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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

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,U,N,D,] ! 9FLU5CE ( SOCIALISM1 MO/ LIB]AL ?\<T 9 REC5T YE>S HAS BE5 9 FAVOR ( 9CREAS+ ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT MORE OR LESS HO/ILE TO ! P[] ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 SYNDICALISM HAS BE5 HO/ILE BO? TO ! ,/ATE & TO PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT SYNDICALISM IS MORE NE>LY RI<T ?AN SOCIALISM 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ?AT BO? PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE1 :I* >E ! TWO MO/ P[]FUL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! MOD]N WORLD1 HAVE BECOME H>MFUL TO LIFE ?R\< EXCESS ( P[]1 & ?AT BO? >E HA/5+ ! LOSS ( VITALITY FROM :I* ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD 9CREAS+LY SUFF]S4 ,! TWO 9/ITUTIONS >E CLOSELY CONNECT$1 BUT = ! PRES5T ,I WI% TO CONSID] ONLY ! ,/ATE4 ,I %ALL TRY TO %[ H[ GREAT1 H[ UNNECESS>Y1 H[ H>MFUL1 MANY ( ITS P[]S >E1 & H[ 5ORM\SLY !Y MI<T BE DIM9I%$ )\T LOSS ( :AT IS USEFUL 9 ITS ACTIVITY4 ,BUT ,I %ALL ADMIT ?AT 9 C]TA9 DIRECTIONS ITS FUNCTIONS \<T TO BE EXT5D$ RA!R ?AN CURTAIL$4 

,SOME ( ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 SU* AS ! ,PO/ ,(FICE & ELEM5T>Y $UCATION1 MI<T BE P]=M$ BY PRIVATE AG5CIES1 & >E ONLY UND]TAK5 BY ! ,/ATE FROM MOTIVES ( CONV5I5CE4 ,BUT O!R MATT]S1 SU* AS ! LAW1 ! POLICE1 ! ,>MY1 & ! ,NAVY1 BELONG MORE ESS5TIALLY TO ! ,/ATE3 SO LONG AS !RE IS A ,/ATE AT ALL IT IS DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E !SE MATT]S 9 PRIVATE H&S4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 SOCIALISM & 9DIVIDUALISM TURNS ON ! NON-ESS5TIAL FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* ! SOCIALI/ WI%ES TO EXT5D & ! 9DIVIDUALI/ TO RE/RICT4 ,IT IS ! ESS5TIAL FUNCTIONS1 :I* >E ADMITT$ BY 9DIVIDUALI/S & SOCIALI/S ALIKE1 ?AT ,I WI% TO CRITICIZE1 S9CE ! O!RS DO NOT APPE> TO ME 9 !MSELVES OBJECTIONABLE4 

,! ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE IS ?AT IT IS ! REPOSITORY ( ! COLLECTIVE =CE ( ITS CITIZ5S4 ,?IS =CE TAKES TWO =MS1 ONE 9T]NAL & ONE EXT]NAL4 ,! 9T]NAL =M IS ! LAW & ! POLICE2 ! EXT]NAL =M IS ! P[] ( WAG+ W>1 AS EMBODI$ 9 ! ,>MY & ,NAVY4 ,! ,/ATE IS CON/ITUT$ BY ! COMB9ATION ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS 9 A C]TA9 >EA US+ !IR UNIT$ =CE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! COMM&S ( A ,GOV]NM5T4 ,9 A CIVILIZ$ ,/ATE =CE IS ONLY EMPLOY$ AGA9/ ITS [N CITIZ5S 9 ACCORDANCE ) RULES PREVI\SLY LAID D[N1 :I* CON/ITUTE ! CRIM9AL LAW4 ,BUT ! EMPLOYM5T ( =CE AGA9/ =EIGN]S IS NOT REGULAT$ BY ANY CODE ( RULES1 & PROCE$S1 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ACCORD+ TO SOME REAL OR FANCI$ NATIONAL 9T]E/4 

,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT =CE EMPLOY$ ACCORD+ TO LAW IS LESS P]NICI\S ?AN =CE EMPLOY$ CAPRICI\SLY4 ,IF 9T]NATIONAL LAW C\LD ACQUIRE SUFFICI5T HOLD ON M5'S ALLEGIANCE TO REGULATE ! RELATIONS ( ,/ATES1 A V]Y GREAT ADVANCE ON \R PRES5T CONDITION W\LD HAVE BE5 MADE4 ,! PRIMITIVE AN>*Y :I* PREC$ES LAW IS WORSE ?AN LAW4 ,BUT ,I BELIEVE !RE IS A POSSIBILITY ( A /AGE TO SOME EXT5T ABOVE LAW1 :]E ! ADVANTAGES N[ SECUR$ BY ! LAW >E SECUR$ )\T LOSS ( FRE$OM1 & )\T ! DISADVANTAGES :I* ! LAW & ! POLICE R5D] 9EVITABLE4 ,PROBABLY SOME REPOSITORY ( =CE 9 ! BACKGR\ND WILL REMA9 NECESS>Y1 BUT ! ACTUAL EMPLOYM5T ( =CE MAY BECOME V]Y R>E1 & ! DEGREE ( =CE REQUIR$ V]Y SMALL4 ,! AN>*Y :I* PREC$ES LAW GIVES FRE$OM ONLY TO ! /RONG2 ! CONDITION TO BE AIM$ AT WILL GIVE FRE$OM AS NE>LY AS POSSIBLE TO EV]Y ONE4 ,IT WILL DO T9S1 NOT BY PREV5T+ ALTOGE!R ! EXI/5CE ( ORGANIZ$ =CE1 BUT BY LIMIT+ ! OCCASIONS = ITS EMPLOYM5T TO ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE EXT5T4 

,! P[] ( ! ,/ATE IS ONLY LIMIT$ 9T]NALLY BY ! FE> ( REBELLION & EXT]NALLY BY ! FE> ( DEFEAT 9 W>4 ,SUBJECT TO !SE RE/RICTIONS1 IT IS ABSOLUTE4 ,9 PRACTICE1 IT CAN SEIZE M5'S PROP]TY ?R\< TAXATION1 DET]M9E ! LAW ( M>RIAGE & 9H]ITANCE1 PUNI% ! EXPRESSION ( OP9IONS :I* IT DISLIKES1 PUT M5 TO DEA? = WI%+ ! REGION !Y 9HABIT TO BELONG TO A DIFF]5T ,/ATE1 & ORD] ALL ABLE-BODI$ MALES TO RISK !IR LIVES 9 BATTLE :5EV] IT CONSID]S W> DESIRABLE4 ,ON MANY MATT]S DISAGREEM5T ) ! PURPOSES & OP9IONS ( ! ,/ATE IS CRIM9AL4 ,PROBABLY ! FREE/ ,/ATES 9 ! WORLD1 BE=E ! W>1 W]E ,AM]ICA & ,5GL&2 YET 9 ,AM]ICA NO IMMIGRANT MAY L& UNTIL HE HAS PR(ESS$ DISBELIEF 9 AN>*ISM & POLYGAMY1 :ILE 9 ,5GL& M5 W]E S5T TO PRISON 9 REC5T YE>S = EXPRESS+ DISAGREEM5T ) ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION.<#a.> OR AGREEM5T ) ! TEA*+ ( ,*RI/4.<#b.> ,9 TIME ( W>1 ALL CRITICISM1 ( ! EXT]NAL POLICY ( ! ,/ATE IS CRIM9AL4 ,C]TA9 OBJECTS HAV+ APPE>$ DESIRABLE TO ! MAJORITY1 OR TO ! EFFECTIVE HOLD]S ( P[]1 ?OSE :O DO NOT CONSID] !SE OBJECTS DESIRABLE >E EXPOS$ TO PA9S & P5ALTIES NOT UNLIKE ?OSE SUFF]$ BY H]ETICS 9 ! PA/4 ,! EXT5T ( ! TYRANNY ?US EX]CIS$ IS CONCEAL$ BY ITS V]Y SUCCESS3 FEW M5 CONSID] IT WOR? :ILE TO 9CUR A P]SECUTION :I* IS ALMO/ C]TA9 TO BE ?OR\< & EFFECTIVE4 

