU/RIALIZ$ IT HAD BE5 PROMOT$ BY ! /ATE & F9ANC$ ?R\< =EIGN 9VE/M5TS4 ,BUT ) ! REVOLUTION ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD REPUDIAT$ ALL ! =EIGN LOANS TAK5 \T UND] ,CZ>I/ REGIME & HAD EXPROPRIAT$ =EIGN [N$ CAPITAL 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ONCE BITT5 ! 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCI]S W]E GO+ TO BE TWICE %Y AB\T F9ANC+ ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIALIZATION4 

,IF ! NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL WAS TO BE A*IEV$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 IF ,RUSSIA WAS TO MAKE ! TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM1 !N ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO SUBORD9ATE ! FLEET+ & TRANSNATIONAL =MS ( CAPITAL -- MONEY & COMMODITIES -- TO ! NE$S ( NATIONAL PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL -- ! REAL CONCRETE CAPITAL ( FACTORIES1 PLANT1 MA*9]Y & HUMAN LABOR1 ROOT$ 9 ,RUSSIAN SOIL4 ,?IS REQUIR$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE TAKE *>GE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION -- ?AT IS ?AT ! TRANSITION TO A FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM HAD TO TAKE ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,H5CE1 :ILE AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAD OP5$ ! WAY = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,FR5* CAPITALISM BY FREE+ CAPITAL FROM ! EMBRACE ( ! /ATE1 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ! ,REVOLUTION OP5$ ! WAY = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM BY 9CREAS+ ! EMBRACE ( ! /ATE OV] CAPITAL4 

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,! DE=MATION ( ,VALUE 
,! DE=MATION ( ,VALUE 

,! PROBLEM ( ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R RE/AT$ 

,AS WE SE51 ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS SAW /ATE CAPITALISM AS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS SU* /ATE CAPITALISM C\LD BE SE5 AS ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,L59 C\LD CONSI/5TLY >GUE AGA9/ ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S -- FROM ! IMPOSITION ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & ! RE9TRODUCTION ( ,TAYLORISM TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY -- ?AT ! IMM$IATE TASK ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,GOV]NM5T1 GIV5 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 WAS FIR/ & =EMO/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,( C\RSE1 = ,L59 ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! 9TRODUCTION ( /ATE PLANN+ 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION M>K$ A DECISIVE ADVANCE4 ,UND] ! CONTROL ( A ,WORK]S' ,/ATE1 /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE SUP]S$$ BY SOCIALISM4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! FIVE YE> PLANS & ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE ,/AL9 C\LD ANN\NCE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAD AT LA/ REA*$ ! /AGE ( SOCIALISM & WAS ON ! WAY TO A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,TROTSKY WAS MORE CIRCUMSPECT4 ,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION ?AT WAS BE+ MADE UND] ,/AL91 HE /ILL SAW ?IS AS A /AGE ( PRIMITIVE SOCIALI/ ACCUMULATION ?AT1 :ILE BE+ AN ADVANCE OV] CAPITALISM1 HAD YET TO REA* SOCIALISM4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT !ORI/ ( ! CAPITALI/ NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAVE ACCEPT$ ?IS CONCEPTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM !Y HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO >GUE EI!R ?AT ,RUSSIA NEV] W5T BEYOND /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! FIR/ PLACE OR ?AT AT SOME PO9T !IR WAS A C\NT]-REVOLUTION ?AT L$ TO ! ,U,S,S,R FALL+ BACK 9TO /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,YET1 EI!R WAY1 BY ACCEPT+ ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM IS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM SU* !ORI/S >E L$ TO ! POSITION ( CONSID]+ ! ,U,S,S,R AS AN ADVANCE OV] WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,?IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS A POSITION ?AT WAS TO BECOME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO DEF5D 9 ! LI<T ! *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS EV5TUAL DECL9E & COLLAPSE4 ,9DE$1 SU* !ORIES HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO EXPLA9 ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT F9ALLY L$ TO ITS D[NFALL4 

,9 CONTRA/1 WE HAVE >GU$ ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM1 F> FROM BE+ ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 IS A SPECIFIC =M = ! LATE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM4 ,YET ?IS PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9DE$ SU* A =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,TO DEMON/RATE ?IS WE MU/ DEVELOP A VALUE ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORI/S HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ 9 ?AT IT WAS BAS$ ON WAGE-LABOR4 ,! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R W]E DIVORC$ FROM BO? ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 9 ORD] TO LIVE1 ! ,SOVIET WORK]S HAD TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! /ATE 5T]PRISES4 ,HAV+ SOLD !IR LABOR-P[] ! WORK]S F\ND !MSELVES PUT TO WORK4 ,!Y F\ND !MSELVES EXT]NAL TO !IR [N SUBJECT ACTIVITY4 ,!Y DID NOT WORK TO PRODUCE !IR [N NE$S1 NOR = ! NE$S ( !IR [N FAMILIES OR COMMUNITIES1 BUT = SOME ALI5 O!R4 ,:ILE ! WORK]S WORK$ AS A MEANS TO OBTA9 A WAGE ?R\< :I* !Y C\LD SURVIVE1 !IR LABOR BECAME 9DEP5D5T ( !M1 DIRECT$ T[>DS AIMS ?AT W]E NOT !IR [N4 ,9 PRODUC+ PRODUCTS ?AT W]E NOT !IR [N !Y S]V$ TO REPRODUCE !IR POSITION AS WORK]S ON AN EV] EXP&+ SCALE4 

,H5CE1 LIKE !IR C\NT]-P>TS 9 ! WE/1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO A PROCESS ( PRODUCTION ?AT WAS DESIGN$ & DEVELOP$ TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION ) SCANT REG>D TO ! LIV+ EXP]I5CE ( ! WORK] 9 PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU* ! WORK] WAS R$UC$ TO A M]E 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,LIKE !IR C\NT]-P>TS 9 ! ,WE/1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S WORK$ LONG] ?AN ?AT NECESS>Y TO REPRODUCE ! EQUIVAL5T ( !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,?US1 LIKE ! !IR C\NT]-P>TS 9 ! ,WE/1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S ALI5AT$ !IR LABOR & W]E EXPLOIT$4 

,IF ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E ?OSE ( SELF-EXP&+ ALI5AT$ LABOR !N !Y W]E ! PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS ( CAPITAL4 ,AS SU*1 9 A FUNDAM5TAL S5SE ! ,U,S,S,R WAS CAPITALI/4 ,BUT1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,TROTSKYI/ OBJECT4 ,CAPITALISM CAN NOT BE TAK5 TO BE SIMPLY ! APP>5T PR$OM9ANCE ( WAGE-LABOR4 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PRESUPPOSES1 BO? HI/ORICALLY & LOGICALLY1 G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 :I* LABOR-P[] ITSELF HAS BECOME A COMMODITY4 ,BUT1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S 9SI/1 PRODUCTS DID NOT ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R S9CE !RE WAS NO M>KET4 ,BUT IF PRODUCTS DID NOT ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES !N !RE CAN HAVE BE5 NO REAL WAGE-LABOR S9CE LABOR-P[]1 AS A COMMODITY1 CAN NOT BE EX*ANG$ = O!R COMMODITIES4 ,WAGES W]E M]ELY A MEANS ( RATION+ PRODUCTS4 

,! PROBLEM !N CAN BE /AT$ AS FOLL[S4 ,PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R W\LD SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ESS5TIALLY A =M ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 BE+ BAS$ ON WAG$ LABOR2 BUT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PRESUPPOSES G5]AL COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ! M>KET IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! EX*ANGE & CIRCULATION ( WEAL? 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT ASSUME ! COMMODITY-=M & AS SU* WAS DI/9CTLY NON-CAPITALI/4 ,BUT IF COMMODITIES DID NOT EXI/ NEI!R C\LD CAPITAL4 

,TO RESOLVE ?IS PROBLEM WE MU/ FIR/ LOOK AT ! UNITY ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ?AT WE F9D 9 FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM4 ,TO DO ?IS WE %ALL EXAM9E ! ,CIRCUITS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,CAPITAL ?AT ,M>X SETS \T AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,VOLUME ,I,I ( ,CAPITAL4 

,! CIRCUITS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 

,AS SELF-EXP&+ VALUE CAPITAL PASSES SUCCESSIVELY ?R\< ?REE DI/9CT =MS3 ! MONEY-CAPITAL1 COMMODITY-CAPITAL & PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL4 ,DEP5D+ ON :I* =M ( CAPITAL IS TAK5 AS ! />T+ PO9T 9 ANALYZ+ ! OV]ALL CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL WE CAN ID5TIFY ?REE DI/9CT CIRCUITS ( CAPITAL EA* ( :I* REVEALS DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,! FIR/ CIRCUIT IS ?AT ( MONEY-CAPITAL 7,M444,M'73 

,M -- ,CMOP "4 ,CLP 444,P444,C'- ,M' 

,H]E CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( MONEY 7,M7 IS US$ TO BUY MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7,CMOP7 & LABOR-P[] 7,CLP7 NECESS>Y TO COMM5CE PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE ) ! EX*ANGE ,M -- ,C CAPITAL IS TRANS=M$ FROM MONEY 9TO ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 ,!SE COMMODITIES 7LABOR-P[] & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION7 >E !N US$ 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU* !Y BECOME PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL1 7,P7 :I* PRODUCES COMMODITIES ( A GREAT] VALUE ,C'4 ,!SE COMMODITIES >E !N SOLD = A SUM ( MONEY ,M' :I* IS GREAT] ?AN ! ORIG9AL CAPITAL ADVANC$ ,M4 

,) ?IS CIRCUIT CAPITALISM APPE>S CLE>LY AS A SY/EM BAS$ DRIV5 BY PR(IT4 ,! CIRCUIT BEG9S & 5DS ) CAPITAL AS MONEY1 & S9CE MONEY IS HOMOG5\S1 ! ONLY AIM ( ?IS CIRCUIT IS ! QUANTITATIVE EXPANSION ( CAPITAL AS MONEY1 ?AT IS ! MAK+ ( A PR(IT4 

,BUT ?IS CIRCUIT NOT ONLY %[S H[ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS M]ELY A MEANS ?R\< :I* 'MONEY MAKES MORE MONEY'1 IT ALSO %[S H[ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION NECESS>ILY BO? PRESUPPOSES COMMODITY EX*ANGE & REPRODUCES COMMODITY-EX*ANGE4 ,! CIRCUIT BEG9S ) ! COMMODITY EX*ANGE ,M -- ,C1 ! PUR*ASE ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR-P[] 7:I* ( C\RSE IS AT ! SAME TIME ! SALE ( LABOR-P[] & MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY !IR [N]S7 & 5DS ) A ! COMMODITY EX*ANGE ,C' -- ,M'1 9 :I* ! SALE ( ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ REALIZES ! CAPITAL'S PR(IT4 

,H[EV]1 ! PROCESS ( 'MONEY MAK+ MORE MONEY' CAN ONLY BECOME SELF-SU/A9+ IF IT AT ! SAME TIME 9VOLVES ! EXPANSION ( REAL WEAL?4 ,?IS BECOMES APP>5T IF WE EXAM9E ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL 7,P444,P'74 

,P444,C' -- ,M' -- ,C' 444,P' 

,H]E CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION PRODUCES AN EXP&$ VALUE ( COMMODITIES ,C' :I* >E !N SOLD = AN EXP& SUM ( MONEY ,M' ?AT CAN !N BE US$ TO BUY MORE MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR-P[] 9 ! COMMODITY-=M ,C'4 ,?IS !N ALL[S AN EXP&$ PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL ,P' TO BE SET 9 MOTION 9 ! FOLL[+ P]IOD ( PRODUCTION ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL1 ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL APPE>S AS ! SELF-EXPANSION ( PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( CAPITAL -- ! SELF-EXPANSION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 

,CAPITALISM N[ APPE>S NOT SO MU* AS 'PRODUCTION ( PR(IT' BUT 'PRODUCTION = PRODUCTION'S SAKE'4 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS BO? ! BEG9N+ & ! 5D ( ! PROCESS :OSE AIM IS ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ON AN EXP&$ SCALE4 ,! COMMODITY CIRCULATION 7,C' -- ,M' -- ,C'7 N[ APPE>S AS A M]E M$IATION4 ,A M]E MEANS TO ! 5D ( ! REL5TLESS EXPANSION CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,! F9AL CIRCUIT ?AT ,M>X ID5TIFIES IS ?AT ( COMMODITY-CAPITAL 7,C'444,C'74 

,C' -- ,M' -- ,C 444,P 444,C' 

,) ?IS CIRCUIT WE CAN SEE ! UNITY ( CAPITAL 9 CIRCULATION & CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION4 ,CAPITAL AS ! CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES ,C' -- ,M' -- ,C APPE>S SIDE BY SIDE ) ! PRODUCTION ( 'COMMODITIES BY MEANS ( COMMODITIES'4 ,! OV]ALL PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ CIRCULATION !RE=E APPE>S AS BO? ! PRODUCTION & ! CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES4 

,AN ANALYSIS ( !SE ?REE CIRCUITS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL W\LD SEEM AT FIR/ TO CONFIRM ! ,TROTSKYI/ POSITION ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION NECESS>ILY PRESUPPOSES G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,H[EV]1 !SE CIRCUITS DESCRIBE ! FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION NOT ITS HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE4 

,AS WE HAVE >GU$1 ! NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM HAD BE5 IMP$$ BY ITS SUBORD9ATE POSITION 9 ! WORLD ECONOMIC ORD]4 ,! 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL 9 ITS COSMOPOLITAN =MS ( M]*ANT CAPITAL & MONEY$-CAPITAL HAD ACT$ TO BLOCK ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,NATIONAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T DEM&$ CAPITAL 9 ! REAL PRODUCTIVE =MS ( FACTORIES1 PLANT & MA*9]Y & ! LABOR ( A GR[+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 IF ,RUSSIA WAS TO BREAK FREE FROM ITS UND]DEVELOP$ POSITION IMPOS$ ?R\< ! WORLD M>KET1 PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL HAD TO BE DEVELOP$ OV] & AGA9/ ! 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL-9-CIRCULATION I4E4 MONEY-CAPITAL & COMMODITY-CAPITAL4 ,! FREE EX*ANGE ( MONEY-CAPITAL & COMMODITY-CAPITAL ?R\< ! FREE OP]ATION ( ! M>KET HAD TO BE RE/RICT$ TO ALL[ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL4 ,H5CE ! FREE M>KET WAS REPLAC$ BY ! C5TRAL PLAN4 

,H5CE1 9 TAK+ UP ! 'HI/ORIC TASKS ( ! B\RGEOISIE' ! /ATE-P>TY BUREAUCRACY ADOPT$ ! P]SPECTIVE ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL4 ,! MORE PRODUCTIVI/ ELEM5TS ( ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL W]E ADAPT$ TO ! IDEOLOGY ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL4 ,! IMP]ATIVE = ! REL5TLESS DRIVE TO DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE =CES OV] & AGA9/ ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS WAS ONE ?AT WAS NOT M]ELY VOIC$ BY ,/AL9 & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,TROTSKY WAS EV5 MORE ( A SUP]9DU/RIALIS] ?AN ,/AL94 ,9DE$ HE CRITICIZ$ ,/AL9 = NOT 9TRODUC+ PLANN+ & COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE E>LI]4 

,! QUE/ION ?AT N[ >ISES :]E :AT W]E ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS SUBORD9ATION ( CAPITAL-9-CIRCULATION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL8 ,WE %ALL >GUE ?AT !SE VALUE-=MS EXI/$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 NOT AS 'HUSKS' AS ?OSE 9 ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION MA9TA91 BUT RA!R AS REPRESS$ & UNDEVELOP$ =MS4 

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,TO :AT EXT5T DID ! ,COMMODITY-=M EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 
,TO :AT EXT5T DID ! ,COMMODITY-=M EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,TROTSKYI/ !ORI/S PLACE GREAT IMPORTANCE ON PROP]TY =MS :5 IT COMES TO ! QUE/ION ( ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,/ATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & H5CE ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 IS SE5 AS CON/ITUT+ ! CRUCIAL ADVANCE OV] CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< ! /ATE [N$ ALL ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! ACTUAL LEGAL POSSESSION & OP]ATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS LEFT TO ! /ATE 5T]PRISES & TRU/S1 EA* ( :I* WAS CON/ITUT$ AS A DI/9CT LEGAL 5TITY ) ITS [N SET ( ACC\NTS & RESPONSIBILITIES = PRODUCTION4 

,:ILE ,TROTSKYI/S HAVE T5D$ TO GLOSS OV] ?IS1 SEE+ !SE LEGAL =MS ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES AS BE+ M]ELY =MAL1 ,BETTLEHEIM HAS >GU$ ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( !SE SEP>ATE /ATE 5T]PRISES1 :I* TRAD$ ) EA* O!R & SOLD PRODUCTS TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 MEANT ?AT COMMODITY-EX*ANGE DID EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,H[EV]1 = ,BETTLEHEIM1 ?IS SEP>ATION ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9TO A MULTITUDE ( /ATE 5T]PRISES WAS M]ELY A RESULT ( ! LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES & RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,U,S,S,R HAD YET TO DEVELOP TO ! PO9T :]E ! 5TIRE ECONOMY C\LD BE RUN AS A GIANT TRU/ AS HAD BE5 5VISAG$ BY ,BUKH>94 ,IT WAS !RE=E UNABLE AS YET TO OV]COME ! COMMODITY-=M4 ,9 CONTRA/1 WE %ALL >GUE ?AT ?IS DIVISION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO DI/9CT /ATE 5T]PRISES WAS AN EXPRESSION ( ! ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 

,:AT IS A COMMODITY8 ,! SIMPLE/ ANSW] IS ?AT A COMMODITY IS SOME?+ ?AT IS PRODUC$ 9 ORD] ?AT IT MAY BE SOLD4 ,BUT BY ITSELF ?IS SIMPLE DEF9ITION IS 9ADEQUATE = AN UND]/&+ ( ! COMMODITY AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL =M4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO PROBE A LITTLE DEEP] TO GRASP ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! COMMODITY-=M4 

,ANY SOCIETY REQUIRES ?AT 9DIVIDUALS ACT ON & )9 ! MAT]IAL WORLD 9 ORD] TO APPROPRIATE & PRODUCE ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! REPRODUCTION ( !MSELVES AS SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALS4 ,AS SU* SOCIAL REPRODUCTION NECESS>ILY 5TAILS ! CON/ITUTION & APPROPRIATION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS ( SOCIAL NE$S4 ,H[EV]1 9 A SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY COMMODITY PRODUCTION ?IS PROCESS IS C>RI$ \T 9 A PECULI> MANN] ?AT GIVES RISE TO SPECIFIC SOCIAL =MS4 

