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,W> AS AN ,9/ITUTION 

#aiagaiag 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,I,I,I 

,W,> ,A,S ,A,N ,9,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N 

,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT MO/ NATIONS AT MO/ TIMES1 >E AT PEACE1 W> IS ONE ( ! P]MAN5T 9/ITUTIONS ( ALL FREE COMMUNITIES1 JU/ AS ,P>LIAM5T IS ONE ( \R P]MAN5T 9/ITUTIONS 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT IT IS NOT ALWAYS SITT+4 ,IT IS W> AS A P]MAN5T 9/ITUTION ?AT ,I WI% TO CONSID]3 :Y M5 TOL]ATE IT2 :Y !Y \<T NOT TO TOL]ATE IT2 :AT HOPE !RE IS ( !IR COM+ NOT TO TOL]ATE IT2 & H[ !Y C\LD ABOLI% IT IF !Y WI%$ TO DO SO4 

,W> IS A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO GR\PS1 EA* ( :I* ATTEMPTS TO KILL & MAIM AS MANY AS POSSIBLE ( ! O!R GR\P 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE SOME OBJECT :I* IT DESIRES4 ,! OBJECT IS G5]ALLY EI!R P[] OR WEAL?4 ,IT IS A PLEASURE TO EX]CISE AU?ORITY OV] O!R M51 & IT IS A PLEASURE TO LIVE ON ! PRODUCE ( O!R M5'S LABOR4 ,! VICTOR 9 W> CAN 5JOY MORE ( !SE DELI<TS ?AN ! VANQUI%$4 ,BUT W>1 LIKE ALL O!R NATURAL ACTIVITIES1 IS NOT SO MU* PROMPT$ BY ! 5D :I* IT HAS 9 VIEW AS BY AN IMPULSE TO ! ACTIVITY ITSELF4 ,V]Y (T5 M5 DESIRE AN 5D1 NOT ON ITS [N ACC\NT1 BUT BECAUSE !IR NATURE DEM&S ! ACTIONS :I* WILL LEAD TO ! 5D4 ,& SO IT IS 9 ?IS CASE3 ! 5DS TO BE A*IEV$ BY W> APPE> 9 PROSPECT F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN !Y WILL APPE> :5 !Y >E REALIZ$1 BECAUSE W> ITSELF IS A FULFILLM5T ( ONE SIDE ( \R NATURE4 ,IF M5'S ACTIONS SPRANG FROM DESIRES = :AT W\LD 9 FACT BR+ HAPP9ESS1 ! PURELY RATIONAL >GUM5TS AGA9/ W> W\LD HAVE LONG AGO PUT AN 5D TO IT4 ,:AT MAKES W> DIFFICULT TO SUPPRESS IS ?AT IT SPR+S FROM AN IMPULSE1 RA!R ?AN FROM A CALCULATION ( ! ADVANTAGES TO BE D]IV$ FROM W>4 

,W> DIFF]S FROM ! EMPLOYM5T ( =CE BY ! POLICE ?R\< ! FACT ?AT ! ACTIONS ( ! POLICE >E ORD]$ BY A NEUTRAL AU?ORITY1 :]EAS 9 W> IT IS ! P>TIES TO ! DISPUTE !MSELVES :O SET =CE 9 MOTION4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS NOT ABSOLUTE1 S9CE ! ,/ATE IS NOT ALWAYS :OLLY NEUTRAL 9 9T]NAL DI/URBANCES4 ,:5 /RIK]S >E %OT D[N1 ! ,/ATE IS TAK+ ! SIDE ( ! RI*4 ,:5 OP9IONS ADV]SE TO ! EXI/+ ,/ATE >E PUNI%$1 ! ,/ATE IS OBVI\SLY ONE ( ! P>TIES TO ! DISPUTE4 ,& FROM ! SUPPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL OP9ION UP TO CIVIL W> ALL GRADATIONS >E POSSIBLE4 ,BUT BROADLY SPEAK+1 =CE EMPLOY$ ACCORD+ TO LAWS PREVI\SLY LAID D[N BY ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE MAY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM =CE EMPLOY$ BY ONE COMMUNITY AGA9/ ANO!R ON OCCASIONS ( :I* ! ONE COMMUNITY IS ! SOLE JUDGE4 ,I HAVE DWELT UPON ?IS DIFF]5CE BECAUSE ,I DO NOT ?9K ! USE ( =CE BY ! POLICE CAN BE :OLLY ELIM9AT$1 & ,I ?9K A SIMIL> USE ( =CE 9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS IS ! BE/ HOPE ( P]MAN5T PEACE4 ,AT PRES5T1 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS >E REGULAT$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ?AT A NATION MU/ NOT 9T]V5E UNLESS ITS 9T]E/S >E 9VOLV$3 DIPLOMATIC USAGE =BIDS 9T]V5TION = ! M]E MA9T5ANCE ( 9T]NATIONAL LAW4 ,AM]ICA MAY PROTE/ :5 ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S >E DR[N$ BY ,G]MAN SUBM>9ES1 BUT MU/ NOT PROTE/ :5 NO ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S >E 9VOLV$4 ,! CASE W\LD BE ANALOG\S 9 9T]NAL AFFAIRS IF ! POLICE W\LD ONLY 9T]F]E ) MURD] :5 IT HAPP5$ ?AT A POLICEMAN HAD BE5 KILL$4 ,SO LONG AS ?IS PR9CIPLE PREVAILS 9 ! RELATIONS ( ,/ATES1 ! P[] ( NEUTRALS CANNOT BE EFFECTIVELY EMPLOY$ TO PREV5T W>4 ,9 EV]Y CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY TWO =CES COOP]ATE TO PRODUCE W>4 ,9 ORD9>Y TIMES SOME M5--USUALLY A SMALL PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION-->E BELLICOSE3 !Y PR$ICT W>1 & OBVI\SLY >E NOT UNHAPPY 9 ! PROSPECT4 ,SO LONG AS W> IS NOT IMM95T1 ! BULK ( ! POPULATION PAY LITTLE ATT5TION TO !SE M51 & DO NOT ACTIVELY EI!R SUPPORT OR OPPOSE !M4 ,BUT :5 W> BEG9S TO SEEM V]Y NE>1 A W>-FEV] SEIZES HOLD ( PEOPLE1 & ?OSE :O W]E ALREADY BELLICOSE F9D !MSELVES 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORT$ BY ALL BUT AN 9SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY4 ,! IMPULSES :I* 9SPIRE W>-FEV] >E RA!R DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE :I* MAKE SOME M5 BELLICOSE 9 ORD9>Y TIMES4 ,ONLY $UCAT$ M5 >E LIKELY TO BE W>LIKE AT ORD9>Y TIMES1 S9CE !Y ALONE >E VIVIDLY AW>E ( O!R C\NTRIES OR ( ! P>T :I* !IR [N NATION MI<T PLAY 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY !IR KN[L$GE1 NOT !IR NATURE1 ?AT DI/+UI%ES !M FROM !IR MORE IGNORANT COMPATRIOTS4 

,TO TAKE ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE1 ,G]MAN POLICY1 9 REC5T YE>S BE=E ! W>1 WAS NOT AV]SE FROM W>1 & NOT FRI5DLY TO ,5GL&4 ,IT IS WOR? :ILE TO TRY TO UND]/& ! /ATE ( M9D FROM :I* ?IS POLICY SPRANG4 

,! M5 :O DIRECT ,G]MAN POLICY >E1 TO BEG9 )1 PATRIOTIC TO AN EXT5T :I* IS ALMO/ UNKN[N 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ,G]MANY APPE> TO !M UNQUE/IONABLY ! ONLY 9T]E/S !Y NE$ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT4 ,:AT 9JURY MAY1 9 PURSU+ ?OSE 9T]E/S1 BE DONE TO O!R NATIONS1 :AT DE/RUCTION MAY BE BR\<T UPON POPULATIONS & CITIES1 :AT IRREP>ABLE DAMAGE MAY RESULT TO CIVILIZATION1 IT IS NOT = !M TO CONSID]4 ,IF !Y CAN CONF] :AT !Y REG>D AS B5EFITS UPON ,G]MANY1 EV]Y?+ ELSE IS ( NO ACC\NT4 

