,) ! ,PEASANTS ( ,>AGON 
,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM 9 ! ,LIB]AT$ ,>EAS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,I FIR/ MET ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 9 ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 7,HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR--,C,N,T --& ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION--,F,A,I71 ,B>CELONA1 ,APRIL #c1 #a#i#c#g4 ,HE WAS ! HEAD ( ,9=MATION 9 ,=EIGN ,LANGUAGES = ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,HE GREET$ ME LIKE AN OLD FRI5D & TOLD ME ,I WAS TO />T WORK+ AS ! ,5GLI% ,LANGUAGE CORRESPOND5T = ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ! FOLL[+ ,MONDAY1 ,MAY #cRD4 

,WE HAD NEV] MET BE=E1 YET ,I FELT ,I KNEW HIM FROM HIS REPUTATION4 ,HE WAS WAIT+ = ME TO >RIVE TO FILL A VACANCY ON ! BASIS ( A LETT] ( 9TRODUCTION FROM ,M>K ,MRAT*NY1 $ITOR ( ! ,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,/IMME1 0,FREE ,VOICE ( ,LABOR01 ! ,YIDDI% ,AN>*I/ WEEKLY 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 

,:5 ,I WAS !RE AB\T TWO MON?S1 ,S\*Y >RANG$ A TRIP ?R\< ,>AGON = ME & MY WIFE1 ,SELMA4 ,IT W\LD COV] SOME ( ! GR\ND ?AT HE TRAVEL$ & AB\T :I* HE WAS WRIT+ A BOOK4 ,AL?\< ,I REMA9$ 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#c#h1 ,I DID NOT SEE ,S\*Y'S BOOK AT ?AT TIME4 

,WE SAW P>T ( ,>AGON1 ! T[NS & VILLAGES ?AT ,S\*Y REPORTS AB\T 9 HIS BOOK1 ,) ,! ,PEASANTS ( ,>AGON4 ,WE DID NOT SEE ! ,F,A,I CONC5TRATION CAMP = FASCI/ PRISON]S & CAPTUR$ PRISON]S ( W> ?AT ,S\*Y DESCRIBES1 :]E ! GU>DS SLEEP1 EAT & WORK ) ! PRISON]S & >E 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! PRISON]S4 ,BUT WE DID SEE A GR\P ( #d OR #e PRISON]S ( W> 9 A VILLAGE ON A M\NTA9TOP AB\T #e Y>DS BEH9D ! FRONT L9E TR5*ES4 ,!Y W]E WORK+ ON ! ROAD & !RE WAS NOT A S+LE GU>D ANY:]E 9 SI<T4 

,I ASK$ :O WAS GU>D+ ! PRISON]S & ! GUIDE ANSW]$ ) A %RUG ( HIS %\LD]S3 0,NO ONE40 ,HE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! PRISON]S W]E DRAFTEES 9 ,FRANCO'S >MY1 FROM POOR HOMES4 ,!Y W]E LIV+ BETT] ?AN EV] BE=E 9 !IR LIVES1 & LIV+ SAFE FROM ! DANG]S ( W>4 ,!Y %>$ ! HOMES ( ! VILLAG]S1 ATE ) ! VILLAG]S1 & W]E DO+ ! SAME K9D ( WORK AS ! PEOPLE ( ! VILLAGE4 

,NO PRISON] HAD EV] TRI$ TO ESCAPE4 ,NONE HAD EV] TRI$ TO SEIZE A GUN4 

,I KNEW ?AT ,I WAS SEE+ SOME?+ NEW 9 ! HI/ORY ( W>F>E ON A SMALL SCALE4 ,I DID NOT DREAM ?AT COMRADE ,S\*Y HAD SE5 & WRITT5 AB\T A L>GE CAMP = FASCI/S & W> PRISON]S1 ALSO RUN ON SIMIL> LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,SELMA & ,I SAW AB\T #b DOZ5 T[NS & VILLAGES ON ?AT TRIP4 ,WE SAW ! COLLECTIVES1 ! CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES SET UP 9 =M] *UR*ES1 /ORES & %OPS [N$ BY 9DIVIDUAL %OPKEEP]S4 ,WE OBS]V$ ?AT WE DID NOT SEE A S+LE POLICEMAN OR >M$ GU>D 9 ANY ( ! COMMUNITIES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE RI<T ON ! FRONT L9ES4 