,FIR/LY1 AS COMMODITY PRODUC]S1 9DIVIDUALS DO NOT PRODUCE = !IR [N IMM$IATE NE$S BUT = ! NE$S ( O!RS ?AT >E BO? 9DIFF]5T & SEP>ATE FROM !MSELVES4 ,! RESULTS ( !IR HUMAN ACTIVITY -- !IR LABOR -- >E !REBY DIVORC$ FROM !IR [N ACTIVITY4 ,! RESULTS ( !IR LABOR /& AP>T FROM !M AS COMMODITIES ?AT >E TO BE SOLD4 ,SECONDLY1 AS COMMODITY CONSUM]S1 OBJECTS ( AN 9DIVIDUALS NE$ DO NOT EM]GE \T ( !IR [N ACTIVITY AS SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALS BUT AS ! READY MADE PROP]TY ( SOME O!R -- ! PRODUC] -- :O IS SEP>AT$ FROM !M4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !Y F9D !MSELVES IMM$IATELY SEP>AT$ FROM !IR [N SOCIAL NE$S ?R\< ! NON-POSSESSION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS 9 ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE LABOR -- ! HUMAN ACTIVITY ( ! PRODUC] -- IS SEP>AT$ FROM NE$ -- ! NE$S ( ! CONSUM]4 ,H5CE1 = EA* P>TICUL> COMMODITY1 PRODUC]S >E SEP>AT$ FROM CONSUM]S & >E ONLY SUBSEQU5TLY UNIT$ ?R\< ! SALE OR EX*ANGE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,! RELATION BETWE5 ! CONSUM] & ! PRODUC] IS !RE=E M$IAT$ ?R\< ! EX*ANGE COMMODITIES -- ?AT IS !Y >E M$IAT$ ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT COMMODITY EX*ANGE BECOMES G5]ALIZ$ !N ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE MANIFE/S !MSELVES AS A MULTITUDE ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S4 

,BECAUSE ! RELATIONS ( BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S ASSUME ! =M ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S !N !SE ?+S ASSUME ! P>TICUL> SOCIAL =M ( ! COMMODITY4 ,9 PRODUC+ A COMMODITY ! PRODUC] PRODUCES SOME?+ = SALE -- ?AT IS ! PRODUC] PRODUCES SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE EX*ANG$4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT = ! PRODUC] IS ?AT :AT IS PRODUC$ HAS ! SOCIAL QUALITY ?AT MAKES IT EX*ANGEABLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS :AT IS IMPORTANT = ! PRODUC] IS ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,9 CONTRA/1 = ! CONSUM]1 :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT ! COMMODITY HAS A NUMB] NATURAL PROP]TIES ?AT MEET HIS [N NE$S AS A SOCIAL 9DIVIDUAL BUT :I* HE IS EXCLUD$ FROM BY ! NON-POSSESSION ( ! COMMODITY AS AN OBJECT -- ?AT IS ?AT IT CONFRONTS HIM AS A USE-VALUE4 ,! SEP>ATION ( SOCIAL NE$S FROM SOCIAL LABOR IS !REBY REFLECT$ 9 ! COMMODITY-=M AS ! OPPOSITION ( USE-VALUE & VALUE4 

,! COMMODITY-=M IS !RE=E CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! OPPOSITION ( ITS USE-VALUE & VALUE1 :I* MANIFE/S 9 MAT]IAL =M ! UND]LY+ OPPOSITION ( LABOR FROM NE$S 9 A SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< OBJECTS ( NE$ MU/ EXI/ 9 ALL SOCIETIES -- ?AT IS WE MU/ HAVE ACCESS TO DI/9CT ?+S1 SU* AS FOOD1 CLO!S & %ELT]1 9 ORD] TO LIVE -- USE-VALUES CAN ONLY EXI/ 9 OPPOSITION TO VALUE4 ,VALUE & USE-VALUE MUTUALLY DEF9E EA* O!R AS POL> OPPOSITES ( ! COMMODITY-=M4 ,A COMMODITY CAN ONLY HAVE A VALUE IF IT CAN BE SOLD1 BUT TO SELL IT MU/ HAVE A USE-VALUE ?AT SOME O!R NE$S TO BUY4 ,BUT EQUALLY A COMMODITY HAS A USE-VALUE ONLY 9S(> AS ! QUALITIES ?AT MEETS ! NE$S ( ! CONSUM] CONFRONT ?AT CONSUM] AS ! READY MADE PRODUCTS ( ANO!R'S LABOR1 & H5CE AS NATURAL PROP]TIES FROM :I* !Y >E EXCLUD$ EXCEPT ?\< ! ACT ( EX*ANGE ( ANO!R COMMODITY ) AN EQUIVAL5T VALUE4 

,) COMMODITY PRODUCTION SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME REIFI$4 ,SOCIETY BECOMES BROK5 UP 9TO ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9DE$1 AS ,M>X >GUES1 COMMODITY RELATIONS BEG9 :]E HUMAN COMMUNITY 5DS4 ,HI/ORICALLY COMMODITIES W]E EX*ANG$ BETWE5 COMMUNITIES & ONLY OCCURR$ :5 DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES CAME 9 TO CONTACT4 ,AS COMMODITY EX*ANGE DEVELOPS TRADITIONAL HUMAN SOCIETIES BREAK UP1 ULTIMATELY GIV+ RISE TO ! MOD]N ATOMIZ$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4.<#a#a#b.> 

,! SOCIETY ( ! ,U,S,S,R W\LD HAVE SEEM$ TO BE NO LESS ATOMIZ$ & REIFI$ ?AN ?OSE ( WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,TO :AT EXT5T WAS ?IS A RESULT ( ! PREVAL5CE ( COMMODITY RELATIONS8 ,TO ANSW] ?IS WE %ALL FIR/ ( EXAM9E :E!R !RE WAS COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R & !N LOOK AT ! QUE/ION ( ! EXI/5CE ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 

,TO :AT EXT5T DID COMMODITY-PRODUCTION EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 

,UND] CAPITALISM ! WORK]1 HAV+ SOLD HIS LABOR-P[] TO ! CAPITALI/1 WORKS = ! CAPITALI/4 ,AS SU* ! WORK] DOES NOT WORK = HIS [N IMM$IATE NE$S BUT = A WAGE4 ,! LABOR ( ! WORK IS !RE=E EXT]NAL TO HIM4 ,IT IS ALI5AT$ LABOR4 

,H[EV]1 UNLIKE ! S]F1 ! S]VANT OR ! DOME/IC SLAVE1 ! WAGE-WORK] DOES NOT WORK = ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,! CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATES ! LABOR ( ! WAGE-WORK] TO PRODUCE SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE SOLD AT A PR(IT4 ,AS SU* ! PRIME CONC]N ( ! CAPITALI/ IS TO MAKE HIS WORK]S PRODUCE A MASS ( COMMODITIES ?AT >E WOR? MORE ?AN ! LABOR-P[] & RAW MAT]IALS US$ UP 9 !IR PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE1 = BO? ! CAPITALI/ & ! WORK]1 ! PRODUCT IS A NONUSE-VALUE -- IT IS SOME?+ ?AT IS PRODUC$ = ! USE ( SOMEONE ELSE4 

,A COMMODITY CAN ONLY BE SOLD 9S(> AS IT IS A USE-VALUE = SOME O!RS4 ,!RE=E ! CAPITALI/ IS ONLY CONC]N$ ) ! USE-VALUE ( ! COMMODITY ?AT HE PRODUCES TO ! EXT5T ?AT IS A NECESS>Y PRECONDITION = ITS SALE4 ,= ! CAPITALI/ !N1 USE-VALUE IS M]ELY ! MAT]IAL =M )9 :I* ! VALUE ! COMMODITY IS EMBODI$4 

,?IS TW(OLD NATURE ( ! COMMODITY AS BO? A USE-VALUE & A VALUE IS ! RESULT ( ! TW(OLD NATURE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,COMMODITY PRODUCTION IS BO? A LABOR PROCESS1 :I* S]VES TO PRODUCE USE-VALUES1 & A VALORIZATION PROCESS ?AT PRODUCES VALUE ( !N COMMODITY4 ,?R\< ! CONCRETE LABOR APPROPRIAT$ FROM ! WORK] ! RAW MAT]IALS ( PRODUCTION >E WORK$ UP 9TO ! SPECIFIC =M ( ! PRODUCT ?AT GIVES IT A SOCIALLY RECOGNIZ$ USE-VALUE4 ,?R\< ?IS CONCRETE LABOR ! VALUE ALREADY EMBODI$ 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS PRES]V$ 9 ! NEW PRODUCT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME VALUE IS ADD$ TO ! PRODUCT ?R\< ! AB/RACT LABOR ( ! WORK]4 

,9 ! ,U,S,S,R !SE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E ESS5TIALLY ! SAME4 ,! WORK]S ALI5AT$ !IR LABOR4 ,AS SU* !Y DID NOT PRODUCE = !IR [N IMM$IATE NE$S BUT WORK$ = ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISE4 ,EQUALLY1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISE NO MORE APPROPRIAT$ ! LABOR FROM ITS WORK]S = IT [N IMM$IATE NE$S ANY MORE ?AN ! MANAGEM5T ( A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE 9 ! ,WE/4 ,! LABOR APPROPRIAT$ FROM ! WORK]S WAS US$ TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS ?AT W]E OBJECTS ( USE = O!RS EXT]NAL TO ! PRODUC]S4 

,LIKE 9 ANY CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 AT LEA/ COLLECTIVELY1 S\<T TO MAKE ! WORK]S PRODUCE A MASS ( PRODUCTS ?AT W]E WOR? MORE ?AN ! LABOR-P[] & MEANS ( PRODUCTION US$ UP 9 !IR PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU* ! LABOR PROCESS WAS BO? A PROCESS ( EXPLOITATION & ALI5ATION JU/ AS IT WAS A TWO-OLD PROCESS ( BO? AB/RACT & CONCRETE LABOR ?AT PRODUC$ PRODUCTS ) BO? A USE-VALUE & A VALUE I4E4 AS COMMODITIES4 

,PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R CAN !RE=E BE SE5 AS ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R CAN BE SE5 AS A PRODUCTION = SOME ALI5 O!R TO :AT EXT5T CAN IT BE REALLY BE SE5 AS A ! PRODUCTION ( ?+S = SALE8 ,?IS BR+S US TO ! CRUCIAL QUE/ION ( ! EXI/5CE ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE & CIRCULATION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,TO :AT EXT5T DID COMMODITY EX*ANGE EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 )9 ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL1 7,P444,P'71 EX*ANGE IS PRIM>ILY CONF9$ )9 ! SIMPLE CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES 7,C -- ,M -- ,C7 NECESS>Y TO BR+ AB\T ! R5EWAL ( PRODUCTION ON AN EXP&$ SCALE4 ,COMMODITIES >E SOLD 7,C -- ,M7 BY ?OSE :O PRODUCE !M & >E PUR*AS$ 7,M -- ,C7 BY ?OSE :O NE$ !M = ! NEXT CYCLE ( PRODUCTION4 

,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL COMMODITY EX*ANGE IS !RE=E A M]E TE*NICAL MEANS ?AT ALL[S = ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,A NECESS>Y MEANS = OV]COM+ ! DIVISION ( PRODUC]S ?AT >ISES \T ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES IS MORE ?AN A M]E TE*NICAL MATT]4 ,! BUY+ & SELL+ ( COMMODITIES IS ! ALI5AT$ SOCIAL =M ?R\< :I* HUMAN LABOR ALI5AT$ FROM HUMAN NE$S IS REUNIT$ ) HUMAN NE$S ALI5AT$ FROM HUMAN LABOR4 

,UND] ! CLASSICAL =M ( CAPITALISM ?IS SOCIAL =M IS M>KET CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! COLLISION ( SELF-9T]E/$ COMPET+ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,AS ,M>X >GUES3 

,CIRCULATION AS ! REALIZATION ( EX*ANGE-VALUE IS IMPLIES3 7#a7 ?AT MY PRODUCT IS A PRODUCT ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT IS = O!RS2 H5CE SUSP5D$ S+UL>ITY1 G5]ALITY2 7#b7 ?AT IT IS A PRODUCT = ME ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT HAS BE5 ALI5AT$1 BECOME = O!RS2 7#c7 ?AT IT IS = ! O!R ONLY 9 SO F> HE HIMSELF ALI5ATES HIS PRODUCT2 :I* ALREADY IMPLIES2 7#d7 ?AT PRODUCTION IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF = ME1 BUT A MEANS4 ,CIRCULATION IS ! MOVEM5T 9 :I* ! G5]AL ALI5ATION APPE>S AS G5]AL APPROPRIATION & G5]AL APPROPRIATION APPE>S AS G5]AL ALI5ATION4 ,AS MU*1 !N1 AS ! :OLE ( ?IS MOVEM5T APPE>S AS A SOCIAL PROCESS1 & AS MU* AS 9DIVIDUAL MOM5TS ( ?IS MOVEM5T >ISE FROM ! CONSCI\S WILL & P>TICUL> PURPOSES ( 9DIVIDUALS1 SO MU* DOES ! TOTALITY ( ! PROCESS APPE> AS AN OBJECTIVE 9T]RELATION1 :I* >ISES SPONTANE\SLY FROM NATURE2 >IS+1 IT IS TRUE1 FROM ! MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ( CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALS ON ONE ANO!R1 BUT NEI!R LOCAT$ 9 !IR CONSCI\SNESS1 NOR SUBSUM$ UND] !M AS A :OLE4 ,!IR COLLISIONS ) ONE ANO!R PRODUCE AN ALI5 SOCIAL P[] /&+ ABOVE !M1 PRODUCE !IR MUTUAL 9T]ACTION AS A PROCESS & P[] 9DEP5D5T ( !M4.<#a#a#c.> 

,?R\< ! ALI5 P[] ( ! M>KET ALI5AT$ LABOR IS BR\<T 9TO CON=MITY ) ALI5AT$ HUMAN NE$S4 ,PRODUCTS ?AT DO NOT MEET NE$S EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! M>KET DO NOT SELL4 ,LABOR EMBODI$ 9 A COMMODITY ?AT IS EXCESS ( ?AT :I* IS SOCIALLY NECESS>Y IS NOT RECOGNIZ$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! IMPOSITION ( ! COMMODITY =M ON HUMAN NE$S S]VES TO 9CORPORATE SU* NE$S 9TO ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,NEW NE$S ?AT GIVE RISE TO NEW =MS ( COMMODITIES EXP&S ! RANGE ( MAT]IAL =MS ?R\< :I* VALUE CAN BE EMBODI$ & EXP&$4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! M>KET BR+S HUMAN NE$S 9TO CON=MITY ) ALI5ATE LABOR )9 ! COMMODITY =M4 

,YET :ILE ! ALI5 P[] ( ! M>KET >ISES \T ! CONFLICT+ SOCIAL & TE*NICAL NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT MAKE UP SOCIETY ! ALI5 P[] ( ! /ATE DOES NOT4 ,! /ATE PLAN IS NECESS>ILY IMPOS$ FROM \TSIDE ! SOCIAL-ECONOMY4 ,!RE WAS ?US A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ) RECONCIL+ SOCIAL NE$S ) ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,?IS WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! RELATION ( USE-VALUE & VALUE & ! =M & FUNCTIONS ( MONEY4 

,TO :AT EXT5T DID ,MONEY EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 

,= ,PR\DHON & HIS FOLL[]S1 ! PROBLEMS ( CAPITALISM >OSE FROM ! EXI/5CE ( MONEY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE4 ,= !M1 IT WAS ?R\< ! 9T]M$IATION ( MONEY ?AT CAPITALI/S W]E ABLE TO MAKE PR(ITS & EXTRACT 9T]E/4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,PR\DHONI/S PROPOS$ ! DIRECT EXPRESSION ( ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES 9 T]MS ( ! LABOR TIME REQUIR$ = !IR PRODUCTION4 ,MONEY D5OM9AT$ 9 UNITS ( LABOR TIME W\LD SIMPLY ACT AS A MEANS ( CIRCULATION ?AT W\LD 9 EFFECT ALL[ = ! DIRECT EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LABOR EXP5D$ 9 !IR PRODUCTION4 ,MONEY W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO DEVELOP 9TO A SOCIAL P[] 9DEP5D5T ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S4 ,H[EV]1 ?R\< HIS CRITIQUE ( SU* ,PR\DHONI/ PROPOSALS ,M>X %[$ ?AT 9 A SOCIETY ( 9DEP5D5T COMMODITY PRODUC]S MONEY MU/ NECESS>ILY ASSUME AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE DI/9CT FROM ALL O!R COMMODITIES4 

,! LABOR EMBODI$ 9 A COMMODITY IS IMM$IATELY PRIVATE LABOR -- OR MORE PRECISELY IT IS ASOCIAL LABOR4 ,IT IS ONLY ) ! SALE ( ! COMMODITY ?AT ?IS LABOR IS RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ P>T ( ! TOTAL AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,H5CE ! VALUE ( A COMMODITY IS ONLY REALIZ$ OR VALIDAT$ AS SU* ?R\< ! PROCESS ( EX*ANGE4 ,9 PRODUCTION ! VALUE REMA9S POT5TIAL VALUE -- A POT5TIAL BAS$ ON PREVI\S CYCLES ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,:5 ! COMMODITY REA*ES ! M>KET IT HAS AN IDEAL PRICE BAS$ ON ITS POT5TIAL VALUE BUT ?IS IS NOT REALIZ$ UNTIL ! COMMODITY IS ACTUALLY SOLD4 

,IF TOO MU* ( A P>TICUL> COMMODITY IS PRODUC$ 9 RELATION TO SOCIAL DEM& OR IF ! QUALITY IS DEFECTIVE ?AN SOME COMMODITIES >E NOT SOLD OR HAVE TO BE SOLD AT A DISC\NT4 ,9 CASES SU* AS !SE ! ACTUAL LABOR EMBODI$ 9 COMMODITIES IS NOT REALIZ$ AS AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR4 ,9DE$ IT IS ?R\< ?IS SOCIAL ME*ANISM ?AT A COMMODITY ECONOMY IS REGULAT$4 ,IF PRODUCTION ( PRIVATE COMMODITY PRODUC]S IS TO BE BR\<T 9TO CON=MITY ) SOCIAL DEM& ?AN MONEY CAN NOT BE SIMPLY ! DIRECT EXPRESSION ( ! LABOR EMBODI$ 9 COMMODITIES4 ,IT MU/ EXI/ AS ! 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE ?R\< :I* ! LABOR EMBODI$ 9 COMMODITIES IS SOCIALLY RECOGNIZ$ & VALIDAT$ AS AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR & H5CE AS VALUE4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,M>X CONCLUD$ ?AT MONEY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE C\LD ONLY BE ABOLI%$ IF ! ECONOMY ( 9DEP5D5T COMMODITY PRODUC]S GAVE WAY TO ! PLANN$ PRODUCTION ( FREELY ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION BY ! M>KET W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A SOCIAL PLAN ?AT W\LD MAKE LABOR IMM$IATELY SOCIAL4 

