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,CATALONIA & ! ,RE/ ( ,SPA9--,! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T ,VS4 ,CATALONIA--,POLITICS ,VS4 ,GEOGRAPHY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,CATALONIA & ! RE/ ( ,SPA9--,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T VS4 ,CATALONIA--,POLITICS VS4 GEOGRAPHY 

  

,)\T ! VICTORY ( ,JULY 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA1 ! MILIT>Y REVOLT W\LD HAVE BE5 VICTORI\S )\T HAV+ TO USE MU* AMMUNITION 9 ALMO/ ALL ( ,SPA91 BECAUSE ! VICTORY 9 ,MADRID W\LD HAVE BE5 TOO ISOLAT$1 & ,MADRID C\LD NOT RELY ON ! DEF5SIVE ADVANTAGES ( ,CATALONIA4 ,AL?\< !IR JOB WAS MADE MORE DIFFICULT BY ! ,JULY MOVEM5T1 ! COMM&]S ( ! G>RISONS :OSE SOLDI]S REMA9$ 9 !IR B>RACKS W]E WAIT+1 9 A HO/ILE 5VIRONM5T1 TO SEE :I* WAY ! W9D W\LD BL[ 9 ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY4 

,?AT WAS :5 WE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS HIATUS 9 ! FI<T+ TO =CE ! SURR5D] ( ! G>RISON ( ,LEVANTE1 :I* WAS /ILL SITT+ ON ! F5CE1 P]HAPS 5C\RAG$ BY ! ATTEMPTS MADE BY ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO TO =M A GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO S]VE AS A BRIDGE BETWE5 ! ,REPUBLIC & ! REVOLT4 ,9 O!R P>TS ( ,SPA9 ! MOVEM5T F\<T 5]GETICALLY1 BUT NOT ALWAYS SUCCESSFULLY4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! PRO-,AZANA ,POPUL> ,FRONT REFUS$ TO MAKE ! >MS !Y POSSESS$ AVAILABLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 & ?US GAVE ! 5EMY =CES 5\< OPPORTUNITIES TO CONC5TRATE !IR =CES & GO ON ! (F5SIVE1 :I* WAS CONDUCT$ )\T %[+ ANY RESPECT EV5 = !SE REPUBLICAN LEAD]S :O MADE !IR VICTORIES POSSIBLE4 ,! ABSURD CONFID5CE ( ! ,A/URIAN SOCIALI/S 9 ! LOYALTY ( COLONEL ,>&A WAS ! REASON = ! LOSS ( ,OVI$O1 & ) ! LOSS ( ,OVI$O1 ,A/URIAS AS A :OLE WAS IMMOBILIZ$ ) RESPECT TO ITS OPPORTUNITIES = S]V+ AS A SPR+BO>D = A MILIT>Y (F5SIVE & SEIZ+ T]RITORIES FROM ! 5EMY4 ,& IF ! 5TIRE REGION DID NOT FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! T9Y G>RISON ( ,OVI$O1 IT WAS BECAUSE \R COMRADES TOOK ! B>RACKS ( ,GIJON BY ASSAULT1 & IT WAS DUE TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES ?AT MO/ ( ! H]OIC M9+ DI/RICT WAS PURG$ ( 5EMY =CES4 

,! BATTLE 9 ! /REETS ( ,SEVILLE LA/$ SEV]AL DAYS1 BUT ! PEOPLE W]E DEFEAT$4 

,! FI<T+ WAS V]Y BITT] 9 ,MADRID1 :]E ! SOCIALI/S MANAG$ TO CONV9CE ! ,M9I/] ( ,W> TO ISSUE AN ORD] TO H& OV] #a1 RIFLES1 AN ORD] ?AT WAS LAT] REVOK$1 BUT ! C\NT]-ORD] WAS DISOBEY$4 ,! /ORM+ ( ! ,MONTANA B>RACKS IS ONE ( ! GLORI\S MOM5TS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! PEOPLE ( ,MADRID1 ALONG ) ,MAY #b1 #a#h#h1 & ! OV]?R[ ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( G5]AL ,F]N&EZ ,CORDOBA4 

,BUT IT IS NOT \R 9T5TION TO PA9T A PICTURE ( ,JULY #ai AS IT LOOK$ 9 EV]Y P>T ( ,SPA94 ,:AT WE ?9K %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ IS ! FACT ?AT )\T ! EXAMPLE ( ,B>CELONA1 & ?AT ( ALL ( ,CATALONIA1 ! REBELS W\LD HAVE TAK5 OV] ! :OLE C\NTRY & W\LD HAVE IMPOS$ !IR PLANN$ DICTATOR%IP ON ALL ( ,SPA91 S9CE !Y W\LD HAVE POSSESS$ ! MO/ P[]FUL G>RISONS1 ALMO/ ALL ! GUNP[D] & C>TRIDGE FACTORIES1 & ! /OCKPILES ( MUNITIONS 9 ,MOROCCO1 :I* MU/ HAVE CONTA9$ AT LEA/ SIXTY MILLION C>TRIDGES AT ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLT4 

,NOT ONLY DID WE LEAD ! WAY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE1 BUT WE W]E ALSO 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< !Y HAD TO OV]COME A LOT ( RESI/ANCE & MANY OB/ACLES1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 ! RE/ ( LOYALI/ ,SPA9 DID ! SAME ?+ WE HAD DONE 9 ,CATALONIA3 !Y TOOK POSSESSION ( L>GE L&$ E/ATES1 FACTORIES1 MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 HOSPITALS1 S*OOLS1 ETC4 

,WE UND]/OOD FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5TS ?AT IT WAS NOT ! ANTI-FASCI/ ALLIANCE AS A :OLE ?AT WAS BE+ EXPRESS$ 9 !SE POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 & ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( ?OSE :O PUBLICLY DISPLAY$ !IR SATISFACTION ) \R VICTORY W]E ACTUALLY QUITE WORRI$1 & W]E MORE AL>M$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y DANG] IMPLI$ BY A POPUL> W> AGA9/ FASCISM ?AN !Y W]E BY ! ?REAT POS$ TO CIVIL LIB]TIES BY ! MILIT>Y REVOLT4 ,IF ! SATISFACTION ( ! PEOPLE DEFI$ DESCRIPTION1 ! SATISFACTION EXPRESS$ \TW>DLY BY ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS WAS ONLY SO MU* LIP S]VICE1 P]=M$ RELUCTANTLY1 & ! VICTORY ( ! MASSES WAS CONSID]$ TO BE A NECESS>Y & UNAVOIDABLE EVIL AMID ! COMPLETE COLLAPSE ( ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ) :I* ! ,/ATE MI<T HAVE DEF5D$ ITSELF4 

,WE CON/ANTLY OBS]V$ ?IS V]Y SAME ATTITUDE 9 ! CONDUCT ( ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T4 ,V>I\S ,CAB9ETS ( DIV]SE POLITICAL HUES SUCCE$$ ONE ANO!R1 BUT ! ATTITUDE ( ALL ( !M WAS ! SAME3 AN UNDISGUIS$ HO/ILITY T[>DS EV]Y?+ ASSOCIAT$ ) ,CATALONIA1 ! REGION ?AT HAD L$ ! WAY BO? 9 ! M]CILESS W> AGA9/ FASCISM AS WELL AS 9 ! PR(\ND TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 

,9 RESPONSE TO ! 9COMPREH5SION & ! SY/EMATIC SABOTAGE ?AT CONFRONT$ \R EF=TS1 SU* AS ! EVID5T 9T5TION1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T1 TO FI<T ANY ADVANCES T[>DS SOCIAL JU/ICE ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES ( ! PRODUC]S MORE 5]GETICALLY ?AN ! 5EMY ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! TR5*ES1 WE C\LD HAVE DECL>$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CATALONIA1 SO WE C\LD MOVE =W>D AT ! PACE SET BY ! ,JULY EV5TS4 

,! IDEA WAS MORE OR LESS PROPOS$ BY C]TA9 SECTORS &1 ON A FEW OCCASIONS1 IT WAS EV5 BR&I%$ OP5LY AS A ?REAT1 BUT ! FACT ?AT ! C\NTRY'S GOLD WAS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T & ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ,CATALONIA WAS AN 9DU/RIAL ZONE ?AT HAD TO BE SUPPLI$ ) =EIGN RAW MAT]IALS1 COMB9$ ) 9CREAS+ DIFFICULTIES ) REG>D TO =EIGN EX*ANGE1 MADE IT CLE> ?AT POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE UND] !SE CONDITIONS WAS 9 FACT IMPOSSIBLE1 EXCEPT AS A HOLL[ GE/URE OR ELSE AS P>T ( A PLAN TO TURN ,CATALONIA 9TO A PROTECTORATE ( ,FRANCE1 )\T :OSE SUPPORT ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY1 & !RE=E ! W>1 W\LD HAVE BE5 UNSU/A9ABLE4 

,DESPITE EV]Y?+ WE HAD SACRIFIC$ & & ALL \R EF=TS TO PRIORITIZE C]TA9 K9DS ( PRODUCTION1 WE /ILL SUFF]$ FROM A SEV]E %ORTAGE ( C]TA9 RAW MAT]IALS1 SU* AS COTTON1 COAL1 METALS1 HEAVY OILS & LI<T PETROLEUM DI/ILLATES4 ,WE C\LD NOT EXP& \R W> 9DU/RY )\T =EIGN /EEL1 :I* HAD TO BE PUR*AS$ ) =EIGN CURR5CY1 & )\T IMPORT$ COPP]1 Z9C1 ETC42 & ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSOR ( ! GOLD 9 ! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 ?AT WAS NE$$ = !SE TRANSACTIONS4 

,BASQUE /EEL ALSO REQUIR$ =EIGN CURR5CY1 & 9 BO? ,EUZKADI & ,A/URIAS WE 5C\NT]$ NO?+ BUT DIFFICULTIES & OB/ACLES 9 \R ATTEMPTS TO OBTA9 ! RAW MAT]IALS ?AT !SE REGIONS POSSESS$ 9 ABUNDANCE4 ,WE RESORT$ TO UNUSUAL COMM]CIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE MADE A DEAL ) A MAJOR ,5GLI% FIRM ?AT SOLD ALUM9UM & Z9C TO ACQUIRE !SE METALS 9 EX*ANGE = ORANGES1 & = ?IS PURPOSE WE CONTRACT$ ! 5TIRE ORANGE H>VE/ ( ,ALM]IA & ,MURCIA1 & WE LOAD$ \R FIR/ %IP4 