,UNIV]SAL MILIT>Y S]VICE IS P]HAPS ! EXTREME EXAMPLE ( ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 & ! SUPREME ILLU/RATION ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ITS ATTITUDE TO ITS [N CITIZ5S & ITS ATTITUDE TO ! CITIZ5S ( O!R ,/ATES4 ,! ,/ATE PUNI%ES1 ) IMP>TIAL RIGOR1 BO? ?OSE :O KILL !IR COMPATRIOTS & ?OSE :O REFUSE TO KILL =EIGN]S4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ! LATT] IS CONSID]$ ! GRAV] CRIME4 ,! PH5OM5ON ( W> IS FAMILI>1 & M5 FAIL TO REALIZE ITS /RANG5ESS2 TO ?OSE :O /& 9SIDE ! CYCLE ( 9/9CTS :I* LEAD TO W> IT ALL SEEMS NATURAL & REASONABLE4 ,BUT TO ?OSE :O /& \TSIDE ! /RANG5ESS ( IT GR[S ) FAMILI>ITY4 ,IT IS AMAZ+ ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( M5 %\LD TOL]ATE A SY/EM :I* COMPELS !M TO SUBMIT TO ALL ! HORRORS ( ! BATTLEFIELD AT ANY MOM5T :5 !IR ,GOV]NM5T COMM&S !M TO DO SO4 ,A ,FR5* >TI/1 9DIFF]5T TO POLITICS1 ATT5TIVE ONLY TO HIS PA9T+1 SUDD5LY F9DS HIMSELF CALL$ UPON TO %OOT ,G]MANS1 :O1 HIS FRI5DS ASSURE HIM1 >E A DISGRACE TO ! HUMAN RACE4 ,A ,G]MAN MUSICIAN1 EQUALLY UNKN[+1 IS CALL$ UPON TO %OOT ! P]FIDI\S ,FR5*MAN4 ,:Y CANNOT ! TWO M5 DECL>E A MUTUAL NEUTRALITY8 ,:Y NOT LEAVE W> TO ?OSE :O LIKE IT & BR+ IT ON8 ,YET IF ! TWO M5 DECL>$ A MUTUAL NEUTRALITY !Y W\LD BE %OT BY !IR COMPATRIOTS4 ,TO AVOID ?IS FATE !Y TRY TO %OOT EA* O!R4 ,IF ! WORLD LOSES ! >TI/1 NOT ! MUSICIAN1 ,G]MANY REJOICES2 IF ! WORLD LOSES ! MUSICIAN1 NOT ! >TI/1 ,FRANCE REJOICES4 ,NO ONE REMEMB]S ! LOSS TO CIVILIZATION1 :I* IS EQUAL :I*EV] IS KILL$4 

,?IS IS ! POLITICS ( ,B$LAM4 ,IF ! >TI/ & ! MUSICIAN HAD BE5 ALL[$ TO /& ASIDE FROM ! W>1 NO?+ BUT UNMITIGAT$ GOOD TO MANK9D W\LD HAVE RESULT$4 ,! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* MAKES ?IS IMPOSSIBLE1 IS A :OLLY EVIL ?+1 QUITE AS EVIL AS ! P[] ( ! ,*UR* :I* 9 =M] DAYS PUT M5 TO DEA? = UNOR?ODOX ?\<T4 ,YET IF1 EV5 9 TIME ( PEACE1 AN 9T]NATIONAL LEAGUE W]E F\ND$ TO CONSI/ ( ,FR5*M5 & ,G]MANS 9 EQUAL NUMB]S1 ALL PL$G$ NOT TO TAKE P>T 9 W>1 ! ,FR5* ,/ATE & ! ,G]MAN ,/ATE W\LD P]SECUTE IT ) EQUAL F]OCITY4 ,BL9D OB$I5CE1 UNLIMIT$ WILL+NESS TO KILL & DIE >E EXACT$ ( ! MOD]N CITIZ5S ( A DEMOCRACY AS MU* AS ( ! ,JANIZ>IES ( M$IEVAL SULTANS OR ! SECRET AG5TS ( ,ORI5TAL DESPOTS4.<#c.> 

,! P[] ( ! ,/ATE MAY BE BR\<T TO BE>1 AS IT (T5 IS 9 ,5GL&1 ?R\< PUBLIC OP9ION RA!R ?AN ?R\< ! LAWS4 ,BY ORATORY & ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,PRESS1 PUBLIC OP9ION IS L>GELY CREAT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 & A TYRANN\S PUBLIC OP9ION IS AS GREAT AN 5EMY TO LIB]TY AS TYRANN\S LAWS4 ,IF ! Y\NG MAN :O WILL NOT FI<T F9DS ?AT HE IS DISMISS$ FROM HIS EMPLOYM5T1 9SULT$ 9 ! /REETS1 COLD-%\LD]$ BY HIS FRI5DS1 & ?R[N OV] ) SCORN BY ANY WOMAN :O MAY =M]LY HAVE LIK$ HIM1 HE WILL FEEL ! P5ALTY QUITE AS H>D TO BE> AS A DEA? S5T5CE4.<#d.> ,A FREE COMMUNITY REQUIRES NOT ONLY LEGAL FRE$OM1 BUT A TOL]ANT PUBLIC OP9ION1 AN ABS5CE ( ?AT 9/9CTIVE 9QUISITION 9TO \R NEI<BORS' AFFAIRS :I*1 UND] ! GUISE ( UPHOLD+ A HI< MORAL /&>D1 5ABLES GOOD PEOPLE TO 9DULGE UNCONSCI\SLY A DISPOSITION TO CRUELTY & P]SECUTION4 ,?9K+ ILL ( O!RS IS NOT 9 ITSELF A GOOD REASON = ?9K+ WELL ( \RSELVES4 ,BUT SO LONG AS ?IS IS NOT RECOGNIZ$1 & SO LONG AS ! ,/ATE CAN MANUFACTURE PUBLIC OP9ION1 EXCEPT 9 ! R>E CASES :]E IT IS REVOLUTION>Y1 PUBLIC OP9ION MU/ BE RECKON$ AS A DEF9ITE P>T ( ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE4 

,! P[] ( ! ,/ATE \TSIDE ITS [N BORD]S IS 9 ! MA9 D]IV$ FROM W> OR ! ?REAT ( W>4 ,SOME P[] IS D]IV$ FROM ! ABILITY TO P]SUADE ITS CITIZ5S TO L5D MONEY OR NOT TO L5D IT1 BUT ?IS IS UNIMPORTANT 9 COMP>ISON ) ! P[] D]IV$ FROM >MIES & NAVIES4 ,! EXT]NAL ACTIVITY ( ! ,/ATE--) EXCEPTIONS SO R>E AS TO BE NEGLIGIBLE--IS SELFI%4 ,SOMETIMES SELFI%NESS IS MITIGAT$ BY ! NE$ ( RETA9+ ! GOODWILL ( O!R ,/ATES1 BUT ?IS ONLY MODIFIES ! ME?ODS EMPLOY$1 NOT ! 5DS PURSU$4 ,! 5DS PURSU$1 AP>T FROM M]E DEF5SE AGA9/ O!R ,/ATES1 >E1 ON ! ONE H&1 OPPORTUNITIES = SUCCESSFUL EXPLOITATION ( WEAK OR UNCIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 ON ! O!R H&1 P[] & PRE/IGE1 :I* >E CONSID]$ MORE GLORI\S & LESS MAT]IAL ?AN MONEY4 ,9 PURSUIT ( !SE OBJECTS1 NO ,/ATE HESITATES TO PUT TO DEA? 9NUM]ABLE =EIGN]S :OSE HAPP9ESS IS NOT COMPATIBLE ) EXPLOITATION OR SUBJECTION1 OR TO DEVA/ATE T]RITORIES 9TO :I* IT IS ?\<T NECESS>Y TO /RIKE T]ROR4 ,AP>T FROM ! PRES5T W>1 SU* ACTS HAVE BE5 P]=M$ )9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S BY MANY M9OR ,/ATES & BY ALL ! ,GREAT ,P[]S.<#e.> EXCEPT ,AU/RIA2 & 9 ! CASE ( ,AU/RIA ONLY ! OPPORTUNITY1 NOT ! WILL1 WAS LACK+4 

,:Y DO M5 ACQUIESCE 9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE8 ,!RE >E MANY REASONS1 SOME TRADITIONAL1 SOME V]Y PRES5T & PRESS+4 