,AS WE HAVE >GU$1 ! =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL 9 ! ,U,S,S,R REQUIR$ ! SUPPRESSION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MONEY-CAPITAL & ?IS 9VOLV$ ! RE/RICTION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MONEY ITSELF AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION BY ! M>KET WAS REPLAC$ BY ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT ! PLANN+ ( A CLASSES SOCIETY ( 'FREELY ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S' BUT A PLAN DEVELOP$ \T ( A SOCIETY ( ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS BAS$ ON CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,AS SU* ! ALI5 P[] ( ! M>KET ?AT /&S ABOVE SOCIETY WAS REPLAC$ BY ! ALI5 P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,! IMP]ATIVES ( ! /ATE PLAN CONFRONT$ ! PRODUC]S AS AN EXT]NAL =CE JU/ AS ! EXT]NAL IMP]ATIVES ( ! COMPETITIVE M>KET4 ,! PLAN REPLAC$ ! M>KET AS ! REGULATOR ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION BUT AS SU* IT DID NOT OV] COME ! SEP>ATION ( LABOR FROM SOCIAL NE$S ?AT REMA9$ ALI5AT$ FROM EA* O!R4 

,MONEY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 ,9 SO F> AS SIMPLE COMMODITY CIRCULATION EXI/$ AS A P>T ( ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 9 ! ,U,S,S,R MONEY 5T]$ AS M]ELY A MEANS ( CIRCULATION FACILITAT+ ! EX*ANGE ( \TPUTS ( ! PREVI\S CYCLE ( PRODUCTION = ! 9PUTS NECESS>Y = ! NEXT CYCLE ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT :]EAS UND] FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM SU* CIRCULATION C\LD BREAK D[N -- A SALE )\T A PUR*ASE OR A PUR*ASE )\T A SALE -- 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?IS WAS PRECLUD$ BY ! /ATE PLAN4 

,! /ATE IMPOS$ PLAN ?AT ALLOCAT$ CAPITAL TO EA* 9DU/RY1 DET]M9$ ! \TPUT & SET PRICES4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY EA* CAPITAL W]E NOT VALIDAT$ OR REALIZ$ ?R\< ! ACT ( !IR TRANS=MATION 9TO MONEY BUT W]E PRE-VALIDAT$ BY !IR RECOGNITION AS VALUES BY ! /ATE4 ,H5CE COMMODITIES HAD TO BE B\<T & MONEY HAD TO BUY4 ,! REGULATION ( ! COMMODITY PRODUC]S BY ! LAW ( VALUE WAS REPLAC$ BY ! /ATE PLAN4 

,YET :ILE ! ALI5 P[] ( ! M>KET >ISES \T ! CONFLICT+ SOCIAL & TE*NICAL NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT MAKE UP SOCIETY ! ALI5 P[] ( ! /ATE DOES NOT4 ,! /ATE PLAN IS NECESS>ILY IMPOS$ FROM \TSIDE ! SOCIAL-ECONOMY4 ,!RE WAS ?US A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ) RECONCIL+ SOCIAL NE$S ) ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,?IS WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! RELATION ( USE-VALUE & VALUE4 ,?IS HAD IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS = ! =M & FUNCTIONS ( MONEY AS IT EXI/$ )9 ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 

,TO CONSID] ?IS 9 A LITTLE MORE DETAIL LET US CONSID] ! TWO TRANSACTIONS ?AT MAKE UP ! SIMPLE CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES -- FIR/LY ! SALE ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 7,C -- ,M71 & !N ! PUR*ASE1 7,M -- ,C71 :I* 5SURES ! CONT9U$ REPRODUCTION ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,! COMMODITIES ?AT HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ BY PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 5T] ! M>KET ) AN EXP&$ VALUE & A GIV5 SPECIFIC USE-VALUE4 ,! OPPOSITION ( VALUE & USE-VALUE )9 ! COMMODITY F9DS IT EXPRESSION 9 ! EXT]NAL RELATION ( MONEY & ! COMMODITY4 ,! COMMODITY HAS A PRICE1 :I* IS IT EXPRESS ITS VALUE 9 A C]TA9 SUM ( MONEY1 & IS A C]TA9 K9D ( COMMODITY DEF9$ BY ITS USE-VALUE4 ,?US MONEY APPE>S AS ! 9DEP5D5T & EXT]NAL =M ( ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY :ILE ! COMMODITY ITSELF /&S AS IT [N USE-VALUE4 

,= EXAMPLE1 LET US TAKE AN 5T]PRISE PRODUC+ TRACTORS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! PRODUCTION P]IOD ! 5T]PRISE WILL HAVE PRODUC$ SAY #a TRACTORS ?AT >E PRIC$ ,G,B,P#a1 EA*4 ,! HUNDR$ TRACTORS EXPRESS !IR VALUE AS A PRICE ?AT IS 9 ! IDEAL =M ( A SUM ( MONEY -- ,G,B,P#aMILLION4 ,?IS IDEAL MONEY -! PRICE ( ! TRACTORS -- /& OPPOS$ TO USE-VALUE REPRES5T$ BY ! MAT]IAL =M ( ! TRACTORS !MSELVES4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS IDEAL MONEY1 ! PRICE ( ! TRACTORS :I* S]VES AS ! EXT]NAL MEASURE ! VALUE ( ! TRACTORS MU/ BE REALIZ$4 ,! TRACTORS MU/ BE SOLD4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! TRACTORS CAN BE SOLD !N ! EXP&$ VALUE ( ! TRACTORS WILL N[ BE TRANS=M$ 9TO ! =M ( REAL MONEY4 ,! TRACTORS WILL HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO ,G,B,P#aMILLION4 ,AS SU* ! AB/RACT LABOR WILL F9D ITS MO/ ADEQUATE & UNIV]SAL =M -- MONEY4 

,) MONEY ! 5T]PRISE CAN N[ BUY COMMODITIES = ! NEXT P]IOD ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS ! 9DEP5D5T & UNIV]SAL =M ( VALUE1 MONEY CAN BUY ANY O!R COMMODITY1 :I* IS IT IS IMM$IATELY EX*ANGEABLE ) ANY O!R COMMODITY4 ,YET \R TRACTOR FIRM ONLY NE$S ?OSE SPECIFIC COMMODITIES NECESS>Y = ! FUTURE PRODUCTION ( TRACTORS SAY #a TONS ( /EEL4 ,MONEY NE$ !RE=E ONLY ACT AS A M]E MEANS ( CIRCULATION ?AT ALL[S #a TRACTORS TO BE EX*ANG$ = #a TONS ( /EEL4 

,9 ! ,U,S,S,R MONEY WAS CON/RA9$ TO ! FUNCTIONS NECESS>Y = ! PHASE ( ! SIMPLE CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES )9 ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL -- ?AT IS AS AN IDEAL MEASURE ( VALUE & AS A MEANS ( CIRCULATION -- & PRECLUD$ MONEY EM]G+ FULLY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE4 ,FIR/LY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES WAS PREVALIDAT$4 ,! IDEAL PRICE ( ! TRACTORS WAS IMM$IATELY REALIZ$ AS ! VALUE ( ! TRACTORS S9CE ! SALE WAS ALREADY PRESCRIB$ BY ! PLAN4 ,?US :ILE MONEY ACT$ AS AN IDEAL MEASURE ( ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES = SALE IT HAD NO 9DEP5D5CE4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! MONEY RECEIV$ FROM ! SALE HAD TO BE SP5T ON ! P>TICUL> COMMODITIES NECESS>Y = ! REPRODUCTION ( ?AT P>TICUL> CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,! ,G,B,P#aMILLION BR\<T BY ! SALE ( ! TRACTORS HAD TO BE SP5T ON ! #a TONS ( /EEL 7OR SIMIL> 9PUTS74 ,AS SU* MONEY DID NOT FUNCTION AS AN 9DEP5D5T & UNIV]SAL =M ( VALUE4 ,IT WAS TI$ TO ! SPECIFIC CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 79 \R CASE TRACTOR PRODUCTION74 ,IT C\LD NOT BE )DRAWN & !N ?R[N 9TO ANO!R CIRCUIT4 ,IT M]ELY S]V$ AS A MEANS ( CIRCULATION ?AT FACILITAT$ ! EX*ANGE ( ONE SPECIFIC SET ( COMMODITIES ) ANO!R SET ( COMMODITIES4 

,) ! RE/RICTION ( MONEY TO A M]E FLEET+ MEANS ( CIRCULATION1 & ) ! PRE-VALIDATION ( ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES1 MONEY C\LD NOT FUNCTION AS ! 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE4 ,! COMMODITY DID NOT EXPRESS ITS [N VALUE 9 ! EXT]NAL =M ( MONEY 9DEP5D5T ( ITSELF BUT RA!R ITS VALUE WAS EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( ! COMMODITIES USE-VALUE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ! EXPANSION ( VALUE DID NOT F9D ITS MO/ ADEQUATE EXPRESSION 9 ! QUANTITATIVE EXPANSION ( VALUE 9 ! PURELY QUANTITATIVE & UNIV]SAL =M MONEY BUT 9 ! QUANTITATIVE EXPANSION ( VALUE 9 ! QUALITATIVE & P>TICUL> =MS USE-VALUES4 ,VALUE & USE-VALUE W]E COMP\ND$ LEAD+ TO ! DE=MATION ( BO? VALUE & USE-VALUE4 

,9DE$1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ACCUMULATION ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL1 ?AT IS ! SELF-EXPANSION ( VALUE1 BECAME IMM$IATELY EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( ! QUANTITIES ( USE-VALUES ?AT W]E PRODUC$ 7#aS ( TRACTORS1 TONS ( /EEL ETC474 ,H[EV]1 )\T ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( MONEY AS MONEY -- MONEY AS ! 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE -- ! CONT5T ( SU* USE-VALUES DID NOT NECESS>ILY CON=M TO ! NE$S ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION4 ,MONEY HAD TO BUY2 IT HAD TO ALL[ ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,IT C\LD NOT !RE=E REFUSE TO BUY SUB-/&>D COMMODITIES4 ,! QUALITY ( ! USE-VALUES ( COMMODITIES WAS 5SUR$1 NOT BY MONEY & H5CE ! PUR*AS]1 BUT BY ! /ATE PLAN4 ,BUT ! /ATE PLAN1 AS WE HAVE >GU$1 /OOD 9 AN EXT]NAL IF NOT AN ANTAGONI/IC POSITION ) REG>D TO ! V>I\S ECONOMIC AG5TS :E!R !Y W]E WORK]S OR /ATE 5T]PRISES4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! USE-VALUES PRESCRIB$ & RATIFI$ BY ! PLAN DID NOT NECESS>ILY CON=M TO SOCIAL NE$S4 

,! CONSEQU5CES ( CON/RA9$ MONEY3 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! EXI/5CE ( MONEY AS ! 9DEP5D5T & UNIV]SAL =M ( VALUE 5SURES ?AT USE-VALUES CON=M TO SOCIAL NE$S4 ,BUT FUR!RMORE1 MONEY AS ! 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE IS ALSO A DIFFUS$ =M ( SOCIAL P[]4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE >GU$1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R MONEY WAS CON/RA9$ TO ! FUNCTIONS /RICTLY NECESS>Y = ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL & SOCIAL NE$S W]E PRESCRIB$ BY ! /ATE PLAN4 ,?IS HAD TWO IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS4 ,! P]SI/5CE ( NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL =MS SU* AS BLAT & 5DEMIC DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION4 

,9S(> AS TE*NICAL & SOCIAL NE$S DEVELOP$ \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK PRESCRIB$ BY ! /ATE PLAN !Y HAD TO BE >TICULAT$ BY SOME?+ O!R ?AN BY MONEY4 ,MONEY C\LD ONLY BUY )9 ! LIMIT E/ABLI%$ BY ! PLAN4 ,! PUR*AS+ P[] ( MONEY WAS LIMIT$4 ,:ILE EV]YONE NE$$ MONEY1 IT WAS 9SUFFICI5T TO MEET ALL NE$S4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 NON-MONET>Y SOCIAL RELATIONS HAD TO BE P]SEV]$4 ,9FLU5CE & FAVORS ) ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY1 CLI5T RELATIONS' ETC4 -- ?AT IS ! SY/EM KN[N AS BLAT -- BECAME SALI5T FEATURES ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY AS MEANS ( GA9+ ACCESS TO PRIVILEG$ GOODS OR AS A MEANS ( GETT+ ?+S DONE4 

,AS SU* BLAT EM]G$ BECAUSE ( ! RE/RICTIONS PLAC$ ON ! FUNCTIONS ( MONEY DUE TO ITS SUBORD9ATION TO PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,AS SU* BLAT WAS A DI/9CTLY NON-CAPITALI/ -- IF NOT PRE-CAPITALI/ -- SOCIAL =M ?AT 9VOLV$ DIRECT P]SONAL & UNQUANTIFIABLE RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4.<#a#a#d.> 

,H[EV]1 AS WE NOT$ ! 9ADEQUACY ( MONEY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R -- IT FAILURE TO FUNCTION AS ! UNIV]SAL & 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE -- ALSO L$ TO ! 5DEMIC PRODUCTION ( DEFECTIVE USE-VALUES :I* W]E TO F9ALLY BR+ ! DEMISE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,?IS1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 WAS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! CLASS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT >OSE FROM CAPITALI/ =M ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT BE=E WE CONSID] ?IS FATAL CONTRADICTION ( ! ,U,S,S,R WE MU/ BRIEFLY CONSID] ! QUE/ION ( WAGES & ! SALE ( LABOR-P[]4 

,! SALE ( LABOR-P[] 

,! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR-P[] IS ( C\RSE AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL4 ,! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR-P[] CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS A SIMPLE EPI-CYCLE 9 ! CIRCUITS ( CAPITAL AS FOLL[S3 

,LP -- ,W -- ,CS 

,! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR-P[] 7,LP7 = A WAGE 7,W71 :I* HE !N USES TO BUY ! COMMODITIES 7,CS7 NECESS>Y TO REPRODUCE HIMSELF AS A WORK]4.<#a#a#e.> ,9 ESS5CE ?IS EPI-CYCLE IS ! SAME AS ! SIMPLE CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ONE ( ! MO/ TELL+ CRITICISMS ADVANC$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/ CRITICS ( /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS BE5 ! >GUM5T ?AT WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE IF LABOR-P[] WAS TO BE CONSID]$ A COMMODITY !N IT MU/ BE ABLE TO EX*ANGE ) O!R COMMODITIES BUT1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ,TROTSKYI/S D5I$ ?AT !RE W]E ANY O!R COMMODITIES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,SECONDLY WORK] WAS NOT FREE TO SELL HIS LABOR-P[]4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE >GU$1 !RE WAS COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R & !RE WAS A RE/RICT$ =M ( COMMODITY CIRCULATION ?US LABOR-P[] C\LD BE EX*ANG$ ) O!R COMMODITIES VIA ! WAGE4 ,NEV]!LESS IT IS TRUE ?AT ! FRE$OM ( WORK]S TO SELL !IR LABOR WAS RE/RICT$4 ,?R\< V>I\S RE/RICTIONS1 SU* AS ! 9T]NAL PASSPORT SY/EM ! MOVEM5T ( WORK]S WAS RE/RICT$4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT !SE RE/RICTIONS ON ! MOVEM5T ( LABOR TI$ WORK]S TO A P>TICUL> MEANS ( PRODUCTION !N !Y CAN P]HAPS BE CONSID]$ MORE 9DU/RIAL S]FS ?AN WAGE-SLAVES4 

,BUT ON CLOS] 9SPECTION !SE LEGAL RE/RICTIONS ON ! MOVEM5T ( LABOR APPE> MORE AS A RESPONSE TO EXIT+ SITUATION :I* W]E HONOR$ MORE 9 ! BREA* ?AN 9 !IR IMPLEM5TATION4 ,) ! DRIVE TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LOGIC ( ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL LABOR-P[] HAD TO BE FULLY US$4 ,9DE$1 FULL EMPLOYM5T BECAME AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL COHESION ( ! ,U,S,S,R FROM ,/AL9 ONW>DS4 ,H[EV]1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( FULL EMPLOYM5T L$ A *RONIC %ORTAGE ( LABOR-P[]4 

,! FACT ?AT 9 REALITY WORK]S W]E TO A LIMIT$ BUT CRUCIAL EXT5T FREE TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] IS %[N 9 ! /RATEGY ( ! MANAG]S ( /ATE 5T]PRISES TO HO>D LABOR4 ,9DE$1 ! MANAG]S ( /ATE 5T]PRISES ACTIVELY COLLUD$ ) WORK]S TO OV]COME ! RE/RICTIONS TO !IR MOBILITY 9 !IR ATTEMPTS SECURE SUFFICI5T LABOR-P[] TO MEET !IR PRODUCTION T>GETS4 ,H5CE ! LEGAL RE/RICTIONS TO ! FREE MOVEM5T ( LABOR-P[] W]E JU/ ?AT3 ATTEMPTS TO RE/RICT WORK]S :O W]E ESS5TIALLY FREE TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4 

,TICKT9 WAS WELL AW>E ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! *RONIC %ORTAGE ( LABOR-P[] & CONSEQU5CE PRACTICE ( LABOR HO>D+ BY ! /ATE 5T]PRISES4 ,H[EV]1 ,TICKT9 P]SI/$ 9 D5Y+ ?AT LABOR-P[] WAS SOLD AS A COMMODITY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ! WAGE WAS NOT RELAT$ TO ! LABOR P]=M$4 ,= ,TICKT91 AL?\< WORK]S (T5 WORK$ = PIECE RATES :I* NOM9ALLY TI$ !IR WAGES TO AM\NT !Y WORK$1 9 REALITY WORK]S W]E PAID :AT AM\NT$ TO A P5SION ?AT BORE LITTLE RELATION TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR !Y P]=M$4 

,AS WE >GU$ 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 ?IS >GUM5T OV]LOOKS ! CONTRADICTORY ASPECTS ( LABOR-P[] & ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! =M ( A WAGE4 ,LABOR-P[] IS BO? A COMMODITY & NOT A COMMODITY4 ,AL?\< LABOR-P[] IS SOLD AS IF IT WAS A COMMODITY IT IS NEI!R PRODUC$ OR CONSUM$ AS A COMMODITY S9CE IT IS NOT A ?+ SEP>ABLE FROM ! P]SON :O SELLS IT -- BUT ! WORK]S [N LIV+ ACTIVITY4 