,WE W\LD PAY = ! ORANGES ( ! ,LEVANTE F>M]S & 9 EX*ANGE WE W\LD RECEIVE ALUM9UM FROM ,5GL&4 ,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9T]V5$ &1 S9CE ! ORANGES HAD TO BE %IPP$ FROM PORTS UND] ITS CONTROL1 PREV5T$ ! OP]ATION1 DETA9$ ! %IP = WEEKS &1 :5 IT DECID$ TO SELL ! %IPM5T DIRECTLY ON ! OP5 M>KET1 ! ORANGES W]E ALREADY SPOIL$4 ,ON O!R OCCASIONS WE OBTA9$ OLIVE OIL1 SOLD IT 9 ,FRANCE & IMPORT$ MA*9ES 9 EX*ANGE2 BUT !SE OP]ATIONS W]E POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE WE CONTROLL$ ! BORD] & ! ,CATALONIAN PORTS1 :]E WE C\LD DISREG>D ! DECREES ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9T5D$ TO PREV5T US FROM OBTA9+ EV5 !SE MEAG] SUPPLIES = \R FACTORIES4 ,!SE PROC$URES1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT CAPABLE ( MEET+ ! NE$S ( ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY DUR+ W>TIME4 

,WE NE$$ =EIGN EX*ANGE1 WE NE$$ TO DRAW ON ! GOLD ( ! ,BANK ( ,SPA94 

,A BOLD F9ANCIAL POLICY SUCCESSFULLY OV]CAME ! OB/ACLES ( ! FIR/ MON?S BY CONFISCATIONS FROM ! BANKS ( ,CATALONIA2 BUT !SE CONFISCATIONS W]E !MSELVES LIMIT$ BY SC>CE SUPPLIES1 & ! TIME CAME :51 9 ORD] TO CONFRONT EXTREMELY URG5T NE$S1 WE HAD TO RESORT TO PR9T+ CURR5CY )\T ! AU?ORIZATION ( ! NATIONAL TREASURY4 

,WE !RE=E HAD TO FACE ! FOLL[+ DILEMMA3 WE EI!R HAD TO REA* SOME K9D ( AGREEM5T ) ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] TO DEFRAY ! CO/S ( ! W>1 OR ELSE WE W\LD HAVE TO DECIDE TO E/ABLI% A POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T REGIME ?AT W\LD MO/ LIKELY HAVE BE5 UNVIABLE DUR+ ! CONFLICT &1 AFT] ! W>1 W\LD HAVE BE5 A S\RCE ( MIS=TUNE = ,SPA9 & = ,CATALONIA4 

,!RE WAS ANO!R SOLUTION1 9VOLV+ AN EQUITABLE F$]ATIVE AGREEM5T1 AS ! HI/ORY & ! GEOGRAPHY ( ! ,P59SULA HAVE ALWAYS 9DICAT$ AS ADVISABLE1 BUT REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 TOO1 WAS ! CONT9UATION ( ! ,SPA9 ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,DYNA/Y .<! ,HABSBURGS.> & ! ,B\RBONS &1 9/EAD ( A F$]ATION1 ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T ONLY WANT$ TO TALK AB\T SUBJECTION1 ( ! SURR5D] ( ALL 9ITIATIVE TO ! C5TRALI/ BUREAUCRACY1 ( ! SURR5D] TO ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF ( ALL CONTROL OV] A W> ?AT WE HAD LAUN*$ :5 ?IS ,G5]AL ,/AFF DID NOT EV5 EXI/4 0,ONE K+ & ONE LAW0--?AT IS :AT ,PHILIP ,V SAID1 & ! SECOND REPUBLIC ALSO PROCLAIM$ 0ONE LAW01 &1 AL?\< IT HAD BE5 =C$ TO CONF] SOME SEMBLANCE ( AUTONOMY ON ,CATALONIA & ,EUZKADI1 IT WAS NONE!LESS /ILL MIR$ 9 ! C5TRALI/ TRADITION ( AN ANTI-,SPANI% PA/4 

,DID WE MAKE ! RI<T *OICE8 ,WE *OSE TO ACCEPT A SACRIFICE = ! SAKE ( ! W> & WE YIELD$1 EV5 ?\< WE W]E RI<T1 & WE HAD A WEAPON ?AT ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T LACK$3 ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT WAS IT POSSIBLE TO W9 ! W> )\T ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE8 ,& W\LD ! PEOPLE KNUCKLE UND]1 EMBITT]$ & RESIGN$1 AS WE DID8 

,DUR+ ! LA/ DAYS ( ! ,GIRAL ,CAB9ET1 :I* FOLL[$ ?AT ( ! UNSPEAKABLE ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 :OSE MYOPIA WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 WE W5T TO ,MADRID ) ,DIAZ ,S&9O1 & NOT = ! FIR/ TIME1 TO EXPLA9 ! SITUATION ( ,CATALONIA1 ITS NE$S & ITS POSSIBILITIES1 TO ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T CATEGORICALLY REFUS$ ANY SUPPORT = \R MILIT>Y 9ITIATIVES 9 ,>AGON & ! ,BALE>IC ,ISL&S4 ,BUT WE HAD TO LEAVE NO /ONE UNTURN$ 9 \R ATTEMPTS TO MAKE ! POLITICIANS 9 ,MADRID UND]/& ?AT ,CATALONIA HELD ! KEY TO VICTORY 9 ITS H&S & ?AT IT WAS A CRIME AGA9/ ,SPA9 & AGA9/ CULTURE1 ?REAT5$ BY ! MILIT>Y JACKBOOT1 NOT TO PLACE AT ! DISPOSAL ( ,CATALONIA ! RES\RCES ?AT IT LACK$1 9 ORD] TO BR+ ! CONFLICT TO A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION )9 A FEW MON?S4 

,MORE ?AN #a1 M5 HAD VOLUNTE]$ & JO9$ \R MILITIAS TO FI<T AT ! FRONT AGA9/ AN 5EMY ?AT HAD NOT YET ORGANIZ$ ITS [N DEF5SES4 ,WE LACK$ WEAPONS1 WE LACK$ MUNITIONS & WE LACK$ ! RAW MAT]IALS NE$$ TO CREATE A NASC5T W> 9DU/RY ?AT W\LD HAVE TO BE ! MO/ /ALW>T GU>ANTEE ( ! FUTURE POSSIBILITIES = ! PROSPECTS ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ CAUSE ON ! ,P59SULA4 

,WE SP5T A :OLE NI<T TALK+ ) ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 A MAN :O WAS V]Y MIS9=M$ & V]Y BADLY ADVIS$1 BUT :O SEEM$ TO BE S9C]E4 

,WE PUT ALL \R C>DS ON ! TABLE3 WE TOLD HIM AB\T ! P[]FUL WEAPON ?AT ,CATALONIA POSSESS$1 ITS PEOPLE'S CAPACITY = H]OISM1 & EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 9 A MOD]N W>1 VICTORY IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T A /RONG 9DU/RIAL BASE &1 9 ?IS CASE1 ONLY ! 9DU/RY ( ,CATALONIA1 ) ITS FIR/-CLASS TE*NOLOGY1 WAS 9 ANY POSITION TO MAKE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION4 

,WE EXPLA9$ \R MILIT>Y OPPORTUNITIES1 WE HI<LI<T$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,>AGON ,FRONT = ! PURPOSE ( CONNECT+ ! ,CATALONIAN REGION ) ! HEAVY 9DU/RY ( ,EUZKADI & ) ! COAL-M9+ ZONE ( ,A/URIAS4 ,WE RECALL HAV+ TOLD HIM ?AT \R W> W\LD BE WON ON ! DAY ?AT ! =CES ( ! ,>AGON ,FRONT L9K UP ) ! 9DU/RIAL & M9+ REGIONS ( NOR!RN ,SPA94 ,WE EXPLA9$ ?AT ALL WE NE$$ WAS HIS HELP ) ! F9ANCIAL RES\RCES ?AT WE LACK$ 9 ORD] TO CRU% ! 5EMY1 & DEPLOR$ ! FACT ?AT ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE ( A S5SELESS HATR$ ( ,CATALONIA & BECAUSE ( ITS FE> ( ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! REAL ,SPA91 %\LD PUT OB/ACLES 9 \R PA?1 :I* WAS ! WAY TO VICTORY & SALVATION = ALL4 

,WE REQUE/$ A SMALL ADVANCE ( =EIGN CURR5CY TO BUY P>TS = \R AIR =CE & TO ACQUIRE SOME >MS ?AT SOMEONE HAD (F]$ TO SELL TO US4 ,GIRAL SEEM$ TO BE P]SUAD$ ?AT WE W]E RI<T & ISSU$ AN ORD] TO GIVE US ! MONEY WE NE$$4 ,! ORD]S ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 H[EV]1 HAD A V]Y LIMIT$ JURISDICTION4 ,ONLY ?OSE ORD]S W]E OBEY$ ?AT DID NOT CONTRADICT ! PLANS ( ?OSE = :OM ! VALUES ( ! ,REPUBLIC W]E A JOKE1 & :O ONLY CONSID]$ SOME?+ TO BE 0,REPUBLICAN0 IF IT PR(IT$ !M OR !IR P>TY4 

,WE ALSO SPOKE AT L5G? AB\T ! GOLD ( ! ,BANK ( ,SPA91 :I* WAS 9 DANG]1 & WE /RONGLY ADVIS$ ITS IMM$IATE RELOCATION4 ,WE M5TION$ ! PREC$5T SET BY O!R C\NTRIES DUR+ ! ,WORLD ,W> & WE MADE HIM UND]/& ?AT ,MADRID WAS NOT SAFE & ?AT ! HI/ORIC RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 IF IT W]E TO ALL[ ! GOLD ( ! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! 5EMY1 W\LD BE 9CALCULABLE4 ,GIRAL SUMMON$ HIS F9ANCIAL ADVIS]S TO DISCUSS ?IS PO9T ) US4 ,!SE ADVIS]S W]E OLD CIVIL S]VANTS :O MAY HAVE POSSESS$ SOME TE*NICAL KN[L$GE ( F9ANCE1 BUT IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ! FIR/ ?+ ON !IR M9DS WAS KEEP+ !IR JOBS4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ \TSPOK5 ( ,GIRAL'S ADVIS]S F9ALLY ACCEPT$ \R PROPOSAL TO TRANSF] ! NATIONAL TREASURY TO A SAF] LOCATION1 BUT ONLY ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! EMPLOYES ( ! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 W\LD ALSO BE TRANSF]R$ SO ?AT !Y W\LD NOT LOSE !IR JOBS4 

,WE LEFT ?AT MEET+ ) ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 CONV9C$ ?AT WE HAD T\*$ A S5SITIVE *ORD & ?AT1 9 ! FUTURE1 RELATIONS BETWE5 ,MADRID & ,CATALONIA W\LD NOT BE SO ADV]S>IAL1 & ?AT WE W\LD BE SP>$ ! SY/EMATIC SABOTAGE ?AT WE HAD SUFF]$ UP TO ?AT PO9T4 

,%ORTLY !REAFT]1 ! ,GIRAL ,GOV]NM5T FELL & NO?+ REMA9$ ( ALL ! ?+S WE TALK$ AB\T & AGRE$ UPON EXCEPT ! MEMORY ( !M WE PRES]VE = PO/]ITY4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O SUCCE$$ ,GIRAL2 H[EV]1 HE PURSU$ ! SAME ( POLICY ( MI/RU/ T[>DS ,CATALONIA1 REFUS+ ! MO/ BASIC NECESSITIES TO ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 :I* WAS 9 FACT ! FRONT ?AT C\LD POT5TIALLY BE ! SPR+BO>D TO BR+ AB\T ! 5D ( ! W>4.<#a#h.> 