,! SECOND NOTEWOR?Y PO9T AB\T ,G]MAN POLICY IS ?AT ITS CONCEPTION ( NATIONAL WELF>E IS MA9LY COMPETITIVE4 ,IT IS NOT ! 9TR9SIC WEAL? ( ,G]MANY1 :E!R MAT]IALLY OR M5TALLY1 ?AT ! RUL]S ( ,G]MANY CONSID] IMPORTANT3 IT IS ! COMP>ATIVE WEAL? 9 ! COMPETITION ) O!R CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,= ?IS REASON ! DE/RUCTION ( GOOD ?+S ABROAD APPE>S TO !M ALMO/ AS DESIRABLE AS ! CREATION ( GOOD ?+S 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 MO/ P>TS ( ! WORLD ! ,FR5* >E REG>D$ AS ! MO/ CIVILIZ$ ( NATIONS3 !IR >T & !IR LIT]ATURE & !IR WAY ( LIFE HAVE AN ATTRACTION = =EIGN]S :I* ?OSE ( ,G]MANY DO NOT HAVE4 ,! ,5GLI% HAVE DEVELOP$ POLITICAL LIB]TY1 & ! >T ( MA9TA9+ AN ,EMPIRE ) A M9IMUM ( CO]CION1 9 A WAY = :I* ,G]MANY1 HI!RTO1 HAS %[N NO APTITUDE4 ,!SE >E GR\NDS = 5VY1 & 5VY WI%ES TO DE/ROY :AT IS GOOD 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,G]MAN MILIT>I/S1 QUITE RI<TLY1 JUDG$ ?AT :AT WAS BE/ 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& W\LD PROBABLY BE DE/ROY$ BY A GREAT W>1 EV5 IF ,FRANCE & ,5GL& W]E NOT 9 ! 5D DEFEAT$ 9 ! ACTUAL FI<T+4 ,I HAVE SE5 A LI/ ( Y\NG ,FR5* WRIT]S KILL$ ON ! BATTLEFIELD2 PROBABLY ! ,G]MAN AU?ORITIES HAVE ALSO SE5 IT1 & HAVE REFLECT$ ) JOY ?AT ANO!R YE> ( SU* LOSSES WILL DE/ROY ,FR5* LIT]ATURE = A G5]ATION--P]HAPS1 ?R\< LOSS ( TRADITION1 = EV]4 ,EV]Y \TBUR/ AGA9/ LIB]TY 9 \R MORE BELLICOSE NEWSPAP]S1 EV]Y 9CITEM5T TO P]SECUTION ( DEF5SELESS ,G]MANS1 EV]Y M>K ( GR[+ F]OCITY 9 \R ATTITUDE1 MU/ BE READ ) DELI<T BY ,G]MAN PATRIOTS1 AS PROV+ !IR SUCCESS 9 ROBB+ US ( \R BE/1 & 9 =C+ US TO IMITATE :ATEV] IS WOR/ 9 ,PRUSSIA4 

,BUT :AT ! RUL]S ( ,G]MANY HAVE 5VI$ US MO/ WAS P[] & WEAL?--! P[] D]IV$ FROM COMM& ( ! SEAS & ! /RAITS1 ! WEAL? D]IV$ FROM A C5TURY ( 9DU/RIAL SUPREMACY4 ,9 BO? !SE RESPECTS !Y FEEL ?AT !IR DES]TS >E HI<] ?AN \RS4 ,!Y HAVE DEVOT$ F> MORE ?\<T & SKILL TO MILIT>Y & 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!IR AV]AGE ( 9TELLIG5CE & KN[L$GE IS F> SUP]IOR2 !IR CAPACITY = PURSU+ AN ATTA9ABLE 5D1 UNIT$LY & ) =E?\<T1 IS 9F9ITELY GREAT]4 ,YET WE1 M]ELY 7AS !Y ?9K7 BECAUSE WE HAD A />T 9 ! RACE1 HAVE A*IEV$ A VA/LY L>G] ,EMPIRE ?AN !Y HAVE1 & AN 5ORM\SLY GREAT] CONTROL ( CAPITAL4 ,ALL ?IS IS UNBE>ABLE2 YET NO?+ BUT A GREAT W> CAN ALT] IT4 

,BESIDES ALL !SE FEEL+S1 !RE IS 9 MANY ,G]MANS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE :O KN[ US BE/1 A HOT HATR$ ( US ON ACC\NT ( \R PRIDE4 ,F>9ATA DEGLI ,UB]TI SURVEY$ ,HELL 0COME AVESSE LO ,9F]NO 9 GRAN DISPITTO40 ,JU/ SO1 BY ,G]MAN ACC\NTS1 ,5GLI% (FIC] PRISON]S LOOK R\ND !M AMONG !IR CAPTORS--HOLD+ ALO(1 AS ?\< ! 5EMY W]E NOXI\S1 UNCLEAN CREATURES1 TOADS OR SLUGS OR C5TIP$ES1 :I* A MAN DOES NOT T\* WILL+LY1 & %AKES (F ) LOA?+ IF HE IS =C$ TO T\* !M = A MOM5T4 ,IT IS EASY TO IMAG9E H[ ! DEVILS HAT$ ,F>9ATA1 & 9FLICT$ GREAT] PA9S UPON HIM ?AN UPON HIS NEI<BORS1 HOP+ TO W9 RECOGNITION BY SOME SLI<T W9C+ ON HIS P>T1 DRIV5 TO FR5ZY BY HIS CONT9U+ TO BEHAVE AS IF !Y DID NOT EXI/4 ,9 JU/ ! SAME WAY ! ,G]MANS >E MADD5$ BY \R SPIRITUAL IMMOBILITY4 ,AT BOTTOM WE HAVE REG>D$ ! ,G]MANS AS ONE REG>DS FLIES ON A HOT DAY3 !Y >E A NUISANCE1 ONE HAS TO BRU% !M (F1 BUT IT W\LD NOT OCCUR TO ONE TO BE TURN$ ASIDE BY !M4 ,N[ ?AT ! 9ITIAL C]TA9TY ( VICTORY HAS FAD$1 WE BEG9 TO BE AFFECT$ 9W>DLY BY ! ,G]MANS4 ,9 TIME1 IF WE CONT9UE TO FAIL 9 \R MILIT>Y 5T]PRISES1 WE %ALL REALIZE ?AT !Y >E HUMAN BE+S1 NOT JU/ A TIRESOME CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,!N P]HAPS WE %ALL HATE !M ) A HATR$ :I* !Y WILL HAVE NO REASON TO RES5T4 ,& FROM SU* A HATR$ IT WILL BE ONLY A %ORT J\RNEY TO A G5U9E RAPPRO*EM5T4 

,! PROBLEM :I* MU/ BE SOLV$1 IF ! FUTURE ( ! WORLD IS TO BE LESS T]RIBLE ?AN ITS PRES5T1 IS ! PROBLEM ( PREV5T+ NATIONS FROM GETT+ 9TO ! MOODS ( ,5GL& & ,G]MANY AT ! \TBREAK ( ! W>4 ,!SE TWO NATIONS AS !Y W]E AT ?AT MOM5T MI<T BE TAK5 AS ALMO/ MY?ICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( PRIDE & 5VY--COLD PRIDE & HOT 5VY4 ,G]MANY DECLAIM$ PASSIONATELY3 0,Y\1 ,5GL&1 SWOLL5 & DECREPIT1 Y\ OV]%AD[ MY :OLE GR[?--Y\R ROTT+ BRAN*ES KEEP ! SUN FROM %9+ UPON ME & ! RA9 FROM N\RI%+ ME4 ,Y\R SPREAD+ FOLIAGE MU/ BE LOPP$1 Y\R SYMMETRICAL BEAUTY MU/ BE DE/ROY$1 ?AT ,I TOO MAY HAVE FRE$OM TO GR[1 ?AT MY Y\NG VIGOR MAY NO LONG] BE IMP$$ BY Y\R DECAY+ MASS40 ,5GL&1 BOR$ & ALO(1 UNCONSCI\S ( ! CLAIMS ( \TSIDE =CES1 ATTEMPT$ ABS5T-M9D$LY TO SWEEP AWAY ! UP/>T DI/URB] ( M$ITATION2 BUT ! UP/>T WAS NOT SWEPT AWAY1 & REMA9S SO F> ) EV]Y PROSPECT ( MAK+ GOOD HIS CLAIM4 ,! CLAIM & ! RESI/ANCE TO IT >E ALIKE FOLLY4 ,G]MANY HAD NO GOOD GR\ND = 5VY2 WE HAD NO GOOD GR\ND = RESI/+ :ATEV] 9 ,G]MANY'S DEM&S WAS COMPATIBLE ) \R CONT9U$ EXI/5CE4 ,IS !RE ANY ME?OD ( AV]T+ SU* RECIPROCAL FOLLY 9 ! FUTURE8 

,I ?9K IF EI!R ! ,5GLI% OR ! ,G]MANS W]E CAPABLE ( ?9K+ 9 T]MS ( 9DIVIDUAL WELF>E RA!R ?AN NATIONAL PRIDE1 !Y W\LD HAVE SE5 ?AT1 AT EV]Y MOM5T DUR+ ! W> ! WISE/ C\RSE W\LD HAVE BE5 TO CONCLUDE PEACE AT ONCE1 ON ! BE/ T]MS ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 OBTA9$4 ,?IS C\RSE1 ,I AM CONV9C$1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! WISE/ = EA* SEP>ATE NATION1 AS WELL AS = CIVILIZATION 9 G5]AL4 ,! UTMO/ EVIL ?AT ! 5EMY C\LD 9FLICT ?R\< AN UNFAVORABLE PEACE W\LD BE A TRIFLE COMP>$ TO ! EVIL :I* ALL ! NATIONS 9FLICT UPON !MSELVES BY CONT9U+ TO FI<T4 ,:AT BL9DS US TO ?IS OBVI\S FACT IS PRIDE1 ! PRIDE :I* MAKES ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( DEFEAT 9TOL]ABLE1 & CLO!S ITSELF 9 ! G>B ( REASON BY SUGGE/+ ALL K9DS ( EVILS :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO RESULT FROM ADMITT+ DEFEAT4 ,BUT ! ONLY REAL EVIL ( DEFEAT IS HUMILIATION1 & HUMILIATION IS SUBJECTIVE2 WE %ALL NOT FEEL HUMILIAT$ IF WE BECOME P]SUAD$ ?AT IT WAS A MI/AKE TO 5GAGE 9 ! W>1 & ?AT IT IS BETT] TO PURSUE O!R TASKS NOT DEP5D5T UPON WORLD-DOM9ION4 ,IF EI!R ! ,5GLI% OR ! ,G]MANS C\LD ADMIT ?IS 9W>DLY1 ANY PEACE :I* DID NOT DE/ROY NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE C\LD BE ACCEPT$ )\T REAL LOSS 9 ! SELF-RESPECT :I* IS ESS5TIAL TO A GOOD LIFE4 