,! WORK] DOES NOT PRODUCE LABOR-P[] AS SOME?+ TO SELL4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y HE REPRODUCES HIMSELF AS A LIV+ SUBJECT ( :OM HIS LIV+ ACTIVITY IS AN ESS5TIAL AN 9SEP>ABLE ASPECT4 ,EQUALLY1 HAV+ B\<T LABOR-P[]1 CAPITAL CAN NOT USE IT 9 ABS5CE ( ! WORK]4 ,! WORK] REMA9S 9 ! LABOR PROCESS AS AN ALI5 SUBJECT ALONGSIDE HIS ALI5AT$ LABOR4 

,IT IS AS A RESULT ( ?IS CONTRADICTORY NATURE ( LABOR-P[] ?AT ! WAGE-=M EM]GES4 ,9 BUY+ LABOR-P[] CAPITAL BUYS ! WORK]'S CAPACITY TO WORK4 ,BUT CAPITAL HAS /ILL TO MAKE ! WORK] WORK BO? ?R\< ! SANCTION ( UNEMPLOYM5T & ?R\< ! 9C5TIVE ( WAGES L9K$ TO AM\NT ! WORK] WORKS4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ! WAGE MAY BE L9K$ TO ! AM\NT ! LABOR ! WORK] P]=MS IT IS ESS5TIALLY ! MONEY NECESS>Y = ! AV]AGE WORK] TO BUY ?OSE COMMODITIES NECESS>Y = ! REPRODUCTION ( !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! CAPITALI/ CAN MAKE 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S WORK H>D] BY L9K+ ! PAYM5T ( WAGES TO ! LABOR P]=M$1 RA!R ?AN AS A SIMPLE PAYM5T = ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR-P[]1 DEP5DS ON ! RELATIVE /R5G?S ( LABOR & CAPITAL4 

,H5CE ! FACT ?AT WAGES MAY HAVE APPE>$ LIKE 'P5SIONS' PAID REG>DLESS ( ! WORK P]=M$1 RA!R ?AN AS TRUE WAGES ?AT APPE> AS A PAYM5T TI$ TO ! WORK P]=M$1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT LABOR-P[] WAS NOT SOLD 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,ALL ?AT IT 9DICATES IS ! P>TICUL> P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT1 AS WE %ALL N[ SEE1 WAS TO HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS4 

,CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 ! PRODUCTION ( DEFECTIVE USE-VALUES 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 ,TICKT9 HAS ABLY DESCRIB$ ! DI/ORTIONS 9 ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT RA!R ?AN SEE+ SU* DI/ORTIONS AS >IS+ FROM ! DEG5]ATION ( A SOCIETY /UCK 9 ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM !Y CAN BE MORE ADEQUATELY SE5 AS DI/ORTIONS >IS+ FROM AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE A =C$ TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM FROM A POSITION ( RELATIVE UND]DEVELOPM5T4 ,! DRIVE TO T[>DS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL ?AT L$ TO ! FUSION ( ! /ATE & ! REPLACEM5T ( ! LAW ( VALUE BY ! LAW ( PLANN+ CAN BE SE5 TO HAVE L$ TO ! GROSS DI/ORTIONS & CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,LET US CONSID] MORE EXPLICITLY ! CLASS BASIS ( SU* DI/ORTIONS & CONTRADICTIONS4 

,FIR/LY1 ) ! SUPPRESSION ( MONEY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE ?AT C\LD COMM& ANY COMMODITY ! SUBJECTIVELY DET]M9$ NE$S ( ! WORK]S C\LD NOT BE EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! MONEY =M4 ,! NE$S ( ! WORK]S W]E 9/EAD TO A L>GE EXT5T PRESCRIB$ BY ! /ATE4 ,?US AS ! WAGE DID NOT ACT AS AN ADEQUATE =M ?AT C\LD PROVIDE AN 9C5TIVE4 ,AFT] ALL :Y WORK H>D] IF ! EXTRA MONEY Y\ MAY CAN NOT BE SP5T8 

,SECONDLY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL ?AT PRECLUD$ CRISIS L$ TO ! *RONIC %ORTAGE ( LABOR4 ,9 CONDITIONS ( FULL EMPLOYM5T :]E /ATE 5T]PRISES W]E DESP]ATE = LABOR-P[] TO MEET !IR PRODUCTION T>GETS ! SACK WAS AN 9EFFECTIVE SANCTION4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 AS ,TICKT9 PO9TS \T1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES LACK$ BO? ! C>ROT & /ICKS ) :I* CONTROL !IR WORK=CE4 ,9DE$ ! WORK]S W]E ABLE TO EX]CISE A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ( NEGATIVE CONTROL OV] ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,CONFRONT$ BY ! IMP]ATIVE TO APPROPRIATE SURPLUS-VALUE 9 ! =M ( 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION IMPOS$ ?R\< ! C5TRAL PLAN ON ! ONE H&1 & ! P[] ( ! WORK]S OV] ! LABOR-PROCESS ON ! O!R H&1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES RESOLV$ ! DILEMMA BY SACRIFIC+ QUALITY = QUANTITY4 ,?IS WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE ! TE*NICAL & SOCIAL NE$S ( EMBODI$ 9 ! USE-VALUES ( ! COMMODITIES !Y PRODUC$ W]E NOT D]IV$ FROM ?OSE :O W]E TO USE !SE COMMODITIES BUT W]E PRESCRIB$ 9DEP5D5TLY BY ! C5TRAL PLAN4 

,AS A RESULT1 ! QUANTITATIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( USE-VALUES L$ TO ! DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES4 ,AS DEFECTIVE USE-VALUES ( ONE 9DU/RY 5T]$ 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES ( ANO!R1 DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION BECAME 5DEMIC LEAD+ TO ! *RONIC PRODUCTION ( USELESS PRODUCTS4 

,H5CE1 :]EAS 9 A FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM ! CLASS CONFLICTS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION >E RESOLV$ ?R\< ! WA/E ( RECURR5T ECONOMIC CRISES :I* RE/ORE ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY & ! P[] ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R !SE CONFLICT W]E RESOLV$ ?R\< ! *RONIC & SY/EMATIC WA/E ( DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION4 

O ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #f 
,CONCLUSION 

,AS WE PO9T$ \T 9 ,P>T ,I1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! FIR/ 'WORK]S /ATE' HAS HAD A PR(\ND IMPACT 9 %AP+ \R WORLD4 ,AT FIR/ ! APP>5T SUCCESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %[$ ?AT !RE WAS A REALI/IC ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM4 ,IT %[$ ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD BE OV]?R[N BY ! WORK+ CLASSES & ?AT A SOCIALI/1 IF NOT COMMUNI/1 SOCIETY C\LD BE CON/RUCT$ ON ITS RU9S4 ,AS SU* IT 9SPIR$ G5]ATIONS ( SOCIALI/S & WORK]S 9 !IR CONFLICTS ) ! CAPITALISM SY/EM1 DEF9+ BO? !IR AIMS & ME?ODS4 

,H[EV]1 AS ! TRUE NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R BEGAN TO EM]GE ! P]CEPTION ?AT IT WAS 'ACTUALLY EXIT+ SOCIALISM' BECAME AN 9CREAS+ B>RI] TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM4 ,IF ! SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM WAS A TOTALIT>IAN POLICE /ATE 9 :I* Y\ /ILL HAD TO WORK = A BOSS !N MO/ WORK]S CONCLUD$ ?AT IT MI<T BE BETT] TO M]ELY RE=M CAPITALISM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ATTEMPTS ( ! ,/AL9I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES ACROSS ! WORLD TO SUBORD9ATE ! WORK] CLASS MOVEM5TS TO ! =EIGN POLICY NE$S ( ! ,U,S,S,R FUR!R COMP\ND$ ?IS PROBLEM4 

,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ BO? ,/AL9ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DEM&$ AN UND]/&+ ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,! QUE/ION ( :AT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R !RE=E BECAME A C5TRAL ONE ?R\<\T MU* ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS A QUE/ION1 :I* AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS B\ND UP ) ! ASSOCIAT$ QUE/IONS ( :AT IS SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM8 ,:AT WAS ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION8 ,& 9DE$ :AT IS ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ,CAPITALISM8 

,AL?\< FROM A COMMUNI/ P]SPECTIVE ?AT TAKES AS ITS T\*/ONE ! ABOLITION ( WAGE-LABOR AS ! DEF9+ FEATURE ( COMMUNISM IT W\LD SEEM 9TUITIVE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A =M ( CAPITALISM1 WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! !ORIES ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /ATE CAPITALI/ HAVE PROV$ 9ADEQUATE COMP>$ ) ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ !ORIES ?AT HAVE DEVELOP$ \T ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y HAVE %>$ ! TRADITION ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION ( ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM IS HI<E/ =M ( CAPITALISM1 /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAVE PROV$ UNABLE TO EXPLA9 EI!R ! APP>5TLY NON-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R NOR ITS DECL9E & EV5TUAL COLLAPSE4 

,9DE$1 :ILE ! ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE HAS BECOME UNT5ABLE GIV5 ! *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION ( ,U,S,S,R ?AT BECAME 9CREAS+LY APP>5T AFT] ! #a#i#fS1 & :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #a#i#i1 IT HAS BE5 ,TICKT9'S RADICAL RECON/RUCTION ( ?IS !ORY ?AT HAS SO F> PROVID$ ! MO/ CONV9C+ UND]/&+ ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM & ITS DECL9E & FALL4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE %[$ 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 ,TICKT9'S !ORY /ILL FALLS %ORT ( ! M>K4 ,RA!R ?AN SEE+ ! ,U,S,S,R AS BE+ A SOCIAL SY/EM /UCK 9 ! TRANSITION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 WE HAVE TAK5 UP ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE SUGGE/$ BY ,BORDIGA TO >GUE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM4 

,WE HAVE >GU$ ?AT 9 ORD] TO BREAK \T ( ITS BACKW>DNESS & SUBORD9ATE POSITION )9 ! WORLD DIVISION ( LABOR ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 :I* HAD =M$ AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 S\<T TO MAKE ! TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM ?R\< ! TRANSITIONAL =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9 ITS EF=TS TO 9DU/RIALIZE ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE S\<T ! =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL ?AT REQUIR$ ! SUPPRESSION ( ! MORE COSMOPOLITAN & CRISIS RIDD5 =MS ( MONEY & COMMODITY CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE SU* =C$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ALL[$ AN 9ITIAL RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ! DI/ORTIONS IT PRODUC$ )9 ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R EV5TUAL BECAME A B>RI] TO ! COMPLETE TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,AS SU* WE HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ESS5TIALLY BAS$ ON CAPITALI/ COMMODITY-PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV] AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! HI/ORICAL =M ( =C$ TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM !RE WAS DISLOCATION BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ NATURE ( PRODUCTION & ITS APPE>ANCE AS A SOCIETY BAS$ ON COMMODITY-EX*ANGE4 ,?IS DISLOCATION L$ TO ! DE=MATION ( VALUE & ! DEFECTIVE CONT5T ( USE-VALUES ?AT BO? PROVID$ ! BASIS = ! P]SI/5CE ( ! DI/9CTLY NON-CAPITALI/ FEATURES ( ! ,U,S,S,R & L$ TO ! ULTIMATE DECL9E & DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,AS WE SAW 9 ! LA/ ISSUE 9 RELATION TO ! W> 9 ,KOSOVO ! QUE/ION ( ,RUSSIA REMA9S AN IMPORTANT ONE ON ! GEO-POLITICAL /AGE4 ,! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( BREAK+ UP & RE9TEGRAT+ ! ,EA/]N BLOC 9 TO ! GLOBAL /RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM IS ONE ?AT HAS YET TO F9D A SOLUTION1 & ?IS IS P>TICUL>LY TRUE ( ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 

,! =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL = OV] HALF A C5TURY HAS LEFT ,RUSSIA ) AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON HUGE MONOPOLIES UNABLE TO COMPETE ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! 9SI/5CE BY ! IDEOLOGI/S ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM ?AT ALL ?AT ,RUSSIA NE$$ WAS D]EGULATION & LIB]ALIZATION HAS SIMPLY GIV5 RISE TO ! EM]G5CE ( MONEY-CAPITAL 9 ITS MO/ P>ASITICAL & PR$ATORY =M4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,RUSSIA RE-SUBORD9ATION TO ! DICTATES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LAW ( VALUE HAS LEFT IT ) ONE P>T ( ITS ECONOMY REV]T+ BACK TO B>T] :ILE ! O!R IS DOM9AT$ BY A MAFIA-CAPITALISM ?AT IS BLOCK+ ANY FUR!R ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,H5CE1 DESPITE ALL ! EF=TS ( ! ,U,S,A & ! ,I,M,F ,RUSSIA /ILL REMA9S MIR$ 9 ITS TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM4 

O ,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,= CONV5I5CE WE %ALL AT TIMES USE ! T]M '/ATE CAPITALISM' = ALL !ORIES ?AT CONSID] ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO HAVE BE5 CAPITALI/4 ,AS ,N4 ,F]N&EZ PO9TS \T 9 A =?COM+ BOOK1 ,CAPITALISM & ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 MANY !ORIES1 = EXAMPLE ?OSE ( ,BORDIGA & MORE REC5TLY ,*ATTOPADHYAY1 HAVE = GOOD !ORETICAL REASONS AVOID$ ! T]M '/ATE CAPITALISM' 9 !IR ACC\NTS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,WE WILL DEAL ) SOME ( ! ISSUES RAIS$ BY ! T]M '/ATE CAPITALISM' 9 MORE DETAIL 9 ,AUFHEB5 #h4 

.<#b.> ',ULTRA-LEFT' IS A LOAD$ & AMBIGU\S T]M4 ,IT WAS ORIG9ALLY A T]M ( ABUSE US$ BY ,L59 AGA9/ COMMUNI/S & REVOLUTION>IES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES SU* AS ,HOLL&1 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 :O REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! ,BOL%EVIK MODEL ( REVOLUTION & ! RI<T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO DET]M9E ! TACTICS & LEAD]%IP ( ! WORLD ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,!SE COMMUNI/S W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO PUT =W>D ! IDEA ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,WE %ALL EXAM9E SU* !ORIES 9 ! NEXT ISSUE4 ,ON ! T]M ITSELF IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT MO/ PEOPLE ACCUS$ ( ULTRA-LEFTISM BY ,L59I/S W\LD >GUE ?AT !Y >E SIMPLY COMMUNI/S & ?AT ! LEFT1 9CLUD+ !IR ACCUS]S1 >E NOT4 ,! MATT] IS FUR!R CONFUS$ BY ! T5D5CY ( ,L59I/S TO D5\NCE EA* O!R = 'ULTRA-LEFTISM' = SU* HE9\S CRIMES AS NOT VOT+ ,LABOR4 ,P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANTLY = US1 ! T]M 'ULTRA-LEFTISM' 9DICATES AN ACCEPTANCE1 ALONG ) ,TROTSKYISM1 ( ! IDEA ( TRAC+ ONE'S TRADITION BACK TO ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ( ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS4 ,:ILE WE WILL HAPPILY RE/ATE \R POSITION ?AT ! ,G]MAN1 ,DUT* & ,ITALIAN LEFT COMMUNI/S DID MA9TA9 SOME IMPORTANT LESSONS FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE FOLL[+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 WE DO NOT ?9K !Y HAD ! LA/ WORD ON :AT REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRACTICE IS = US TODAY4 ,?IS WILL BECOME CLE>] ONCE WE COME TO EXAM9E !IR !ORIES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

.<#c.> ,( C\RSE1 PRISON] SUPPORT WORK IS AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ANY S]I\S MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! /ATE1 & 9 ! P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! ANTI-POLL TAX MOVEM5T :5 ,MILITANT ?REAT5$ TO GRASS PEOPLE TO ! POLICE IT DID DEF9E A RADICAL 5GAGEM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO?+ 9H]5T 9 LEFTISM ?AT LEADS IT TO IGNORE PRISON]S4 ,SIMPLY CRITICIZ+ ! 'LEFT' = NOT SUPPORT+ PRISON]S 5DS UP AS LITTLE BETT] ?AN RITUAL D5UNCIATION ( ! LEFT = BE+ 'BOR+ MIDDLE CLASS WANK]S'1 A POOR EXCUSE = A PROP] CRITIQUE4 ,YET IT IS P]HAPS LITTLE SURPRISE ?AT PRISON] SUPPORT HAS BECOME AN ALMO/ DEF9ITIVE POSITION AMONG MANY AN>*I/S N[ ?AT D5\NC+ ! LEFT = SUPPORT+ ! ,U,S,S,R IS NO LONG] VIABLE4 

.<#d.> ,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT IT WAS ! FE> ?AT ! :OLE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE MI<T GO OV] TO ! ,EA/]N ,BLOC 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> :I* PROMPT$ ! ,AM]ICAN B\RGEOISIE TO P\R BILLIONS ( DOLL>S 9TO %ATT]$ ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN ECONOMIES 9 ! =M ( ,M>%ALL ,AID4 

.<#e.> ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! RE=MI/ P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL NOT ONLY BETRAY$ !IR COMMITM5T TO OPPOS+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> &1 AS SU*1 W]E COMPLICIT 9 ! DECIMATION ( A :OLE G5]ATION ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASS1 BUT !Y ALSO PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 CRU%+ ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT SWEPT MU* ( ,EUROPE FOLL[+ ! W>4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT WAS UND] ! ORD]S ( A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T ?AT ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION WAS CRU%$ & SU* REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T KILL$4 ,SU* CRIMES C\LD NOT BE ?AT EASILY =GOTT54 

.<#f.> ,( C\RSE1 AT ?IS PO9T SOME MAY OBJECT ?AT ,TROTSKY'S RECORD PROVES ?AT HE WAS A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 DISMISS ANY DETAIL$ CONSID]ATION ( HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 ,= US AN EXT5SIVE CONSID]ATION ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE IS IMPORTANT NOT ONLY BECAUSE ?IS !ORY HAS BECOME A C5TRAL REF]5CE PO9T = CRITICISMS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT IS IMPORTANT TO %[ H[ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM ! OBJECTIVISM ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM & WAS 9 NO WAY A BETRAYAL ( SU* TRADITIONS4 ,H5CE \R FOCUS WILL REMA9 ON ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 RA!R ?AN (F]+ A BL[ BY BL[ ACC\NT ( ! REVOLUTION_/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,= DETAILS ON ! #a#i#a#g-#b#a P]IOD ?AT UND]M9E ! ,L59I/ ACC\NT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION SEE ,M4 ,BR9TON ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 7,LONDON3 ,SOLID>ITY74 ,= A MORE G5]AL CRITIQUE ( ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( BO? ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS SEE ,GUY ,DEBORD1 ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 ,*APT] ,I,V 7,DETROIT3 ,BLACK & ,R$1 #a#i#g#d74 