,! TRADITIONAL REASON = OB$I5CE TO ! ,/ATE IS P]SONAL LOYALTY TO ! SOV]EIGN4 ,EUROPEAN ,/ATES GREW UP UND] ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 & W]E ORIG9ALLY ! SEV]AL T]RITORIES [N$ BY FEUDAL *IEFS4 ,BUT ?IS S\RCE ( OB$I5CE HAS DECAY$1 & PROBABLY N[ C\NTS = LITTLE EXCEPT 9 ,JAPAN1 & TO A LESS] EXT5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,TRIBAL FEEL+1 :I* ALWAYS UND]LAY LOYALTY TO ! SOV]EIGN1 HAS REMA9$ AS /RONG AS IT EV] WAS1 & IS N[ ! *IEF SUPPORT = ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y MAN F9DS IT ESS5TIAL TO HIS HAPP9ESS TO FEEL HIMSELF A MEMB] ( A GR\P1 ANIMAT$ BY COMMON FRI5D%IPS & 5MITIES & B&$ TOGE!R = DEF5SE & ATTACK4 ,BUT SU* GR\PS >E ( TWO K9DS3 !RE >E ?OSE :I* >E ESS5TIALLY 5L>GEM5TS ( ! FAMILY1 & !RE >E ?OSE :I* >E BAS$ UPON A CONSCI\S COMMON PURPOSE4 ,NATIONS BELONG TO ! FIR/ K9D1 ,*UR*ES TO ! SECOND4 ,AT TIMES :5 M5 >E PR(\NDLY SWAY$ BY CRE$S NATIONAL DIVISIONS T5D TO BREAK D[N1 AS !Y DID 9 ! W>S ( RELIGION AFT] ! ,RE=MATION4 ,AT SU* TIMES A COMMON CRE$ IS A /RONG] BOND ?AN A COMMON NATIONALITY4 ,TO A MU* SLI<T] EXT5T1 ! SAME ?+ HAS OCCURR$ 9 ! MOD]N WORLD ) ! RISE ( SOCIALISM4 ,M5 :O DISBELIEVE 9 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & FEEL ! CAPITALI/ ! REAL 5EMY1 HAVE A BOND :I* TRANSC5DS NATIONAL DIVISIONS4 ,IT HAS NOT BE5 F\ND /RONG 5\< TO RESI/ ! PASSIONS >\S$ BY ! PRES5T W>1 BUT IT HAS MADE !M LESS BITT] AMONG SOCIALI/S ?AN AMONG O!RS1 & HAS KEPT ALIVE ! HOPE ( A ,EUROPEAN COMMUNITY TO BE RECON/RUCT$ :5 ! W> IS OV]4 ,9 ! MA91 H[EV]1 ! UNIV]SAL DISBELIEF 9 CRE$S HAS LEFT TRIBAL FEEL+ TRIUMPHANT1 & HAS MADE NATIONALISM /RONG] ?AN AT ANY PREVI\S P]IOD ( ! WORLD'S HI/ORY4 ,A FEW S9C]E ,*RI/IANS1 A FEW S9C]E SOCIALI/S1 HAVE F\ND 9 !IR CRE$ A =CE CAPABLE ( RESI/+ ! ASSAULTS ( NATIONAL PASSION1 BUT !Y HAVE BE5 TOO FEW TO 9FLU5CE ! C\RSE ( EV5TS OR EV5 TO CAUSE S]I\S ANXIETY TO ! ,GOV]NM5TS4 

,IT IS *IEFLY TRIBAL FEEL+ ?AT G5]ATES ! UNITY ( A NATIONAL ,/ATE1 BUT IT IS NOT ONLY TRIBAL FEEL+ ?AT G5]ATES ITS /R5G?4 ,ITS /R5G? RESULTS PR9CIPALLY FROM TWO FE>S1 NEI!R ( :I* IS UNREASONABLE3 ! FE> ( CRIME & AN>*Y )91 & ! FE> ( AGGRESSION FROM )\T4 

,! 9T]NAL ORD]L9ESS ( A CIVILIZ$ COMMUNITY IS A GREAT A*IEVEM5T1 *IEFLY BR\<T AB\T BY ! 9CREAS$ AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT W\LD BE 9CONV5I5T IF PEACEABLE CITIZ5S W]E CON/ANTLY 9 IMM95T RISK ( BE+ ROBB$ & MURD]$4 ,CIVILIZ$ LIFE W\LD BECOME ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE IF ADV5TUR\S PEOPLE C\LD ORGANIZE PRIVATE >MIES = PURPOSES ( PLUND]4 ,!SE CONDITIONS EXI/$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & HAVE NOT PASS$ AWAY )\T A GREAT /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS ?\<T BY MANY--ESPECIALLY BY ! RI*1 :O D]IVE ! GREATE/ ADVANTAGE FROM LAW & ORD]--?AT ANY DIM9UTION 9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE MI<T BR+ BACK A CONDITION ( UNIV]SAL AN>*Y4 ,!Y REG>D /RIKES AS PORT5TS ( DISSOLUTION4 ,!Y >E T]RIFI$ BY SU* ORGANIZATIONS AS ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD4 ,!Y REMEMB] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 & FEEL A NOT UNNATURAL DESIRE TO KEEP !IR HEADS ON !IR %\LD]S4 ,!Y DREAD P>TICUL>LY ANY POLITICAL !ORY :I* SEEMS TO EXCUSE PRIVATE CRIMES1 SU* AS SABOTAGE & POLITICAL ASSASS9ATION4 ,AGA9/ !SE DANG]S !Y SEE NO PROTECTION EXCEPT ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE1 & ! BELIEF ?AT ALL RESI/ANCE TO ! ,/ATE IS WICK$4 

,FE> ( ! DANG] )9 IS 5HANC$ BY FE> ( ! DANG] )\T4 ,EV]Y ,/ATE IS EXPOS$ AT ALL TIMES TO ! RISK ( =EIGN 9VASION4 ,NO MEANS HAS HI!RTO BE5 DEVIS$ = M9IMIZ+ ?IS RISK EXCEPT ! 9CREASE ( >MAM5TS4 ,BUT ! >MAM5TS :I* >E NOM9ALLY 9T5D$ TO REPEL 9VASION MAY ALSO BE US$ TO 9VADE4 ,& SO ! MEANS ADOPT$ TO DIM9I% ! EXT]NAL FE> HAVE ! EFFECT ( 9CREAS+ IT1 & ( 5ORM\SLY 5HANC+ ! DE/RUCTIV5ESS ( W> :5 IT DOES BREAK \T4 ,9 ?IS WAY A REIGN ( T]ROR BECOMES UNIV]SAL1 & ! ,/ATE ACQUIRES EV]Y:]E SOME?+ ( ! *>ACT] ( ! ,COMITE DU ,SALUT ,PUBLIC4 

,! TRIBAL FEEL+ \T ( :I* ! ,/ATE DEVELOPS IS NATURAL1 & ! FE> BY :I* ! ,/ATE IS /R5G!N$ IS REASONABLE UND] PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,& 9 ADDITION TO !SE TWO1 !RE IS A ?IRD S\RCE ( /R5G? 9 A NATIONAL ,/ATE1 NAMELY PATRIOTISM 9 ITS RELIGI\S ASPECT4 

,PATRIOTISM IS A V]Y COMPLEX FEEL+1 BUILT UP \T ( PRIMITIVE 9/9CTS & HI<LY 9TELLECTUAL CONVICTIONS4 ,!RE IS LOVE ( HOME & FAMILY & FRI5DS1 MAK+ US PECULI>LY ANXI\S TO PRES]VE \R [N C\NTRY FROM 9VASION4 ,!RE IS ! MILD 9/9CTIVE LIK+ = COMPATRIOTS AS AGA9/ =EIGN]S4 ,!RE IS PRIDE1 :I* IS B\ND UP ) ! SUCCESS ( ! COMMUNITY TO :I* WE FEEL ?AT WE BELONG4 ,!RE IS A BELIEF1 SUGGE/$ BY PRIDE BUT RE9=C$ BY HI/ORY1 ?AT ONE'S [N NATION REPRES5TS A GREAT TRADITION & /&S = IDEALS ?AT >E IMPORTANT TO ! HUMAN RACE4 ,BUT BESIDES ALL !SE1 !RE IS ANO!R ELEM5T1 AT ONCE NOBL]2 & MORE OP5 TO ATTACK1 AN ELEM5T ( WOR%IP1 ( WILL+ SACRIFICE1 ( JOYFUL M]G+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL LIFE 9 ! LIFE ( ! NATION4 ,?IS RELIGI\S ELEM5T 9 PATRIOTISM IS ESS5TIAL TO ! /R5G? ( ! ,/ATE1 S9CE IT 5LI/S ! BE/ ?AT IS 9 MO/ M5 ON ! SIDE ( NATIONAL SACRIFICE4 