,IT DID NOT MATT] :AT ORD]S ! ,M9I/]S ISSU$1 IF ! EXECUTION ( !IR ORD]S DEP5D$ ON C>E] MILIT>Y (FIC]S OR CIVIL S]VANTS :O W\LD 5=CE !IR SUP]IOR'S ORD]S ONLY IF !Y WANT$ TO DO SO4 ,WE HAD F\R ,M9I/]S 9 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S ,CAB9ET1 ?REE ( :OM W]E FROM ,CATALONIA & :O UND]/OOD ! SITUATION WE HAD TO FACE1 BUT ! SITUATION REMA9 UN*ANG$4 ,! REAL ,GOV]NM5T WAS NOT COT]M9\S ) ! O/5SIBLE CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITIES4 

,WE ALSO ATT5D$ AN 9T]VIEW1 ) ,DIAZ ,S&9O1 ) ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,MANUEL ,AZANA1 AT ! OLD ROYAL PALACE 9 ,MADRID4 ,\R 9T]VIEW TOOK PLACE DUR+ ?OSE DAYS ( PANIC FOLL[+ ! DISA/] AT ,TALAV]A4 ,WE MET ,AZANA AT #a3 P4M4 ,! BODYGU>DS ( ! ,PRESID5T /OOD \T ) !IR IMMACULATE UNI=MS1 9 CONTRA/ TO \R DRAB MILITIA G>B4 

,WE EXPLA9$ \R SITUATION 9 ,CATALONIA & \R PRESS+ NE$S & WE TOLD HIM AB\T \R CONV]SATIONS ) ,GIRAL & CONVEY$ \R IMPRESSION ?AT HE WELCOM$ \R PROPOSALS4 ,WE ASK$ ,AZANA TO P]SONALLY 9T]V5E 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! PROMISES ?AT HAD BE5 MADE TO US FROM BE+ FRU/RAT$4 ,AZANA TOLD US ?AT HE WAS LIKE A PRISON]1 ?AT ! ,CON/ITUTION DID NOT ALL[ HIM TO 9T]V5E 9 ANY?+ & ?AT HIS FUNCTION WAS TO KEEP QUIET & LET ?OSE :O W]E LEGALLY VE/$ ) ! ROLE ( GOV]N+ TO DO ALL ! TALK+1 ) ! HELP ( ! P>TIES OR ! LEGISLATURE4 ,WE PLEAD$ ) HIM TO USE ! PRE/IGE ?AT HE 5JOY$1 & NOT JU/ 9 ,SPA94 ,HIS SIL5CE & PASSIVITY1 UND] ! EGIS ( ! ,CON/ITUTION OR = O!R REASONS1 AM\NT$ TO A CRIME1 & HIS ATTITUDE ( JU/ %RUGG+ HIS %\LD]S :5 FAC$ BY SU* A TRAG$Y DOES NOT ADMIT ( ANY G5]\S 9T]PRETATIONS4 

,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( \R CONV]SATION WE RECEIV$ ! IMPRESSION ?AT ?IS MAN DID NOT SYMPA?IZE ) FASCISM1 BUT ?AT HE WAS EV5 LESS DISPOS$ TO SYMPA?IZE ) ! REVOLUTION & ) ! DIRECT 9T]V5TION ( ! PEOPLE 9 PUBLIC LIFE )\T ANY RESPECT = ! B>RI]S E/ABLI%$ BY ! REPUBLICAN RULES ?AT W]E BORN ) ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,AT ONE PO9T 9 ! CONV]SATION1 ,DIAZ ,S&9O HAD ! FRANKNESS TO TELL ,AZANA ?AT HIS POLICY WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! MILIT>Y REVOLT & ?AT ! 9DECISIV5ESS ( ! DEMOCRACY & ( ! ALLEG$ REPUBLICANS :O NEV] MEASUR$ UP TO ! REPUBLICANISM !Y PR(ESS$ HAD L$ US TO ! RESULTS ) :I* WE W]E !N SO FAMILI>4 ,\R FELL[ DELEGATE HAD HIS REASONS = SPEAK+ ?IS WAY4 ,HE HAD BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT FIGURES 9 ! CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! MON>*Y1 & %ORTLY BE=E ! MILIT>Y REVOLT HE W5T TO ,MADRID 9 A VA9 ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE 9DISPUTABLE EVID5CE ?AT ! REVOLT WAS IMM95T1 & NO ONE LI/5$ TO HIM4 ,AZANA1 :O SEEM$ TO LACK ! N]VE TO FACE ! TRAG$Y ?AT HAD 5GULF$ US1 ACT$ AS IF HE WAS DEEPLY (F5D$ AT BE+ REM9D$ ( ! TRU? 9 HIS [N CA/LE4 ,?IS PRISON] ( ! ,CON/ITUTION BECAME SO ANGRY ?AT WE ?\<T WE %\LD GET UP & DEP>T )\T ASK+ ! LEAVE ( ! ,HEAD ( ,/ATE4 ,AZANA PAUS$ TO REFLECT = A MOM5T1 !N HE S(T5$ ! TONE ( HIS FAKE 9DIGNATION1 & WE /OPP$ TALK+ AB\T ! CONDITIONS ON \R ,>AGON ,FRONT4 

,= M5 LIKE ,AZANA1 ! FASCI/ CONSPIRACY & ! LOSS ( ! W> W]E FATAL4 

,\R J\RNEY ?R\< LOYALI/ ,SPA9 BETWE5 ,MADRID & ,CATALONIA WAS TRULY MOV+4 ,! PEOPLE'S MILITIAS1 FOLL[+ \R EXAMPLE1 HAD ORGANIZ$ TO FI<T1 :]E ! T]RA9 ALL[$1 A W> 9 :I* !Y W]E \TMAT*$ BECAUSE ( ! QUALITY ( !IR WEAPONS2 BUT !IR WILL TO TRIUMPH WAS SO GREAT ?AT1 IF !Y HAD BE5 GRANT$ EV5 A SMALL AM\NT ( AID BE=E ! 9T]NATIONAL COMPLICATIONS ?AT W]E TO %ORTLY 5SUE1 \R VICTORY W\LD HAVE BE5 OV]:ELM+4 

,NUM]\S DELEGATIONS FROM !SE IMPROVIS$ MILIT>Y DETA*M5TS MET ) ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T TO APPEAL = MILIT>Y EQUIPM5T2 & AFT] !IR RETURN FROM ,MADRID1 DISC\RAG$ & BITT]1 !Y CAME TO ,B>CELONA TO TELL US H[ DESP]ATE !Y W]E1 & TO EXPLA9 TO US !IR IDEAS AB\T H[ TO FI<T ! W>1 & TO RELATE !IR EXP]I5CES & DISAPPO9TM5TS ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,WE1 AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! PEOPLE FROM :OM WE HAVE >IS5 & FROM :OM WE HAVE NEV] SEP>AT$1 UND]/OOD ! IMM5SE PA9 ( ?OSE :O HAD TO RETURN TO !IR COMRADES ON EV]Y FRONT ) EMPTY H&S1 & TELL !M ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC HAD REFUS$ TO HELP !M4 

,WE COMMIS]AT$ ) !M1 BUT \R HI<LY-DEVELOP$ SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY CAUS$ ! COMBATANTS ( ! O!R REGIONS TO P]CEIVE AT ! V]Y LEA/ ?AT WE HAD A S9C]E DESIRE TO ASSI/ !M4 ,WE S5T WEAPONS & MUNITIONS TO EV]Y FRONT3 TO ,CORDOBA1 ,MALAGA1 ! ,C5T]1 ,LEVANTE1 ,IRUN1 ETC42 WE PROVID$ SOME >TILL]Y PIECES TO ! ,S\!RN ,FRONTS AT ! SAME TIME ?AT WE W]E CONDUCT+ OP]ATIONS AT ,MALLORCA AS WELL AS PURSU+ \R CAMPAIGN TO RECONQU] ,>AGON4 ,NOT C\NT+ M$ICAL EQUIPM5T1 AMBULANCES1 TRUCKS1 FOOD1 CLO?+1 & >TILL]Y %ELLS ( EV]Y CALIB]1 :I* WE HAD BEGUN TO MANUFACTURE ON A L>GE SCALE4 

,WE W]E TRULY GRIEF-/RICK5 ?AT WE DID NOT HAVE 5\< W> MAT]IEL TO %>E IT 9 COMMON ) A H]OIC PEOPLE ?AT WAS READY TO /AKE !IR LIVES 9 DEF5SE ( !IR LIB]TY & !IR FUTURE4 ,NO MATT] H[ DIRE \R SITUATION WAS1 H[EV]1 ?OSE :O CAME TO US 9 SE>* ( HELP NEV] LEFT ) EMPTY H&S4 

,WE CONTRIBUT$ AB\T #a1 >M$ M5 TO ! DEF5SE ( ,MADRID ITSELF1 & WE PROMIS$ ?AT1 AT A MOM5T'S NOTICE1 IF ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T W\LD AGREE TO GIVE US ! NECESS>Y WEAPONS1 \R ASSI/ANCE 9 T]MS ( M5 W\LD BE UNLIMIT$4 

,EV]YONE KN[S AB\T ! FALL ( ,MALAGA & ! SURR5D] ( ,BILBAO TO ! ,ITALIAN DIVISIONS1 & EV]YONE HAS VEHEM5TLY EXPRESS$ !IR CRITICISM ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT L$ UP TO !SE DISA/]S4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS ! ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 & ?IS EV5T1 FOLL[$ BY ! BLOODY CONFLICT 9 ,B>CELONA1 W]E CAPITALIZ$ UPON 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( ONE GOV]NM5T & REPLACE IT ) O!R GOV]NM5TS ?AT W]E MORE AM5ABLE TO ,MOSC['S /RATEGY = VICTORY4 

,A FEW HI<-LEVEL MILIT>Y COMM&]S W]E IMPRISON$1 9CLUD+ G5]AL ,AS5SIO1 BUT AFT] T5 MON?S ( 9VE/IGATION !Y W]E RELEAS$ )\T FAC+ TRIAL1 BECAUSE EV5 ! ,P>TY ?AT HAD ORIG9ALLY ACCUS$ !M ( WRONGDO+ F9ALLY HAD TO ADMIT ?AT !Y HAD BE5 HUNG \T TO DRY4 ,AS = ! LOSS ( ,BILBAO & ( ALL ( ,NOR!RN ,SPA91 :I* 9 ?IS CASE WAS ! RESULT ( ! BRILLIANT ROLE PLAY$ 9 \R W> BY ! ,RUSSIAN ADVIS]S1 !RE WAS NO LACK ( CULPABLE P>TIES1 YET ?OSE :O W]E (FICIALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! CONDUCT ( ! W> DID NOT GO TO JAIL1 BECAUSE ?IS TIME !Y W]E ONLY FOLL[+ ORD]S FROM ! ,KREML94 ,! FIR/ /EP 9 ! LOSS ( ,NOR!RN ,SPA91 H[EV]1 WAS ! LOSS ( ,IRUN1 A MAGNIFIC5T /RATEGIC POSITION = ! 5EMY'S RELATIONS ) ,FRANCE4 