.<#g.> ,9 :AT FOLL[S SOME READ]S MAY ?9K WE >E TREAT+ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ) TOO MU* RESPECT4 ,= SOME IT IS 5\< TO LI/ HIS BAD DE$S4 ,SOME FOCUS ON HIS ACTIONS 9 #a#i#a#g-#b#a1 O!RS MORE ON ,TROTSKY'S LAT] FAILURE TO MA9TA9 REVOLUTION>Y POSITIONS :I* CULM9AT$ ) HIS FOLL[]S TAK+ SIDES 9 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,FROM ?IS IT (T5 CONCLUD$ ?AT ,TROTSKY'S ,M>XISM WAS ALWAYS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y OR1 AS MANY LEFT COMMUNI/S >GUE1 ?AT AT SOME PO9T ,TROTSKY CROSS$ ! CLASS L9E & BECAME C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,EI!R WAY ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE CAN BE SUMM>ILY DISMISS$ AS A POSITION \TSIDE ! REVOLUTION>Y CAMP4 ,= US1 H[EV]1 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 & ITS DOM9ANT HOLD OV] MANY CRITICAL ( ,/AL9ISM1 REFLECTS FUNDAM5TAL WEAKNESSES ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ?AT %\LD BE GRASP$ & OV]COME4 ,!RE >E V]Y P[]FUL REASONS :Y HET]ODOX ,M>XI/S HAVE F\ND IT H>D TO GRASP ! ,U,S,S,R AS CAPITALI/4 ,9 REJECT+ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE IT IS NOT = US A MATT] ( %[+ H[ HE 'BETRAYS ! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE ( PRE-#a#i#a#d SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & OR?ODOX ,M>XISM'1 BUT RA!R IT 9VOLVES RECOGNIZ+ H[ TRUE HE WAS TO ?IS TRADITION4 

.<#h.> ,TROTSKY ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$ ! !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION 9 COLLABORATION ) ,P>VUS4 ,AFT] ,P>VUS )DREW FROM ,M>XI/ POLITICS ! !ORY EV5TUALLY BECAME ASCRIB$ TO ,TROTSKY4 

.<#i.> ,TROTSKY IS HIMSELF NOT V]Y CLE> AT ?IS PO9T AS TO :Y ! V]Y BACKW>DNESS ( PEASANTRY W\LD LEAD A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ?IS CLASS TO MA9TA9 ITS SUPPORT = A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T COMMITT$ TO 9TRODUC+ SOCIALI/ POLICIES4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS APP>5TLY P>ADOXICAL POSITION CAN BE RESOLV$ IF WE CONSID] A LITTLE MORE CLOSELY ,TROTSKY'S VIEW ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,= ,TROTSKY ! BACKW>DNESS & HET]OG5EITY ( ! PEASANTRY MEANT ?AT IT WAS 9H]5TLY 9CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+ A COH]5T ORGANIZATION ?AT C\LD =MULATE & ADVANCE ITS [N DI/9CT CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ! PEASANTRY C\LD ONLY ACCEPT ! LEAD]%IP ( O!R CLASSES I4E4 EI!R ! B\RGEOISIE OR ! PROLET>IAT4 ,FROM ?IS ,TROTSKY C\LD CONCLUDE ?AT ONCE ! PEASANTRY HAD ACCEPT$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IT W\LD HAVE LITTLE OPTION BUT TO BE SWEPT ALONG BY ! POLICIES ( A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T1 EV5 BEYOND ! PO9T :]E SU* POLICIES BEGAN TO IMP+E ON ! PEASANTS' [N IMM$IATE CLASS 9T]E/S1 S9CE !Y W\LD BE UNABLE TO =MULATE ANY VIABLE ALT]NATIVE4 

.<#a.> ,SEE ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$ BY ,LEON ,TROTSKY 7,PA?F9D] ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#a.> ,WE %ALL GIVE MORE ATT5TION TO ! IDEAS ,L59'S LEFT COMMUNI/ OPPON5TS 9 ,AUFHEB5 #h4 

.<#a#b.> ,FOLL[+ ,5GELS1 IT WAS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ )9 OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO LEAP FROM CAPITALISM TO A FULLY FL$G$ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* ! /ATE1 MONEY & WAGE-LABOR HAD BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,IT WAS 5VISAG$ ?AT ANY PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY W\LD HAVE TO PASS ?R\< A L[] /AGE ( COMMUNISM DUR+ :I* ! /ATE1 MONEY & WAGE-LABOR W\LD GRADUALLY :I!R AWAY AS ! CONDITIONS = ! HI<] /AGE ( COMMUNISM CAME 9TO BE+4 ,?IS L[] /AGE ( COMMUNISM BECAME KN[N AS SOCIALISM4 

.<#a#c.> ,= EXAMPLE1 9 HIS ,LEON ,TROTSKY'S ,!ORY ( ,REVOLUTION1 ,JOHN ,MOLYNEUX SAYS ',SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION ,TROTSKY /OOD ON ! AU?ORIT>IAN W+ ( ! P>TY'4 ,( C\RSE1 AS ,K[ALSKI HAS PO9T$ \T1 ! DIVISIONS ( LEFT_/RI<T1 LIB]T>IAN_/ AU?ORIT>IAN MAY OV] SIMPLIFY ! COMPLEX ( POLITICAL POSITIONS TAK5 UP AMONG ! ,BOL%EVIKS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS QUITE CLE> ?AT ,TROTSKY WAS NEI!R ON ! LEFT NOR ! LIB]T>IAN W+S ( ! ,P>TY AT ?IS TIME4 

.<#a#d.> ,AS BO? ,5GELS & ,KAUTSKY HAD PO9T$ \T 9 RELATION TO ,G]MANY1 ! FUNDAM5TAL B>RI] TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM WAS ! L[ PRODUCTIVITY ( TRADITIONAL =MS ( SMALL-SCALE PEASANT AGRICULTURE4 ,IF ! URBAN POPULATIONS NECESS>Y = 9DU/RIALIZATION W]E TO BE F$ !N ! PEASANTS HAD TO PRODUCE AN AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS OV] & ABOVE !IR [N IMM$IATE NE$S4 ,SO LONG AS TRADITIONAL =MS ( AGRICULTURE P]SI/ ! TOTAL AM\NT ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE IS LIMIT$4 ,?US ! ONLY WAY TO PRODUCE ! SURPLUS NECESS>Y = 9DU/RIALIZATION IS TO DEPRESS ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! PEASANTRY ?R\< SU* MEANS AS HI< R5TS & TAXATION4 ,YET ! SCOPE = SQUEEZ+ ! PEASANTS' ALREADY IMPOV]I%$ LIV+ /&>DS IS LIMIT$4 ,SOON] OR LAT] !RE HAS TO BE AN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION :I*1 BY CONC5TRAT+ PRODUCTION 9 L>GE SCALE F>MS1 ALL[S ! 9TRODUCTION ( MOD]N ME*ANIZ$ PRODUCTION ME?ODS4 ,UND] CAPITALISM ?IS OCCURR$ EI!R ?R\< ! L&LORDS OR ! RI*] PEASANTS APPROPRIAT+ L& & TRANS=M+ !MSELVES 9TO CAPITALI/ F>M]S4 ,! SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE WAS TO COLLECTIVIZE AGRICULTURE4 ,BY GR\P+ PEASANTS TOGE!R 9 COLLECTIVES L>GE SCALE PRODUCTION W\LD BE MADE POSSIBLE )\T DISPOSSESS+ VA/ NUMB]S ( POOR PEASANTS4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ?IS AGR>IAN PROBLEM WAS P>TICUL>LY ACUTE4 ,BE=E ! REVOLUTION ! PEASANTS HAD BE5 =C$ TO PRODUCE = ! M>KET 9 ORD] TO PAY R5TS & TAXES TO ! L&LORDS & ! /ATE4 ,?IS SURPLUS HAD !N BE5 US$ BO? TO FE$ ! URBAN POPULATIONS & = EXPORT TO E>N ! =EIGN CURR5CY NE$$ TO PAY = ! IMPORT ( =EIGN CAPITAL REQUIR$ = 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,H[EV]1 ) ! ,/OLYP9 RE=MS ( #a#i#f1 ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME HAD MADE A DECISIVE EF=T TO 5C\RAGE ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE AMONG ! RI*] PEASANTS4 ,BUT ?IS 'WAG] ON ! /RONG' PEASANT WAS CANCEL$ BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,! EXPROPRIATION ( ! L&LORDS & ! R$I/RIBUTION S]V$ TO RE9=CE SMALL-SCALE SUBSI/5CE AGRICULTURE4 ,) NEI!R ! COMPULSION NOR ANY 9C5TIVE TO PRODUCE A SURPLUS ON ! P>T ( ! PEASANT1 FOOD SUPPLIES TO ! URBAN >EAS FELL4 ,IT HAD BE5 ?IS ?AT HAD COMPELL$ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T TO 9TRODUCE DIRECT REQUISITION+ UND] ,W> ,COMMUNISM4 ,) ! ,N,E,P1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T N[ S\<T TO PROVIDE 9C5TIVES = ! RI*] PEASANTS TO PRODUCE = ! M>KET4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS RUL$ \T S9CE = IT TO SUCCE$ ON A L>GE SCALE IT REQUIR$ A SUFFICI5T LEVEL ( 9DU/RIALIZATION TO ALL[ ! ME*ANIZATION ( AGRICULTURE4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! ,N,E,P REPRES5T$1 9 P>T1 A RETREAT TO ! ,CZ>I/ POLICY ( 5C\RAG+ ! GR[? ( CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE AMONG ! RI* PEASANTS4 ,WE %ALL EXAM9E FUR!R ?IS CRUCIAL AGR>IAN QUE/ION 9 MORE DETAIL 9 ! NEXT ISSUE4 

.<#a#e.> ,TROTSKY CO9$ ! PHRASE 'SCISSORS CRISIS' 9 HIS SPEE* TO ! #a#b? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#c4 ,TROTSKY >GU$ ?AT1 LEFT TO ! M>KET1 ! UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T BETWE5 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY C\LD ONLY LEAD TO VIOL5T FLUCTUATIONS BETWE5 ! PRICES ( 9DU/RIAL GOODS & AGRICULTURAL PRICES :I* C\LD ONLY UND]M9E ! ,N,E,P4 ,AL?\< AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION RECOV]$ RAPIDLY AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,N,E,P1 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION LAGG$ BEH9D4 ,AS A RESULT ! PRICE ( 9DU/RIAL GOODS HAD RIS5 F> FA/] ?AN AGRICULTURAL PRICES1 'OP5+ ! PRICE SCISSORS' & ?REAT5+ TO UND]M9E ! 9C5TIVES = ! PEASANTS TO PRODUCE = ! M>KET 9 ! FOLL[+ SEASON4 ,BY ,OCTOB] ! PR$ICT$ CRISIS /RUCK HOME ) ! SALES ( GRA9 PLUMMET+4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS 'SCISSORS CRISIS'1 MEASURES W]E 9TRODUC$ TO CONTROL 9DU/RIAL PRICES4 

.<#a#f.> ,:ILE ,/AL9 HAD E/ABLI%$ HIS P[]-BASE AS HEAD ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,P>TY ?R\< \T ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,Z9OVIEV HAD BUILT HIS P[]-BASE AS HEAD ( ! ,P>TY 9 ,L5+RAD1 & ,KAM5EV HAD HIS P[]-BASE AS ! HEAD ( ! ,MOSC[ ,P>TY4 

.<#a#g.> ,DUR+ ! 9DU/RIALIZATION DEBATE 9 ! MID #a#i#bS1 ,TROTSKY1 ALONG ) ! RE/ ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 WAS REPEAT$LY ATTACK$ BY ,/AL9 & HIS FOLL[]S = BE+ A 'SUP]-9DU/RIALIZ]' :O WI%$ TO AB&ON ! ,N,E,P & 9DU/RIALIZE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,?IS HAS BE5 A COMMON ACCUSATION MADE AGA9/ ,TROTSKY BY ,/AL9I/S EV] S9CE4 ,BUT IT HAS ALSO BE5 A CRITICISM TAK5 UP BY AN>*I/S & O!RS TO ! LEFT ( ,TROTSKY :O >GUE ?AT 9 ADOPT+ ! POLICY ( =C$ 9DU/RIALIZATION & =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION AFT] #aibh ,/AL9 WAS SIMPLY IMPLEM5T+ ,TROTSKY'S [N IDEAS4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! ESS5TIAL COMPLICITY BETWE5 ,/AL9 & ,TROTSKY CAN BE DEMON/RAT$4 ,9 HIS >TICLE ',! ,MY? ( ! ,SUP]-,9DU/RIALIZ]'1 :I* WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ UND] A DIFF]5T TITLE 9 ,CRITIQUE1 #a#c1 & N[ REPR9T$ 9 ,! ,IDEAS ( ,LEON ,TROTSKY $IT$ BY ,MI*AEL ,COX & ,HILLEL ,TICKT91 ,RI*>D ,DAY HAS S\<T TO DEF5D ,TROTSKY FROM SU* ACCUSATIONS BY BO? DI/ANC+ HIM FROM ! MORE POLEMICAL POSITIONS ( ,PREOBRAZH5SKY & /RESS+ HIS SUPPORT = ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ALLIANCE EMBODI$ 9 ! ,N,E,P4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT PROVE MU*4 ,NONE ( ! MA9 PROTAGONI/S 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZATION DEBATE1 NOT EV5 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 >GU$ = ! AB&ONM5T ( ! ,N,E,P & ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ALLIANCE4 ,:AT IS TELL+ IS ,TROTSKY'S [N CRITICISMS ( ,/AL9'S EV5TUAL POLICY ( =C$ 9DU/RIALIZATION & COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 ,TROTSKY DOES NOT CRITICIZE ,/AL9'S 9DU/RIALIZATION POLICY AS SU* -- 9DE$ HE IS C>EFUL TO PRAISE ! GREAT A*IEVEM5TS MADE BY ,/AL9 UND] ?IS POLICY -- BUT RA!R ! 'ZIG-ZAGS' MADE 9 BR++ ?IS POLICY AB\T4 ,= ,TROTSKY ! PROBLEM WAS ?AT ,/AL9'S RELUCTANCE TO ADOPT ! POLICY ( 9DU/RIALIZATION PUT =W>D BY ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 9 ! MID-#a#i#bS MEANT A %>P] 'TURN TO ! LEFT' & A MORE RU%$ & UNBALANC$ 9DU/RIALIZATION LAT] 9 ORD] TO SOLVE ! CRISIS ( #a#i#b#h4 ,BUT ! CRUCIAL QUE/ION IS3 IF ,/AL9 HAD %IFT$ ! BURD5 ( 9DU/RIALIZATION ONTO ! PEASANTRY A FEW YE>S E>LI]1 W\LD ?IS HAVE BE5 REALLY SUFFICI5T TO HAVE AV]T$ ! GRA9 PROCUREM5T CRISIS 9 #aibh & AVOID$ ! DISA/] ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION 9 :I* MILLIONS ( PEASANTS DI$8 

.<#a#h.> ,= A CRITIQUE ( OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM SEE ',! ,MY? ( ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,PASSIVITY' BY ,DAVID ,GORMAN 9 ,RADICAL ,*A9S1 #b4 

.<#a#i.> ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 WAS A P>TICUL>LY EXTREME =MULATION ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM ?AT EM]G$ \T ( A POLEMIC AGA9/ ?OSE ,M>XI/S :O HAD >GU$ ?AT ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD NECESS>ILY DEVELOP \T ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLES DUR+ A P]IOD ( RETREAT 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 ,L59'S POSITION CONC]N+ DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM CAN BE SE5 TO HAVE UND]GONE %>P %IFTS 9 EMPHASIS DEP5D+ ON ! POLITICAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,AT V>I\S PO9TS BE=E #aiag ,L59'S POSITION W\LD HAVE BE5 LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,TROTSKY4 

.<#b.> ,AS WELL AS ,BOL%EVIK LEFT COMMUNI/S1 MANY AN>*I/S W]E ALSO TAK5 9 BY ! 'LIB]T>IAN FLAVOR' ( ! CONCEPTION ( PO/-REVOLUTION>Y P[] \TL9$ 9 ,L59'S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS L$ TO ACCUSATIONS ?AT ,L59'S ACTIONS AFT] SEIZ+ P[] W]E A BETRAYAL ( ! IDEAS HE HAD HIMSELF SET \T 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 & IT IS !N SUGGE/$ ?AT ,L59 HAD NEV] REALLY BELIEV$ 9 !M4 ,BUT :ILE IT IS UND\BT$LY TRUE ?AT ,L59 DID AB&ON SOME ( ! MEASURES HE CALL$ = 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 ?AT TEXT WAS ITSELF AMBIGU\S1 CALL+ = A 'SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION ) SUBORD9ATION1 CONTROL1 & =EM5 & ACC\NTANTS'4 

.<#b#a.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE ',CAN ! ,BOL%EVIKS ,RETA9 ,/ATE ,P[]8' 9 ,L59'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#f1 P4 #h#g4 

.<#b#b.> ,! ME?ODS ( 'SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T' ADVOCAT$ BY ,L59 W]E BAS$ ON ?OSE DEVELOP$ BY ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES 9 ! ,WE/ & :I* HAD BECOME KN[N AS ,TAYLORISM4 ,TAYLORISM HAD BE5 SPECIFICALLY DEVELOP$ TO BREAK ! CONTROL ( ! SKILL$ WORK] OV] ! IMM$IATE PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,UND] ,TAYLORISM ! PRODUCTION PROCESS WAS RE-ORGANIZ$ & RATIONALIZ$ 9 A WAY :I* REMOV$ ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] & CONC5TRAT$ ! OV]ALL KN[L$GE & CONTROL ( H[ ?+S W]E PRODUC$ 9TO ! H&S ( SPECIALIZ$ MANAG]S4 ,L59'S 5?USIASM = ,TAYLORISM1 AN 5?USIASM %>$ BY ,TROTSKY1 IS P]HAPS ONE ( ! >EAS :]E ,L59 MO/ CLE>LY DI/+UI%ES HIS POSITION FROM A COMMUNI/ ONE4 

.<#b#c.> ,IT %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT MO/ ( !SE >MIES DID NOT S]I\SLY FI<T ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! CIVIL W>1 AS A W> BETWE5 ORGANIZ$ >MIES1 WAS A BATTLE BETWE5 ! ,R$ ,>MY & ! ,:ITES1 :O HAD MAT]IAL SUPPORT FROM ! ,WE/4 ,BUT1 AS WELL AS ?IS1 VA/ NUMB]S ( PEASANTS & DES]T]S F\<T BO? SIDES4 ,9DE$1 ONE C\LD SAY ! #a#i#a#h-#b#a P]IOD WAS AS MU* A PEASANT W> AS ANY?+ ELSE4 