,! MOOD 9 :I* ,G]MANY EMB>K$ UPON ! W> WAS ABOM9ABLE1 BUT IT WAS A MOOD FO/]$ BY ! HABITUAL MOOD ( ,5GL&4 ,WE HAVE PRID$ \RSELVES UPON \R T]RITORY & \R WEAL?2 WE HAVE BE5 READY AT ALL TIMES TO DEF5D BY =CE ( >MS :AT WE HAVE CONQU]$ 9 ,9DIA & ,AFRICA4 ,IF WE HAD REALIZ$ ! FUTILITY ( EMPIRE1 & HAD %[N A WILL+NESS TO YIELD COLONIES TO ,G]MANY )\T WAIT+ = ! ?REAT ( =CE1 WE MI<T HAVE BE5 9 A POSITION TO P]SUADE ! ,G]MANS ?AT !IR AMBITIONS W]E FOOLI%1 & ?AT ! RESPECT ( ! WORLD WAS NOT TO BE WON BY AN IMP]IALI/ POLICY4 ,BUT BY \R RESI/ANCE WE %[$ ?AT WE %>$ !IR /&>DS4 ,WE1 BE+ 9 POSSESSION1 BECAME 5AMOR$ ( ! /ATUS QUO4 ,! ,G]MANS W]E WILL+ TO MAKE W> TO UP SET ! /ATUS QUO2 WE W]E WILL+ TO MAKE W> TO PREV5T ITS BE+ UPSET 9 ,G]MANY'S FAVOR4 ,SO CONV9C$ W]E WE ( ! SACR$NESS ( ! /ATUS QUO ?AT WE NEV] REALIZ$ H[ ADVANTAGE\S IT WAS TO US1 OR H[1 BY 9SI/+ UPON IT1 WE %>$ ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! W>4 ,9 A WORLD :]E NATIONS GR[ & DECAY1 :]E =CES *ANGE & POPULATIONS BECOME CRAMP$1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE OR DESIRABLE TO MA9TA9 ! /ATUS QUO = EV]4 ,IF PEACE IS TO BE PRES]V$1 NATIONS MU/ LE>N TO ACCEPT UNFAVORABLE ALT]ATIONS ( ! MAP )\T FEEL+ ?AT !Y MU/ FIR/ BE DEFEAT$ 9 W>1 OR ?AT 9 YIELD+ !Y 9CUR A HUMILIATION4 

,IT IS ! 9SI/5CE ( LEGALI/S & FRI5DS ( PEACE UPON ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /ATUS QUO ?AT HAS DRIV5 ,G]MANY 9TO MILIT>ISM4 ,G]MANY HAD AS GOOD A RI<T TO AN ,EMPIRE AS ANY O!R ,GREAT ,P[]1 BUT C\LD ONLY ACQUIRE AN ,EMPIRE ?R\< W>4 ,LOVE ( PEACE HAS BE5 TOO MU* ASSOCIAT$ ) A /ATIC CONCEPTION ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,9 ECONOMIC DISPUTES WE ALL KN[ ?AT :ATEV] IS VIGOR\S 9 ! WAGE-E>N+ CLASSES IS OPPOS$ TO 09DU/RIAL PEACE10 BECAUSE ! EXI/+ DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? IS FELT TO BE UNFAIR4 ,?OSE :O 5JOY A PRIVILEG$ POSITION 5DEAVOR TO BOL/] UP !IR CLAIMS BY APPEAL+ TO ! DESIRE = PEACE1 & DECRY+ ?OSE :O PROMOTE /RIFE BETWE5 ! CLASSES4 ,IT NEV] OCCURS TO !M ?AT BY OPPOS+ *ANGES )\T CONSID]+ :E!R !Y >E JU/1 ! CAPITALI/S %>E ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! CLASS W>4 ,& 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY ,5GL& %>ES ! RESPONSIBILITY = ,G]MANY'S W>4 ,IF ACTUAL W> IS EV] TO CEASE !RE WILL HAVE TO BE POLITICAL ME?ODS ( A*IEV+ ! RESULTS :I* N[ CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY SUCCESSFUL FI<T+1 & NATIONS WILL HAVE VOLUNT>ILY TO ADMIT ADV]SE CLAIMS :I* APPE> JU/ 9 ! JUDGM5T ( NEUTRALS4 

,IT IS ONLY BY SOME SU* ADMISSION1 EMBODY+ ITSELF 9 A ,P>LIAM5T ( ! NATIONS ) FULL P[] TO ALT] ! DI/RIBUTION ( T]RITORY1 ?AT MILIT>ISM CAN BE P]MAN5TLY OV]COME4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT ! PRES5T W> WILL BR+1 9 ! ,WE/]N NATIONS1 A *ANGE ( MOOD & \TLOOK SUFFICI5T TO MAKE SU* AN 9/ITUTION POSSIBLE4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT MORE W>S & MORE DE/RUCTION WILL BE NECESS>Y BE=E ! MAJORITY ( CIVILIZ$ M5 REBEL AGA9/ ! BRUTALITY & FUTILE DE/RUCTION ( MOD]N W>4 ,BUT UNLESS \R /&>DS ( CIVILIZATION & \R P[]S ( CON/RUCTIVE ?\<T >E TO BE P]MAN5TLY L[]$1 ,I CANNOT D\BT ?AT1 SOON] OR LAT]1 REASON WILL CONQU] ! BL9D IMPULSES :I* N[ LEAD NATIONS 9TO W>4 ,& IF A L>GE MAJORITY ( ! ,GREAT ,P[]S HAD A FIRM DET]M9ATION ?AT PEACE %\LD BE PRES]V$1 !RE W\LD BE NO DIFFICULTY 9 DEVIS+ DIPLOMATIC MA*9]Y = ! SETTLEM5T ( DISPUTES1 & 9 E/ABLI%+ $UCATIONAL SY/EMS :I* W\LD IMPLANT 9 ! M9DS ( ! Y\NG AN 9]ADICABLE HORROR ( ! SLAU<T] :I* !Y >E N[ TAU<T TO ADMIRE4 

,BESIDES ! CONSCI\S & DELIB]ATE =CES LEAD+ TO W>1 !RE >E ! 9>TICULATE FEEL+S ( COMMON M51 :I*1 9 MO/ CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 >E ALWAYS READY TO BUR/ 9TO W> FEV] AT ! BIDD+ ( /ATESM54 ,IF PEACE IS TO BE SECURE1 ! READ9ESS TO CAT* W> FEV] MU/ BE SOMEH[ DIM9I%$4 ,:OEV] WI%ES TO SUCCE$ 9 ?IS MU/ FIR/ UND]/& :AT W> FEV] IS & :Y IT >ISES4 

,! M5 :O HAVE AN IMPORTANT 9FLU5CE 9 ! WORLD1 :E!R = GOOD OR EVIL1 >E DOM9AT$ AS A RULE BY A ?REEFOLD DESIRE3 !Y DESIRE1 FIR/1 AN ACTIVITY :I* CALLS FULLY 9TO PLAY ! FACULTIES 9 :I* !Y FEEL ?AT !Y EXCEL2 SECONDLY1 ! S5SE ( SUCCESSFULLY OV]COM+ RESI/ANCE2 ?IRDLY1 ! RESPECT ( O!RS ON ACC\NT ( !IR SUCCESS4 ,! ?IRD ( !SE DESIRES IS SOMETIMES ABS5T3 SOME M5 :O HAVE BE5 GREAT HAVE BE5 )\T ! 0LA/ 9FIRMITY10 & HAVE BE5 CONT5T ) !IR [N S5SE ( SUCCESS1 OR M]ELY ) ! JOY ( DIFFICULT EF=T4 ,BUT AS A RULE ALL ?REE >E PRES5T4 ,SOME M5'S TAL5TS >E SPECIALIZ$1 SO ?AT !IR *OICE ( ACTIVITIES IS CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY ! NATURE ( !IR FACULTIES2 O!R M5 HAVE1 9 Y\?1 SU* A WIDE RANGE ( POSSIBLE APTITUDES ?AT !IR *OICE IS *IEFLY DET]M9$ BY ! V>Y+ DEGREES ( RESPECT :I* PUBLIC OP9ION GIVES TO DIFF]5T K9DS ( SUCCESS4 