,AT ?AT TIME1 WE DID NOT KN[ ?AT !RE W]E NO POLICE OR >M$ SECURITY =CES 9 A L>GE >EA EMBRAC+ SEV]AL HUNDR$ T[NS & VILLAGES ) A POPULATION ( HALF A MILLION PEOPLE LIV+ ON ! FRONT L9ES & 9 ! W> ZONES ( A MO/ BITT]LY F\<T /RUGGLE4 

,S\*Y'S REPORT ( HIS TRIP ?R\< ,>AGON IS A PRODUCT ( FIR/ H& OBS]VATION & LIFELONG D$ICATION TO ! DEEPE/ PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,HE WAS P>T ( ! MA9/REAM DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> :5 #h11 PEOPLE \T ( #a#b11 9 ! LOYALI/ HALF ( ,SPA9 WORK$ &_/OR LIV$ 9 9DU/RIAL OR AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES4 

,A ,FEW ,WORDS ,AB\T ,! ,AU?OR3 

,AL?\< HE IS WELL KN[N 9 ,EUROPE1 HE IS NOT SO WELL KN[N 9 ! ,5GLI% SPEAK+ WORLD4 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y ,BAU] WAS BORN ,AUGU/ #b#h1 #a#h#i#b4 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 HE ESCAP$ FROM ,G]MANY TO AVOID ! DRAFT4 ,HE !N WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,SW$5 TO ,NORWAY & FROM ,NORWAY TO ,D5M>K BECAUSE ( HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ANTI-W> ACTIVITIES4 

,9 #a#i#a#h1 HE />T$ WRIT+ >TICLES & BOOKS = ! AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 & CONT9UES TO LECTURE & WRITE ACTIVELY TO ?IS DAY1 AT #hi YE>S ( AGE4 

,HE HAS HAD A KNACK TO BE AT ! C5T] ( HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5TS DUR+ HIS LIFE ?AT FEW1 IF ANY1 C\LD EQUAL4 ,HE WAS 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aib = EI<T MON?S 9 CONNECTION ) ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,R$ ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 

,HE LIV$ 9 ,G]MANY FROM #aiba TO #aicc :5 ,HITL] CAME TO P[]4 ,HE S]V$ AS $ITOR ( ,D] ,SYNDICALI/1 ORGAN ( ! ,G]MAN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,HE WAS A F\ND] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 ,I,W,M,A1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 9T]NATIONAL1 & WAS CO-SECRET>Y ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] & ,ALEX&] ,%APIRO4 

,AFT] #aica :5 IT BECAME A ,REPUBLIC1 HE W5T TO ,SPA9 MANY TIMES AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,I,W,M,A4 ,HE WAS 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f1 TWO WEEKS BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS IMM$IATELY PUT 9 *>GE ( 9=MATION 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES & WAS AN ADVIS] ON =EIGN RELATIONS4 

,9 #a#i#c#i1 FLEE+ AHEAD ( ,FRANCO'S TROOPS1 ,S\*Y LEFT ,B>CELONA ) HALF A MILLION ,SPANI% ANTI-FASCI/S4 ,S9CE !N1 ,S\*Y HAS SP5T A GREAT DEAL ( TIME 9 ,MEXICO4 ,HE VISIT$ ,ISRAEL & WROTE AB\T !IR COLLECTIVE SETTLEM5TS4 ,HE TRAVEL$ ?R\< MO/ ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 & HAS SP5T TIME 9 ,AFRICA TEA*+ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION TO ! NATIVE POPULATIONS4 ,HE HAS LECTUR$ & WRITT5 9 ,SW$51 ,G]MANY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & 9 MANY O!R C\NTRIES4 ,HIS BOOKS & >TICLES HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,G]MAN1 ,FR5*1 ,5GLI%1 ,SW$I%1 ,DANI%1 ,SPANI% & ,YIDDI%4 

,AT AGE #h#i1 HE /ILL CONDUCTS ACTIVE CAMPAIGNS 9 BEHALF ( AN>*ISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ) LECTURES & WRIT+ 9 ,G]MANY AS WELL AS REC5T VISITS TO ,SW$5 & ,ISRAEL4 

,! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC /ORY ( ,>AGON WAS ! F9E/ *APT] ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,A MAJORITY ( ! #e1 PEOPLE 9 ?AT RURAL >EA PUT !IR P]SONAL PROP]TY 9TO ! COLLECTIVES VOLUNT>ILY & COMMITT$ !IR FAMILIES TO ! FREE & EQUAL LIFE ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,BUT 9DIVIDUALI/S LIV$ AMONG !M & 5JOY$ ! RESPECT ( !IR NEI<BORS4 

,! VOLUNT>Y *>ACT] ( ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION FROM PRIVATE [N]%IP TO COLLECTIVE COMMUNITIES IS DESCRIB$ AT L5G? 9 ! FIR/ P]SON ACC\NT ( :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! T[N ( ,ALCAMPEL4 7,SEE ,APP5DIX47 ,AB\T HALF ( ! T[N GOES COLLECTIVE4 ,AMONG ?OSE :O DO NOT JO9 >E ?REE TEAM/]S :O DRIVE !IR [N TRUCKS1 ! ONLY TRUCKS 9 ! T[N4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE CANNOT FUNCTION )\T SOME MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION4 ,DOES ! ,COLLECTIVE REQUISITION ! TRUCKS8 ,NO4 ,!Y UND]/& & RESPECT ! FE> ( ! TEAM/]S2 !Y C\LD LOSE !IR LIVELIHOOD IF !Y GAVE UP !IR TRUCKS4 ,SO1 ! ,COLLECTIVE LEAVES ! ONLY ?REE TRUCKS 9 T[N 9 PRIVATE H&S & S5DS A DELEGATION TO ,B>CELONA TO OBTA9 A TRUCK4 

,H[ DID IT HAPP5 ?AT ! SPIRIT ( LIB]TY HAD SU* /RONG ROOTS 9 ,SPA91 ?AT #h11 ( #a#b11 PEOPLE LIV$ OR WORK$ 9 VOLUNT>Y COLLECTIVES 9 ,LOYALI/ ,SPA91 )\T B5EFIT ( GOV]NM5T DECREES REQUIR+ COMPLIANCE ) REGULATIONS FROM ABOVE8 

,! LIB]T>IAN LABOR MOVEM5T WAS BORN 9 ,SPA9 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#f#h1 FOLL[+ A VISIT BY ,GIUSEPPI ,FANELLI1 AN ,ITALIAN COMRADE & SUPPORT] ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 9 ! FI<T )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN ,K>L ,M>X & ! AN>*I/ ,BAKUN94 

,A GREAT F]M5T ( OPPOSITION TO ! EXI/+ REACTION>Y MON>*I/ REGIME 9 ,SPA9 WAS DEVELOP+4 ,LABOR UNIONS W]E FI<T+ = ! RI<T TO EXI/ 9 ! CITIES4 ,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 L&LESS DAY LABOR]S & SMALL T5ANT F>M]S DREAM$ ( AN 5D TO HUNG] & DEPRIVATION1 & F\<T = ! RI<T TO E>N A LIV+ ON ! L&4 ,!Y F\<T = A NEW SOCIAL ORD] )\T EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 ,! DIFF]5T NATIONALITY REGIONS ( ,SPA9 W]E CALL+ = GREAT] AUTONOMY1 = F$]ALISM4 

,! MESSAGE ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS3 ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES2 DIRECT ACTION2 F$]ALISM2 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM AS ! GOAL ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS AB\T #g YE>S OLD AT ! TIME ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,ITS HI/ORY WAS A HI/ORY ( /RUGGLE & SACRIFICE FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,ITS MESSAGE WAS HE>D ALL OV] ! C\NTRY1 BY ! />V+ AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S & PETTY T5ANT F>M]S 9 ! RURAL >EAS1 & BY ! OPPRESS$1 UND]PAID 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9 ! CITIES4 ,AN>*I/ UNIONS GREW /RONG 9 ! C\NTRY & ! CITIES4 ,!RE W]E LONG P]IODS ( OPPRESSION & P]SECUTION1 & %ORT P]IODS ( RELATIVE FRE$OM :5 !Y W]E EV5 ABLE TO PUBLI% DALLY PAP]S4 