.<#b#d.> ,! 9TRODUCTION ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T1 TOGE!R ) ! CONSEQU5T TRANSF] ( P[] AWAY FROM ! FACTORY COMMITTEES TO1 FIR/ ! TRADE UNIONS & !N TO ! ,P>TY1 IS WELL DOCUM5T$ 9 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL BY ,M4 ,BR9TON4 ,AS ,BR9TON %[S ?IS PROCESS BEGAN AT A V]Y E>LY /AGE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION1 WELL BE=E ! />T ( ! CIVIL W> 9 ! ,SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h4 

.<#b#e.> ,GIV5 ! TASK ( ORGANIZ+ ! MILIT>Y DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION ,TROTSKY SP5T LITTLE TIME 9 AB&ON+ ! ,R$ ,GU>D MILITIAS ?AT HAD BE5 =M$ IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 FAVOR ( BUILD+ A CONV5TIONAL /&+ >MY4 ,AT FIR/ ,TROTSKY S\<T TO RECRUIT FROM VOLUNTE]S AMONG ! MORE ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PROC$URES E/ABLI%$ )9 ! ,R$ ,GU>DS1 ALL[$ (FIC]S TO BE ELECT$ DIRECTLY FROM ,SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES & ASSEMBLIES4 ,H[EV]1 ONCE HE HAD E/ABLI%$ A RELIABLE CORE = ! NEW ,R$ ,>MY1 ,TROTSKY 9TRODUC$ CONSCRIPTION DRAW+ RECRUITS FROM ! BROAD MASSES ( PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,) :AT HE CONSID]$ AS LESS RELIABLE TROOPS1 ,TROTSKY AB&ON$ ! DIRECT ELECTION ( (FIC]S 9 FAVOR ( ! APPO9TM5T ( PR(ESSIONAL COMM&]S :I* W]E MO/LY DRAWN FROM ! =M] ,CZ>I/ >MY4 ,TO OV]SEE & *ECK ANY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES AMONG ?IS (FIC] CORP41 ,TROTSKY APPO9T$ POLITICAL (FIC]S1 OR COMMISS>S1 DRAWN FROM ! ,P>TY EA* ( :OM W]E ATTA*$ TO A P>TICUL> MILIT>Y COMM&]4 

.<#b#f.> ,AS ,KNEI-,PAZ HAS PO9T$ \T1 ! IDEA ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( ! BUREAUCRACY REPRES5T$ A ,RUSSIAN ,!RMIDOR HAD BE5 FIR/ ADVANC$ BY ! ,DEMOCRATIC-,C5TRALI/ ,OPPOSITION 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 :5 HE /ILL HELD A LEAD+ POSITION )9 ! ,P>TY1 ,TROTSKY HAD FIRMLY REJECT$ ! IDEA ( A ,RUSSIAN ,!RMIDOR AS BE+ 'ULTRA-LEFTI/'4 ,H[EV]1 BY #a#i#b#i1 FAC+ DISGRACE & EXILE1 ,TROTSKY BEGAN TO COME R\ND TO ! IDEA & IT WAS ONLY BY ! MID-#a#i#cS ?AT CAME TO FULLY =MULATE IT )9 HIS CRITICISMS ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,SEE ,B4 ,KNEI-,PAZ1 ,! ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,LEON ,TROTSKY 7,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS71 PP4 #c#i#d-#e4 

.<#b#g.> ,TROTSKY'S 'OR?ODOX ,M>XI/' & OBJECTIVI/ IDEA ( HI/ORY AS FUNDAM5TALLY AB\T ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES IS P]HAPS ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! UND]LY+ WEAKNESS ( HIS !ORY ( ! DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 ,= ,TROTSKY'S LYRICAL ACC\NTS ( H[ ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA DEVELOP$ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION WE NE$ GO NO FUR!R ?AN ! OP5+ PAGES ( ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$4 ,ON PAGE #h ( ?IS WORK ,TROTSKY DECL>ES3 ',) ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S WE NO LONG] HAVE ANY?+ TO QU>REL OV]4 ,SOCIALISM HAS DEMON/RAT$ ITS RI<T TO VICTORY1 NOT 9 ! PAGES ( ,DAS ,KAPITAL1 BUT 9 AN 9DU/RIAL >5A COMPRIS+ A SIX? ( ! E>?'S SURFACE -- NOT 9 ! LANGUAGE ( DIALECTICS1 BUT 9 ! LANGUAGE ( /EEL1 CEM5T & ELECTRICITY'4 

.<#b#h.> ,) ! PUBLICATION ( ,M>X'S E>LY WRIT+S1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS1 IT IS CLE> ?AT = ,M>X ! BASIS ( CAPITALISM IS NOT PRIVATE PROP]TY BUT ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,?IS PO9T1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 IS VITAL NOT ONLY 9 MAK+ A CRITIQUE ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM BUT 9 ANY ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A MAT]IALI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

.<#b#i.> ,( C\RSE1 AT A MORE CONCRETE LEVEL1 IT IS CLE> ?AT NOT ALL ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS DIRECTLY EXPLOIT ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BANK]S & M]*ANT CAPITALI/S1 = EXAMPLE1 DRAW A %>E ( ! SURPLUS-VALUE PRODUC$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S BY VIRTUE ( !IR SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 9 F9ANC+ PRODUCTION1 & BY CIRCULAT+ ! COMMODITIES SUBSEQU5TLY PRODUC$4 ,YET !SE FUNCTIONS CAN !MSELVES BE SE5 TO BE ROOT$ 9 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,! BANK ADVANCES MONEY TO F9ANCE PRODUCTION AS A LOAN ( ITS [N PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & DULY OBTA9S A %>E 9 ! SURPLUS-VALUE 9 ! =M ( 9T]E/4 ,LIKEWISE1 BY BUY+ ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/1 ! M]*ANT CAPITALI/S ADVANCE !IR [N MONEY-CAPITAL TO REALIZE ! VALUE PRODUC$ = ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ AHEAD ( ! COMMODITIES' ACTUAL CIRCULATION4 ,9 DO+ SO ! M]*ANT CAPITALI/S APPROPRIATE A SLICE ( ! SURPLUS-VALUE EXPROPRIAT$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S 9 ! =M ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 :AT !Y PAY ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S & :AT !Y SELL ! COMMODITIES = TO ! CONSUM]S4 

.<#c.> ,SEE ,! ,NEW ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

.<#c#a.> ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 ! NOTION ?AT ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL 9EVITABLY L$ T[>DS ! FUSION ( /ATE & CAPITAL HAD BE5 C5TRAL TO ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT HAD FOLL[$ FROM ?IS ?AT ! DECISIVE %IFT FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM OCCURR$ ) ! WORK+ CLASS SEIZ+ /ATE P[]4 ,! MA9 QUE/ION ?AT !N DIVID$ OR?ODOX ,M>XISM WAS :E!R ?IS SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] REQUIR$ A REVOLUTION OR :E!R IT C\LD BE A*IEV$ ?R\< PEACEFUL DEMOCRATIC MEANS4 ,9 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 ,L59 CAME TO DEF9E HIS [N POSITION REG>D+ ! PRIMACY ( ! POLITICAL4 ,AGA9/ ! 'ECONOMISM' ( ?OSE :O SAW SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION >IS+ DIRECTLY \T ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ,L59 HAD >GU$ = IMPORTANCE ( E/ABLI%+ A POLITICAL P>TY :I* C\LD SEIZE /ATE P[]4 ,( C\RSE1 IT WAS ! BASIS ( ?IS 'POLITICISM' :I*1 BY IMPLY+ ?AT ! REALM ( ! POLITICAL CAN TO SOME EXT5T DET]M9E ! NATURE ( SOCIETY1 HAS ALL[$ ,L59I/S TO >GUE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A WORK]S' /ATE :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ADMITT+ ?AT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION MAY HAVE REMA9$ CAPITALI/4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE 9 ! NEXT ISSUE1 IT WAS ! 9ABILITY ( MO/ LEFT COMMUNI/S TO FULLY BREAK FROM ?IS 'POLITICISM' ?AT UND]M9ES !IR CRITIQUE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

.<#c#b.> ,IT WAS ?IS V]Y TRANSITIONAL *>ACT] ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY :I* MEANT ?AT IT WAS DIFFICULT TO DEF9E :AT IT WAS4 ,SO AL?\< ,TROTSKY SETTL$ ON CALL+ IT A 'CA/E' HE ACCEPT$ ?IS WAS AN UNSATISFACTORY CATEGORIZATION ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY4 

.<#c#c.> ,ONE ( ! FIR/ GR\PS TO DEVELOP A PROP] !ORY WAS ! '/ATE CAPITALI/' M9ORITY )9 ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY4 ,?IS M9ORITY LAT] EM]G$ AS ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY AFT] ! PSEUDONYMS ( ITS MA9 !ORI/S -- ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES & ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA4 ,) ! COLLECTION ( PREVI\SLY UNAVAILABLE WRIT+S WE CAN N[ SEE ?AT ?IS !ORY IS MU* /RONG] ?AN IT APPE>S FROM SOME ( !IR E>LI] PUBLI%$ WORKS & IS F> SUP]IOR TO ,CLIFF'S V]SION4 ,SEE ,! ,M>XI/-,HUMANI/ ,!ORY ( ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM1 BY ,R4 ,DUNAYEVSKAYA1 7,*ICAGO3 ,NEWS @& ,LETT]S1 #a#i#i#b74 ,S9CE ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY QUICKLY BROKE FROM ,TROTSKYISM BY REJECT+ VANGU>DISM & EMPHASIZ+ WORK]S' AUTONOMY WE %ALL DEAL ) !M 9 MORE DETAIL 9 ! NEXT ISSUE4 

.<#c#d.> ,SEE ,C4 ,HOBSON & ,R4 ,TABOR1 ,TROTSKYISM & ! ,DILEMMA ( ,SOCIALISM 7,WE/PORT3 ,GRE5WOOD1 #a#i#h#h74 

.<#c#e.> ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY SUBSEQU5TLY BROKE UP & %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ?AT IS >\ND TODAY4 

.<#c#f.> ,?\< ?IS HAS NOT /OPP$ ! ,S,W,P GIV+ 'CRITICAL SUPPORT' TO SOME NATIONALI/ & ,/AL9I/ MOVEM5TS 9 'NON-IMP]IALI/' P>TS ( ! WORLD4 

.<#c#g.> ,= A CRITIQUE ( ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM FROM A ,TROTSKYI/ PO9T ( VIEW SEE ! COLLECTION ( >TICLES ON ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ,OP5 ,POLEMIC1 #d @& #e4 

.<#c#h.> ,?AT IS ! RE=MISM ?AT HAD BE5 PUT =W>D BY ,B]N/E9 & HIS FOLL[]S 9 ! DEBATES 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT !RE C\LD BE A PEACEFUL TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM ?R\< DEMOCRATICALLY WON RE=MS4 

.<#c#i.> ,CLIFF WAS ABLE TO CITE ,TROTSKY'S REACTION TO ,/AL9'S CON/ITUTION :]E HE >GU$ ?AT IT WAS ! BASIS = ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R AS SUPPORT = ! POSSIBILITY ( PEACEFUL C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

.<#d.> ,:ILE MO/ ,TROTSKYI/S 9 ! #a#i#dS CLUNG ON TO ! BELIEF ?AT ! IMM$IATE PO/W> ECONOMIC BOOM W\LD BE %ORT LIV$ & AS A CONSEQU5CE REPEAT$LY PR$ICT$ AN IMM95T RETURN TO AN ECONOMIC SLUMP1 ,CLIFF WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO SEEK TO EXPLA9 ! P]SI/5CE ( ! PO/W> ECONOMIC BOOM4 ,C5TRAL TO ?IS EXPLANATION WAS ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( 'A P]MAN5T >MS ECONOMY' 9 :I* HI< LEVELS ( MILIT>Y SP5D+ ACT$ TO DEF] ! FULL EFFECTS ( ! OV]ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL :I* HAD L$ TO ! GREAT SLUMP ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,! NOTION ?AT ! P]MAN5T >MS ECONOMY WAS MIRROR$ 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION FITT$ NEATLY 9TO ,CLIFF'S OV]ALL EMPHASIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( MILIT>Y ACCUMULATION = MOD]N CAPITALISM4 

.<#d#a.> ,LOR5 ,GOLDN]1 ,COMMUNISM IS ! ,MAT]IAL ,HUMAN ,COMMUNITY 7,COLLECTIVE ,ACTION ,NOTES1 ,P,O,B #b#b#i#f#b1 ,BALTO41 ,M,D #b#a#b#c1 ,U,S,A474 ,ALSO PUBLI%$ AS ',AMADEO ,BORDIGA1 ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T'1 9 ,CRITIQUE1 #b#c1 #a#i#i#a4 

.<#d#b.> ,JACQUES ,CAMATTE1 ,COMMUNITY & ,COMMUNISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 

.<#d#c.> ,?IS 9FLU5CE IS NOT CONF9$ TO ! ,L59I/ LEFT4 ,! REC5T BOOK FROM ,NEIL ,F]N&EZ -- ,CAPITALISM & ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R -- :ILE OPPOS$ TO ,TICKT9'S ,L59ISM ACKN[L$GES HIS WORK AS A 'MAJOR !ORETICAL A*IEVEM5T' 9 T]MS ( GRASP+ ! =MS TAK5 BY ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,! J\RNAL ,RADICAL ,*A9S HAS ATTEMPT$ TO DEVELOP REVOLUTION>Y CRITIQUE BY COMB9+ SOME ( ,TICKT9'S IDEAS ) O!RS FROM ! AUTONOMI/ & LEFT COMMUNI/ TRADITIONS4 

.<#d#d.> ,) ! GR[+ CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ! #a#i#hS1 !RE W]E SEV]AL ATTEMPTS BY LEAD+ !ORETICIANS )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY TO REVISE ,CLIFF'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM TO OV]COME ITS 9H]5T WEAKNESSES4 

.<#d#e.> ,! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS =C$ A MAJOR RE?9K AMONG BO? ,TROTSKYI/S & ,/AL9I/S4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO DRAW TOGE!R ! V>I\S POSITIONS ON ! ,U,S,S,R WAS MADE 9 ,OP5 ,POLEMIC1 #d @& #e4 

.<#d#f.> ,9 FACT1 ,TICKT9'S !ORY HAS ASSUM$ A /RONG ROLE AMONG ! REMNANTS ( ! ,BRITI% F> LEFT ?AT GOES BEYOND JU/ ,TROTSKYISM4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL CRISIS ?AT HAS ACCOMPANI$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS L$ ! SMALL] GR\PS TO SOME FAIRLY S]I\S RE?9K+4 ,TICKT9'S !ORY SEEMS TO (F] ! BE/ HOPE ( KEEP+ !IR ,L59I/ ASSUMPTIONS :ILE FUNDAM5TALLY DIS5TANGL+ !MSELVES FROM :AT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,%[+ SOME ( ! /RANGE REALIGNM5TS ?AT HAVE FOLL[$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 A ,TICKT9ITE ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R SEEMS N[ TO BE ! DOM9ANT POSITION )9 ! EX-,/AL9I/ GR\P PREVI\SLY KN[N AS ! ,L59I/4 ,HAV+ RECLAIM$ ! ,C,P,G,B TITLE AB&ON$ BY ! OLD ,EURO-,/AL9I/S 7N[ ,NEW ,LABORITES71 ?IS GR\P SEEMS TO BE ATTRACT+ QUITE A FEW HOMELESS LEFTI/S TO A PROJECT BAS$ ON GO+ BACK TO ! #aib =MATION ( ! ORIG9AL ,C,P,G,B BE=E ! SPLIT ( ,TROTSKYISM & ,/AL9ISM4 ,H[EV]1 WE'D SUGGE/ ?AT1 = ,L59I/S1 N[ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAS COLLAPS$1 OV]COM+ ! DIVISION ( ,/AL9ISM & ,TROTSKYISM IS NOT TOO H>D2 UND]/&+ MU* LESS CROSS+ ! GAP BETWE5 ,L59ISM & COMMUNISM IS A MORE DIFFICULT TASK4 

.<#d#g.> ,= A DISCUSSION ( ! DIFF]5T WAYS ,TROTSKYISM & LEFT COMMUNISM 9T]PRET$ ! MEAN+ ( !SE SLOGANS1 SEE \R >TICLE ',DECAD5CE3 ,! ,!ORY ( ,DECL9E OR ! ,DECL9E ( ,!ORY8 ,P>T ,I' 9 ,AUFHEB5 #b 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#c74 

.<#d#h.> ,SEE1 AGA91 \R >TICLE ',DECAD5CE' 9 ,AUFHEB5 #b4 

.<#d#i.> ,SEE ',! ,LEOP>D 9 ! #b? ,C5TURY3 ,VALUE1 ,/RUGGLE & ,ADM9I/RATION' 9 ,RADICAL ,*A9S1 #d4 

.<#e.> ,! NOTION ( C5TRISM HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 APPLI$ TO ?OSE )9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL :O S\<T TO COMB9E A COMMITM5T TO PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ) A RE=MI/ PRACTICE -- A POSITION BE/ EXEMPLIFI$ BY ,K>L ,KAUTSKY4 

.<#e#a.> ,9 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL ! QUE/ION ( CLASS IS NOT PRES5T$ UNTIL ! V]Y 5D ( ,VOLUME ,I,I,I4 

.<#e#b.> ,= A CRITIQUE ( ?IS ID5TIFICATION ( COMMUNISM ) 'A LAW ( PLANN+'1 OR 9DE$ EV5 ) PLANN+ P] SE1 SEE ',DECAD5CE ,P>T ,I,I,I' 9 ,AUFHEB5 #d 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#e74 

.<#e#c.> ,TONY ,CLIFF ,PUTS ,=W>D A ,SIMIL> ,POSITION ,?AT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ! ,WORK]S ,DID ,NOT ,REALLY ,SELL ,!IR ,LABOR-,P[]4 

.<#e#d.> ,UND] CAPITALISM1 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] CAN E>N MORE BY WORK+ H>D] OR LONG] ?AN ! AV]AGE OR NORM4 ,H[EV]1 IF ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]'S COLLEAGUES FOLL[ SUIT1 ! AV]AGE OR NORM ( WORK+ WILL BE 9CREAS$ & ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] WILL SOON F9D HIS WAGES REVIS$ D[N TO ! VALUE ( HIS LABOR-P[]4 