,! SAME DESIRES1 USUALLY 9 A LESS M>K$ DEGREE1 EXI/ 9 M5 :O HAVE NO EXCEPTIONAL TAL5TS4 ,BUT SU* M5 CANNOT A*IEVE ANY?+ V]Y DIFFICULT BY !IR 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS2 = !M1 AS UNITS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACQUIRE ! S5SE ( GREATNESS OR ! TRIUMPH ( /RONG RESI/ANCE OV]COME4 ,!IR SEP>ATE LIVES >E UNADV5TUR\S & DULL4 ,9 ! MORN+ !Y GO TO ! (FICE OR ! PL[1 9 ! EV5+ !Y RETURN TIR$ & SIL5T1 TO ! SOB] MONOTONY ( WIFE & *ILDR54 ,BELIEV+ ?AT SECURITY IS ! SUPREME GOOD1 !Y HAVE 9SUR$ AGA9/ SICKNESS & DEA?1 & HAVE F\ND AN EMPLOYM5T :]E !Y HAVE LITTLE FE> ( DISMISSAL & NO HOPE ( ANY GREAT RISE4 ,BUT SECURITY1 ONCE A*IEV$1 BR+S A ,NEMESIS ( 5NUI4 ,ADV5TURE1 IMAG9ATION1 RISK1 ALSO HAVE !IR CLAIMS2 BUT H[ CAN !SE CLAIMS BE SATISFI$ BY ! ORD9>Y WAGE-E>N]8 ,EV5 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO SATISFY !M1 ! CLAIMS ( WIFE & *ILDR5 HAVE PRIORITY & MU/ NOT BE NEGLECT$4 

,TO ?IS VICTIM ( ORD] & GOOD ORGANIZATION ! REALIZATION COMES1 9 SOME MOM5T ( SUDD5 CRISIS1 ?AT HE BELONGS TO A NATION1 ?AT HIS NATION MAY TAKE RISKS1 MAY 5GAGE 9 DIFFICULT 5T]PRISES1 5JOY ! HOT PASSION ( D\BTFUL COMBAT1 /IMULATE ADV5TURE & IMAG9ATION BY MILIT>Y EXP$ITIONS TO ,M\NT ,S9AI & ! ,G>D5 ( ,$54 ,:AT HIS NATION DOES1 9 SOME S5SE1 HE DOES2 :AT HIS NATION SUFF]S1 HE SUFF]S4 ,! LONG YE>S ( PRIVATE CAUTION >E AV5G$ BY A WILD PLUNGE 9TO PUBLIC MADNESS4 ,ALL ! HORRID DUTIES ( ?RIFT & ORD] & C>E :I* HE HAS LE>N$ TO FULFILL 9 PRIVATE >E ?\<T NOT TO APPLY TO PUBLIC AFFAIRS3 IT IS PATRIOTIC & NOBLE TO BE RECKLESS = ! NATION1 ?\< IT W\LD BE WICK$ TO BE RECKLESS = ONESELF4 ,! OLD PRIMITIVE PASSIONS1 :I* CIVILIZATION HAS D5I$1 SURGE UP ALL ! /RONG] = REPRESSION4 ,9 A MOM5T IMAG9ATION & 9/9CT TRAVEL BACK ?R\< ! C5TURIES1 & ! WILD MAN ( ! WOODS EM]GES FROM ! M5TAL PRISON 9 :I* HE HAS BE5 CONF9$4 ,?IS IS ! DEEP] P>T ( ! PSY*OLOGY ( ! W> FEV]4 

,BUT BESIDES ! IRRATIONAL & 9/9CTIVE ELEM5T 9 ! W> FEV]1 !RE IS ALWAYS ALSO1 IF ONLY AS A LIB]ATOR ( PRIMITIVE IMPULSE1 A C]TA9 AM\NT ( QUASI-RATIONAL CALCULATION & :AT IS EUPHEMI/ICALLY CALL$ 0?\<T40 ,! W> FEV] V]Y SELDOM SEIZES A NATION UNLESS IT BELIEVES ?AT IT WILL BE VICTORI\S4 ,UND\BT$LY1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( EXCITEM5T1 M5 OV]-E/IMATE !IR *ANCES ( SUCCESS2 BUT !RE IS SOME PROPORTION BETWE5 :AT IS HOP$ & :AT A RATIONAL MAN W\LD EXPECT4 ,HOLL&1 ?\< QUITE AS HUMANE AS ,5GL&1 HAD NO IMPULSE TO GO TO W> ON BEHALF ( ,BELGIUM1 BECAUSE ! LIKELIHOOD ( DISA/] WAS SO OBVI\SLY OV]:ELM+4 ,! ,LONDON POPULACE1 IF !Y HAD KN[N H[ ! W> WAS GO+ TO DEVELOP1 W\LD NOT HAVE REJOIC$ AS !Y DID ON ?AT ,AUGU/ ,BANK ,HOLIDAY LONG AGO4 ,A NATION :I* HAS HAD A REC5T EXP]I5CE ( W>1 & HAS COME TO KN[ ?AT A W> IS ALMO/ ALWAYS MORE PA9FUL ?AN IT IS EXPECT$ TO BE AT ! \TSET1 BECOMES MU* LESS LIABLE TO W> FEV] UNTIL A NEW G5]ATION GR[S UP4 ,! ELEM5T ( RATIONALITY 9 W> FEV] IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ,GOV]NM5TS & J\RNALI/S :O DESIRE W>1 AS MAY BE SE5 BY !IR 9V>IABLY M9IMIZ+ ! P]ILS ( A W> :I* !Y WI% TO PROVOKE4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,W> ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,BUTL] WAS DISMISS$1 APP>5TLY = SUGGE/+ ?AT SIXTY ?\S& M5 & ?REE MON?S MI<T NOT SUFFICE TO SUBDUE ! ,BO] ,REPUBLICS4 ,& :5 ! W> PROV$ LONG & DIFFICULT1 ! NATION TURN$ AGA9/ ?OSE :O HAD MADE IT4 ,WE MAY ASSUME1 ,I ?9K1 )\T ATTRIBUT+ TOO GREAT A %>E TO REASON 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS1 ?AT A NATION W\LD NOT SUFF] FROM W> FEV] 9 A CASE :]E EV]Y SANE MAN C\LD SEE ?AT DEFEAT WAS V]Y PROBABLE4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT IT W\LD MAKE AGGRESSIVE W> V]Y UNLIKELY IF ITS *ANCES ( SUCCESS W]E V]Y SMALL4 ,IF ! PEACE-LOV+ NATIONS W]E SUFFICI5TLY /RONG TO BE OBVI\SLY CAPABLE ( DEFEAT+ ! NATIONS :I* W]E WILL+ TO WAGE AGGRESSIVE W>1 ! PEACE-LOV+ NATIONS MI<T =M AN ALLIANCE & AGREE TO FI<T JO9TLY AGA9/ ANY NATION :I* REFUS$ TO SUBMIT ITS CLAIMS TO AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL4 ,BE=E ! PRES5T W> WE MI<T HAVE REASONABLY HOP$ TO SECURE ! PEACE ( ! WORLD 9 SOME SU* WAY2 BUT ! MILIT>Y /R5G? ( ,G]MANY HAS %[N ?AT SU* A S*EME HAS NO GREAT *ANCE ( SUCCESS AT PRES5T4 ,P]HAPS AT SOME NOT F> DI/ANT DATE IT MAY BE MADE MORE FEASIBLE BY DEVELOPM5TS ( POLICY 9 ,AM]ICA4 

,! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =CES :I* MAKE = W> C\LD BE EASILY CURB$ IF ! WILL TO PEACE EXI/$ /RONGLY 9 ALL CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,BUT SO LONG AS ! POPULATIONS >E LIABLE TO W> FEV]1 ALL WORK = PEACE MU/ BE PREC>I\S2 & IF W> FEV] C\LD NOT BE >\S$1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC =CES W\LD BE P[]LESS TO PRODUCE ANY LONG OR V]Y DE/RUCTIVE W>4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM = ! PACIFI/ IS TO PREV5T ! IMPULSE T[>DS W> :I* SEIZES :OLE COMMUNITIES FROM TIME TO TIME4 ,& ?IS CAN ONLY BE DONE BY F>-REA*+ *ANGES 9 $UCATION1 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 & 9 ! MORAL CODE BY :I* PUBLIC OP9ION CONTROLS ! LIVES ( M5 & WOM54 .<#a.> 

,A GREAT MANY ( ! IMPULSES :I* N[ LEAD NATIONS TO GO TO W> >E 9 !MSELVES ESS5TIAL TO ANY VIGOR\S OR PROGRESSIVE LIFE4 ,)\T IMAG9ATION & LOVE ( ADV5TURE A SOCIETY SOON BECOMES /AGNANT & BEG9S TO DECAY4 ,CONFLICT1 PROVID$ IT IS NOT DE/RUCTIVE & BRUTAL1 IS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO /IMULATE M5'S ACTIVITIES1 & TO SECURE ! VICTORY ( :AT IS LIV+ OV] :AT IS DEAD OR M]ELY TRADITIONAL4 ,! WI% = ! TRIUMPH ( ONE'S CAUSE1 ! S5SE ( SOLID>ITY ) L>GE BODIES ( M51 >E NOT ?+S :I* A WISE MAN WILL WI% TO DE/ROY4 ,IT IS ONLY ! \TCOME 9 DEA? & DE/RUCTION & HATR$ ?AT IS EVIL4 ,! PROBLEM IS1 TO KEEP !SE IMPULSES1 )\T MAK+ W> ! \TLET = !M4 