,9 #a#i#a1 ! SEP>ATE UNIONS ORGANIZ$ ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 AT A F\ND+ CONGRESS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,IT WAS DIFF]5T FROM ALL O!R NATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES4 ,IT WAS--& IS TO ?IS DAY--A DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 ) MAXIMUM AUTONOMY 9 ! LOCAL UNIONS & LOCAL C5TRAL LABOR C\NCILS4 ,IT NEV] SET UP LEAD]S :O SPOKE = ! 5TIRE ORGANIZATION1 OR C5TRAL EXECUTIVE BODIES ?AT C\LD MAKE DECISIONS = ! :OLE MOVEM5T4 

,DECISIONS />T$ 9 ! LOCAL UNION1 W5T ?R\< DELEGATES TO CITY OR DI/RICT ,LABOR ,C\NCILS1 & F9ALLY TO ! ,NATIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,REGIONS & ! ,NATIONAL ,SECRET>IAT4 ,C,N,T UNIONS NEV] CONF9$ !MSELVES TO BREAD & BUTT] ISSUES4 ,SPA9 WAS A CLOS$ SOCIETY1 RUL$ BY ,*UR* & ,>MY = ! B5EFIT ( A WEAL?Y FEW4 ,! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY W]E ALWAYS HUNGRY1 ILL H\S$1 POORLY CLO!D & ILLIT]ATE4 ,FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ALL ( ! CIVIL LIB]TIES TAK5 = GRANT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! WE/]N DEMOCRACIES DID NOT EXI/ 9 ,SPA9 EXCEPT = %ORT P]IODS ( FRE$OM AFT] LONG YE>S ( DICTATOR%IP & OPPRESSION4 

,! ,C,N,T WAS ALWAYS 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,ITS HI/ORY IS FILL$ ) M>TYRS :O GAVE !IR LIVES FI<T+ OPPRESSION4 ,! MOVEM5T PUT GREAT /RESS ON LIB]T>IAN & RATIONAL $UCATION = *ILDR5 & ADULTS4 ,& IT ALWAYS KEPT ! GOAL ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM HI< 9 ITS ORD] ( PRIORITIES4 

,:5 ! >MY & ! FASCI/S ROSE AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC ,ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 !IR MO/ VIGOR\S OPPOSITION WAS ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! BIG CITIES1 9 :OSE FRONT RANKS W]E ! ,AN>*I/S & ! ,C,N,T4 ,!Y OV]CAME ! >M$ =CES & ! FASCI/S 9 ! CITIES4 ,[N]S & EXECUTIVES ( BIG BUS9ESS FL$ ) ! >MY4 ,WEAL?Y L&[N]S AB&ON$ !IR L&S4 ,! WORK]S & !IR UNIONS LO/ NO TIME TAK+ CONTROL ( ! FACTORIES & ! F>MS1 ! RAILROADS1 UTILITIES1 MUNICIPAL S]VICES1 ! S*OOLS1 HOSPITALS1 BAK]IES & DAIRIES4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS RUN BY ! WORK]S ?R\< !IR UNIONS & FACTORY C\NCILS4 

,9 ! C\NTRY ! PEASANTS1 TOGE!R ) ALMO/ EV]YONE ELSE 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES -- BAK]S & BUT*]S1 CON/RUCTION WORK]S & DRESSMAK]S1 DOCTORS & TEA*]S & LAWY]S1 MET 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES & FREELY VOT$ TO ORGANIZE COLLECTIVES L& 5T] 9TO A NEW WAY ( LIFE4 ,?OSE :O WANT$ TO WORK & LIVE ALONE 9 PRIVATELY [N$ %OP W]E P]MITT$ TO DO SO )\T 9T]F]5CE & ) ONE SIMPLE LIMITATION3 !Y C\LD NOT HIRE ANYONE TO WORK = !M4 

,! COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON PROBABLY REA*$ ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 

,! ORIG9AL BOOK WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD 7,L& & ,LIB]TY7 9 ,B>CELONA1 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,! NEW VOLUME ADDS A FIR/ P]SON ACC\NT ( :AT HAPP5$ 9 ONE VILLAGE1 ,ALCAMPEL1 AS AN APP5DIX TO ,S\*Y'S REPORT4 ,) ,! ,PEASANTS ( ,>AGON IS A VITAL *APT] ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,ABE ,BLUE/E9 