.<#e#e.> ,FOCUS+ ON COMMODITY FETI%ISM HELPS ONE AVOID ! MI/AKE ( SEE+ IDEOLOGY AS PR$OM9ANTLY A CREATION ( /ATE & O!R IDEOLOGICAL APP>ATUSES OR 9/ITUTIONS4 ,TO MAKE PEOPLE WORK = IT1 CAPITAL NEI!R HAS TO RELY ON DIRECT =CE NOR ON SOMEH[ 9S]T+ ! IDEA ?AT !Y %\LD WORK 9TO PEOPLE'S HEADS4 ,!IR NE$S1 PLUS !IR SEP>ATION FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EA* O!R1 MAKES WORK+ = CAPITAL A NECESSITY = PROLET>IANS4 ,COMMODITY FETI%ISM 9 ONE S5SE1 !N1 IS NOT 9 ITSELF AN IDEOLOGY BUT AN 9SEP>ABLE P>T ( ! SOCIAL REALITY ( A VALUE- & COMMODITY-PRODUC+ SOCIETY3 0TO ! PRODUC]S1 !RE=E1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 !IR PRIVATE LABORS APPE> AS :AT !Y >E1 I4E41 !Y DO NOT APPE> AS DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 P]SONS 9 !IR WORK1 BUT RA!R AS MAT]IAL .<D+LI*.> RELATIONS BETWE5 P]SONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S0 7,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 ,*APT] #a1 ,SECTION #d74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 PEOPLE G5]ATE IDEOLOGY TO MAKE S5SE ( !IR ALI5AT$ PRACTICE2 TO ! EXT5T ?AT MO/ PEOPLE'S EXI/5CE MO/ ( ! TIME IS )9 CAPITALI/ RELATIONS1 !Y G5]ATE & ADOPT IDEAS TO RATIONALIZE & MAKE S5SE ( ?IS EXI/5CE4 ,BECAUSE ?AT REALITY IS ITSELF CONTRADICTORY1 !IR IDEAS CAN BO? BE 9COH]5T & QUITE FUNCTIONAL = !M4 ,! PO9T H]E1 ?\<1 IS ?AT NO 'BATTLE ( IDEAS' WILL DISABUSE !M ( SU* IDEAS :I* >E EXPRESSIVE ( !IR REALITY4 ,ONLY 9 RELATION TO PRACTICAL /RUGGLE1 :5 ! REIFI$ APPE>ANCE ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS IS EXPOS$ AS VULN]ABLE TO HUMAN 9T]F]5CE1 >E MO/ PEOPLE LIKELY TO ADOPT REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 LEFTI/ 9TELLECTUALS ATTEMPT TO BE BO? COH]5T & CRITICAL ( ?IS SOCIETY4 ,IT IS 9 RELATION TO SU* 'CRITICAL IDEAS' ?AT1 FOLL[+ ,M>X & ! ,SITUATIONI/S1 WE OPPOSE REVOLUTION>Y !ORY TO REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 

.<#e#f.> ,!RE IS A KEY PASSAGE 9 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL ?AT W\LD SEEM AT FIR/ TO SUPPORT ,TICKT9'S >GUM5T ?AT ! LACK ( NORMAL M>KET RELATIONS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R MEANT ?AT IT DID NOT G5]ATE ! P[]FUL 'DULL COMPULSION ( EV]YDAY LIFE' ?AT ! WORK] EXP]I5CES 9 ! ,WE/3  

0! ADVANCE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION DEVELOPS A WORK+ CLASS :I* BY $UCATION1 TRADITION & HABIT LOOKS UPON ! REQUIREM5TS ( ?AT MODE ( PRODUCTION AS SELF-EVID5T NATURAL LAWS4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 ONCE IT IS FULLY DEVELOP$1 BREAKS D[N ALL RESI/ANCE4 ,! CON/ANT G5]ATION ( A RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION KEEPS ! LAW ( ! SUPPLY & DEM& ( LABOR1 & !RE=E WAGES1 )9 N>R[ LIMITS :I* CORRESPOND TO CAPITAL'S VALORIZATION REQUIREM5TS4 ,! SIL5T COMPULSION ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS SETS ! SEAL ON ! DOM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ OV] ! WORK]4 ,DIRECT EXTRA-ECONOMIC =CE IS /ILL ( C\RSE US$1 BUT ONLY 9 EXCEPTIONAL CASES4 ,9 ! ORD9>Y RUN ( ?+S1 ! WORK] CAN BE LEFT TO ! 0NATURAL LAWS ( PRODUCTION01 I4E4 IT IS POSSIBLE TO RELY ON HIS DEP5D5CE ON CAPITAL1 :I* SPR+S FROM ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION !MSELVES & IS GU>ANTE$ 9 P]PETUITY BY !M40 7,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 ,*APT] #b#h74  

,BUT ! L9ES ?AT IMM$IATELY FOLL[ SUGGE/ A QUITE DIFF]5T WAY ( GRASP+ ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION3 

0,IT IS O!RWISE DUR+ ! HI/ORICAL G5ESIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE NE$S ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 & USES IT TO 0REGULATE0 WAGES1 I4E4 TO =CE !M 9TO ! LIMITS SUITABLE = MAK+ A PR(IT1 TO L5G!N ! WORK+ DAY1 & TO KEEP ! WORK] HIMSELF AT HIS NORMAL LEVEL ( DEP5D5CE4 ,?IS IS AN ESS5TIAL ASPECT ( SO-CALL$ PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION40 

,A LOT ( ! /RANGE FEATURES ( ! ,U,S,S,R VIS-A-VIS 'NORMAL' CAPITALISM BECOME CLE> :5 ONE SEES IT AS ATTEMPT+ TO MAKE ! TRANSITION T[>DS CAPITALISM4 

.<#e#g.> ,! OBS]VATION ?AT !RE WAS A FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! REALITY ( ! ,SOVIET REGIME & :AT IT SAID AB\T ITSELF IS H>DLY NEW4 ,! ORIG9AL TITLE ( ,! ,RUSSIAN ,5IGMA BY ,ANTON ,CILIGA1 :I* BRILLIANTLY COMB9ES AN ACC\NT ( HIS P]SONAL EXP]I5CES ( ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME & ITS CAMPS ) HIS REFLECTIONS ON ! NATURE ( ITS ECONOMIC SY/EM1 WAS ,AU ,PAYS DU ,GR& ,M5SONGE3 ',9 ! ,C\NTRY ( ! ,BIG ,LIE'4 

.<#e#h.> ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO CONTRA/ ! VIEWS ( ,TICKT9 ) ,DEBORD ON ! ,SOVIET LIE4 

,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT1 UNLIKE ! FALSE CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE1 ! SET ( DOCTR9ES PROMOT$ BY ! ,SOVIET ELITE DOESN'T EV5 P>TIALLY CORRESPOND TO REALITY & ?US ! SY/EM HAS NO IDEOLOGY4 ,TICKT9'S MOTIVATION TO D5Y ?AT !SE FALSEHOODS >E AN IDEOLOGY IS !ORETICAL3 ',SY/EMATIC1 CONSCI\S UNTRU?FULNESS IS A SYMPTOM ( A SY/EM ?AT IS 9H]5TLY UN/ABLE' 7,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 P4 #a#h74 ,HIS VIEW ?AT IT IS NOT A VIABLE SY/EM LEADS HIM POLEMICALLY TO ASS]T ?AT IT HAS NO IDEOLOGY2 = SOME?+ ?AT IS NOT A MODE ( PRODUCTION DOES NOT G5]ATE A COH]5T FALSE CONSCI\SNESS4 

,DEBORD 7,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 ,!SES #a#b-#a#a#a7 SIMIL>LY DESCRIBES ,SOVIET SOCIETY AS BAS$ ON A LIE ?AT NO ONE BELIEVES & :I* HAS ?US TO BE 5=C$ BY ! POLICE4 ,HE ALSO PO9TS AT ! WAY ?AT ITS RELIANCE ON FALSIFICATION ( ! PA/ & PRES5T MEANS ?AT IT SUFF]S 0! LOSS ( ! RATIONAL REF]5CE :I* IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! HI/ORICAL SOCIETY1 CAPITALISM01 MAK+ IT A POOR IMITATION ( ! ,WE/ 9 T]MS ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION 7#a#h74 ,H[EV] ,DEBORD DOES NOT FEEL ! NE$ TO SAY ?AT1 BECAUSE IT HAS BECOME MANIFE/LY 9COH]5T1 ,/AL9I/ IDEOLOGY IS NO LONG] IDEOLOGY2 RA!R1 IT IS = HIM AN EXTREME VICTORY ( IDEOLOGY4 

,:ILE IT HAS A !ORETICAL CONSI/5CY1 ,TICKT9'S POLEMICAL 9SI/5CE ?AT !RE WAS NO IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R IMPOSES A V]Y RE/RICT$ S5SE ON ! NOTION ( IDEOLOGY4 ,ESS5TIALLY IT LIMITS ! MEAN+ ( IDEOLOGY TO ?AT FALSE CONSCI\SNESS G5]AT$ BY A MODE ( PRODUCTION :I* P>TIALLY GRASPS ! REALITY ( ! WORLD :I* ?AT MODE PRODUCES & :I* IS ?US FUNCTIONAL TO ?OSE ID5TIFY+ ) ?AT WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 IDEOLOGY CAN ALSO 9FECT ! ?\<T ( ?OSE :O SEE !MSELVES AS CRITICAL ( & WI%+ TO GO BEYOND ?AT MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ( :I* ,L59ISM IS ESS5TIALLY A V>IANT1 ABSORB$ B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS ( ! RELATION ( KN[L$GE TO PRACTICE1 ( ! NE$ = REPRES5TATION & HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION & ( PROGRESS1 :I* MADE IT 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 ,TICKT9'S LIMIT$ CONCEPTION ( IDEOLOGY ALL[S HIM TO ESCAPE ! QUE/IONS ( ! RELATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S IDEOLOGY ( ',M>XISM-,L59ISM' TO ITS ORIG9S 9 ,L59ISM1 & ! IDEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS ,TROTSKYISM %>ES ) ,/AL9ISM4 ,DEBORD H[EV]1 GRASPS ! TOTALIT>IAN FALSEHOOD ( ,SOVIET IDEOLOGY AS A DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ( ,L59ISM4 ,AS HE PUTS IT3 0,AS ! COH]5CE ( ! SEP>ATE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 ( :I* ,L59ISM WAS ! HI<E/ VOLUNT>I/IC EXPRESSION1 GOV]N$ ! MANAGEM5T ( A REALITY ?AT WAS RESI/ANT TO IT2 ) ,/AL9ISM1 ?IS IDEOLOGY R$ISCOV]$ ITS [N 9COH]5T ESS5CE4 ,IDEOLOGY WAS NO LONG] A WEAPON BUT AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,BUT A LIE :I* CAN NO LONG] BE *ALL5G$ BECOMES A =M ( MADNESS0 7#a#e74 

.<#e#i.> ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS DILEMMA = ! ,RUSSIAN ELITE1 ,TICKT9 IS ABLE TO PROVIDE A P]SUASIVE ACC\NT ( ! PO/W> HI/ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R :I* 9 MANY RESPECTS IS F> SUP]IOR TO MO/ ATTEMPTS BY /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORI/S TO EXPLA9 ! CRISIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

.<#f.> ,SEE ,P>T ,V,I ( ,VOLUME ,I ( ,CAPITAL4 

.<#f#a.> ,WE %ALL TAKE ?IS PO9T UP 9 F> MORE DETAIL 9 ',:AT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R8 ,P>T ,I,V'4 

.<#f#b.> ,AGA91 SEE ',DECAD5CE ,P>T ,I,I,I' 9 ,AUFHEB5 #d 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#e74 

.<#f#c.> ,! ,G]MAN & ,DUT* ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFTS W]E !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY 9T]TW9$4 ,TWO ( ! MO/ PROM95T !ORI/S ( ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY -- ,PANNEKOEK & ,GORT] -- W]E ,DUT*4 ,EXIL$ ,G]MAN ,LEFT ACTIVI/S (T5 TOOK REFUGE 9 ,HOLL&4 ,9 :AT FOLL[S WE WILL G5]ALLY USE ! T]M' ,G]MAN ,LEFT TO 9DICATE ! :OLE POLITICAL CURR5T4 

.<#f#d.> ',TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE'1& ',! !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM FROM )9 ,TROTSKYISM' 9 ,AUFHEB5 #f1#a#i#i#g1& ',RUSSIA AS A NON MODE ( ,PRODUCTION' 9 ,AUFHEB5 #g1#a#i#i#h4 

.<#f#e.> ,SURPRIS+LY P]HAPS ! MO/ 9T]E/+ & DYNAMIC APPROPRIATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT HAS NOT BE5 MADE 9 ,G]MANY OR ,ITALY BUT 9 ,FRANCE4 ,AFT] '#f#h 9 P>TICUL> A MODEM 'ULTRA LEFT' TRADITION HAS EM]G$ !RE 9 A WAY UNLIKE O!R C\NTRIES4 ,)9 ?IS A DIFF]5T LESS 'P>TYI/' APPROPRIATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ LEFT HAS BE5 MADE4 ,! REC5TLY REPUBLI%$ ,ECLIPSE & ,RE-,EM]G5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MOVEM5T 7,DAUVE @& ,M>T91 ,ANTAGONISM ,PRESS7 IS AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 

.<#f#f.> ,A MA9 WAY ! ,COMMUNI/ LEFT IS KN[N 9 ,BRITA9 IS ?R\< ! PUBLICATIONS & ACTIVITIES ( GR\PS EM]G+ 9 ! E>LY SEV5TIES1 :I* CLAIM$ TO DEF5D ! POSITIONS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT4 ,!SE GR\PS ON ! SURFACE APPE> TO ! UN9ITIAT$ AS ,P>TY ORI5T$ GR\PS NOT SO DIFF]5T FROM SOME ( ! SMALL] ,TROTSKYI/ SECTS4 ,9 MO/ O!R C\NTRIES :]E IT HAS A PRES5CE ! ,COMMUNI/ LEFT HAS A SIMIL> TYPE ( EXI/5CE 

.<#f#g.> ,! HI/ORY & POSITIONS ( ,COMMUNI/ LEFTS ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 SOME C\NTRIES HAVE BE5 EFFECTIVELY DE/ROY$1 E4G4 ?OSE ( ! ,BULG>IAN LEFT4 ,! ,BRITI% COMMUNI/ LEFT WAS REPRES5T$ BY ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/S GR\P >\ND ! ,WORK]S ,DREADN\<T 7PREVI\SLY ! ,WOMAN'S ,DREADN\<T7 & ! ,SPUR GR\P 9 ,GLASG[ ( :OM ,GUY ,ALDR$ WAS ! LEAD+ SPOKESMAN4 ,!Y L>GELY FOLL[+ ! ,G]MAN LEFT ON ! ,RUSSIAN QUE/ION SO WE WILL NOT TREAT !M H]E4,!RE IS A GOOD ACC\NT ( !M 9 ,M>K ,%IPWAY'S ,ANTI- ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMUNISM3 ,! ,MOVEM5T = ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS 9 ,BRITA91 #a#i#a#g-#d#e 7,MACMILLAN1 #a#i#h#h7 

.<#f#h.> ,9 ,L59I/ MY?OLOGY ! CLE> SI<T$ ,L59 SPLIT ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ON ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION & BY SO DO+ CREAT$ A L9E ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM ?AT =ESAW & W\LD BE IMMUNE TO ! BETRAYAL ( REVOLUTION ?AT BO? ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS W\LD FALL PREY TO4 ,H[EV]1 AS BO? ,DEBORD & ,DAUVE1 HAS PO9T$ \T1 ,L59 WAS ALWAYS A LOYAL ,KAUTSKYI/ -- EV5 :5 HE ACCUS$ HIS MA/] ( BETRAYAL4 

.<#f#i.> ,L59'S CLE> L9E ON ?IS L$ TO AN ALLIANCE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ) ,EUROPEAN LEFT COMMUNI/ -- ! ,ZIMM]WALD LEFT -- ?IS BROKE D[N BECAUSE ( ,L59'S REFUSAL TO WORK ) ?OSE :O REJECT$ ! RI<T 

.<#g.> ,BUKH>9 IS BETT] KN[N = ! RI<T W+ POSITIONS HE TOOK 9 ! TW5TIES4 ,UP TO '#b#a HE WAS H[EV] A LEAD+ FIGURE ( ! LEFT ( ! P>TY1 9 MANY WAYS CLOS] TO ,EUROPEAN ,LEFT COMMUNI/S ?AN TO ,L59'S V]Y ,RUSSIAN P]SPECTIVES4 

.<#g#a.> ,L59 P>TICUL>LY SCORN$ ! POSITION ?AT ,PYATAKOV PA9T$ ( REVOLUTION3 0,WE PICTURE ?IS PROCESS .<! SOCIAL REVOLUTION.> AS ! UNIT$ ACTION ( ! PROLET>IANS ( ALL .<6.> C\NTRIES1 :O WIPE \T ! FRONTI]S ( ! B\RGEOIS .<6.> /ATE1 :O TE> D[N ! FRONTI] PO/S .<9 ADDITION TO 'WIP+ \T ! FRONTI]S'8.>1 :O BL[ UP .<6.> NATIONAL UNITY & E/ABLI% CLASS UNITY40 _<,L59'S 'COMM5TS' _> ,TO :I* ,L59 REPLIES ',! SOCIAL REVOLUTION CANNOT BE ! UNIT$ ACTION ( ! PROLET>IANS ( ALL C\NTRIES = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT MO/ ( ! C\NTRIES & ! MAJORITIES ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION HAVE NOT EV5 REA*$1 OR HAVE ONLY JU/ REA*$1 ! CAPITALI/ /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T444 ,ONLY ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAVE MATUR$ = SOCIALISM4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAN COME ONLY 9 ! =M ( AN EPO* 9 :I* >E COMB9$ CIVIL W> BY ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES & A :OLE S]IES ( DEMOCRATIC & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS444 9 ! UNDEVELOP$1 BACKW>D & OPPRESS$ NATIONS4 0,L59 ',! NASC5T TR5D ( ,IMP]IALI/ ,ECONOMISM ,OCTOB] #aiaf P #e-#e#b 

.<#g#b.> ,! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S REASON = *ANG+ !IR POSITION FROM ONE ( PROPOS+ REVOLUTION>Y W> TO ?AT ( DEF5SIVE REVOLUTION>Y P>TIZAN W>1 9 FACT RESIDES 9 ! OP5NESS = ,L59'S >GUM5TS1 :5 HE PO9T$ \T ?AT IT W\LD BE A RA!R UNREALI/IC TO GO = REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! FACE ( MASSIVE W> WE>9ESS & PEASANT DES]TION ( ! FRONT ?IS WAS A QUITE UNREALI/IC POSITION4 

.<#g#c.> ,SPEE* #b#h_/#g_/#a#h3 ,C,W VOL4#b#h1 P#b#i4 

.<#g#d.> #f MILLION PEOPLE1 HALF ! 9DU/RIAL FIRMS1 ?REE QU>T]S ( ! /EEL MILLS & NE>LY ALL ! COAL M9ES W]E 9 ?IS >EA4 

.<#g#e.> ,!SES ON ! ,CURR5T ,SITUATION 7#a#i#a#h71 ,CRITIQUE1 ,GLASG[1#a#i#g#g4 ,ALSO 9 ,DANIELS ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,REF]5CES >E TO !SE NUMB]S4 