,ALL ,UTOPIAS ?AT HAVE HI!RTO BE5 CON/RUCT$ >E 9TOL]ABLY DULL4 ,ANY MAN ) ANY =CE 9 HIM W\LD RA!R LIVE 9 ?IS WORLD1 ) ALL ITS <A/LY HORRORS1 ?AN 9 ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC OR AMONG ,SWIFT'S ,H\YHNHNMS4 ,! M5 :O MAKE ,UTOPIAS PROCE$ UPON A RADICALLY FALSE ASSUMPTION AS TO :AT CON/ITUTES A GOOD LIFE4 ,!Y CONCEIVE ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E A C]TA9 /ATE ( SOCIETY & A C]TA9 WAY ( LIFE :I* %\LD BE ONCE = ALL RECOGNIZ$ AS GOOD1 & %\LD !N CONT9UE = EV] & EV]4 ,!Y DO NOT REALIZE ?AT MU* ! GREAT] P>T ( A MAN'S HAPP9ESS DEP5DS UPON ACTIVITY1 & ONLY A V]Y SMALL REMNANT CONSI/S 9 PASSIVE 5JOYM5T4 ,EV5 ! PLEASURES :I* DO CONSI/ 9 5JOYM5T >E ONLY SATISFACTORY1 TO MO/ M51 :5 !Y COME 9 ! 9T]VALS ( ACTIVITY4 ,SOCIAL RE=M]S1 LIKE 9V5TORS ( ,UTOPIAS1 >E APT TO =GET ?IS V]Y OBVI\S FACT ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,!Y AIM RA!R AT SECUR+ MORE LEISURE1 & MORE OPPORTUNITY = 5JOY+ IT1 ?AN AT MAK+ WORK ITSELF MORE SATISFACTORY1 MORE CONSONANT ) IMPULSE1 & A BETT] \TLET = CREATIV5ESS & ! DESIRE TO EMPLOY ONE'S FACULTIES4 ,WORK1 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 IS1 TO ALMO/ ALL :O DEP5D ON E>N+S1 M]E WORK1 NOT AN EMBODIM5T ( ! DESIRE = ACTIVITY4 ,PROBABLY ?IS IS TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T 9EVITABLE4 ,BUT 9 SO F> AS IT CAN BE PREV5T$ SOME?+ WILL BE DONE TO GIVE A PEACEFUL \TLET TO SOME ( ! IMPULSES :I* LEAD TO W>4 

,IT W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 BE EASY TO BR+ AB\T PEACE IF !RE W]E NO VIGOR 9 ! WORLD4 ,! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS PACIFIC & UNPRODUCTIVE2 ! ,A!NS ( ,P]ICLES WAS ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE & ALMO/ ! MO/ W>LIKE COMMUNITY KN[N TO HI/ORY4 ,! ONLY =M ( PRODUCTION 9 :I* \R [N AGE EXCELS IS SCI5CE1 & 9 SCI5CE ,G]MANY1 ! MO/ W>LIKE ( ,GREAT ,P[]S1 IS SUPREME4 ,IT IS USELESS TO MULTIPLY EXAMPLES2 BUT IT IS PLA9 ?AT ! V]Y SAME VITAL 5]GY :I* PRODUCES ALL ?AT IS BE/ ALSO PRODUCES W> & ! LOVE ( W>4 ,?IS IS ! BASIS ( ! OPPOSITION TO PACIFISM FELT BY MANY M5 :OSE AIMS & ACTIVITIES >E BY NO MEANS BRUTAL4 ,PACIFISM1 9 PRACTICE1 TOO (T5 EXPRESSES M]ELY LACK ( =CE1 NOT ! REFUSAL TO USE =CE 9 ?W>T+ O!RS4 ,PACIFISM1 IF IT IS TO BE BO? VICTORI\S & B5EFIC5T1 MU/ F9D AN \TLET1 COMPATIBLE ) HUMANE FEEL+1 = ! VIGOR :I* N[ LEADS NATIONS 9TO W> & DE/RUCTION4 

,?IS PROBLEM WAS CONSID]$ BY ,WILLIAM ,JAMES 9 AN ADMIRABLE ADDRESS ON 0,! ,MORAL ,EQUIVAL5T ( ,W>10 DELIV]$ TO A CONGRESS ( PACIFI/S DUR+ ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W> ( #a#h#i#h4 ,HIS /ATEM5T ( ! PROBLEM C\LD NOT BE BETT]$2 & SO F> AS ,I KN[1 HE IS ! ONLY WRIT] :O HAS FAC$ ! PROBLEM ADEQUATELY4 ,BUT HIS SOLUTION IS NOT ADEQUATE2 P]HAPS NO ADEQUATE SOLUTION IS POSSIBLE4 ,! PROBLEM1 H[EV]1 IS ONE ( DEGREE3 EV]Y ADDITIONAL PEACEFUL \TLET = M5'S 5]GIES DIM9I%ES ! =CE :I* URGES NATIONS T[>DS W>1 & MAKES W> LESS FREQU5T & LESS FI]CE4 ,& AS A QUE/ION ( DEGREE1 IT IS CAPABLE ( MORE OR LESS P>TIAL SOLUTIONS4.<#b.> 

,EV]Y VIGOR\S MAN NE$S SOME K9D ( CONTE/1 SOME S5SE ( RESI/ANCE OV]COME1 9 ORD] TO FEEL ?AT HE IS EX]CIS+ HIS FACULTIES4 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ECONOMICS1 A !ORY HAS GR[N UP ?AT :AT M5 DESIRE IS WEAL?2 ?IS !ORY HAS T5D$ TO V]IFY ITSELF1 BECAUSE PEOPLE'S ACTIONS >E MORE (T5 DET]M9$ BY :AT !Y ?9K !Y DESIRE ?AN BY :AT !Y REALLY DESIRE4 ,! LESS ACTIVE MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY (T5 DO 9 FACT DESIRE WEAL?1 S9CE IT 5ABLES !M TO GRATIFY A TA/E = PASSIVE 5JOYM5T1 & TO SECURE RESPECT )\T EX]TION4 ,BUT ! 5]GETIC M5 :O MAKE GREAT =TUNES SELDOM DESIRE ! ACTUAL MONEY3 !Y DESIRE ! S5SE ( P[] ?R\< A CONTE/1 & ! JOY ( SUCCESSFUL ACTIVITY4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ?OSE :O >E ! MO/ RU?LESS 9 MAK+ MONEY >E (T5 ! MO/ WILL+ TO GIVE IT AWAY2 !RE >E MANY NOTORI\S EXAMPLES ( ?IS AMONG ,AM]ICAN MILLIONAIRES4 ,! ONLY ELEM5T ( TRU? 9 ! ECONOMIC !ORY ?AT !SE M5 >E ACTUAT$ BY DESIRE = MONEY IS ?IS3 [+ TO ! FACT ?AT MONEY IS :AT IS BELIEV$ TO BE DESIRABLE1 ! MAK+ ( MONEY IS RECOGNIZ$ AS ! TE/ ( SUCCESS4 ,:AT IS DESIR$ IS VISIBLE & 9DUBITABLE SUCCESS2 BUT ?IS CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY BE+ ONE ( ! FEW :O REA* A GOAL :I* MANY M5 W\LD WI% TO REA*4 ,= ?IS REASON1 PUBLIC OP9ION HAS A GREAT 9FLU5CE 9 DIRECT+ ! ACTIVITIES ( VIGOR\S M54 ,9 ,AM]ICA A MILLIONAIRE IS MORE RESPECT$ ?AN A GREAT >TI/2 ?IS LEADS M5 :O MI<T BECOME EI!R ! ONE OR ! O!R TO *OOSE TO BECOME MILLIONAIRES4 ,9 ,R5AISSANCE ,ITALY GREAT >TI/S W]E MORE RESPECT$ ?AN MILLIONAIRES1 & ! RESULT WAS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT IT IS 9 ,AM]ICA4 

,SOME PACIFI/S & ALL MILIT>I/S DEPRECATE SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONFLICTS4 ,9 ?IS ! MILIT>I/S >E 9 ! RI<T1 FROM !IR PO9T ( VIEW2 BUT ! PACIFI/S SEEM TO ME MI/AK54 ,CONFLICTS ( P>TY POLITICS1 CONFLICTS BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 & G5]ALLY ALL ?OSE CONFLICTS ( PR9CIPLE :I* DO NOT 9VOLVE W>1 S]VE MANY USEFUL PURPOSES1 & DO V]Y LITTLE H>M4 ,!Y 9CREASE M5'S 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 !Y AF=D A COMP>ATIVELY 9NOC5T \TLET = ! LOVE ( CONTE/1 & !Y HELP TO ALT] LAWS & 9/ITUTIONS1 :5 *ANG+ CONDITIONS OR GREAT] KN[L$GE CREATE ! WI% = AN ALT]ATION4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT 9T5SIFIES POLITICAL LIFE T5DS TO BR+ AB\T A PEACEFUL 9T]E/ ( ! SAME K9D AS ! 9T]E/ :I* LEADS TO DESIRE = W>4 ,& 9 A DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY POLITICAL QUE/IONS GIVE EV]Y VOT] A S5SE ( 9ITIATIVE & P[] & RESPONSIBILITY :I* RELIEVES HIS LIFE ( SOME?+ ( ITS N>R[ UNADV5TUR\SNESS4 ,! OBJECT ( ! PACIFI/ %\LD BE TO GIVE M5 MORE & MORE POLITICAL CONTROL OV] !IR [N LIVES1 & 9 P>TICUL> TO 9TRODUCE DEMOCRACY 9TO ! MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY1 AS ! SYNDICALI/S ADVISE4 