,! RELIGI\S ELEM5T 9 PATRIOTISM IS RE9=C$ BY $UCATION1 ESPECIALLY BY A KN[L$GE ( ! HI/ORY & LIT]ATURE ( ONE'S [N C\NTRY1 PROVID$ IT IS NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY MU* KN[L$GE ( ! HI/ORY & LIT]ATURE ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 EV]Y CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY ALL 9/RUCTION ( ! Y\NG EMPHASIZES ! M]ITS ( !IR [N NATION & ! FAULTS ( O!R NATIONS4 ,IT COMES TO BE UNIV]SALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ONE'S [N NATION1 BECAUSE ( ITS SUP]IORITY1 DES]VES SUPPORT 9 A QU>REL1 H[EV] ! QU>REL MAY HAVE ORIG9AT$4 ,?IS BELIEF IS SO G5U9E & DEEP ?AT IT MAKES M5 5DURE PATI5TLY1 ALMO/ GLADLY1 ! LOSSES & H>D%IPS & SUFF]+S 5TAIL$ BY W>4 ,LIKE ALL S9C]ELY BELIEV$ RELIGIONS1 IT GIVES AN \TLOOK ON LIFE1 BAS$ UPON 9/9CT BUT SUBLIMAT+ IT1 CAUS+ A DEVOTION TO AN 5D GREAT] ?AN ANY P]SONAL 5D1 BUT CONTA9+ MANY P]SONAL 5DS AS IT W]E 9 SOLUTION4 

,PATRIOTISM AS A RELIGION IS UNSATISFACTORY BECAUSE ( ITS LACK ( UNIV]SALITY4 ,! GOOD AT :I* IT AIMS IS A GOOD = ONE'S [N NATION ONLY1 NOT = ALL MANK9D4 ,! DESIRES :I* IT 9SPIRES 9 AN ,5GLI%MAN >E NOT ! SAME AS ! DESIRES :I* IT 9SPIRES 9 A ,G]MAN4 ,A WORLD FULL ( PATRIOTS MAY BE A WORLD FULL ( /RIFE4 ,! MORE 9T5SELY A NATION BELIEVES 9 ITS PATRIOTISM1 ! MORE FANATICALLY 9DIFF]5T IT WILL BECOME TO ! DAMAGE SUFF]$ BY O!R NATIONS4 ,:5 ONCE M5 HAVE LE>N$ TO SUBORD9ATE !IR [N GOOD TO ! GOOD ( A L>G] :OLE1 !RE CAN BE NO VALID REASON = /OPP+ %ORT ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,IT IS ! ADMIXTURE ( NATIONAL PRIDE ?AT MAKES IT SO EASY 9 PRACTICE = M5'S IMPULSES T[>DS SACRIFICE TO /OP %ORT AT ! FRONTI]S ( !IR [N C\NTRY4 ,IT IS ?IS ADMIXTURE ?AT POISONS PATRIOTISM1 & MAKES IT 9F]IOR1 AS A RELIGION1 TO BELIEFS :I* AIM AT ! SALVATION ( ALL MANK9D4 ,WE CANNOT AVOID HAV+ MORE LOVE = \R [N C\NTRY ?AN = O!R C\NTRIES1 & !RE IS NO REASON :Y WE %\LD WI% TO AVOID IT1 ANY MORE ?AN WE %\LD WI% TO LOVE ALL 9DIVIDUAL M5 & WOM5 EQUALLY4 ,BUT ANY ADEQUATE RELIGION WILL LEAD US TO TEMP] 9EQUALITY ( AFFECTION BY LOVE ( JU/ICE1 & TO UNIV]SALIZE \R AIMS BY REALIZ+ ! COMMON NE$S ( MAN4 ,?IS *ANGE WAS EFFECT$ BY ,*RI/IANITY 9 ,JUDAISM1 & MU/ BE EFFECT$ 9 ANY M]ELY NATIONAL RELIGION BE=E IT CAN BE PURG$ ( EVIL4 

,9 PRACTICE1 PATRIOTISM HAS MANY O!R 5EMIES TO CONT5D )4 ,COSMOPOLITANISM CANNOT FAIL TO GR[ AS M5 ACQUIRE MORE KN[L$GE ( =EIGN C\NTRIES BY $UCATION & TRAVEL4 ,!RE IS ALSO A K9D ( 9DIVIDUALISM :I* IS CONT9UALLY 9CREAS+1 A REALIZATION ?AT EV]Y MAN \<T TO BE AS NE>LY FREE AS POSSIBLE TO *OOSE HIS [N 5DS1 NOT COMPELL$ BY A GEOGRAPHICAL ACCID5T TO PURSUE 5DS =C$ UPON HIM BY ! COMMUNITY4 ,SOCIALISM1 SYNDICALISM1 & ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS G5]ALLY1 >E AGA9/ PATRIOTISM 9 !IR T5D5CY1 S9CE !Y MAKE M5 AW>E ?AT ! PRES5T ,/ATE IS L>GELY CONC]N$ 9 DEF5D+ ! PRIVILEGES ( ! RI*1 & ?AT MANY ( ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 ,/ATES HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 ! F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S ( A FEW PLUTOCRATS4 ,?IS K9D ( OPPOSITION IS P]HAPS TEMPOR>Y1 A M]E 9CID5T 9 ! /RUGGLE ( LABOR TO ACQUIRE P[]4 ,AU/RALIA1 :]E LABOR FEELS ITS TRIUMPH SECURE1 IS FULL ( PATRIOTISM & MILIT>ISM1 BAS$ UPON DET]M9ATION TO PREV5T =EIGN LABOR FROM %>+ ! B5EFITS ( A PRIVILEG$ POSITION4 ,IT IS NOT UNLIKELY ?AT ,5GL& MI<T DEVELOP A SIMIL> NATIONALISM IF IT BECAME A SOCIALI/ ,/ATE4 ,BUT IT IS PROBABLE ?AT SU* NATIONALISM W\LD BE PURELY DEF5SIVE4 ,S*EMES ( =EIGN AGGRESSION1 5TAIL+ GREAT LOSS ( LIFE & WEAL? 9 ! NATION :I* ADOPTS !M1 W\LD H>DLY BE 9ITIAT$ EXCEPT BY ?OSE :OSE 9/9CTS ( DOM9ION HAVE BE5 %>P5$ ?R\< ! P[] D]IV$ FROM PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE4 

,! EVIL WR\<T 9 ! MOD]N WORLD BY ! EXCESSIVE P[] ( ! ,/ATE IS V]Y GREAT1 & V]Y LITTLE RECOGNIZ$4 

,! *IEF H>M WR\<T BY ! ,/ATE IS PROMOTION ( EFFICI5CY 9 W>4 ,IF ALL ,/ATES 9CREASE !IR /R5G?1 ! BALANCE ( P[] IS UN*ANG$1 & NO ONE ,/ATE HAS A BETT] *ANCE ( VICTORY ?AN BE=E4 ,& :5 ! MEANS ( (F5SE EXI/1 EV5 ?\< !IR ORIG9AL PURPOSE MAY HAVE BE5 DEF5SIVE1 ! TEMPTATION TO USE !M IS LIKELY1 SOON] OR LAT]1 TO PROVE OV]:ELM+4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! V]Y MEASURES :I* PROMOT$ SECURITY )9 ! BORD]S ( ! ,/ATE PROMOTE 9SECURITY ELSE:]E4 ,IT IS ( ! ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE TO SUPPRESS VIOL5CE )9 & TO FACILITATE IT )\T4 ,! ,/ATE MAKES AN 5TIRELY >TIFICIAL DIVISION ( MANK9D & ( \R DUTIES T[>D !M3 T[>DS ONE GR\P WE >E B\ND BY ! LAW1 T[>DS ! O!R ONLY BY ! PRUD5CE ( HI<WAYM54 ,! ,/ATE IS R5D]$ EVIL BY ITS EXCLUSIONS1 & BY ! FACT ?AT1 :5EV] IT EMB>KS UPON AGGRESSIVE W>1 IT BECOMES A COMB9ATION ( M5 = MURD] & ROBB]Y4 ,! PRES5T SY/EM IS IRRATIONAL1 S9CE EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL AN>*Y MU/ BE BO? RI<T OR BO? WRONG4 ,IT IS SUPPORT$ BECAUSE1 SO LONG AS O!RS ADOPT IT1 IT IS ?\<T ! ONLY ROAD TO SAFETY1 & BECAUSE IT SECURES ! PLEASURES ( TRIUMPH & DOM9ION1 :I* CANNOT BE OBTA9$ 9 A GOOD COMMUNITY4 ,IF !SE PLEASURES W]E NO LONG] S\<T1 OR NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO OBTA91 ! PROBLEM ( SECUR+ SAFETY FROM 9VASION W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT4 