,=EWORD 

,! FOLL[+ REPORT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #aicg 9 ,SPANI% & ,SW$I%1 & LAT] 9 ,G]MAN4 ,TODAY 7#a#i#h#a7 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O W]E ALIVE AT ! TIME ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> IS RELATIVELY SMALL4 ,A %ORT 9TRODUCTION MAY BE HELPFUL = ! Y\NG] G5]ATION4 

,! ,CIVIL ,W> BEGAN 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 :5 ,FRANCO />T$ HIS MILIT>Y ACTION ) ! HELP ( ,MUSSOL9I & ,HITL]4 ,IT WAS A TYPICAL ,SPANI% 0PRONUNCIAM5TO' AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC4 

,?ANKS TO ! EXTRAORD9>Y & H]OIC /RUGGLE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 & 9 P>TICUL> ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T :I* ADVOCAT$ DIRECT ACTION CONT9U\SLY />T+ 9 ! L#i? C5TURY1 ! ,FRANCO 0PUTS*0 WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ONE HALF ( ! C\NTRY DUR+ ! FIR/ WEEK4 

,H[EV]1 ! /RUGGLE DEG5]AT$ 9TO A LONG CIVIL W> 9 :I* ,FRANCO F9ALLY EM]G$ VICTORI\S BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLIC WAS AB&ON$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC WE/]N WORLD4 

,! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ?AT HI/ORIC *APT]1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT ! MILIT>Y /RUGGLE BUT ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW ECONOMY1 A NEW SOCIETY BY MANUAL & PR(ESSIONAL WORK]S )\T ! 9T]F]5CE ( POLITICIANS OR GOV]NM5T4 ,:ILE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h WAS ! REALIZATION ( ! !ORY ( ,K>L ,M>X1 ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION WAS C>RI$ \T 9 ! SPIRIT & ?\<T ( ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK94 

,I WAS 9 ,B>CELONA :5 ! ,CIVIL ,W> BROKE \T4 ,AS SOON AS ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE BEGAN1 ,I DECID$ TO D$ICATE MYSELF TO ! /UDY ( IT4 ,I KNEW ?AT COLLECTIVIZATION WAS NOT A GIFT FROM HEAV5 BUT ! RESULT ( ACTION BY WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,! GOAL ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S FROM !IR V]Y BEG9N+ WAS TO TAKE OV] ! ECONOMY & ORGANIZE IT ON A COLLECTIVIZ$ BASIS4 

,SEV]AL ATTEMPTS W]E MADE AFT] ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9 #aica TO TAKE OV] PRIVATE 5T]PRISE & CONV]T TO A COLLECTIVIZ$ SY/EM1 BUT !Y DID NOT LA/ BECAUSE ,/ATE P[] & ! POLICE DISSOLV$ !M QUICKLY4 ,H[EV]1 :5 ! MILIT>Y =CES W]E CRU%$ 9 #aicf & PUBLIC P[] WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,REVOLUTION -! ,*IEF ( ,POLICE 9 ,B>CELONA WAS ! WELL-KN[N AN>*I/ ,]OLES -- !RE WAS NO P[] TO PREV5T ! REALIZATION ( ! OLD DREAM TO BUILD A NEW FREE SOCIETY BAS$ ON SOCIAL EQUALITY & JU/ICE4 ,I WANT$ TO MAKE A RECORD ( !SE NEW DEVELOPM5TS & PRES]VE !M = ! FUTURE4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA9 WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT TRANS=MATION 9 HI/ORY BO? ( ! PROP]TY /RUCTURE ( ! L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTIVE WORK4 ,! COLLECTIVES W]E A REALIZATION ( ! IDEALS & !ORIES ,( FREE OR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE KOLKHOZ & EV5 ! SELF-MANAGEM5T SY/EM 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,I SAW ?IS AS ,I TRAVEL$ ?R\< !SE C\NTRIES TO /UDY !IR SY/EMS4 ,! ,SPANI% F>M COLLECTIVES W]E MO/ SIMIL> TO ! ,MO%OV ,%ITUFI1 ONE ( ! V>I\S TYPES ( WORK+ COMMUNITIES KN[N AS KIBBUTZIM 9 ,ISRAEL4 