,UNLIKE ,BILBAO1 :OSE SURR5D] WAS PLANN$ 9 ADVANCE1 BECAUSE IT WAS NOT DEF5D$ & BECAUSE ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 !N 9 ,VAL5CIA1 HAD FAIL$ TO PROVIDE ! AIR SUPPORT ?AT WAS AVAILABLE & )\T :I* ! DEF5SE ( ! CITY WAS ?\<T TO BE IMPOSSIBLE1 ,IRUN'S DEF5D]S F\<T H]OICALLY TO ! LA/ BULLET & ! LA/ H& GR5ADE4 ,! >M$ WORK]S ( ?AT C\NTY P]=M$ FEATS ( EXTRAORD9>Y BRAV]Y4 ,IF ,IRUN W]E TO HAVE RECEIV$ SOME AID IT W\LD NOT HAVE SURR5D]$ )\T CLAIM+ A L>GE PROPORTION ( ,FRANCO'S TROOPS4 

,IRUN DID NOT ASK = AIRPLANES1 OR >TILL]Y2 IT ONLY REQUE/$ RIFLES1 A FEW MA*9E GUNS1 SOME AMMUNITION4 ,IT DISPAT*$ SOME DELEGATIONS TO ,CATALONIA TO EXPLA9 ! DESP]ATE SITUATION ( ! COMBATANTS ( !IR REGION DUE TO A %ORTAGE ( WEAPONS & AMMUNITION4 ,!Y ASSUR$ US ?AT ,IRUN W\LD NOT FALL IF !Y C\LD OBTA9 MEANS TO DEF5D IT4 ,ALL !IR APPEALS TO ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T = WEAPONS W]E 9 VA91 & ! EMISS>IES !N TURN$ T[>DS ,CATALONIA TO ASK = HELP4 

,WE REMA9$ 9 CONTACT ) !M VIA TELEPHONE & !Y PLEAD$ SO 9SI/5TLY & SO S9C]ELY ?AT WE C\LD NOT REMA9 9DIFF]5T4 ,WE C\LD NOT SUPPLY ! MILITIAS 9 ,>AGON ?AT W]E CRY+ \T = AMMUNITION TO NO AVAIL4 ,! PROBLEM ( ,IRUN WAS ADDRESS$ ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS AT MEET+S ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS2 BUT \R /OCKPILES W]E COMPLETELY EXHAU/$4 

,WE UND]/OOD ?AT ,MADRID HAD AB&ON$ ?AT BRAVE ,NOR!RN CITY & ?AT WE1 REG>DLESS ( H[ MANY SACRIFICES WE MI<T MAKE1 C\LD NOT SAVE IT4 ,BUT ! TELEPHONE CALLS IMPLOR+ \R ASSI/ANCE W\LD NOT BE 5TIRELY 9 VA94 ,!RE W]E NO WEAPONS LEFT 9 ! ,>MORY & !RE=E1 AS ON O!R OCCASIONS1 WE CALL$ UPON ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I4 ,!Y H&$ OV] SEV]AL HUNDR$ RIFLES & SOME MA*9E GUNS & WE IMM$IATELY LOAD$ ?IS C>GO ON SOME TRUCKS & S5T !M T[>DS ,IRUN1 VIA ,FRANCE4 

,! TRUCKS RAN 9TO A FEW OB/ACLES 5 R\TE1 BUT !Y DID >RIVE 9 TIME1 & W]E MET BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,UNIT>Y ,TRADE ,UNIONS ( ,IRUN1 :I* NOTIFI$ US ( !IR >RIVAL4 ,:ILE ! TRUCKS W]E RAC+ T[>DS !IR DE/9ATION ) !IR PRECI\S C>GO1 WE W]E ABLE1 ) SOME DIFFICULTY1 TO OBTA9 #c1 C>TRIDGES1 ) :I*1 ! COMBATANTS ( ,IRUN ASSUR$ US1 !Y W\LD BE ABLE TO REPULSE ! FASCI/ (F5SIVE ?AT ?REAT5$ TO ANNIHILATE !M & W]E AWAIT+ O!R W> MAT]IEL ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO >RIVE AT ANY MOM5T4 ,IT ALL DEP5D$ ON :E!R ! AMMUNITION W\LD >RIVE 9 TIME4 ,WE NE$$ A MEANS TO TRANSPORT SEV]AL TONS ( C>TRIDGES4 

,\R AIRFIELD HAD NO?+ ?AT C\LD C>RY ?AT K9D ( C>GO4 ,WE APPEAL$ TO ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T1 TO ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,NAVY & ! ,AIR ,=CE1 TO ! COMM&]S ( ! ,AIR ,=CE4 ,WE CONTACT$ ALL ! PORTS1 EXPLA9+ ! H[ URG5T IT WAS TO S5D ?IS AMMUNITION ?AT WE HAD OBTA9$ ) SU* DIFFICULTY1 & EV5 BY DEPRIV+ \R [N COMBATANTS ( ITS USE4 

,NO ONE WANT$ TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ANY?+4 ,WE HAD PREP>$ EV]Y?+1 ! PEOPLE'S =CES ( ,IRUN W]E /ILL WAIT+ AT !IR AIRPORT ANXI\SLY EXPECT+ ! >RIVAL ( ! DESP]ATELY NE$$ AMMUNITION ?AT W\LD SAVE !M4 ,! ,M9I/] ( ! ,NAVY & ,AIR ,=CE PROMIS$ TO S5D US A ,D\GLAS & WE %IPP$ ! C>GO ( AMMUNITION TO ! AIRFIELD AT ,PRAT 9 ORD] NOT TO LOSE ANY PRECI\S TIME4 

,! TELEPHONE CALLS FROM ,IRUN W]E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY MORE URG5T & ! ,D\GLAS HAD NOT >RIV$4 ,WE %\T$1 WE RA9$ EV]Y K9D ( 9SULT D[N UPON ?OSE :O1 FROM !IR ,M9I/]IAL EASY *AIRS 9 ,MADRID W\LD TRANQUILLY CONS5T TO AB&ON A POPULATION 9 :I* SEV]AL ?\S& M5 & WOM5 W]E READY TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+ TO KEEP ?AT PRECI\S /RON<OLD 9 \R P[]4 

,ALL \R EF=TS W]E 9 VA94 ,MADRID DID NOT PROVIDE US ) ! NECESS>Y MEANS ( TRANSPORT IT PROMIS$1 P]HAPS RELUCTANTLY1 NOR DID IT WANT TO HELP ! COMBATANTS 9 ! ,NOR? BY S5D+ !M ANY ( ITS [N /ORES ( AMMUNITION4 ,IRUN FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! 5EMY AFT] A DESP]ATE & EXEMPL>Y /RUGGLE4 

,:5 WE ?9K ( ! SACRIFICE ( ! MILITIAS ( ,IRUN WE CAN ONLY CL5* \R FI/S 9 RAGE AT ! ATTITUDE1 :I* WAS DECISIVE1 ( ! HI<E/ LEVELS ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 

,ALL ! COMM&]S ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT W]E DRIV+ US TO DI/RACTION ) !IR CON/ANT DEM&S = WEAPONS & AMMUNITION1 & NO ONE WAS MORE T5ACI\S & 9SI/5T 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AN ,DURRUTI1 :O HAD E/ABLI%$ HIS G5]AL HEADQU>T]S 9 ,BUJ>ALOZ4 ,HE BOMB>D$ US ) DAILY TIRADES 5UM]AT+ ALL ! ?+S HE NE$$ TO FI<T & W9 ! W>4 

,WE C\LD NOT GIVE HIM1 OR ANYONE ELSE1 ANY?+1 BECAUSE WE HAD NO?+4 ,ONCE1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! URG5CY ( HIS DEM&S1 & NOT KN[+ ANY WAY TO PACIFY HIM1 WE TOLD HIM ?AT ALL HIS PLEAD+ WAS FUTILE1 BECAUSE ! POSITION ?AT HE OCCUPI$ ON ! ,FRONT WAS ! LEA/ SUITABLE = AN (F5SIVE AGA9/ ,Z>AGOZA1 & ?AT HE WAS CONDEMN$1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 ! FIR/ TO GO TO ! ,FRONT1 TO BE ! LA/ TO 5T] ! CITY HE HAD SET HIS SI<TS ON TAK+1 :]E SO MANY ( \R FRI5DS HAD BE5 MASSACR$ & :OSE DEA?S HE HAD SWORN TO AV5GE4 ,WE CAN /ILL HE> HIM SCREAM+ AT ! O!R 5D ( ! TELEPHONE CONNECTION4 ,?AT WAS ! MO/ 9SULT+ & PROVOCATIVE ?+ WE C\LD HAVE SAID TO HIM4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO ! TRU?2 ! BRIDGES OV] ! ,EBRO HAD BE5 DE/ROY$1 & ,DURRUTI C\LD NOT CROSS ! RIV] UNLESS ! COLUMNS ( ! ,S\!RN ,EBRO OR ! COLUMNS S5T T[>DS ,HUESCA W]E ALREADY AT ! GATES ( ,Z>AGOZA4 

,:5 HE RETURN$ TO ,B>CELONA1 WE TOLD HIM AB\T ALL \R ADV5TURES & MISADV5TURES ) ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T2 WE TOLD HIM ?AT WE ?\<T ?AT ,MADRID HAD ABSOLUTELY AB&ON$ US1 & ?AT WE C\LD NOT C\NT ON GETT+ ANY HELP AT ALL FROM ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T AS LONG AS WE W]E 9 CONTROL ( ! ,>AGON ,FRONT & ,CATALONIA4 ,WE MADE HIM SEE H[ LITTLE WE HAD TO WORK ) & JU/ H[ HELPLESS WE W]E ) RESPECT TO SUPPLY+ \R MILITIA UNITS ) WEAPONS & AMMUNITION4 

,WE HAD DIS>M$ MANY ( \R [N COMRADES 9 ,B>CELONA & ! SURR\ND+ C\NTIES TO GIVE HIM SOME RIFLES1 BUT ALL ( !M W]E JU/ A DROP 9 ! OCEAN1 IF WE C\LD NOT 5=CE A REAL DIS>MAM5T ( ! RE>GU>D2 A %ORT TIME LAT]1 WE W\LD ALSO FACE A SEV]E %ORTAGE ( C>TRIDGES4 

,CONV9C$ ( \R FAILURE 9 \R NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T--NEGOTIATIONS 9 :I* ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS HAD AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R P>TICIPAT$--WE SUGGE/$ ?AT HE %\LD TRY HIS LUCK AT SEEK+ AN APPO9TM5T AS ! COMM&] ( AN IMPORTANT SECTOR ( ! ,FRONT4 ,SO ,DURRUTI LEFT ,B>CELONA TO MEET ) ,L>GO ,CABALL]O4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ EXACTLY :AT WORDS W]E EX*ANG$ BY ,DURRUTI & ! *IEF ( /ATE1 BUT WE >E SURE ?AT HE DEF5D$ \R CAUSE ) ALL ! 5]GY ( :I* HE WAS CAPABLE4 