,! PROBLEM = ! REFLECTIVE PACIFI/ IS TW(OLD3 H[ TO KEEP HIS [N C\NTRY AT PEACE1 & H[ TO PRES]VE ! PEACE ( ! WORLD4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! PEACE ( ! WORLD %\LD BE PRES]V$ :ILE NATIONS >E LIABLE TO ! MOOD 9 :I* ,G]MANY 5T]$ UPON ! W>--UNLESS1 9DE$1 ONE NATION W]E SO OBVI\SLY /RONG] ?AN ALL O!RS COMB9$ AS TO MAKE W> UNNECESS>Y = ?AT ONE & HOPELESS = ALL ! O!RS4 ,AS ?IS W> HAS DRAGG$ ON ITS WE>Y L5G?1 MANY PEOPLE MU/ HAVE ASK$ !MSELVES :E!R NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE IS WOR? ! PRICE ?AT HAS TO BE PAID = IT4 ,W\LD IT NOT P]HAPS BE BETT] TO SECURE UNIV]SAL PEACE BY ! SUPREMACY ( ONE ,P[]8 0,TO SECURE PEACE BY A WORLD F$]ATION0--SO A SUBMISSIVE PACIFI/ MAY >GUE--0W\LD REQUIRE SOME FA9T GLIMM]+S ( REASON 9 RUL]S & PEOPLES1 & IS !RE=E \T ( ! QUE/ION2 BUT TO SECURE IT BY ALL[+ ,G]MANY TO DICTATE T]MS TO ,EUROPE W\LD BE EASY1 9 VIEW ( ,G]MANY'S AMAZ+ MILIT>Y SUCCESS4 ,S9CE !RE IS NO O!R WAY ( 5D+ W>0-- SO \R ADVOCATE ( PEACE AT ANY PRICE W\LD CONT5D--0LET US ADOPT ?IS WAY1 :I* HAPP5S AT ! MOM5T TO BE OP5 TO US40 ,IT IS WOR? :ILE TO CONSID] ?IS VIEW MORE ATT5TIVELY ?AN IS COMMONLY CONSID]$4 

,!RE IS ONE GREAT HI/ORIC EXAMPLE ( A LONG PEACE SECUR$ 9 ?IS WAY2 ,I MEAN ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,WE 9 ,5GL& BOA/ ( ! ,PAX ,BRITANNICA :I* WE HAVE IMPOS$1 9 ?IS WAY1 UPON ! W>R+ RACES & RELIGIONS 9 ,9DIA4 ,IF WE >E RI<T 9 BOA/+ ( ?IS1 IF WE HAVE 9 FACT CONF]R$ A B5EFIT UPON ,9DIA BY 5=C$ PEACE1 ! ,G]MANS W\LD BE RI<T 9 BOA/+ IF !Y C\LD IMPOSE A ,PAX ,G]MANICA UPON ,EUROPE4 ,BE=E ! W>1 M5 MI<T HAVE SAID ?AT ,9DIA & ,EUROPE >E NOT ANALOG\S1 BECAUSE ,9DIA IS LESS CIVILIZ$ ?AN ,EUROPE2 BUT N[1 ,I HOPE1 NO ONE W\LD HAVE ! EFFRONT]Y TO MA9TA9 ANY?+ SO PREPO/]\S4 ,REPEAT$LY 9 MOD]N HI/ORY !RE HAS BE5 A *ANCE ( A*IEV+ ,EUROPEAN UNITY BY ! HEGEMONY ( A S+LE ,/ATE2 BUT ALWAYS ,5GL&1 9 OB$I5CE TO ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,BALANCE ( ,P[]1 HAS PREV5T$ ?IS CONSUMMATION1 & PRES]V$ :AT \R /ATESM5 HAVE CALL$ ! 0LIB]TIES ( ,EUROPE40 ,IT IS ?IS TASK UPON :I* WE >E N[ 5GAG$4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT ?9K \R /ATESM51 OR ANY O!RS AMONG US1 HAVE MADE MU* EF=T TO CONSID] :E!R ! TASK IS WOR? :AT IT CO/S4 

,9 ONE CASE WE W]E CLE>LY WRONG3 9 \R RESI/ANCE TO REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE4 ,IF REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE C\LD HAVE CONQU]$ ! ,CONT95T & ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ! WORLD W\LD N[ BE HAPPI]1 MORE CIVILIZ$1 & MORE FREE1 AS WELL AS MORE PEACEFUL4 ,BUT REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE WAS A QUITE EXCEPTIONAL CASE1 BECAUSE ITS E>LY CONQUE/S W]E MADE 9 ! NAME ( LIB]TY1 AGA9/ TYRANTS1 NOT AGA9/ PEOPLES2 & EV]Y:]E ! ,FR5* >MIES W]E WELCOM$ AS LIB]ATORS BY ALL EXCEPT RUL]S & BIGOTS4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,PHILIP ,I,I WE W]E AS CLE>LY RI<T AS WE W]E WRONG 9 #a#g#i#c4 ,BUT 9 BO? CASES \R ACTION IS NOT TO BE JUDG$ BY SOME AB/RACT DIPLOMATIC CONCEPTION ( ! 0LIB]TIES ( ,EUROPE10 BUT BY ! IDEALS ( ! ,P[] SEEK+ HEGEMONY1 & BY ! PROBABLE EFFECT UPON ! WELF>E ( ORD9>Y M5 & WOM5 ?R\<\T ,EUROPE4 

0,HEGEMONY0 IS A V]Y VAGUE WORD1 & EV]Y?+ TURNS UPON ! DEGREE ( 9T]F]5CE ) LIB]TY :I* IT 9VOLVES4 ,!RE IS A DEGREE ( 9T]F]5CE ) LIB]TY :I* IS FATAL TO MANY =MS ( NATIONAL LIFE2 = EXAMPLE1 ,ITALY 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES WAS CRU%$ BY ! SUPREMACY ( ,SPA9 & ,AU/RIA4 ,IF ! ,G]MANS W]E ACTUALLY TO ANNEX ,FR5* PROV9CES1 AS !Y DID 9 #a#h#g#a1 !Y W\LD PROBABLY 9FLICT A S]I\S 9JURY UPON ?OSE PROV9CES1 & MAKE !M LESS FRUITFUL = CIVILIZATION 9 G5]AL4 ,= SU* REASONS NATIONAL LIB]TY IS A MATT] ( REAL IMPORTANCE1 & A ,EUROPE ACTUALLY GOV]N$ BY ,G]MANY W\LD PROBABLY BE V]Y DEAD & UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,BUT IF 0HEGEMONY0 M]ELY MEANS 9CREAS$ WEI<T 9 DIPLOMATIC QUE/IONS1 MORE COAL+ /ATIONS & POSSESSIONS 9 ,AFRICA1 MORE P[] ( SECUR+ ADVANTAGE\S COMM]CIAL TREATIES1 !N IT CAN H>DLY BE SUPPOS$ ?AT IT W\LD DO ANY VITAL DAMAGE TO O!R NATIONS2 C]TA9LY IT W\LD NOT DO SO MU* DAMAGE AS ! PRES5T W> IS DO+4 ,I CANNOT D\BT ?AT1 BE=E ! W>1 A HEGEMONY ( ?IS K9D W\LD HAVE ABUNDANTLY SATISFI$ ! ,G]MANS4 ,BUT ! EFFECT ( ! W>1 SO F>1 HAS BE5 TO 9CREASE IMMEASURABLY ALL ! DANG]S :I* IT WAS 9T5D$ TO AV]T4 ,WE HAVE N[ ONLY ! *OICE BETWE5 C]TA9 EXHAU/ION ( ,EUROPE 9 FI<T+ ,G]MANY & POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO ! NATIONAL LIFE ( ,FRANCE BY ,G]MAN TYRANNY4 ,/AT$ 9 T]MS ( CIVILIZATION & HUMAN WELF>E1 NOT 9 T]MS ( NATIONAL PRE/IGE1 ?AT IS N[ 9 FACT ! ISSUE4 

,ASSUM+ ?AT W> IS NOT 5D$ BY ONE ,/ATE CONQU]+ ALL ! O!RS1 ! ONLY WAY 9 :I* IT CAN BE P]MAN5TLY 5D$ IS BY A WORLD-F$]ATION4 ,SO LONG AS !RE >E MANY SOV]EIGN ,/ATES1 EA* ) ITS [N ,>MY1 !RE CAN BE NO SECURITY ?AT !RE WILL NOT BE W>4 ,!RE WILL HAVE TO BE 9 ! WORLD ONLY ONE ,>MY & ONE ,NAVY BE=E !RE WILL BE ANY REASON TO ?9K ?AT W>S HAVE CEAS$4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT1 SO F> AS ! MILIT>Y FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE >E CONC]N$1 !RE WILL BE ONLY ONE ,/ATE1 :I* WILL BE WORLD-WIDE4 