,AP>T FROM W>1 ! MOD]N GREAT ,/ATE IS H>MFUL FROM ITS VA/NESS & ! RESULT+ S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL HELPLESSNESS4 ,! CITIZ5 :O IS \T ( SYMPA?Y ) ! AIMS ( ! ,/ATE1 UNLESS HE IS A MAN ( V]Y R>E GIFTS1 CANNOT HOPE TO P]SUADE ! ,/ATE TO ADOPT PURPOSES :I* SEEM TO HIM BETT]4 ,EV5 9 A DEMOCRACY1 ALL QUE/IONS EXCEPT A V]Y FEW >E DECID$ BY A SMALL NUMB] ( (FICIALS & EM95T M52 & EV5 ! FEW QUE/IONS :I* >E LEFT TO ! POPUL> VOTE >E DECID$ BY A DIFFUS$ MASS-PSY*OLOGY1 NOT BY 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E1 9 SPITE ( DEMOCRACY1 MO/ M5 HAVE A S5SE ( ALMO/ COMPLETE IMPOT5CE 9 REG>D TO ALL L>GE ISSUES4 ,9 SO VA/ A C\NTRY ! POPUL> WILL IS LIKE ONE ( ! =CES ( ,NATURE1 & SEEMS NE>LY AS MU* \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ANY ONE MAN4 ,?IS /ATE ( ?+S LEADS1 NOT ONLY 9 ,AM]ICA BUT 9 ALL L>GE ,/ATES1 TO SOME?+ ( ! WE>9ESS & DISC\RAGEM5T ?AT WE ASSOCIATE ) ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,MOD]N ,/ATES1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! SMALL CITY ,/ATES ( ANCI5T ,GREECE OR M$IEVAL ,ITALY1 LEAVE LITTLE ROOM = 9ITIATIVE1 & FAIL TO DEVELOP 9 MO/ M5 ANY S5SE ( ABILITY TO CONTROL !IR POLITICAL DE/9IES4 ,! FEW M5 :O A*IEVE P[] 9 SU* ,/ATES >E M5 ( ABNORMAL AMBITION & ?IR/ = DOM9ION1 COMB9$ ) SKILL 9 CAJOL]Y & SUBTLETY 9 NEGOTIATION4 ,ALL ! RE/ >E DW>F$ BY KN[L$GE ( !IR [N IMPOT5CE4 

,A CURI\S SURVIVAL FROM ! OLD MON>*ICAL IDEA ( ! ,/ATE IS ! BELIEF ?AT !RE IS SOME PECULI> WICK$NESS 9 A WI% TO SEC$E ON ! P>T ( ANY SECTION ( ! POPULATION4 ,IF ,IREL& OR ,POL& DESIRES 9DEP5D5CE1 IT IS ?\<T OBVI\S ?AT ?IS DESIRE MU/ BE /R5U\SLY RESI/$1 & ANY ATTEMPT TO SECURE IT IS CONDEMN$ AS 0HI< TREASON40 ,! ONLY 9/ANCE TO ! CONTR>Y ?AT ,I CAN REMEMB] IS ! SEP>ATION ( ,NORWAY & ,SW$51 :I* WAS COMM5D$ BUT NOT IMITAT$4 ,9 O!R CASES1 NO?+ BUT DEFEAT 9 W> HAS 9DUC$ ,/ATES TO P>T ) T]RITORY3 AL?\< ?IS ATTITUDE IS TAK5 = GRANT$1 IT IS NOT ONE :I* W\LD BE ADOPT$ IF ! ,/ATE HAD BETT] 5DS 9 VIEW4 ,! REASON = ITS ADOPTION IS ?AT ! *IEF 5D ( ALMO/ ALL GREAT ,/ATES IS P[]1 ESPECIALLY P[] 9 W>4 ,& P[] 9 W> IS (T5 9CREAS$ BY ! 9CLUSION ( UNWILL+ CITIZ5S4 ,IF ! WELL-BE+ ( ! CITIZ5S W]E ! 5D 9 VIEW1 ! QUE/ION :E!R A C]TA9 >EA %\LD BE 9CLUD$1 OR %\LD =M A SEP>ATE ,/ATE1 W\LD BE LEFT FREELY TO ! DECISION ( ?AT >EA4 ,IF ?IS PR9CIPLE W]E ADOPT$1 ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = W> W\LD BE OBVIAT$1 & ONE ( ! MO/ TYRANNICAL ELEM5TS 9 ! ,/ATE W\LD BE REMOV$4 

,! PR9CIPAL S\RCE ( ! H>M DONE BY ! ,/ATE IS ! FACT ?AT P[] IS ITS *IEF 5D4 ,?IS IS NOT ! CASE 9 ,AM]ICA1 BECAUSE ,AM]ICA IS SAFE AGA9/ AGGRESSION2.<#f.> BUT 9 ALL O!R GREAT NATIONS ! *IEF AIM ( ! ,/ATE IS TO POSSESS ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( EXT]NAL =CE4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ! LIB]TY ( ! CITIZ5S IS CURTAIL$1 & ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A IS SEV]ELY PUNI%$4 ,?IS ATTITUDE IS ROOT$ 9 PRIDE & FE>3 PRIDE1 :I* REFUSES TO BE CONCILIATORY1 & FE>1 :I* DREADS ! RESULTS ( =EIGN PRIDE CONFLICT+ ) \R [N PRIDE4 ,IT SEEMS SOME?+ ( A HI/ORICAL ACCID5T ?AT !SE TWO PASSIONS1 :I* BY NO MEANS EXHAU/ ! POLITICAL PASSIONS ( ! ORD9>Y MAN1 %\LD SO COMPLETELY DET]M9E ! EXT]NAL POLICY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,)\T PRIDE1 !RE W\LD BE NO OCCASION = FE>3 FE> ON ! P>T ( ONE NATION IS DUE TO ! SUPPOS$ PRIDE ( ANO!R NATION4 ,PRIDE ( DOM9ION1 UNWILL+NESS TO DECIDE DISPUTES O!RWISE ?AN BY =CE OR ! ?REAT ( =CE1 IS A HABIT ( M9D GREATLY 5C\RAG$ BY ! POSSESSION ( P[]4 ,?OSE :O HAVE LONG BE5 9 ! HABIT ( EX]CIS+ P[] BECOME AUTOCRATIC & QU>RELSOME1 9CAPABLE ( REG>D+ AN EQUAL O!RWISE ?AN AS A RIVAL4 ,IT IS NOTORI\S ?AT HEAD MA/]S' CONF]5CES >E MORE LIABLE TO VIOL5T DISAGREEM5TS ?AN MO/ SIMIL> BODIES3 EA* HEAD MA/] TRIES TO TREAT ! O!RS AS HE TREATS HIS [N BOYS2 !Y RES5T SU* TREATM5T1 & HE RES5TS !IR RES5TM5T4 ,M5 :O HAVE ! HABIT ( AU?ORITY >E PECULI>LY UNFIT = FRI5DLY NEGOTIATION2 BUT ! (FICIAL RELATIONS ( ,/ATES >E MA9LY 9 ! H&S ( M5 ) A GREAT DEAL ( AU?ORITY 9 !IR [N C\NTRY4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 MORE P>TICUL>LY ! CASE :]E !RE IS A MON>* :O ACTUALLY GOV]NS4 ,IT IS LESS TRUE :]E !RE IS A GOV]N+ OLIG>*Y1 & /ILL LESS TRUE :]E !RE IS SOME APPROA* TO REAL DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT IT IS TRUE TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 BECAUSE ,PRIME ,M9I/]S & ,=EIGN ,SECRET>IES >E NECESS>ILY M5 9 AU?ORITY4 ,! FIR/ /EP T[>DS REM$Y+ ?IS /ATE ( ?+S IS A G5U9E 9T]E/ 9 =EIGN AFFAIRS ON ! P>T ( ! ORD9>Y CITIZ51 & AN 9SI/5CE ?AT NATIONAL PRIDE %ALL NOT BE ALL[$ TO JEOP>DIZE HIS O!R 9T]E/S4 ,DUR+ W>1 :5 HE IS R\S$1 HE IS WILL+ TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+ TO PRIDE2 BUT 9 QUIET TIMES HE WILL BE F> MORE READY ?AN M5 9 AU?ORITY TO REALIZE ?AT =EIGN AFFAIRS1 LIKE PRIVATE CONC]NS1 \<T TO BE SETTL$ AMICABLY ACCORD+ TO PR9CIPLES1 NOT BRUTALLY BY =CE OR ! ?REAT ( =CE4 