,HE TOLD ,CABALL]O AB\T SOME ( ! PROPOSALS TO SELL US WEAPONS ?AT HAD BE5 MADE BY =EIGN >MS DEAL]S4 ,HE LEFT ,MADRID ) G5]\S PROMISES ( SUPPORT & RETURN$ 9 A GOOD MOOD TO ,CATALONIA TO REJO9 HIS UNIT1 AWAIT+ ! FULFILLM5T ( ! PROMISES MADE BY ,CABALL]O4 ,WE 5?USIA/ICALLY %>$ HIS JUBILATION & = A BRIEF MOM5T WE FELT A S5SE ( HOPE4 ,BUT ! WEEKS & MON?S PASS$ & ! PROMISES MADE TO ,DURRUTI1 JU/ LIKE ! PROMISES ?AT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY MADE TO US1 W]E TO REMA9 UNFULFILL$4 

,A FEW MON?S LAT] WE S5T ,DURRUTI TO S]VE 9 ! DEF5SE ( ,MADRID1 :5 ! SITUATION !RE WAS MORE S]I\S & !RE WAS A V]Y REAL DANG] ?AT ! CITY MI<T BE OCCUPI$ BY ! 5EMY4 ,9/EAD ( GETT+ ! >MS WE W]E PROMIS$ = ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 WE EV5 HAD TO GIVE UP SEV]AL DOZ5 MA*9E GUNS & SEV]AL ?\S& RIFLES1 ) ?REE OR F\R >TILL]Y BATT]IES1 TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEF5SE ( ,MADRID1 :OSE FALL W\LD HAVE MEANT1 BECAUSE ( ITS MORAL & 9T]NATIONAL REP]CUSSIONS1 ! 5D ( ! W>1 & !RE HE DI$1 AFT] HAV+ PROVID$ SOME MAGNIFIC5T EXAMPLES ( H]OISM4 

,SOME MILIT>Y H>DW>E HAD BE5 PUR*AS$ ?R\< ! M$IATION ( ! ,RUSSIANS1 :O HAD BEGUN TO >RIVE 9 ,SPA91 & ?R\< A ,PUR*AS+ ,COMMISSION ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,ORD]S HAD BE5 ISSU$ =BIDD+ ANY ( !SE %IPM5TS FROM BE+ UNLOAD$ AT ,CATALONIAN PORTS4 

,?IS WAS :AT MADE US REALLY ANGRY4 ,EV5 :5 ?IS OR ?AT C>GO WAS E>M>K$ = US1 NO?+ >RIV$4 ,WE HAD BE5 (F]$ SUPPLIES1 BUT WE W\LD HAVE TO PAY = !M1 & WE ALWAYS CAME UP AGA9/ ! DEAD 5D ( NOT HAV+ ANY =EIGN CURR5CY4 ,IT MAY V]Y WELL BE ! CASE ?AT1 \T ( EV]Y #a (F]S1 #ii W]E FAKE1 BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT WE NEV] HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO SEE :E!R OR NOT ?IS WAS TRUE1 BECAUSE WE C\LD NEV] EV5 PUT D[N A DEPOSIT ON ANY DEALS4 ,WE EV5 RECEIV$ (F]S FROM ,G]MANY1 = :I* WE W\LD HAVE TO PAY 9 ADVANCE1 = C>GO TO BE %IPP$ TO ,B>CELONA4 ,:AT %\LD WE HAVE DONE8 ,& !RE WAS MORE3 WE HAD RECEIV$ (F]S1 VIA ,P>IS1 TO SELL US ,ITALIAN W>PLANES4 ,W\LD ?IS BE ! FIR/ W> ?AT WAS EV] LO/ DUE TO A LACK ( WEAPONS :5 ! NATIONAL TREASURY WAS FULL ( MONEY TO BUY !M8 

,9 ! MEANTIME ! 5EMY1 AFT] ! DISA/] ( ,TALAV]A1 /AG$ A V]Y DANG]\S ADVANCE ON ,MADRID4 ,!RE WAS SOME TALK ( TAK+ :AT WE NE$$4 ,! ,TREASURY ( ! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 %\LD NOT BE LEFT 9 ! H&S ( A ,GOV]NM5T ?AT DID NOT DO ANY?+ RI<T & WAS LOS+ ! W>4 ,EV5 IF WE TOOK ?IS MONEY1 H[EV]1 W\LD WE /ILL FAIL TO OBTA9 ! WEAPONS WE NE$$8 ,WE W]E SURE ( AT LEA/ ONE ?+3 WE W\LD NOT FAIL TO ACQUIRE ! RAW MAT]IALS & MA*9]Y = \R W> 9DU/RY1 & WE W\LD BE ABLE TO MAKE ! WEAPONS WE NE$$ \RSELVES4 

,)9 A V]Y RE/RICT$ CIRCLE ( CONFIDANTS1 WE DISCUSS$ ! IDEA ( TRANSF]R+ TO ,CATALONIA AT LEA/ SOME ( ! GOLD 9 ! ,BANK ( ,SPA94 ,WE KNEW ?AT WE W\LD HAVE TO RESORT TO =CE1 & WE HAD AB\T #c1 RELIABLE M5 9 ,MADRID :O W]E FULLY 9=M$ ( ALL ! DETAILS CONC]N+ ! PLAN TO TRANSPORT ! GOLD 9 SPECIAL TRA9S4 ,IF ! PLAN W]E TO BE SUCCESSFULLY C>RI$ \T1 IT W\LD NOT TAKE MU* TIME1 & BE=E ! ,GOV]NM5T C\LD TAKE C\NT]-MEASURES1 WE W\LD BE ON \R WAY TO ,CATALONIA ) A %>E ( ! NATION'S GOLD SUPPLY1 ! BE/ GU>ANTEE ?AT ! W> W\LD TAKE A NEW C\RSE4 ,! ONLY PROBLEM WAS ?AT1 :5 IT CAME RI<T D[N TO IT1 NO ONE WANT$ TO BE> ! RESPONSIBILITY = AN ACTION ?AT W\LD HAVE SU* MAJOR HI/ORICAL REP]CUSSIONS4 ,\R PROPOSALS W]E CONVEY$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T & TO SOME ( ! MO/ WELL KN[N COMRADES4 

,! PLAN SC>$ ! WITS \T ( \R FRI5DS2 ! MA9 >GUM5T ?AT WAS (F]$ AGA9/ TAK+ ! GOLD1 AN >GUM5T ?AT WAS REPEAT$LY MADE1 WAS ?AT IF WE DID ?IS IT W\LD ONLY EXAC]BATE ! PREVAIL+ ANIMOSITY T[>DS ,CATALONIA4 ,:AT %\LD WE HAVE DONE8 

,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO GO AGA9/ \R [N ORGANIZATIONS1 SO WE HAD TO ABORT ! PLAN4 ,! GOLD1 A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 WAS %IPP$ \T ( ,MADRID1 NOT TO ,CATALONIA1 BUT TO ,RUSSIA2 MORE ?AN #e TONS FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ,/AL9 & W]E US$ TO LOSE \R W> & TO RE9=CE ! FRONT ( ! WORLDWIDE FASCI/ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,& IT WAS %IPP$ TO ,RUSSIA )\T ! ,GOV]NM5T'S KN[L$GE1 BY ! DECISION ( A C\PLE ( ,M9I/]S :O W]E TAK+ !IR ORD]S FROM ! ,KREML91 9CLUD+ ! FAM\S ,DR4 ,NEGR94 ,W\LD ! \TCOME ( ! ,SPANI% TRAG$Y HAVE BE5 DIFF]5T IF AT LEA/ P>T ( ! NATIONAL TREASURE HAD BE5 S5T TO ! REGION :]E ! OPPORTUNITIES1 ! CONDITIONS & ! WILL EXI/$ ?AT C\LD HAVE L$ ! W> TO A VICTORI\S CONCLUSION8 

,\R %ORTAGE ( AMMUNITION WAS TRAGIC4 ,?IRTY ?\S& M5 W]E CON/ANTLY ASK+ US = AMMUNITION & WE C\LD NOT SATISFY ?IS LEGITIMATE DEM&4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO GIVE US ANY HELP & :5 IT DID GIVE US A SMALL %IPM5T1 WE HAD TO GIVE IT BACK ) M5 & ALL !IR EQUIPM5T4 ,OR WE W]E GIV5 MAT]IEL ?AT WAS NOT WANT$ ON ! O!R ,FRONTS1 LIKE ! FAM\S #f ,COLT MA*9E GUNS1 DISC>D$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,>MY BE=E #a#i#a#d1 & :I* C\LD NOT BE US$ ON ! O!R ,FRONTS BECAUSE !Y W]E OBSOLETE & 9EFFECTIVE4 

,DUR+ ONE ( !SE P]IODS ( EXTREME %ORTAGES1 ONE ( \R COLUMNS ?AT WAS PO/$ ON ! ,C5T] ,FRONT PLUND]$ A CONVOY ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & ?US OBTA9$ SEV5TY OR EI<TY ?\S& C>TRIDGES = US1 :I* >RIV$ JU/ 9 ! NICK ( TIME4 

,WE HAD BE5 9=M$ ?AT1 AT ! =TRESS ( ,MAHON1 LOYAL TO ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T1 !RE W]E SEV]AL ?\S& P]CUSSION CAPS = :I* ! G>RISON !RE HAD NO USE AT ALL4 ,WE K9DLY REQUE/$ ?AT !Y S5D !M TO US ON DOZ5S ( OCCASIONS & WE W]E ALWAYS REBUFF$4 ,WE ASK$ ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,NAVY & ,AIR ,=CE1 & ?US MADE HIM AW>E ( ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS CA*E ( P]CUSSION CAPS4 ,IT WAS NOT A V]Y L>GE AM\NT2 !Y C\LD BE %IPP$ TO ,B>CELONA & WE MI<T ?US SOLVE \R PROBLEMS = A C\PLE ( WEEKS4 ,REFUSAL OR 9DIFF]5CE W]E ALWAYS ! ONLY RESPONSES WE RECEIV$4 

,ONE DAY1 ,CATALONIA WAS URG5TLY REQUE/$ TO %IP GASOL9E TO ,MAHON2 WE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO ONCE AGA9 ASK = ! UNUS$ P]CUSSION CAPS4 ,!RE WAS NO WAY TO CONV9CE ! AU?ORITIES ON ! ISL& & ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T ?AT IT WAS A CRIME TO REFUSE TO GIVE US ?IS MAT]IEL4 

,WE ISSU$ ! ORD] TO LOAD ! GASOL9E1 BUT WE TOLD ! AU?ORITIES AT ,MAHON ?AT ! %IP W\LD NOT LEAVE PORT UNTIL ! P]CUSSION CAPS W]E RECEIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T 9T]V5$1 & ! LEAD]S ( ,C,A,M,P,S,A 9T]V5$1 BUT WE REFUS$ TO AU?ORIZE ! DEP>TURE ( ! %IP UNTIL \R CONDITIONS W]E MET4 