,! CIVIL FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE--LEGISLATIVE1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 & JUDICIAL--HAVE NO V]Y ESS5TIAL CONNECTION ) ! MILIT>Y FUNCTIONS1 & !RE IS NO REASON :Y BO? K9DS ( FUNCTIONS %\LD NORMALLY BE EX]CIS$ BY ! SAME ,/ATE4 ,!RE IS1 9 FACT1 EV]Y REASON :Y ! CIVIL ,/ATE & ! MILIT>Y ,/ATE %\LD BE DIFF]5T4 ,! GREAT] MOD]N ,/ATES >E ALREADY TOO L>GE = MO/ CIVIL PURPOSES1 BUT = MILIT>Y PURPOSES !Y >E NOT L>GE 5\<1 S9CE !Y >E NOT WORLD-WIDE4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE AS TO ! DESIRABLE >EA = ! TWO K9DS ( ,/ATE 9TRODUCES A C]TA9 P]PLEXITY & HESITATION1 :5 IT IS NOT REALIZ$ ?AT ! TWO FUNCTIONS HAVE LITTLE NECESS>Y CONNECTION3 ONE SET ( CONSID]ATIONS PO9TS T[>DS SMALL ,/ATES1 ! O!R T[>DS CONT9UALLY L>G] ,/ATES4 ,( C\RSE1 IF !RE W]E AN 9T]NATIONAL ,>MY & ,NAVY1 !RE W\LD HAVE TO BE SOME 9T]NATIONAL AU?ORITY TO SET !M 9 MOTION4 ,BUT ?IS AU?ORITY NE$ NEV] CONC]N ITSELF ) ANY ( ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( NATIONAL ,/ATES3 IT NE$ ONLY DECL>E ! RULES :I* %\LD REGULATE !IR RELATIONS1 & PRON\NCE JUDICIALLY :5 ?OSE RULES HAVE BE5 SO 9FR+$ AS TO CALL = ! 9T]V5TION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL =CE4 ,H[ EASILY ! LIMIT ( ! AU?ORITY C\LD BE FIX$ MAY BE SE5 BY MANY ACTUAL EXAMPLES4 

,! CIVIL & MILIT>Y ,/ATE >E (T5 DIFF]5T 9 PRACTICE1 = MANY PURPOSES4 ,! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ,REPUBLICS >E SOV]EIGN = ALL PURPOSES EXCEPT !IR RELATIONS ) ,EUROPE1 9 REG>D TO :I* !Y >E SUBJECT TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 9 DEAL+S ) ,EUROPE1 ! ,>MY & ,NAVY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E !IR ,>MY & ,NAVY4 ,\R SELF-GOV]N+ ,DOM9IONS DEP5D = !IR DEF5SE1 NOT UPON !IR [N =CES BUT UPON \R ,NAVY4 ,MO/ ,GOV]NM5TS1 N[ADAYS1 DO NOT AIM AT =MAL ANNEXATION ( A C\NTRY :I* !Y WI% TO 9CORPORATE1 BUT ONLY AT A PROTECTORATE--?AT IS1 CIVIL AUTONOMY SUBJECT TO MILIT>Y CONTROL4 ,SU* AUTONOMY IS1 ( C\RSE1 9 PRACTICE 9COMPLETE1 BECAUSE IT DOES NOT 5ABLE ! 0PROTECT$0 C\NTRY TO ADOPT MEASURES :I* >E VETO$ BY ! ,P[] 9 MILIT>Y CONTROL4 ,BUT IT MAY BE V]Y NE>LY COMPLETE1 AS 9 ! CASE ( \R SELF-GOV]N+ ,DOM9IONS4 ,AT ! O!R EXTREME1 IT MAY BECOME A M]E F>CE1 AS 9 ,EGYPT4 ,9 ! CASE ( AN ALLIANCE1 !RE IS COMPLETE AUTONOMY ( ! SEP>ATE ALLI$ C\NTRIES1 TOGE!R ) :AT IS PRACTICALLY A COMB9ATION ( !IR MILIT>Y =CES 9TO ONE S+LE =CE4 

,! GREAT ADVANTAGE ( A L>GE MILIT>Y ,/ATE IS ?AT IT 9CREASES ! >EA OV] :I* 9T]NAL W> IS NOT POSSIBLE EXCEPT BY REVOLUTION4 ,IF ,5GL& & ,CANADA HAVE A DISAGREEM5T1 IT IS TAK5 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT A SETTLEM5T %ALL BE >RIV$ AT BY DISCUSSION1 NOT BY =CE4 ,/ILL MORE IS ?IS ! CASE IF ,MAN*E/] & ,LIV]POOL HAVE A QU>REL1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT EA* IS AUTONOM\S = MANY LOCAL PURPOSES4 ,NO ONE W\LD HAVE ?\<T IT REASONABLE ?AT ,LIV]POOL %\LD GO TO W> TO PREV5T ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,MAN*E/] ,%IP ,CANAL1 AL?\< ALMO/ ANY TWO ,GREAT ,P[]S W\LD HAVE GONE TO W> OV] AN ISSUE ( ! SAME RELATIVE IMPORTANCE4 ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA W\LD PROBABLY HAVE GONE TO W> OV] ,P]SIA IF !Y HAD NOT BE5 ALLIES2 AS IT IS1 !Y >RIV$ BY DIPLOMACY AT MU* ! SAME 9IQUIT\S RESULT AS !Y W\LD O!RWISE HAVE REA*$ BY FI<T+4 ,AU/RALIA & ,JAPAN W\LD PROBABLY FI<T IF !Y W]E BO? COMPLETELY 9DEP5D5T2 BUT BO? DEP5D = !IR LIB]TIES UPON ! ,BRITI% ,NAVY1 & !RE=E !Y HAVE TO ADJU/ !IR DIFF]5CES PEACEABLY4 

,! *IEF DISADVANTAGE ( A L>GE MILIT>Y ,/ATE IS ?AT1 :5 EXT]NAL W> OCCURS1 ! >EA AFFECT$ IS GREAT]4 ,! QUADRUPLE ,5T5TE =MS1 = ! PRES5T1 ONE MILIT>Y ,/ATE2 ! RESULT IS ?AT1 BECAUSE ( A DISPUTE BETWE5 ,AU/RIA & ,S]BIA1 ,BELGIUM IS DEVA/AT$ & ,AU/RALIANS >E KILL$ 9 ! ,D>DANELLES4 ,ANO!R DISADVANTAGE IS ?AT IT FACILITATES OPPRESSION4 ,A L>GE MILIT>Y ,/ATE IS PRACTICALLY OMNIPOT5T AGA9/ A SMALL ,/ATE1 & CAN IMPOSE ITS WILL1 AS ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA DID 9 ,P]SIA & AS ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y HAS BE5 DO+ 9 ,S]BIA4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE SURE ( AVOID+ OPPRESSION BY ANY PURELY ME*ANICAL GU>ANTEES2 ONLY A LIB]AL & HUMANE SPIRIT CAN AF=D A REAL PROTECTION4 ,IT HAS BE5 P]FECTLY POSSIBLE = ,5GL& TO OPPRESS ,IREL&1 9 SPITE ( DEMOCRACY & ! PRES5CE ( ,IRI% ,MEMB]S AT ,WE/M9/]4 ,NOR HAS ! PRES5CE ( ,POLES 9 ! ,REI*/AG PREV5T$ ! OPPRESSION ( ,PRUSSIAN ,POL&4 ,BUT DEMOCRACY & REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T UND\BT$LY MAKE OPPRESSION LESS PROBABLE3 !Y AF=D A MEANS BY :I* ?OSE :O MI<T BE OPPRESS$ CAN CAUSE !IR WI%ES & GRIEVANCES TO BE PUBLICLY KN[N1 !Y R5D] IT C]TA9 ?AT ONLY A M9ORITY CAN BE OPPRESS$1 & !N ONLY IF ! MAJORITY >E NE>LY UNANIM\S 9 WI%+ TO OPPRESS !M4 ,ALSO ! PRACTICE ( OPPRESSION AF=DS MU* MORE PLEASURE TO ! GOV]N+ CLASSES1 :O ACTUALLY C>RY IT \T1 ?AN TO ! MASS ( ! POPULATION4 ,= ?IS REASON ! MASS ( ! POPULATION1 :]E IT HAS P[]1 IS LIKELY TO BE LESS TYRANNICAL ?AN AN OLIG>*Y OR A BUREAUCRACY4 

,9 ORD] TO PREV5T W> & AT ! SAME TIME PRES]VE LIB]TY IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT !RE %\LD BE ONLY ONE MILIT>Y ,/ATE 9 ! WORLD1 & ?AT :5 DISPUTES BETWE5 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES >ISE1 IT %\LD ACT ACCORD+ TO ! DECISION ( A C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,?IS IS :AT W\LD NATURALLY RESULT FROM A F$]ATION ( ! WORLD1 IF SU* A ?+ EV] CAME AB\T4 ,BUT ! PROSPECT IS REMOTE1 & IT IS WOR? :ILE TO CONSID] :Y IT IS SO REMOTE4 