,! COLLECTIVES W]E OPPOS$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,AFT] ! W> !Y W]E DE/ROY$ BY ,FRANCO4 ,I REVISIT$ ,SPA9 ?IRTY YE>S LAT] TO ACQUA9T MYSELF ) ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SITUATION4 ,! TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> HAD ALSO REA*$ ,SPA94 ,G]MAN1 ,FR5*1 ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN MULTI-NATIONAL COMPANIES HAVE !IR SUBSIDI>IES 9 ,SPA94 ,LIKE ! DICTATOR ,P]ON 9 ,>G5T9A1 ,FRANCO HAD 9TRODUC$ SOCIAL SECURITY & UNEMPLOYM5T 9SURANCE4 ,ILLIT]ACY HAD DROPP$ FROM #e.0 TO #a#e.04 ,CONV5I5CES ( MOD]N LIV+ SU* AS RADIOS1 TELEVISIONS1 REFRIG]ATORS & AUTOMOBILES >E NO LONG] ! PRIVILEGE ( A SMALL M9ORITY4 

,!RE WAS ALSO A *ANGE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,SPA9 WAS HALF AGRICULTURAL1 HALF 9DU/RIAL4 ,N[ ONLY #c.0 ( ! POPULATION DEP5DS ON AGRICULTURE4 ,9 SOME P>TS ( ! C\NTRY ! PEASANTS HAVE IMPROV$ !IR ECONOMIC SITUATION ?R\< MUTUAL AID4 ,P>TLY AS A RESULT ( MEMORIES ( ! COLLECTIVES1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( G5]AL PROGRESS1 COOP]ATIVES1 :I* DID NOT EXI/ BE=E1 HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ TO IMPROVE ME?ODS ( WORK1 TRANSPORTATION1 & BUY+ & SELL+4 ,ACCORD+ TO AN (FICIAL REPORT !RE >E N[ #a#e1 COOP]ATIVES ( SMALL F>M]S 9 ,SPA94 ,IT IS REPORT$ ?AT 9 ! ,PROV9CE ( ,CU5CA #a#d1 F>M]S ) LESS ?AN #cg ACRES EA* HAVE DECID$ TO ORGANIZE COOP]ATIVES4 ,!SE FIGURES MAY NOT BE ACCURATE1 BUT IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT !RE IS A COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T AMONG ! F>M]S4 

,!RE IS /ILL A SOCIAL ABYSS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,&ALUSIA1 BETWE5 ! BIG L&[N]S1 OR 0LATIFUNDI/AS01 & ! POOR PEASANTS4 ,H[EV]1 ! POLITICAL CLIMATE IS NOT REVOLUTION>Y AT ! PRES5T TIME4 

,! TRANSITION FROM ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y WAS PEACEFUL4 ,DUR+ SEV]AL VISITS TO ,SPA9 S9CE ! DEA? ( ,FRANCO1 ,I TRI$ TO F9D \T IF ! WORK]S & PEASANTS >E READY TO FI<T N[ = A NEW LIB]T>IAN1 OR AT LEA/ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! ANSW]S W]E NEGATIVE4 ,!RE IS NO PU% = VIOL5T REVOLUTION AT ?IS TIME AMONG ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,& ! ADH]5TS & P>TISANS 9 ! >MY ( A NEW MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP >E SU* A SMALL M9ORITY ?AT !Y CANNOT RISK TRY+ TO MAKE ANO!R C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> FROM #aicf TO #aici CO/ ! LIVES ( #a11 VICTIMS4 ,! ,SPANI% PEOPLE DO NOT WANT A REPETITION ( ?AT EXP]I5CE4 ,!RE IS ONE QUE/ION A ,SPANI% COMRADE ASK$ ME DUR+ ONE ( MY REC5T VISITS TO ,SPA93 ,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT ! COLLECTIVIZATION ?AT WAS C>RI$ \T DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> CAN BE REPEAT$ 9 ! NE> FUTURE8 ,MY ANSW]3 ,HI/ORY NEV] REPEATS ITSELF 9 ! SAME WAY OR ! SAME =M4 ,! SAME REVOLUTION CANNOT BE MADE TWICE4 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! /RUGGLE = A COLLECTIVE OR COOP]ATIVE ECONOMY1 BAS$ UPON ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ! L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 IS OBSOLETE4 ,!SE >E /ILL ! GOALS TODAY & = ! FUTURE4 ,BUT ! />T+ PO9T IS DIFF]5T TODAY ?AN #a#i#c#f4 ,! TE*NICAL & 9DU/RIAL EVOLUTION S9CE !N WILL IMPRESS !IR M>K ON SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,AT ?IS TIME ,SPA9 F9DS ITSELF 9 A P]IOD ( TRANSITION POLITICALLY4 ,! WORK]S >E 5GAG$ 9 H>D /RUGGLES = ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,! C\NTRY IS TORN ) BITT] CONFLICTS = REGIONAL AUTONOMY BY NATIONAL M9ORITIES4 ,IF AFT] SEV]AL YE>S ! CURR5T /RUGGLES >E RESOLV$ & ! PRES5T ,/ATE AU?ORITY IS /ILL 9 P[]1 NEW POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS WILL SURFACE4 ,AS LONG AS ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS & ! SPIRIT ( R5EWAL REMA9 VIBRANT 9 ! ,SPANI% ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T ! GOALS = ! REALIZATION ( ! P]5NIAL HUMAN IDEALS WILL LIVE3 ,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1 ,FRAT]NITY4 