,MAHON'S NE$ = GASOL9E MU/ HAVE BE5 V]Y URG5T1 BUT ITS COMM&]S DID NOT WANT TO YIELD TO \R REQUE/4 ,BECAUSE ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T DID NOT POSSESS ANY MEANS ( CO]CION ?AT C\LD HAVE =C$ US TO S5D ! GASOL9E TO ,MAHON1 WE F9ALLY WON &1 AFT] FIFTE5 DAYS ( WRANGL+1 ! P]CUSSION CAPS >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA & ! TANK] C>RY+ GASOL9E ?AT HAD BE5 EMB>GO$ 9 \R PORT F9ALLY DEP>T$ = ,MAHON4 

,:5EV] WE WRE/$ SOME?+1 ALWAYS ON A SMALL SCALE1 FROM ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS AT ! CO/ ( SIMIL> /RUGGLES1 OR WE TOOK :AT WE WANT$ )\T ASK+ ANYONE4 

,C5TRALISM WAS LEAD+ US TO DEFEAT4 

,HAV+ 5C\NT]$ ! SY/EMATIC SABOTAGE PRACTIC$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ALL \R PROPOSALS1 & ALSO FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT POLITICAL C5TRALISM WAS LEAD+ US TO DISA/] 9 ! W> & TO ! DEMISE ( ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION1 :OSE ONLY POSSIBLE BASIS WAS SOLID>ITY 9 A F$]ATION1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/ WEEKS WE HAD EXPLA9$ TO SEV]AL AU?ORIZ$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ,LEVANTE & ,>AGON ! NE$ TO =M A K9D ( DEF5SIVE & (F5SIVE F$]ATION ) !SE REGIONS TO =CE ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC TO EFFECTIVELY CONFRONT ! NEW SITUATION4 ,LAT]1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,DEF5SE ( ,>AGON WAS =M$1 BUT IT NEV] AM\NT$ TO ANY?+ MORE ?AN A DELEGATION TO ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & ,LEVANTE REMA9$ COMPLETELY UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ,MADRID1 S9CE ,VAL5CIA HAD BE5 ! CAPITAL ( ! ,REPUBLIC S9CE ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f4 

,! BE/1 MO/ EFFECTIVE POLITICAL SOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 A F$]AL ,SPA91 9 :I* EA* REGION W\LD HAVE ! MO/ COMPLETE AUTONOMY TO FREELY EXPRESS ITS S5SE ( NATIONAL SOLID>ITY1 AS !Y DID DUR+ ALL ! REALLY CRUCIAL MOM5TS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,SPA94 ,?IS IDEA MADE NO HEADWAY1 OR ELSE IT WAS NOT UND]/OOD DUR+ ?OSE FEV]I% DAYS ( CON/ANT ACTIVITY4 ,!RE WAS NO PREEXI/+ PREP>ATION = ?IS IDEA & ?IS CONFIRM$ \R HYPO!SIS ?AT A REVOLUTION ACTUALLY BE>S NO MORE FRUIT ?AN ?AT :I* ! PEOPLE ALREADY HAVE 9SIDE !M1 9 RELATION TO ! DEGREE ( !IR CULTURE4 

,IF WE HAD =M$1 ) ! LIB]AT$ P>T ( ,>AGON & ALL ( ,LEVANTE1 ALONG ) ,CATALONIA1 A K9D ( COMMONWEAL? ( SOLID>ITY1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SO EASY = ! FASCI/IC BUREAUCRATS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T TO UND]M9E ! W> EF=T & H9D] ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,& ! POLITICAL1 MILIT>Y & POLICE RULE ( ! ,RUSSIANS W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 CAPABLE ( ATTA9+ ! SCALE ?AT IT DID1 TO \R MIS=TUNE4 

,AFT] SEV]AL MON?S ( DISPUTES & FUTILE NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & AFT] REFLECT+ ON ! PROS & CONS ( DECL>+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CATALONIA1 & COMMITT$1 MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 TO W9N+ ! W> ?AT WE HAD BEGUN ) SU* ZEAL & SU* CONFID5CE1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 TOLD REPEAT$LY ?AT WE W\LD GET NO HELP AS LONG AS ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 ! ORGAN ( ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION1 HELD P[] 9 ,CATALONIA1 REG>DLESS ( H[ MU* WE LOV$ ?IS 9/ITUTION ?AT WAS CREAT$ TO RESPOND TO ! EXIG5CIES ( A NEW SOCIAL & POLITICAL SITUATION1 & HAV+ NO O!R *OICE ?AN TO YIELD OR TO EXAC]BATE \R POSITION 9 ! CONFLICT1 S9CE WE DID NOT WANT TO RESORT TO VIOL5CE TO GET :AT WE NE$$1 EI!R1 WE1 EV5 ?\< WE W]E RI<T1 HAD TO YIELD4 

,WE EXPRESS$ \R WILL+NESS TO DISSOLVE ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 ?AT IS1 TO AB&ON A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION SU* AS ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE HAD NEV] BE=E OCCUPI$4 ,WE W\LD DO ANY?+ TO GET WEAPONS & F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE TO SUCCESSFULLY FI<T \R W>4 

,WE KNEW ?AT IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE = ! REVOLUTION TO BE VICTORI\S )\T FIR/ W9N+ ! W>1 & WE W]E WILL+ TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+ = ! W>4 ,WE W]E WILL+ TO SACRIFICE ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 NOT REALIZ+ ?AT ?IS SACRIFICE ALSO IMPLI$ ! SACRIFICE ( ! GOALS ( ! W>4 

,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS GU>ANTE$ ! SUPREMACY ( ! PEOPLE 9 >MS1 IT GU>ANTE$ ! AUTONOMY ( ,CATALONIA1 IT GU>ANTE$ ! NOBLE AIMS & ! LEGITIMACY ( ! W>1 IT GU>ANTE$ ! RESURRECTION ( ! ,SPANI% S\L & WAY ( LIFE2 WE W]E REPEAT$LY TOLD1 H[EV]1 ?AT AS LONG AS ?IS 9/ITUTION CONT9U$ TO EXI/1 ?AT IS1 AS LONG AS WE CONT9U$ TO CONSOLIDATE ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE1 NO WEAPONS W\LD BE S5T TO ,CATALONIA1 NOR W\LD WE OBTA9 ! =EIGN CURR5CY WE NE$$ TO BUY !M ON ! =EIGN M>KET1 NOR W\LD WE BE PROVID$ ) RAW MAT]IALS = \R 9DU/RY4 ,& S9CE ! LOSS ( ! W> ALSO IMPLI$ ! TOTAL DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION1 & ! RETURN ( ,SPA9 TO A /ATE LIKE ! ONE ?AT TORM5T$ ! C\NTRY DUR+ ! RULE ( ,F]D9& ,V,I,I1 & BECAUSE WE W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ! 9ITIATIVES 9TRODUC$ BY US & BY \R PEOPLE W\LD NOT 5TIRELY DISAPPE> FROM ! MILIT>IZ$ >M$ UNITS ?AT W]E FAVOR$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T & FROM ! NEW ECONOMIC ORD]1 WE LEFT ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS TO JO9 ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 9 ! ,M9I/RY ( ,DEF5SE & O!R VITAL DEP>TM5TS ( ! AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T4 

,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! MOD]N SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT$ 9 ,GOV]NM5T (FICES ) ALL ! RESPONSIBILITY 5TAIL$4 ,BUT NOT BECAUSE WE HAD =GOTT5 \R [N DOCTR9ES OR =GOTT5 ! ESS5CE ( ! GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS4 ,OV]RID+ CIRCUM/ANCES BEYOND \R CONTROL L$ US TO SITUATIONS & TO PROC$URES ?AT WE F\ND DI/A/EFUL1 BUT :I* WE C\LD NOT AVOID4 

,A PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION IS NOT CONDUCT$ FROM )9 ! ,/ATE OR BY ! ,/ATE4 ,AT MO/1 & ?IS MI<T HAVE BE5 ! MO/ POSITIVE ASPECT ( \R P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 ! ,/ATE MAY REFRA9 FROM PUTT+ TOO MANY OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ! NEW CREATIONS ( ! PEOPLE2 BUT TO 5TRU/ ! REVOLUTION TO ! ,/ATE1 EV5 IF WE W]E ! ONLY ORGANIZATION 9 IT1 W\LD AM\NT TO R5\NC+ ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE DID NOT HAVE ANY FAI? 9 REVOLUTION BY DECREE4 

,GREAT ECONOMIC & SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS >E ALWAYS ! WORK ( ! DIRECT ACTION ( ! PEOPLE1 ( ! WORK+ CLASS MASSES ( ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,!Y >E ! ONES :O HAVE TO C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION1 !Y >E ! ONES :O HAVE TO CREATE ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! NEW WAY ( LIFE1 & IT IS ONLY ) !IR SUPPORT ?AT ANY REVOLUTION>Y POLICY CAN BE IMPLEM5T$4 

,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT1 EV5 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! W>1 MAJOR SOCIAL ADVANCES W]E MADE4 ,BUT !SE ADVANCES1 ?IS TRANS=MATION1 & ?IS PROGRESS W]E OBTA9$ \TSIDE ( OR AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 AS ALWAYS4 ,:AT CAN BE DONE FROM )9 ! GOV]NM5T--& ?IS IS NOT ALWAYS EASY1 BUT IT IS POSSIBLE AS LONG AS ! MASSES REMA9 AL]T & RETA9 !IR S5SE ( 9ITIATIVE--IS TO FACILITATE ! LEGALIZATION1 ! RECOGNITION & ! (FICIAL SANCTION ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT WAS C>RI$ \T ELSE:]E1 9 ! FACTORIES1 9 ! FIELDS1 & 9 ! DOMA9 ( CU/OMS4 

,! P[] ( ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT1 NOR WILL IT EV] BE1 9 GOV]NM5T ,M9I/RIES2 IT IS D[N BEL[1 9 ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 9 ! CON/RUCTIVE CAPACITY :I* ! PEOPLE >E CAPABLE ( DISPLAY+4 

,EV5 ?\< WE W]E REPRES5T$ 9 IT1 WE CANNOT ATTRIBUTE ANY USEFUL REVOLUTION>Y FUNCTIONS TO ! ,/ATE4 

,IF IT W]E ONLY A MATT] ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T W\LD HAVE BE5 AN OB/ACLE TO DE/ROY1 RA!R ?AN A FAVORABLE FACTOR2 BUT WE F\ND \RSELVES FAC+ ! DEM&S ( A L>GE-SCALE1 BLOODY W>1 & 9T]NATIONAL COMPLICATIONS ?AT W]E NECESS>ILY CONNECT$ ) ! WORLD M>KET1 ) \R RELATIONS ) ! SURR\ND+ ,/ATES1 & = ! ORGANIZATION & LEAD]%IP ( ?IS W>1 UND] ! CONDITIONS WE CONFRONT$1 WE HAD NO 9/RUM5T ?AT WE C\LD HAVE SUB/ITUT$ = ! OLD GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS4 