,! EFFECT ( P]SONAL BIAS 9 ! M5 :O ACTUALLY COMPOSE ! ,GOV]NM5T MAY BE SE5 V]Y CLE>LY 9 LABOR DISPUTES4 ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S AFFIRM ?AT ! ,/ATE IS SIMPLY A PRODUCT ( CAPITALISM1 A P>T ( ! WEAPONS :I* CAPITAL EMPLOYS 9 ITS CONFLICT ) LABOR4 ,EV5 9 DEMOCRATIC ,/ATES !RE IS MU* TO BE> \T ?IS VIEW4 ,9 /RIKES IT IS COMMON TO ORD] \T ! SOLDI]S TO CO]CE ! /RIK]S2 AL?\< ! EMPLOY]S >E MU* FEW]1 & MU* EASI] TO CO]CE1 ! SOLDI]S >E NEV] EMPLOY$ AGA9/ !M4 ,:5 LABOR TR\BLES P>ALYZE ! 9DU/RY ( A C\NTRY1 IT IS ! M5 :O >E ?\<T TO BE UNPATRIOTIC1 NOT ! MA/]S1 ?\< CLE>LY ! RESPONSIBILITY BELONGS TO BO? SIDES4 ,! *IEF REASON = ?IS ATTITUDE ON ! P>T ( ,GOV]NM5TS IS ?AT ! M5 COMPOS+ !M BELONG1 BY !IR SUCCESS IF NOT BY !IR ORIG91 TO ! SAME CLASS AS ! GREAT EMPLOY]S ( LABOR4 ,!IR BIAS & !IR ASSOCIATES COMB9E TO MAKE !M VIEW /RIKES & LOCK\TS FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! RI*4 ,9 A DEMOCRACY PUBLIC OP9ION & ! NE$ ( CONCILIAT+ POLITICAL SUPPORT]S P>TIALLY CORRECT !SE PLUTOCRATIC 9FLU5CES1 BUT ! CORRECTION IS ALWAYS ONLY P>TIAL4 ,& ! SAME 9FLU5CES :I* W>P ! VIEWS ( ,GOV]NM5TS ON LABOR QUE/IONS ALSO W>P !IR VIEWS ON =EIGN AFFAIRS1 ) ! ADD$ DISADVANTAGE ?AT ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5 HAS MU* FEW] MEANS ( >RIV+ AT AN 9DEP5D5T JUDGM5T4 

,! EXCESSIVE P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 P>TLY ?R\< 9T]NAL OPPRESSION1 BUT PR9CIPALLY ?R\< W> & ! FE> ( W>1 IS ONE ( ! *IEF CAUSES ( MIS]Y 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 & ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = ! DISC\RAGEM5T :I* PREV5TS M5 FROM GR[+ TO !IR FULL M5TAL /ATURE4 ,SOME MEANS ( CUR+ ?IS EXCESSIVE P[] MU/ BE F\ND IF M5 >E NOT TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9TO DESPAIR1 AS !Y W]E 9 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 

,! ,/ATE HAS ONE PURPOSE :I* IS ON ! :OLE GOOD1 NAMELY1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( LAW = =CE 9 ! RELATIONS ( M54 ,BUT ?IS PURPOSE CAN ONLY BE FULLY A*IEV$ BY A WORLD-,/ATE1 )\T :I* 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS CANNOT BE MADE SUBJECT TO LAW4 ,& AL?\< LAW IS BETT] ?AN =CE1 LAW IS /ILL NOT ! BE/ WAY ( SETTL+ DISPUTES4 ,LAW IS TOO /ATIC1 TOO MU* ON ! SIDE ( :AT IS DECAY+1 TOO LITTLE ON ! SIDE ( :AT IS GR[+4 ,SO LONG AS LAW IS 9 !ORY SUPREME1 IT WILL HAVE TO BE TEMP]$1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 BY 9T]NAL REVOLUTION & EXT]NAL W>4 ,!SE CAN ONLY BE PREV5T$ BY P]PETUAL READ9ESS TO ALT] ! LAW 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PRES5T BALANCE ( =CES4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT DONE1 ! MOTIVES = APPEAL+ TO =CE WILL SOON] OR LAT] BECOME IRRESI/IBLE4 ,A WORLD-,/ATE OR F$]ATION ( ,/ATES1 IF IT IS TO BE SUCCESSFUL1 WILL HAVE TO DECIDE QUE/IONS1 NOT BY ! LEGAL MAXIMS :I* W\LD BE APPLI$ BY ! ,HAGUE TRIBUNAL1 BUT AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 ! SAME S5SE 9 :I* !Y W\LD BE DECID$ BY W>4 ,! FUNCTION ( AU?ORITY %\LD BE TO R5D] ! APPEAL TO =CE UNNECESS>Y1 NOT TO GIVE DECISIONS CONTR>Y TO ?OSE :I* W\LD BE REA*$ BY =CE4 

,?IS VIEW MAY BE ?\<T BY SOME TO BE IMMORAL4 ,IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! OBJECT ( CIVILIZATION %\LD BE TO SECURE JU/ICE1 NOT TO GIVE ! VICTORY TO ! /RONG4 ,BUT :5 ?IS ANTI!SIS IS ALL[$ TO PASS1 IT IS =GOTT5 ?AT LOVE ( JU/ICE MAY ITSELF SET =CE 9 MOTION4 ,A ,LEGISLATURE :I* WI%ES TO DECIDE AN ISSUE 9 ! SAME WAY AS IT W\LD BE DECID$ IF !RE W]E AN APPEAL TO =CE WILL NECESS>ILY TAKE ACC\NT ( JU/ICE1 PROVID$ JU/ICE IS SO FLAGRANTLY ON ONE SIDE ?AT DIS9T]E/$ P>TIES >E WILL+ TO TAKE UP ! QU>REL4 ,IF A /RONG MAN ASSAULTS A WEAK MAN 9 ! /REETS ( ,LONDON1 ! BALANCE ( =CE IS ON ! SIDE ( ! WEAK MAN1 BECAUSE1 EV5 IF ! POLICE DID NOT APPE>1 CASUAL PASS]SBY W\LD /EP 9 TO DEF5D HIM4 ,IT IS %E] CANT TO SPEAK ( A CONTE/ ( MI<T AGA9/ RI<T1 & AT ! SAME TIME TO HOPE = A VICTORY ( ! RI<T4 ,IF ! CONTE/ IS REALLY BETWE5 MI<T & RI<T1 ?AT MEANS ?AT RI<T WILL BE BEAT54 ,:AT IS OBSCURELY 9T5D$1 :5 ?IS PHRASE IS US$1 IS ?AT ! /RONG] SIDE IS ONLY R5D]$ /RONG] BY M5'S S5SE ( RI<T4 ,BUT M5'S S5SE ( RI<T IS V]Y SUBJECTIVE1 & IS ONLY ONE FACTOR 9 DECID+ ! PREPOND]ANCE ( =CE4 ,:AT IS DESIRABLE 9 A ,LEGISLATURE IS1 NOT ?AT IT %\LD DECIDE BY ITS P]SONAL S5SE ( RI<T1 BUT ?AT IT %\LD DECIDE 9 A WAY :I* IS FELT TO MAKE AN APPEAL TO =CE UNNECESS>Y4 

,HAV+ CONSID]$ :AT ! ,/ATE \<T NOT TO DO1 ,I COME N[ TO :AT IT \<T TO DO4 

,AP>T FROM W> & ! PRES]VATION ( 9T]NAL ORD]1 !RE >E C]TA9 MORE POSITIVE FUNCTIONS :I* ! ,/ATE P]=MS1 & C]TA9 O!RS :I* IT \<T TO P]=M4 

,WE MAY LAY D[N TWO PR9CIPLES AS REG>DS !SE POSITIVE FUNCTIONS4 

,FIR/3 !RE >E MATT]S 9 :I* ! WELF>E ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY DEP5DS UPON ! PRACTICALLY UNIV]SAL ATTA9M5T ( A C]TA9 M9IMUM2 9 SU* CASES ! ,/ATE HAS ! RI<T TO 9SI/ UPON ?IS M9IMUM BE+ ATTA9$4 

,SECONDLY3 !RE >E WAYS 9 :I*1 BY 9SI/+ UPON ! MA9T5ANCE ( LAW1 ! ,/ATE1 IF IT DOES NO?+ FUR!R1 R5D]S POSSIBLE V>I\S =MS ( 9JU/ICE :I* W\LD O!RWISE BE PREV5T$ BY ! ANG] ( !IR VICTIMS4 ,SU* 9JU/ICES \<T1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 TO BE PREV5T$ BY ! ,/ATE4 

,! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE ( A MATT] :]E ! G5]AL WELF>E DEP5DS UPON A UNIV]SAL M9IMUM IS SANITATION & ! PREV5TION ( 9FECTI\S DISEASES4 ,A S+LE CASE ( PLAGUE1 IF IT IS NEGLECT$1 MAY CAUSE DISA/] TO A :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,NO ONE CAN REASONABLY MA9TA91 ON G5]AL GR\NDS ( LIB]TY1 ?AT A MAN SUFF]+ FROM PLAGUE \<T TO BE LEFT FREE TO SPREAD 9FECTION F> & WIDE4 ,EXACTLY SIMIL> CONSID]ATIONS APPLY TO DRA9AGE1 NOTIFICATION ( FEV]S1 & K9DR$ MATT]S4 ,! 9T]F]5CE ) LIB]TY REMA9S AN EVIL1 BUT 9 SOME CASES IT IS CLE>LY A SMALL] EVIL ?AN ! SPREAD ( DISEASE :I* LIB]TY W\LD PRODUCE4 ,! /AMP+ \T ( MAL>IA & YELL[ FEV] BY DE/ROY+ MOSQUITOES IS P]HAPS ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ! GOOD :I* CAN BE DONE 9 ?IS WAY4 ,BUT :5 ! GOOD IS SMALL OR D\BTFUL1 & ! 9T]F]5CE ) LIB]TY IS GREAT1 IT BECOMES BETT] TO 5DURE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( PREV5TABLE DISEASE RA!R ?AN SUFF] A SCI5TIFIC TYRANNY4 

,COMPULSORY $UCATION COMES UND] ! SAME HEAD AS SANITATION4 ,! EXI/5CE ( IGNORANT MASSES 9 A POPULATION IS A DANG] TO ! COMMUNITY2 :5 A CONSID]ABLE P]C5TAGE >E ILLIT]ATE1 ! :OLE MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T HAS TO TAKE ACC\NT ( ! FACT4 ,DEMOCRACY 9 ITS MOD]N =M W\LD BE QUITE IMPOSSIBLE 9 A NATION :]E MANY M5 CANNOT READ4 ,BUT 9 ?IS CASE !RE IS NOT ! SAME NE$ ( ABSOLUTE UNIV]SALITY AS 9 ! CASE ( SANIT>Y MEASURES4 ,! GYPSIES1 :OSE MODE ( LIFE HAS BE5 R5D]$ ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE BY ! $UCATION AU?ORITIES1 MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO REMA9 A PICTURESQUE EXCEPTION4 ,BUT AP>T FROM SU* RA!R UNIMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS1 ! >GUM5T = COMPULSORY $UCATION IS IRRESI/IBLE4 

,:AT ! ,/ATE DOES = ! C>E ( *ILDR5 AT PRES5T IS LESS ?AN :AT \<T TO BE DONE1 NOT MORE4 ,*ILDR5 >E NOT CAPABLE ( LOOK+ AFT] !IR [N 9T]E/S1 & P>5TAL RESPONSIBILITY IS 9 MANY WAYS 9ADEQUATE4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,/ATE ALONE CAN 9SI/ UPON ! *ILDR5 BE+ PROVID$ ) ! M9IMUM ( KN[L$GE & HEAL? :I*1 = ! TIME BE+1 SATISFIES ! CONSCI5CE ( ! COMMUNITY4 

,! 5C\RAGEM5T ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* IS ANO!R MATT] :I* COMES RI<TLY )9 ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE ! B5EFITS ( DISCOV]IES ACCRUE TO ! COMMUNITY1 :ILE ! 9VE/IGATIONS >E EXP5SIVE & NEV] 9DIVIDUALLY C]TA9 ( A*IEV+ ANY RESULT4 ,9 ?IS MATT]1 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 LAGS BEH9D ALL O!R CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES4 

,! SECOND K9D ( P[]S :I* ! ,/ATE \<T TO POSSESS >E ?OSE ?AT AIM AT DIM9I%+ ECONOMIC 9JU/ICE4 ,IT IS ?IS K9D ?AT HAS BE5 EMPHASIZ$ BY SOCIALI/S4 ,! LAW CREATES OR FACILITATES MONOPOLIES1 & MONOPOLIES >E ABLE TO EXACT A TOLL FROM ! COMMUNITY4 ,! MO/ GL>+ EXAMPLE IS ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&4 ,RAILWAYS >E AT PRES5T CONTROLL$ BY ! ,/ATE1 S9CE RATES >E FIX$ BY LAW2 & IT IS CLE> ?AT IF !Y W]E UNCONTROLL$1 !Y W\LD ACQUIRE A DANG]\S DEGREE ( P[]4.<#g.> ,SU* CONSID]ATIONS1 IF !Y /OOD ALONE1 W\LD JU/IFY COMPLETE SOCIALISM4 ,BUT ,I ?9K JU/ICE1 BY ITSELF1 IS1 LIKE LAW1 TOO /ATIC TO BE MADE A SUPREME POLITICAL PR9CIPLE3 IT DOES NOT1 :5 IT HAS BE5 A*IEV$1 CONTA9 ANY SE$S ( NEW LIFE OR ANY IMPETUS TO DEVELOPM5T4 ,= ?IS REASON1 :5 WE WI% TO REM$Y AN 9JU/ICE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSID] :E!R1 9 SO DO+1 WE %ALL BE DE/ROY+ ! 9C5TIVE TO SOME =M ( VIGOR\S ACTION :I* IS ON ! :OLE USEFUL TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,NO SU* =M ( ACTION1 SO F> AS ,I CAN SEE1 IS ASSOCIAT$ ) PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& OR ( ANY O!R S\RCE ( ECONOMIC R5T2 IF ?IS IS ! CASE1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ,/ATE \<T TO BE ! PRIM>Y RECIPI5T ( R5T4 

,IF ALL !SE P[]S >E ALL[$ TO ! ,/ATE1 :AT BECOMES ( ! ATTEMPT TO RESCUE 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY FROM ITS TYRANNY8 

,?IS IS P>T ( ! G5]AL PROBLEM :I* CONFRONTS ALL ?OSE :O /ILL C>E = ! IDEALS :I* 9SPIR$ LIB]ALISM1 NAMELY ! PROBLEM ( COMB9+ LIB]TY & P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE ) ORGANIZATION4 ,POLITICS & ECONOMICS >E MORE & MORE DOM9AT$ BY VA/ ORGANIZATIONS1 9 FACE ( :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL IS 9 DANG] ( BECOM+ P[]LESS4 ,! ,/ATE IS ! GREATE/ ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! MO/ S]I\S M5ACE TO LIB]TY4 ,& YET IT SEEMS ?AT MANY ( ITS FUNCTIONS MU/ BE EXT5D$ RA!R ?AN CURTAIL$4 

,!RE IS ONE WAY BY :I* ORGANIZATION & LIB]TY CAN BE COMB9$1 & ?AT IS1 BY SECUR+ P[] = VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 CONSI/+ ( M5 :O HAVE *OS5 TO BELONG TO !M BECAUSE !Y EMBODY SOME PURPOSE :I* ALL !IR MEMB]S CONSID] IMPORTANT1 NOT A PURPOSE IMPOS$ BY ACCID5T OR \TSIDE =CE4 ,! ,/ATE1 BE+ GEOGRAPHICAL1 CANNOT BE A :OLLY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 BUT = ?AT V]Y REASON !RE IS NE$ ( A /RONG PUBLIC OP9ION TO RE/RA9 IT FROM A TYRANNICAL USE ( ITS P[]S4 ,?IS PUBLIC OP9ION1 9 MO/ MATT]S1 CAN ONLY BE SECUR$ BY COMB9ATIONS ( ?OSE :O HAVE C]TA9 9T]E/S OR DESIRES 9 COMMON4 