,! UNITY ( A NATION IS PRODUC$ BY SIMIL> HABITS1 9/9CTIVE LIK+1 A COMMON HI/ORY1 & A COMMON PRIDE4 ,! UNITY ( A NATION IS P>TLY DUE TO 9TR9SIC AFF9ITIES BETWE5 ITS CITIZ5S1 BUT P>TLY ALSO TO ! PRESSURE & CONTRA/ ( ! \TSIDE WORLD3 IF A NATION W]E ISOLAT$1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE ! SAME COHESION OR ! SAME F]VOR ( PATRIOTISM4 ,:5 WE COME TO ALLIANCES ( NATIONS1 IT IS SELDOM ANY ?+ EXCEPT \TSIDE PRESSURE ?AT PRODUCES SOLID>ITY4 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA1 TO SOME EXT5T1 >E DRAWN TOGE!R BY ! SAME CAUSES :I* (T5 MAKE NATIONAL UNITY3 A 7MORE OR LESS7 COMMON LANGUAGE1 SIMIL> POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SIMIL> AIMS 9 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS4 ,BUT ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 & ,RUSSIA W]E DRAWN TOGE!R SOLELY BY FE> ( ,G]MANY2 IF ,G]MANY HAD BE5 ANNIHILAT$ BY A NATURAL CATACLYSM1 !Y W\LD AT ONCE HAVE BEGUN TO HATE ONE ANO!R1 AS !Y DID BE=E ,G]MANY WAS /RONG4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! POSSIBILITY ( COOP]ATION 9 ! PRES5T ALLIANCE AGA9/ ,G]MANY AF=DS NO GR\ND :ATEV] = HOP+ ?AT ALL ! NATIONS ( ! WORLD MI<T COOP]ATE P]MAN5TLY 9 A PEACEFUL ALLIANCE4 ,! PRES5T MOTIVE = COHESION1 NAMELY A COMMON FE>1 W\LD BE GONE1 & C\LD NOT BE REPLAC$ BY ANY O!R MOTIVE UNLESS M5'S ?\<TS & PURPOSES W]E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT !Y >E N[4 

,! ULTIMATE FACT FROM :I* W> RESULTS IS NOT ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL1 & DOES NOT RE/ UPON ANY ME*ANICAL DIFFICULTY ( 9V5T+ MEANS = ! PEACEFUL SETTLEM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL DISPUTES4 ,! ULTIMATE FACT FROM :I* W> RESULTS IS ! FACT ?AT A L>GE PROPORTION ( MANK9D HAVE AN IMPULSE TO CONFLICT RA!R ?AN H>MONY1 & CAN ONLY BE BR\<T TO COOP]ATE ) O!RS 9 RESI/+ OR ATTACK+ A COMMON 5EMY4 ,?IS IS ! CASE 9 PRIVATE LIFE AS WELL AS 9 ! RELATIONS ( ,/ATES4 ,MO/ M51 :5 !Y FEEL !MSELVES SUFFICI5TLY /RONG1 SET TO WORK TO MAKE !MSELVES FE>$ RA!R ?AN LOV$2 ! WI% TO GA9 ! GOOD OP9ION ( O!RS IS CONF9$1 AS A RULE1 TO ?OSE :O HAVE NOT ACQUIR$ SECURE P[]4 ,! IMPULSE TO QU>REL+ & SELF-ASS]TION1 ! PLEASURE ( GETT+ ONE'S [N WAY 9 SPITE ( OPPOSITION1 IS NATIVE TO MO/ M54 ,IT IS ?IS IMPULSE1 RA!R ?AN ANY MOTIVE ( CALCULAT$ SELF-9T]E/1 :I* PRODUCES W>1 & CAUSES ! DIFFICULTY ( BR++ AB\T A ,WORLD-,/ATE4 ,& ?IS IMPULSE IS NOT CONF9$ TO ONE NATION2 IT EXI/S1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 9 ALL ! VIGOR\S NATIONS ( ! WORLD4 

,BUT AL?\< ?IS IMPULSE IS /RONG1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y IT %\LD BE ALL[$ TO LEAD TO W>4 ,IT WAS EXACTLY ! SAME IMPULSE :I* L$ TO DUEL+2 YET N[ CIVILIZ$ M5 CONDUCT !IR PRIVATE QU>RELS )\T BLOOD%$4 ,IF POLITICAL CONTE/ )9 A ,WORLD-,/ATE W]E SUB/ITUT$ = W>1 IMAG9ATION W\LD SOON ACCU/OM ITSELF TO ! NEW SITUATION1 AS IT HAS ACCU/OM$ ITSELF TO ABS5CE ( DUEL+4 ,?R\< ! 9FLU5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS & HABITS1 )\T ANY FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 HUMAN NATURE1 M5 W\LD LE>N TO LOOK BACK UPON W> AS WE LOOK UPON ! BURN+ ( H]ETICS OR UPON HUMAN SACRIFICE TO HEA!N DEITIES4 ,IF ,I W]E TO BUY A REVOLV] CO/+ SEV]AL P\NDS1 9 ORD] TO %OOT MY FRI5D ) A VIEW TO /EAL+ SIXP5CE \T ( HIS POCKET1 ,I %\LD BE ?\<T NEI!R V]Y WISE NOR V]Y VIRTU\S4 ,BUT IF ,I CAN GET SIXTY-FIVE MILLION ACCOMPLICES TO JO9 ME 9 ?IS CRIM9AL ABSURDITY1 ,I BECOME ONE ( A GREAT & GLORI\S NATION1 NOBLY SACRIFIC+ ! CO/ ( MY REVOLV]1 P]HAPS EV5 MY LIFE1 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! SIXP5CE = ! HONOR ( MY C\NTRY4 ,HI/ORIANS1 :O >E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY SYCOPHANTS1 WILL PRAISE ME & MY ACCOMPLICES IF WE >E SUCCESSFUL1 & SAY ?AT WE >E WOR?Y SUCCESSORS ( ! H]OES :O OV]?REW ! MI<T ( ,IMP]IAL ,ROME4 ,BUT IF MY OPPON5TS >E VICTORI\S1 IF !IR SIXP5CES >E DEF5D$ AT ! CO/ ( MANY P\NDS EA* & ! LIVES ( A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION1 !N HI/ORIANS WILL CALL ME A BRIG& 7AS ,I AM71 & PRAISE ! SPIRIT & SELF-SACRIFICE ( ?OSE :O RESI/$ ME4 

,W> IS SURR\ND$ ) GLAM\R1 BY TRADITION1 BY ,HOM] & ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 BY E>LY $UCATION1 BY ELABORATE MY?S AS TO ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ISSUES 9VOLV$1 BY ! H]OISM & SELF-SACRIFICE1 :I* !SE MY?S CALL \T4 ,JEPH?AH SACRIFIC+ HIS DAU<T] IS A H]OIC FIGURE1 BUT HE W\LD HAVE LET H] LIVE IF HE HAD NOT BE5 DECEIV$ BY A MY?4 ,MO!RS S5D+ !IR SONS TO ! BATTLEFIELD >E H]OIC1 BUT !Y >E AS MU* DECEIV$ AS ,JEPH?AH4 ,&1 9 BO? CASES ALIKE1 ! H]OISM :I* ISSUES 9 CRUELTY W\LD BE DISPELL$ IF !RE W]E NOT SOME /RA9 ( B>B>ISM 9 ! IMAG9ATIVE \TLOOK FROM :I* MY?S SPR+4 ,A ,GOD :O CAN BE PLEAS$ BY ! SACRIFICE ( AN 9NOC5T GIRL C\LD ONLY BE WOR%IP$ BY M5 TO :OM ! ?\<T ( RECEIV+ SU* A SACRIFICE IS NOT :OLLY ABHORR5T4 ,A NATION :I* BELIEVES ?AT ITS WELF>E CAN ONLY BE SECUR$ BY SUFF]+ & 9FLICT+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( EQUALLY HORRIBLE SACRIFICES1 IS A NATION :I* HAS NO V]Y SPIRITUAL CONCEPTION ( :AT CON/ITUTES NATIONAL WELF>E4 ,IT W\LD BE BETT] A HUNDR$FOLD TO =GO MAT]IAL COM=T1 P[]1 POMP1 & \TW>D GLORY ?AN TO KILL & BE KILL$1 TO HATE & BE HAT$1 TO ?R[ AWAY 9 A MAD MOM5T ( FURY ! BRI<T H]ITAGE ( ! AGES4 ,WE HAVE LE>N$ GRADUALLY TO FREE \R ,GOD FROM ! SAVAG]Y ) :I* ! PRIMITIVE ,ISRAELITES & ! ,FA!RS 5D[$ ,HIM3 FEW ( US N[ BELIEVE ?AT IT IS ,HIS PLEASURE TO TORTURE MO/ ( ! HUMAN RACE 9 AN ET]NITY ( HELL-FIRE4 ,BUT WE HAVE NOT YET LE>N$ TO FREE \R NATIONAL IDEALS FROM ! ANCI5T TA9T4 ,DEVOTION TO ! NATION IS P]HAPS ! DEEPE/ & MO/ WIDESPREAD RELIGION ( ! PRES5T AGE4 ,LIKE ! ANCI5T RELIGIONS1 IT DEM&S ITS P]SECUTIONS1 ITS HOLOCAU/S1 ITS LURID H]OIC CRUELTIES2 LIKE !M1 IT IS NOBLE1 PRIMITIVE1 BRUTAL1 & MAD4 ,N[1 AS 9 ! PA/1 RELIGION1 LAGG+ BEH9D PRIVATE CONSCI5CES ?R\< ! WEI<T ( TRADITION1 /EELS ! HE>TS ( M5 AGA9/ M]CY & !IR M9DS AGA9/ TRU?4 ,IF ! WORLD IS TO BE SAV$1 M5 MU/ LE>N TO BE NOBLE )\T BE+ CRUEL1 TO BE FILL$ ) FAI? & YET OP5 TO TRU?1 TO BE 9SPIR$ BY GREAT PURPOSES )\T HAT+ ?OSE :O TRY TO ?W>T !M4 ,BUT BE=E ?IS CAN HAPP51 M5 MU/ FIR/ FACE ! T]RIBLE REALIZATION ?AT ! GODS BE=E :OM !Y HAVE B[$ D[N W]E FALSE GODS & ! SACRIFICES !Y HAVE MADE W]E VA94 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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