,A MOD]N W> CANNOT BE WAG$ ! WAY ! OLD CIVIL W>S OR EV5 9T]NATIONAL W>S ( ! PA/ W]E F\<T4 ,IT REQUIRES ! EXI/5CE ( A MAJOR 9DU/RIAL BASE ?AT IS KEPT RUNN+ TW5TY-F\R H\RS A DAY1 & ?IS 9DU/RY PRESUPPOSES1 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES ?AT DO NOT 5JOY COMPLETE ECONOMIC SELF-RELIANCE1 POLITICAL1 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL RELATIONS ) ! C5T]S ( WORLD CAPITALISM ?AT POSSESS A MONOPOLY ON RAW MAT]IALS4 

,ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE W]E ALREADY SUSPICI\S ( US1 :5 !Y DID NOT S5D M5 & WEAPONS TO HELP \R 5EMIES4 ,\R 5EMIES ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! TR5*ES & \R FALSE FRI5DS ON ?IS SIDE CIRCULAT$ HORRIFY+ LEG5DS AB\T \R ACTIVITIES4 ,IT WAS SAID ?AT WE HAD CON/RUCT$ GUILLOT9ES 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA & ?AT !SE GUILLOT9ES W]E WORK+ DAY & NI<T4 

,:ILE WE W]E WORK+ ASSIDU\SLY )\T A M9UTE'S RE/1 ORGANIZ+ ! MILITIAS = ! W>1 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY 9 ! FACTORIES1 & M>%AL+ ALL AVAILABLE RES\RCES1 WE W]E DESCRIB$ BY ! =EIGN PRESS AS BLOOD?IR/Y MON/]S :O ?\<T ( NO?+ BUT V5GEANCE & T]ROR3 ! COLD-BLOOD$ MASSACRES ORD]$ BY ! MILIT>Y REBELS W]E DEPICT$ AS MILIT>Y NECESSITIES1 S9CE !IR MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS C\LD NOT TOL]ATE ! EXI/5CE ( UNRELIABLE OR LUKEW>M ELEM5TS 9 !IR RE>GU>D2 ! SANCTIONS IMPOS$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC W]E BE/IAL MURD]S4 ,9 ?IS 5VIRONM5T1 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM1 :I* WAS RESPONSIBLE = !SE /ORIES1 B>R$ US FROM ANY SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPM5T M]ELY BY D5Y+ US ! RAW MAT]IALS ?AT W]E ESS5TIAL = \R 9DU/RY4 

,WE DID NOT DISSOLVE ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS )\T FIR/ TAK+ ALL !SE MATT]S 9TO CONSID]ATION2 BUT WE DID NOT SEE ANY O!R SOLUTION BECAUSE1 ALONG ) ! HO/ILITY ( =EIGN C\NTRIES1 WE HAD TO FACE ! NO LESS IMPLACABLE & DANG]\S HO/ILITY ( ! MILIT>Y & CIVILIAN BUREAUCRACY & ! C5TRALIZ+ FANATICISM ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS TO DEMON/RATE \R GOOD WILL & \R OV]:ELM+ DESIRE TO W9 ! W> WAS NOT ! LA/ SACRIFICE WE W\LD MAKE4 ,! MORE WE YIELD$ TO ! B5EFIT ( ! COMMON 9T]E/1 H[EV]1 ! MORE ABUSE WE HAD TO 5DURE FROM ! C\NT]REVOLUTION EMBODI$ 9 ! C5TRAL P[]4 ,& = :AT RESULTS8 ,C]TA9LY NOT = ! B5EFIT ( \R W> AIMS2 OR AT LEA/ NOT = ! B5EFIT ( VICTORY OV] ! 5EMY4 

,ALMO/ ALL ! FACTORIES PRODUC+ MILIT>Y H>DW>E W]E 9 ! ZONE CONTROLL$ BY ! REBELS4 ,AMONG ! FEW >MS FACTORIES ?AT WE DID POSSESS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT W]E ! C>TRIDGE FACTORIES 9 ,TOL$O1 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 :I* IGNOM9I\SLY ALL[$ !M TO BE LO/4 

,CATALONIA WAS A MAJOR 9DU/RIAL REGION1 BUT NOT ) RESPECT TO W> 9DU/RIES4 ,WE LACK$ /EEL1 COPP]1 Z9C & COAL4 ,! ONLY EXPLOSIVES PRODUC$ 9 ,CATALONIA W]E SMALL AM\NTS ( GUNP[D] = HUNT+ RIFLES4 ,WE NONE!LESS UND]TOOK1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/ DAYS AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 ! TASK ( BUILD+ \R [N MILIT>Y 9DU/RY1 RELY+ ON NO?+ BUT ! DET]M9ATION ( ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,TE*NICIANS CAN TE/IFY TO ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS EF=T AT A TIME :5 ! MO/ 9DISP5SABLE RAW MAT]IALS1 AS WELL AS ! MONEY TO ACQUIRE !M FROM O!R C\NTRIES1 W]E LACK+4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! UTT] ABS5CE ( ANY 9DU/RIAL FACILITIES SUIT$ = ?IS K9D ( PRODUCTION1 WE MU/ ALSO M5TION ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT WE HAD NO EXP]I5C$ MANAG]IAL P]SONNEL1 & NO WORK]S :O HAD EV] WORK$ 9 SU* 9DU/RIES4 ,ALL ! METAL FACTORIES W]E CONV]T$ TO W> PRODUCTION1 EA* ONE PRODUC+ :AT IT C\LD3 >MOR$ VEHICLES1 H& GR5ADES1 AMBULANCES1 ETC4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AUGU/ ! ,W> ,9DU/RIES ,COMMISSION WAS =M$ TO COORD9ATE !SE FIR/ SPONTANE\S EF=TS & TO OV]SEE ! CREATION ( A P[]FUL >MS & MUNITIONS 9DU/RY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,ITS MEMB]S 9CLUD$ TE*NICIANS LIKE ,GIM5EZ DE LA ,B]AZA1 5T]PRIS+ SPIRITS LIKE ,JOSE ,T>RADELLAS1 A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 \T/&+ WORK]S LIKE ! METAL WORK]1 ,EUG5IO ,VALLEJO1 & ,M>TI1 FROM ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 ONE ( ! PEOPLE'S >MY'S FIR/ >TILL]YM5 ON ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #ai 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,HUNDR$S ( METAL & *EMICAL FACTORIES W]E ASSIGN$ TO MANUFACTURE TO ORD] ! MO/ URG5T MAT]IEL1 >TILL]Y %ELLS1 BOMBS1 C>TRIDGES1 GAS MASKS1 AMBULANCES1 >MOR$ C>S1 ETC4 

,AS A RESULT ( UNF\ND$ POLITICAL HATR$S & RIVALRIES1 VIRUL5T PROPAG&A CAMPAIGNS W]E WAG$ AGA9/ ! ,CATALONIAN W> 9DU/RIES1 9 :I* #a#e1 M5 WORK$4 ,PROPOSALS W]E SUBMITT$ TO BR+ ALL ( !M UND] ! P[] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & :5 !SE 9DU/RIES NE$$ AID FROM ! LATT]1 IT DID NO?+ BUT PUT OB/ACLES 9 !IR PA?1 REFUS+ !IR REQUE/S = =EIGN CURR5CY1 RAW MAT]IALS1 ETC4 

,EV5 SO1 BY ! BEG9N+ ( ,DECEMB] #aicg MORE ?AN #f1 AMMUNITION BELTS HAD BE5 PRODUC$ = ,MAUS] C>TRIDGES1 & UP UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] ( ! SAME YE> MORE ?AN #g#f11 BULLETS HAD BE5 PRODUC$ 9 ! FACTORIES ( ,CATALONIA4 ,MANY DIFFICULTIES HAD TO BE OV]COME BE=E C>TRIDGES C\LD BE MANUFACTUR$1 DIFFICULTIES ?AT W]E EXAC]BAT$ BY ! REFUSAL ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC TO PROVIDE ANY HELP2 BUT ,CATALONIAN C>TRIDGES W]E ! ONLY ONES ?AT F9ALLY ALL[$ ! W> TO CONT9UE4 ,! PRODUCTION ( >TILL]Y %ELLS BEGAN 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 AT FIR/ AT ! RATE ( #d1 P] MON?1 REA*+ #i1 P] MON? 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g4 ,& UP UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] ( #a#i#c#g1 #g#a#h1 HI<-CALIB] >TILL]Y %ELLS W]E PRODUC$4 

,>\ND #f1 FUZES W]E MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,CATALONIA PRIOR TO ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#g1 :I* MEANS A LOT TO ?OSE :O KN[ :AT A FUZE IS GOOD =4 ,A GUNP[D] FACTORY ) A CAPACITY ( ONE ?\S& KILOS P] DAY WAS BUILT1 & ?ANKS TO ! METAL 9DU/RY ( ,CATALONIA ! PRODUCTION ( GUNP[D] 9 ,MURCIA1 :I* WAS PREVI\SLY ! ONLY S\RCE ( ?IS MAT]IEL 9 ! ,REPUBLIC1 C\LD BE CONSID]ABLY AUGM5T$4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 TR9ITROTOLU5E1 PYRONITE1 D9ITRONAPH?AL5E & PICRIC ACID W]E ALREADY BE+ MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,)9 ONE YE>1 #g#e#b1#i#g#b KILOS ( PYRONITE W]E PRODUC$4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 ONE MON? AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT1 BOMBS CONTA9+ PYRONITE MANUFACTUR$ 9 \R [N FACTORIES W]E LOAD$ ONTO \R W>PLANES4 ,WE WITNESS$ ! BIR? & DEVELOPM5T ( ,CATALONIA'S W> 9DU/RIES & WE CAN SAY ?AT ONE WILL R>ELY 5C\NT] SU* AN EXAMPLE ( IMPROVIZATION1 BECAUSE ONE SELDOM 5C\NT]S SU* A P]FECT DEGREE ( ACCORD & SU* A UNANIM\S PASSION AMONG ! POLITICAL AU?ORITIES1 ! TE*NICAL AU?ORITIES & ! WORK]S ( ALL ! TRADES ( A C\NTRY4 ,=EIGN MILIT>Y ADVIS]S :O HAD FIR/-H& EXP]I5CE ) ?IS PROJECT ASSUR$ US ?AT WE HAD ACCOMPLI%$ 9 A FEW MON?S MORE ?AN :AT WAS A*IEV$1 ) MU* GREAT] MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL1 BY MORE PREP>$ C\NTRIES1 LIKE ,FRANCE1 9 ! FIR/ TWO YE>S ( ! W> ( #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#h4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #aicf WE BEGAN ! CON/RUCTION ( A FACTORY TO PRODUCE OCTANOL1 :I* W\LD ALSO PRODUCE ME?YL *LORIDE & PURE TETRAE?YL LEAD1 ! FIR/ SU* FACTORY 9 ,SPA9 & ONE ( ! FEW 9 ,EUROPE4 