,! POSITIVE PURPOSES ( ! ,/ATE1 OV] & ABOVE ! PRES]VATION ( ORD]1 \<T AS F> AS POSSIBLE TO BE C>RI$ \T1 NOT BY ! ,/ATE ITSELF1 BUT BY 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* %\LD BE LEFT COMPLETELY FREE SO LONG AS !Y SATISFI$ ! ,/ATE ?AT !Y W]E NOT FALL+ BEL[ A NECESS>Y M9IMUM4 ,?IS OCCURS TO A C]TA9 LIMIT$ EXT5T AT PRES5T 9 REG>D TO ELEM5T>Y $UCATION4 ,! UNIV]SITIES1 ALSO1 MAY BE REG>D$ AS ACT+ = ! ,/ATE 9 ! MATT] ( HI<] $UCATION & RESE>*1 EXCEPT ?AT 9 !IR CASE NO M9IMUM ( A*IEVEM5T IS EXACT$4 ,9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 ! ,/ATE \<T TO EX]CISE CONTROL1 BUT \<T TO LEAVE 9ITIATIVE TO O!RS4 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO MULTIPLY OPPORTUNITIES ( 9ITIATIVE1 & TO GIVE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE %>E ( 9ITIATIVE TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 = IF ?IS IS NOT DONE !RE WILL BE A G5]AL S5SE ( IMPOT5CE & DISC\RAGEM5T4 ,!RE \<T TO BE A CON/ANT 5DEAVOR TO LEAVE ! MORE POSITIVE ASPECTS ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! H&S ( VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 ! PURPOSE ( ! ,/ATE BE+ M]ELY TO EXACT EFFICI5CY & TO SECURE AN AMICABLE SETTLEM5T ( DISPUTES1 :E!R )9 OR )\T ITS [N BORD]S4 ,& ) ?IS \<T TO BE COMB9$ ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE TOL]ATION ( EXCEPTIONS & ! LEA/ POSSIBLE 9SI/5CE UPON UNI=M SY/EM4 

,A GOOD DEAL MAY BE A*IEV$ ?R\< LOCAL GOV]NM5T BY TRADES AS WELL AS BY >EAS4 ,?IS IS ! MO/ ORIG9AL IDEA 9 SYNDICALISM1 & IT IS VALUABLE AS A *ECK UPON ! TYRANNY :I* ! COMMUNITY MAY BE TEMPT$ TO EX]CISE OV] C]TA9 CLASSES ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,ALL /RONG ORGANIZATIONS :I* EMBODY A SECTIONAL PUBLIC OP9ION1 SU* AS TRADE UNIONS1 COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES1 PR(ESSIONS1 & UNIV]SITIES1 >E TO BE WELCOM$ AS SAFEGU>DS ( LIB]TY & OPPORTUNITIES = 9ITIATIVE4 ,& !RE IS NE$ ( A /RONG PUBLIC OP9ION 9 FAVOR ( LIB]TY ITSELF4 ,! OLD BATTLES = FRE$OM ( ?\<T & FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 :I* IT WAS ?\<T HAD BE5 DEF9ITIVELY WON1 WILL HAVE TO BE F\<T ALL OV] AGA91 S9CE MO/ M5 >E ONLY WILL+ TO ACCORD FRE$OM TO OP9IONS :I* HAPP5 TO BE POPUL>4 ,9/ITUTIONS CANNOT PRES]VE LIB]TY UNLESS M5 REALIZE ?AT LIB]TY IS PRECI\S & >E WILL+ TO EX]T !MSELVES TO KEEP IT ALIVE4 

,!RE IS A TRADITIONAL OBJECTION TO EV]Y IMP]IUM 9 IMP]IO1 BUT ?IS IS ONLY ! JEAL\SY ( ! TYRANT4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 ! MOD]N ,/ATE CONTA9S MANY ORGANIZATIONS :I* IT CANNOT DEFEAT1 EXCEPT P]HAPS ON R>E OCCASIONS :5 PUBLIC OP9ION IS R\S$ AGA9/ !M4 ,MR4 ,LLOYD ,GEORGE'S LONG FI<T ) ! M$ICAL PR(ESSION OV] ! ,9SURANCE ,ACT WAS FULL ( ,HOM]IC FLUCTUATIONS ( =TUNE4 ,! ,WEL% M9]S REC5TLY R\T$ ! :OLE P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 BACK$ BY AN EXCIT$ NATION4 ,AS = ! F9ANCI]S1 NO ,GOV]NM5T W\LD DREAM ( A CONFLICT ) !M4 ,:5 ALL O!R CLASSES >E EXHORT$ TO PATRIOTISM1 !Y >E ALL[$ !IR #d #a_/#b  P]C5T & AN 9CREASE ( 9T]E/ ON !IR CONSOLS4 ,IT IS WELL UND]/OOD ON ALL SIDES ?AT AN APPEAL TO !IR PATRIOTISM W\LD %[ GROSS IGNORANCE ( ! WORLD4 ,IT IS AGA9/ ! TRADITIONS ( ! ,/ATE TO EXTORT !IR MONEY BY ?REAT5+ TO )DRAW POLICE PROTECTION4 ,?IS IS NOT DUE TO ! DIFFICULTY ( SU* A MEASURE1 BUT ONLY TO ! FACT ?AT GREAT WEAL? W9S G5U9E ADMIRATION FROM US ALL1 & WE CANNOT BE> TO ?9K ( A V]Y RI* MAN BE+ TREAT$ ) DISRESPECT4 

,! EXI/5CE ( /RONG ORGANIZATIONS )9 ! ,/ATE1 SU* AS TRADE UNIONS1 IS NOT UNDESIRABLE EXCEPT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! (FICIAL :O WI%ES TO WIELD UNLIMIT$ P[]1 OR ( ! RIVAL ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS F$]ATIONS ( EMPLOY]S1 :I* W\LD PREF] A DISORGANIZ$ ADV]S>Y4 ,9 VIEW ( ! VA/NESS ( ! ,/ATE1 MO/ M5 CAN F9D LITTLE POLITICAL \TLET = 9ITIATIVE EXCEPT 9 SUBORD9ATE ORGANIZATIONS =M$ = SPECIFIC PURPOSES4 ,)\T AN \TLET = POLITICAL 9ITIATIVE1 M5 LOSE !IR SOCIAL VIGOR & !IR 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS3 !Y BECOME A PREY TO CORRUPT WIRE-PULL]S1 OR TO S5SATION-MONG]S :O HAVE ! >T ( CAPTUR+ A TIR$ & VAGRANT ATT5TION4 ,! CURE = ?IS IS TO 9CREASE RA!R ?AN DIM9I% ! P[]S ( VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 TO GIVE EV]Y MAN A SPH]E ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY SMALL 5\< = HIS 9T]E/ & HIS CAPACITY1 & TO CONF9E ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( PEACE AMONG RIVAL 9T]E/S4 ,! ESS5TIAL M]IT ( ! ,/ATE IS ?AT IT PREV5TS ! 9T]NAL USE ( =CE BY PRIVATE P]SONS4 ,ITS ESS5TIAL DEM]ITS >E1 ?AT IT PROMOTES ! EXT]NAL USE ( =CE1 & ?AT1 BY ITS GREAT SIZE1 IT MAKES EA* 9DIVIDUAL FEEL IMPOT5T EV5 9 A DEMOCRACY4 ,I %ALL RETURN 9 A LAT] LECTURE TO ! QUE/ION ( PREV5T+ W>4 ,! PREV5TION ( ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL IMPOT5CE CANNOT BE A*IEV$ BY A RETURN TO ! SMALL ,CITY ,/ATE1 :I* W\LD BE AS REACTION>Y AS A RETURN TO ! DAYS BE=E MA*9]Y4 ,IT MU/ BE A*IEV$ BY A ME?OD :I* IS 9 ! DIRECTION ( PRES5T T5D5CIES4 ,SU* A ME?OD W\LD BE ! 9CREAS+ DEVOLUTION ( POSITIVE POLITICAL 9ITIATIVE TO BODIES =M$ VOLUNT>ILY = SPECIFIC PURPOSES1 LEAV+ ! ,/ATE RA!R 9 ! POSITION ( A F$]AL AU?ORITY OR A C\RT ( >BITRATION4 ,! ,/ATE WILL !N CONF9E ITSELF TO 9SI/+ UPON SOME SETTLEM5T ( RIVAL 9T]E/S3 ITS ONLY PR9CIPLE 9 DECID+ :AT IS ! RI<T SETTLEM5T WILL BE AN ATTEMPT TO F9D ! MEASURE MO/ ACCEPTABLE1 ON ! :OLE1 TO ALL ! P>TIES CONC]N$4 ,?IS IS ! DIRECTION 9 :I* DEMOCRATIC ,/ATES NATURALLY T5D1 EXCEPT 9 SO F> AS !Y >E TURN$ ASIDE BY W> OR ! FE> ( W>4 ,SO LONG AS W> REMA9S A DAILY IMM95T DANG]1 ! ,/ATE WILL REMA9 A ,MOLO*1 SACRIFIC+ SOMETIMES ! LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ALWAYS HIS UNFETT]$ DEVELOPM5T1 TO ! B>R5 /RUGGLE = MA/]Y 9 ! COMPETITION ) O!R ,/ATES4 ,9 9T]NAL AS 9 EXT]NAL AFFAIRS1 ! WOR/ 5EMY ( FRE$OM IS W>4 

,FROM 3 ,WIKI,S\RCE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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