.<#g#f.> ',ON ! ,BUILD+ ( ,SOCIALISM' ,KOMMUNI/ NO#b1,APRIL #a#i#a#h19 ,DANIELS P #h#e4 

.<#g#g.> ,TROTSKY'S SUPPORT = MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE4 ,SEE ,T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM4 

.<#g#h.> 0,! ,TAX 9 ,K9D 7,N,E,P7' ,C,W #cb PP4#c#b#i-#c#f#i H]E HE ANALYZES RELATION ( PETTY PRODUC] CAPITALISM TO /ATE CAPITALISM 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,?IS TEXT WILL BE KEY TO ,BORDIGA'S UND]/&+ ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

.<#g#i.> ,9 FACT AT SOME ( ! WOR/ TIMES 9 ! CIVIL W> ! ,BOL%EVIKS GAVE O!R SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S MORE FRE$OM4 ,! *ANG+ RELATION TO ,MAKHNO'S P>TIZANS BE+ A CASE 9 PO9T4 ,SEE ,CILIGA 9 HIS ,! ,RUSSIAN ,5IGMA P#b#e#a 

.<#h.> ,APPEAL ( ! WORK]S TRU? ,GR\P 9 ,DANIELS ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,COMMUNISM P #bba 

.<#h#a.> ,LUXEMBURG REF]R+ TO ! ,G]MAN ,S,D,P SAYS '! TROOPS ( ! OLD ORD]1 9/EAD ( 9T]V5+ 9 ! NAME ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 9T]V5E UND] ! BANN] ( A 'SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY40' ,! WORK]S GR\P W]E MAK+ ! OBVI\S & NECESS>Y EXT5SION ( ?IS CRITIQUE ( ! ,S,D,P TO ! MORE RADICAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E TURN+ \T TO REPRES5T4 

.<#h#b.> ,AS !Y SO ELOQU5TLY PUT IT3 ':Y DOES ,Z9OVIEV (F] ,S*EIDMAN & ,NOSKE .<SOCIAL DEMOCRATS RESPONSIBLE = DEFEAT+ ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION.> A M9I/]IAL SEAT 9/EAD ( A GIBBET4' 

.<#h#c.> ,BETWE5 #ahi & #a#h#i#i1 #d#e1 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 /RIKES & LOCK\TS2 BETWE5 #a#i-#d1#d#g#e14 ,9 #aie ALONE1 #e14 

.<#h#d.> ,9 #h_/#a_/#b#a 

.<#h#e.> ,9 ,WORK]S ,DREADN\<T ,FEB #bd 

.<#h#f.> ,FROM ! ,B\RGEOIS TO ! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION1P #g 

.<#h#g.> ,?IS TEXT WAS WRITT5 BY ! ,G,I,K 9 #aicd & PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% BY ! ,A,P,C,F AS ! ,! ,B\RGEOIS ,ROLE ( ,BOL%EVISM4,REF]5CES >E TO !SE NUMB]S4 

.<#h#h.> ,FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,COMMUNI/ ,PRODUCTION & ,DI/RIBUTION 

.<#h#i.> ,PANNEKOEK'S ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS 

.<#i.> ,SEE ,ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ,COMMUNISM & ,M>XISM3 ,LA/ ,REFUGE ( ! ,B\RGEOISIE 

.<#i#a.> ,:5 A FUSION WAS EV5TUALLY =C$ ?R\< ! ,P,S,I DEMORALIZ$ BY FASCISM ONLY COMPRIS$ #b MEMB]S CONFIRM+ ! ,ITALIAN LEFT >GUM5T ?AT IT WAS AN EXHAU/$ TRADITION 

.<#i#b.> ,BORDIGA1EI!R IMPRISON$ OR UND] SURVEILLANCE BY ! FASCI/ POLICE1)DREW FROM POLITICS AT ?IS TIME4 ,! ,BANN] ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT WAS UPHELD BY ! FRACTION 9 EXILE 9 ,BELGIUM & ,FRANCE 

.<#i#c.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,CAMATTE'S ,COMMUNITY & ,COMMUNISM 9 ,RUSSIA1P #i-#a 

.<#i#d.> ,SEE ,FUNDAM5TALS ( ,COMMUNI/ ,PRODUCTION & ,DI/RIBUTION 7,APPLE @& ,MEJ]1 #a#i#i1 ,MOVEM5T = ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS74 

.<#i#e.> ,SEE ,DAUVE ',L59ISM & ! ,ULTRA ,LEFT' 7,ECLIPSE & ,RE-,EM]G5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MOVEM5T4 ,OP4 ,CIT47 

.<#i#f.> ,ONE IS NOT SAY+ ?AT COMMUNISM CAN EXI/ 9 ONE C\NTRY OR >EA BE=E WORLD REVOLUTION HAS G5]ALIZ$ BUT ?AT WE CAN ONLY SAY ?AT REVOLUTION HAS TRIUMPH$ !RE IF A PROCESS ( SUPPRESSION ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS HAS BEGUN4 

.<#i#g.> ,CAMATTE HAS ATTEMPT$ TO SYN!SIZE ! POSITIVE SIDES ( BO? !ORIES4 ,BY 5GAG+ 9 A DETAIL$ /UDY ( :AT ,M>X MEANT BY ! P>TY'1 HE >GU$ ?AT ?IS %\LD NOT BE ID5TIFI$ ) ! TRADITIONAL =MAL P>TY ASSOCIAT$ ) ,L59ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! 'P>TY' WAS 9 NO WAY SOME?+ EXT]NAL TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9TRODUC+ IT TO A COMMUNI/ CONSCI\SNESS & ORGANIZATION IT WAS 9CAPABLE ( G5]AT+ BY ITSELF4 ,RA!R1 ! 'P>TY' %\LD BE UND]/OOD AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! CLASS1 ITS PRODUCTION ( A COMMUNI/ CONSCI\SNESS ( ?OSE PEOPLE :O ID5TIFI$ ) & TRI$ TO ACT = COMMUNISM4 ,RA!R ?AN 9 ! ,L59I/ VISION :]E SPONTANEITY & ORGANIZATION_/CONSCI\SNESS >E RIGIDLY OPPOS$ ,CAMATTE RETURN$ TO ,M>X'S UND]/&+ ?AT ! P>TY IS SOME?+ SPONTANE\SLY G5]AT$ \T ( ! CLASS4 ,IT WAS BY RELATIVIZ+ ?IS ,L59I/ NOTION ( ! P>TY-=M ?AT ,CAMATTE C\LD RETURN TO ! NOTIONS ( WORK+ CLASS SUBJECTIVITY ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT1 :IL/ AS ! SAME TIME ADOPT+ ! MORE HOLI/IC /&PO9T ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT4 ,?AT IS1 HE MANAG$ TO OV]COME ! DI*OTOMY BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL1 :I* HAD NOT ONLY L$ TO !IR MUTUAL 9COMPREH5SION1 BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 TO V]Y DIFF]5T P]CEPTION ( ! NATURE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,IT IS BY TAK+ AWAY ! F\NDATIONS ON :I* ! ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN ,LEFT BAS$ !IR !ORIES ( ,RUSSIA1 ?AT ,CAMATTE'S DISCUSSION ( ! P>TY-=M DID HAVE AN 9DIRECT RELEVANCE = LEFT COMMUNI/ !ORIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 7,CAMATTE #aifa ,! ,ORIG9 & ,FUNCTION ( ! ,P>TY ,=M74 

.<#i#h.> ,\R 9TRODUCTION TO ! SECOND >TICLE 9 ,AUFHEB5 #g WAS A RESPONSE TO ! SECOND GR\P4 

.<#i#i.> ,! ,I,C,C = EXAMPLE1 COMPLA9$ ?AT 9 \T TREATM5T ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT WE FAIL TO M5TION ! CONTRIBUTION ( ! P>TICUL> BRAN* ) :I* !Y ID5TIFY1 NAMELY ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S ( ,FRANCE :O REFUS$ TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY =M$ BY ',BORDIGI/S' 9 ,ITALY 9 #a#i#d#c4 ,AS IT HAPP5S WE HAVE READ ! >TICLE !Y REF] TO -- ',! ,RUSSIAN ,EXP]I5CE3 ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY & ,COLLECTIVE ,PROP]TY' 79 ,9T]NATIONLISME1 #a1 #a#i#d#f1 REPR9T$ 9 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW1 #f#a1 #a#i#i7 & DO CONSID] IT QUITE GOOD4 ,ITS 9SI<T ?AT ! =M ( [N]%IP MAY *ANGE1 BUT ! CONT5T -- PA/ LABOR DOM9AT+ LIV+ LABOR -- REMA9S IS A BASIC ONE %>$ ) MANY O!R !ORIES ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY A />T+ PO9T4 ,UN=TUNATELY WE SEE NO SIGN ?AT ! ,I,C,C HAS MANAG$ TO ADVANCE FROM ?IS S\ND BEG9N+4 ,9 A WAY ! >TICLE 9 QUE/ION PO9TS BACK TO ! !ORETICAL RIGOR & OP5NESS ( ,BILAN 7,ITALIAN ,LEFT GR\P 9 ! '#cS7 RA!R ?AN =W>DS T[>DS ! PRES5T SCL]OTIC ORGANIZATION :I* CLAIMS ?IS H]ITAGE4 

.<#a.> ,CAPITALISM & ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 ,A ,M>XI/ ,!ORY BY ,NEAL ,F]N&EZ 7,ALD]%OT3 ,A%GATE1 #a#i#i#g74 ,WE HAVE F\ND ?IS BOOK USEFUL = ITS COMPREH5SIVE OV]VIEW ( ! DEBATE2 ITS TREATM5T ( ! /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES ( ! DIFF]5T !ORIES2 & ITS ID5TIFICATION ( ! KEY PROBLEMS ?AT MU/ BE FAC$ BY A !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R GR\ND$ 9 ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,:5 IT COMES TO ! AU?OR'S [N 'NEW !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM'1 H[EV]1 WE >E NOT CONV9C$ -- WE T\* ON ?IS 9 FOOTNOTE #af BEL[4 

.<#a#a.> ,9DE$1 :5 ! =EMO/ C\NCIL-COMMUNI/ !ORI/1 ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 LOOK$ AT ! ISSUE ( VALUE1 HIS TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ ASSUMPTIONS ALONG ) HIS !ORETICAL 9TEGRITY L$ HIM ACTUALLY TO UND]M9E ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT'S !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM BY ACCEPT+ ?AT VALUE DID NOT REALLY EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

.<#a#b.> ,ONE /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORY ?AT ACCEPT$ ?AT 'PR(IT' AS IT APPE>$ ON ! SURFACE ( ,SOVIET SOCIETY WAS NOT PR(IT 9 A ,M>XIAN S5SE WAS ?AT DEVELOP$ BY ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA4 ,9 PIONE]+ WORK 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS E>LY '#dS1 %E UND]TOOK A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ( ! CYCLE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AS IT ACTUALLY TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,%E SAW ?AT ! ROLE ( ! 'TURNOV] TAX' ON CONSUM] GOODS GAVE AN 5TIRELY 'FICTITI\S PR(IT' TO LI<T 9DU/RIES1 BUT ?IS WAS 0M]ELY ! M$IUM ?R\< :I* ! /ATE1 NOT ! 9DU/RY SIPHONS (F ANY?+ 'EXTRA' IT GAVE ! WORK] BY MEANS ( WAGES40 ,& ?IS IS 0:Y ?IS 'PR(IT' ATTRACTS NEI!R CAPITAL NOR ! 9DIVIDUAL AG5TS ( CAPITAL40 ,H[EV]1 AS %E PO9TS \T1 EV5 9 CLASSICAL CAPITALISM1 0! 9DIVIDUAL AG5T ( CAPITAL HAS AT NO TIME REALIZ$ DIRECTLY ! SURPLUS VALUE EXTRACT$ 9 HIS P>TICUL> FACTORY4 ,HE HAS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( NATIONAL SURPLUS VALUE1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT HIS 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL WAS ABLE TO EX]T PRESSURE ON ?IS AGGREGATE CAPITAL4 ,?IS PRESSURE 9 ,RUSSIA IS EX]T$1 NOT ?R\< COMPETITION1 BUT /ATE PLANN+40 7,DUNAYEVSKAYA1 ',! ,NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,ECONOMY' 9 ,! ,M>XI/-,HUMANI/ ,!ORY ( ,/ATE-,CAPITALISM 7,*ICAGO3 ,NEWS @& ,LETT]S1 #a#i#i#b774 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE ?IS RECOGNITION ?AT 9 T]MS ( 'PR(IT' ONE HAD TO SEE ?R\< ! DISC\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMI/S TO ! REALITY1 %E TOOK !IR ADMISSION 9 #aidc ?AT ! 'LAW ( VALUE' DID OP]ATE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R AT FACE VALUE AS1 = H]1 AN ADMISSION ?AT IT WAS /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,%E ?US SAW NO REASON TO TAKE !ORETICAL ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION ANY FUR!R4 

.<#a#c.> ,( C\RSE1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS HAV+ A DIFF]5T K9D ( CRISIS BAS$ ON DIFFICULTIES1 9 ! ABS5CE ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 9 IMPOS+ LABOR-DISCIPL9E :I* L$ TO MORE & MORE USE ( T]ROR AGA9/ BO? ! WORK+ CLASS & EV5 MANAG]S4 ,SEE ! ,TICKT9-9FLU5C$ HI/ORY ( ?IS P]IOD BY ,D4 ,FILTZ]1 ,SOVIET ,WORK]S & ,/AL9I/ ,9DU/RIALIZATION3 ,! ,=MATION ( ! ,MOD]N ,SY/EM ( ,SOVIET ,PRODUCTION ,RELATIONS #a#i#b#h-#a#i#d#a 7,LONDON3 ,PLUTO1 #a#i#h#f74 

.<#a#d.> ,AT ! HEI<T ( TRIP>TITE CORPORATISM 9 ! #a#i#fS ATTEMPTS W]E MADE BY GOV]NM5TS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE TO CO-ORD9ATE 9VE/M5T PLANS ( ! MAJOR COMPANIES ?AT DOM9AT$ ! NATIONAL ECONOMY ALONG ) /ATE 9VE/M5TS & WAGE DEM&S 9 ORD] TO MAXIMIZE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 ,?IS WAS KN[N AS 9DICATIVE PLANN+4 

.<#a#e.> ,ONE POSSIBLE EXCEPTION IS ,*ATTOPADHYAY'S ,! ,M>XIAN ,CONCEPT ( ,CAPITAL & ! ,SOVIET ,EXP]I5CE 7,WE/PORT ,C,T3 ,PRAEG]1 #a#i#i#d74 ,9 HIS ANALYSIS ! SPECIFIC CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 7:I* HE DOES NOT LABEL /ATE CAPITALI/7 WAS UNABLE TO EFFECTIVELY MAKE ! %IFT FROM EXT5SIVE ACCUMULATION BAS$ ON ABSOLUTE SURPLUS VALUE TO 9T5SIVE ACCUMULATION BAS$ ON RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE & ! REAL SUBORD9ATION ( LABOR4 ,TO EXP&1 IT ?US RELI$ ON DRAW+ EV] MORE WORK]S & RAW MAT]IALS 9TO PRODUCTION ON ! EXI/+ BASIS2 IT C\LD NOT MAKE ! %IFT TO ! CON/ANT REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( ! RELATIONS & =CES ( PRODUCTION ?AT 9T5SIVE ACCUMULATION DEM&$4 

.<#a#f.> ,AN IMPORTANT ISSUE = PREVI\S !ORIES HAS BE5 :E!R ! ,U,S,S,R %\LD BE SE5 AS '/ATE CAPITALI/' OR1 AS ) ,BORDIGA = EXAMPLE1 SIMPLY AS 'CAPITALI/'4 ,WE %ALL >GUE BEL[ = A RECONSID]ATION ( ! MEAN+ ( '/ATE CAPITALISM' ?AT MAKES ?IS ISSUE R$UNDANT4 

.<#a#g.> ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,N,I,CS1 ?IS SUCCESS HAS BE5 RELATIVE4 ,AS REC5TLY SE5 ) ! ,ASIAN CRISIS1 !IR DEVELOPM5T IS /ILL SUBSIDI>Y TO ?AT ( ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 

.<#a#h.> ,P5GU9 $ITION1 P4 #h#d4 

.<#a#i.> ,GE(FREY ,KAY1 ,DEVELOPM5T & ,UND]DEVELOPM5T3 ,A ,M>XI/ ,ANALYSIS 7,LONDON3 ,MACMILLAN1 #a#i#g#e71 P4 #i#i4 

.<#a#a.> ,G4 ,KAY1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a4 

.<#a#a#a.> ,G4 ,KAY1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#c4 

.<#a#a#b.> ,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS ! PREVAL5CE ( ATOMIZATION4 ,( C\RSE ?IS ATOMIZATION ( SOCIETY >ISES DIRECTLY FROM ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! COMMODITY-=M & ! REIFICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT ?IS GIVES RISE TO4 ,AS ,TICKT9 NOTES1 SU* ATOMIZATION WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,H[EV]1 BECAUSE HE D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( ! COMMODITY-=M 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ,TICKT9 HAS TO GO ?R\< ALL SORTS ( CONTORTIONS TO EXPLA9 IT4 

.<#a#a#c.> ,GRUNDRISSE1 PP4 #a#i#f-#a#i#g1 ,P5GU9 $ITION4 

.<#a#a#d.> ,= ?IS REASON WE CANNOT AGREE ) ,NEAL ,F]N&EZ'S ASS]TION ?AT 'BLAT' WAS ITSELF A =M ( CAPITALI/ MONEY4 ,:ILE AN 9DIVIDUAL C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE 'MORE' OR 'LESS' 'BLAT'1 IT IS NOT QUANTIFIABLE & CALCULABLE 9 ! DISCRETE UNITS NECESS>Y = IT TO PLAY ! ROLE ( MONEY4 ,O!R ATTRIBUTES IT LACKS 9CLUDE UNIV]SALITY & TRANSF]ABILITY4 ',BLAT' CANNOT PLAY ! IMP]SONAL DOM9AT+ ROLE :I* MONEY AS A 'REAL AB/RACTION' IS ABLE TO DO4 ,H[EV]1 ,F]N&EZ HAS DRAWN ATT5TION TO ! ROLE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON1 :I* EXPRESS$ ! CON/RA9$ ROLE ( MONEY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 P>T ( ! DE=MATION ( VALUE4 ,BLAT PLAY$ ! ROLE IT DID BECAUSE PROP] MONEY DID NOT FULLY FUNCTION4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,( C\RSE1 SU* REPRODUCTION MAY 9VOLVE O!R SOCIAL RELATIONS LIKE ?OSE >\ND G5D]1 AGE & SO ON4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,:AT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,:AT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/