,WE NOT ONLY MANUFACTUR$ W> MAT]IEL1 H[EV]1 BUT ALSO ! MA*9ES NE$$ = ITS MANUFACTURE4 ,BEG9N+ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 #aai HYDRAULIC PRESSES 7#a#a#b #c-TON PRESSES1 #b #b#e-TON PRESSES1 ONE ECC5TRIC #b#e-TON PRESS1 ETC471 #bad LA!S 7#a#g#h P>ALLEL LA!S1 #f REVOLV+ LA!S1 #c SPECIAL LA!S = BOR+ & RIFL+ GUN B>RELS71 #bh DRILLS1 #ah HOLE-PUN*+ MA*9ES1 #f BUFF+ MA*9ES1 #d FIL+ MA*9ES1 #g SPECIAL MA*9ES TO /RAI<T5 CANNONS1 #af SPECIAL MA*9ES TO CUT & MAKE SLOTS 9 AMMUNITION BELTS1 ETC4 

,TO PREV5T DISCORD & TO SATISFY AMBITIONS = COMM& & ADM9I/RATION1 ,CATALONIA SURR5D]$ ITS CONTROL OV] ITS W> 9DU/RY1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! NEW FACILITIES CON/RUCT$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BUT NOT ALL ( IT1 BECAUSE SOME FACTORIES W]E TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,UND]SECRET>IAT ( ,MILIT>Y ,PROCUREM5T1 AN 9/ITUTION CREAT$ BY ,PRIETO TO %[ H[ IT IS POSSIBLE TO SABOTAGE ! W> BY MEANS ( LAVI%+ EXCESSIVE F9ANCIAL RES\RCES & FACILITIES = EV]Y K9D ( MANAG]IAL TASK ON AMBITI\S1 BUT 9COMPET5T OR TREASON\S1 BUREAUCRATS4 

,! ,COMMISSION ( ,W> ,9DU/RIES ( ,CATALONIA HAD A FEW FACTORIES UND] CON/RUCTION :5 IT HAD TO SURR5D] TO ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T A MA*9E = PRODUC+ MILIT>Y H>DW>E ?AT NORMALLY W\LD HAVE TAK5 MANY YE>S TO MANUFACTURE4 ,ONE ( ! FACTORIES UND] CON/RUCTION WAS A FACTORY ) A PROJECT$ PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( #b TONS ( CELLULOSE P] DAY1 :I* IT PRODUC$ FROM ESP>TO GRASS4 ,IT WAS 9 OP]ATION RI<T UP UNTIL ! F9AL CATA/ROPHE1 ) L>GE QUANTITIES ( RAW MAT]IAL 9 /ORAGE4 ,ANO!R FACTORY UND] CON/RUCTION WAS A L>GE EXPLOSIVES PLANT 9 ,GUALBA1 :I* WAS ALONE CAPABLE ( SUPPLY+ ALL ! NE$S ( ! ,P59SULA EV5 9 W>TIME4 ,YET ! HI/ORY ( ! NEW FACTORIES ALSO HAS ITS COMICAL1 & ALSO IMM5SELY TRAGIC1 EPISODES4 ,SO MANY OB/ACLES W]E PLAC$ 9 ! WAY ( !SE PROJECTS BY ! (FICIALS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO /EAL ! CEM5T WE NE$$ TO BUILD !M ) ! CONNIVANCE ( ! WORK]S COMMITTEES ( ! FACTORIES1 PA9/AK+LY COLLECT OLD PIECES ( SCRAP IRON & MELT !M D[N1 & EMPLOY A ?\S& TRICKS TO SMUGGLE ALL K9DS ( GOODS TO PREV5T !SE PROJECTS FROM BE+ ABORT$4 

,& ALL ( !SE FACTORIES >E /ILL !RE1 JU/ AS ,SPA9 /ILL HO/S MOD]N POISON GAS FACTORIES1 BUILT 9 ANTICIPATION ( GAS W>F>E4 ,!RE WILL BE A %ORTAGE ( P]SONNEL = MO/ ( !SE HI< TE*NOLOGY & *EMICAL FACTORIES1 BUILT DUR+ ! YE>S ( REVOLUTION & W>2 O!RWISE !SE 9DU/RIAL FACILITIES C\LD HAVE BE5 MAJOR SUPPLI]S = A ,EUROPE >M$ TO ! TEE?4.<#a#i.> 

,DUR+ ONE ( \R MANY MEET+S ) ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 \R DELEGATES PROPOS$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T %\LD GIVE US ONE ( ! C>TRIDGE FACTORIES 9 ,TOL$O1 :I* WAS 9 DANG] ( BE+ DE/ROY$ BY CONT9U\S BOMB+4 ,! ,/ATE CONTROLL$ ?REE C>TRIDGE FACTORIES 9 ?AT CITY4 ,TWO ( !M W]E OP]ATIONAL2 ! ?IRD HAD BE5 IDL$ = SEV]AL YE>S BECAUSE ( ITS ANTIQUAT$ MA*9]Y & ITS UNPR(ITABILITY4 

,TOL$O'S SITUATION WAS CRITICAL2 5EMY =CES W]E /ILL 5TR5*$ 9 ! ,ALCAZ> & !Y ALSO KNEW ?AT ! CITY WAS VULN]ABLE1 BECAUSE ?AT FRONT WAS /ILL EXTREMELY DISORGANIZ$1 & 5EMY =CES W]E MOV+ =W>D ) /RONG CONT+5TS4 

,WE DID NOT ASK = EI!R ( ! OP]AT+ FACTORIES1 EV5 ?\< WE KNEW !Y W]E 9 DANG] & ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* SAF] & MORE PRODUCTIVE IF !Y W]E TRANSF]R$1 ALONG ) !IR SPECIALI/S & TE*NICAL P]SONNEL1 TO A ZONE LIKE ,CATALONIA2 WE ONLY ASK$ = ! ONE ?AT WAS %UT D[N & WAS NOT PRODUC+ ANY?+4 

,! HATR$ & ! MI/RU/ ( ,CATALONIA W]E SO GREAT ?AT WE W]E CATEGORICALLY D5I$ ! USE ( ! %UTT]$ FACTORY &1 A FEW WEEKS LAT] ,QUEIPO DEL ,LLANO C\LD BOA/ ?AT ! FACTORIES ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T HAD NOT WANT$ TO MOVE TO ,CATALONIA W]E PRODUC+ C>TRIDGES = ! REBELS4 

,WE C\LD PROVIDE NUM]\S TE/IMONIALS CONC]N+ SIMIL> 9CID5TS4 ,IF ! IT9]ANT ,MADRID-,VAL5CIA-,B>CELONA GOV]NM5T HAD 9T5D$ TO LOSE ! W> FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 IT C\LD NOT HAVE DONE ANY?+ MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN :AT IT 9 FACT DID4 

,FROM A /RICTLY ECONOMIC P]SPECTIVE1 WE MADE ?IS SUMM>Y OBS]VATION 9 A CONFID5TIAL REPORT DRAFT$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#h3  
  

,BUT ALL ! DETAILS >E SUP]FLU\S1 BECAUSE ! MO/ TELL+ FACT IS ! FOLL[+3 EV5 ?\< ! 5TIRE 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS ( LOYALI/ ,SPA9 IS 9SUFFICI5T TO SUPPLY \R FRONTS1 WE CAN /ATE ?AT NOT EV5 #e.0 ( ! MOTORS1 MA*9ES1 ETC41 >E BE+ US$1 & ?OSE ?AT >E BE+ US$ DO NOT YIELD #e.0 ( !IR POT5TIAL PRODUCTION1 DUE TO ! DEMORALIZATION ( ! P]SONNEL :O WORK 9 !SE FACTORIES )\T DEC5T FOOD1 DUE TO ! 9COMPET5CE ?AT HAS TAK5 ! RE9S ( MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 DUE TO ! 9T]F]5CE ( =EIGN 9T]E/S & DUE TO CONSID]ATIONS RELAT+ TO DESPICABLE P>TISAN POLITICS4 

,?IS SITUATION CANNOT CONT9UE4 ,& IF WE P]SI/ 9 \R SIL5CE & \R PASSIVITY1 !RE IS NO WAY ?AT WE WILL EV] BE ABLE TO D5Y \R COMPLICITY 9 ! LOSS ( ! W> & 9 ! EPIC S*EMES ( ?OSE :O >E TRAFFICK+ 9 ! BLOOD ( \R PEOPLE4.<#b.>  
  

,9 \R REPORT WE MADE ! FOLL[+ PROPOSALS1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I3  
  

,URG5TLY DO :ATEV] IS NECESS>Y TO TRANS=M ! ,UND]SECRET>IAT ( ,MILIT>Y ,PRODUCTION 9TO A ,M9I/RY ( ,MILIT>Y ,PRODUCTION4  

,VE/ ?IS ,M9I/RY ) ! RESPONSIBILITY TO ACQUIRE >MS & MUNITIONS1 MA*9]Y & RAW MAT]IALS1 & = ! MANUFACTURE 9 LOYALI/ ,SPA9 ( EV]Y CONCEIVABLE TYPE ( MILIT>Y PRODUCT4  

,! ,M9I/RY ( ,MILIT>Y ,PRODUCTION %\LD BE CONTROLL$ & ADVIS$ BY TWO MIX$ BODIES1 COMPOS$ AS FOLL[S3 

,CONTROL ( COMM]CIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,?IS 9/ITUTION WILL BE =M$ ON ! BASIS ( ONE MEMB] FROM EA* P>TY ?AT IS A MEMB] ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,)\T ! APPROVAL ( ?IS DEP>TM5T1 ! ,M9I/RY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO MAKE ANY ACQUISITIONS ( WEAPONS OR O!R W> MAT]IEL4 

,A ,SUP]IOR ,C\NCIL ( ,MILIT>Y ,9DU/RY4 ,) RESPECT TO EV]Y?+ RELAT+ TO MILIT>Y PRODUCTION 9 LOYALI/ ,SPA91 ?IS 9/ITUTION WILL BE ! ADVIS] & ! DECISIVE VOICE2 ?IS ,C\NCIL WILL BE COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! FOLL[+ ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY3 ,LI<T1 ,P[] & ,FUELS1 ,*EMICALS1 ,/EEL & O!R ,METALS1 ,TRANSPORT & ,CON/RUCTION1 FROM ! ,C,N,T & FROM ! ,U,G,T4  

,! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS WILL BE HELD RESPONSIBLE & WILL BE SANCTION$ = ! CONDUCT ( !IR DELEGATES 9 ! ABOVE 9/ITUTIONS & 9 CASES ( BRIB]Y1 EMBEZZLEM5T OR SABOTAGE ( W> PRODUCTION4  

,! ACTIVITIES ( ! CURR5TLY EXI/+ ,PUR*AS+ ,COMMISSIONS & ! ,UND]SECRET>IAT ( ,MILIT>Y ,PRODUCTION MU/ BE 9VE/IGAT$ & REF]R$ TO ! ,JU/ICE ,TRIBUNALS4  
  
  

,! ABOVE PROPOSALS = REORGANIZATION >E MO/ REVEAL+ ) RESPECT TO ! UNSAVORY ASPECTS ( ! MATT]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,UPDAT$4 

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