,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,A ,NEW ,WAY ( ,LIFE IS ,BORN 9 ,>AGON 

,BATTLES BETWE5 PEASANTS & FASCI/S BROKE \T 9 T[NS & VILLAGES ?R\<\T ,>AGON IMM$IATELY AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,9 MANY ( ! VILLAGES ! PEASANTS FL$ TO ESCAPE ! P]SECUTION ( ! FASCI/S4 ,LAT]1 :5 ! ANTIFASCI/ COLUMNS 5T]$ ,>AGON FROM ,CATALONIA & ! ,LEVANT1 ! T[NS & VILLAGES W]E LIB]AT$ FROM ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & FASCI/S4 ,! PEASANTS RETURN$ TO !IR HOMES4 ,A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION !N TOOK PLACE ?AT WAS NOT EQUAL$ ANY:]E ELSE 9 ,SPA9 = ITS DEP? & ORGANIZATION4 

,UNLIKE ,CATALONIA1 DI/RIBUTION ( L& 9 ,>AGON DID NOT MAKE = V]Y GREAT EXTREMES ( WEAL? & POV]TY4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE W]E SMALL F>M]S1 T5ANT F>M]S & %>ECROPP]S4 ,%>ECROPP]S WORK$ = ! FEW L>GE L&HOLD]S1 AS DID ! L&LESS DAY LABOR]S4 7,BO? !SE GR\PS HAD TO F9D WORK 9 ! CITIES = MANY MON?S ( ! YE> BECAUSE ,MO!R ,E>? C\LD NOT FE$ !M47 ,! W> T5D$ TO ELIM9ATE EV5 !SE EXTREMES RA!R QUICKLY1 =1 AS ! POPUL> MILITIA ADVANC$1 ! L>GE L&HOLD]S & ! FASCI/S FL$ ! REGION4 ,V]Y FEW REMA9$ TO WORK ) ! PEASANTS4 

,! PEOPLE ( ! VILLAGES HELD G5]AL T[N MEET+S 9 ! PUBLIC PLAZAS & AGRE$ TO EXPROPRIATE ! L&S ( ! FASCI/ L&HOLD]S4 ,O!R L& WAS ALSO COLLECTIVIZ$ OR TURN$ OV] TO ! VILLAGE4 ,! PEOPLE AGRE$ TO WORK TOGE!R 9 COLLECTIVES 9 ALMO/ ALL ! LIB]AT$ COMMUNITIES4 ,FIVE HUNDR$ T[NS & VILLAGES ) A POPULATION ( APPROXIMATELY HALF A MILLION PEOPLE E/ABLI%$ COLLECTIVISM1 A TYPE ( ECONOMY & SOCIAL SY/EM UNKN[N 9 MOD]N ,EUROPE UNTIL !N4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9TO A SY/EM ( COLLECTIVE PROP]TY WAS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 A RELATIVELY %ORT TIME & TO A SURPRIS+ DEGREE4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,>AGON CON/ITUT$ A F9AL /AGE 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( RURAL LIFE ?AT HAD BE5 F\<T = S9CE ! />T ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,! AGR>IAN RE=M (F]$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC PROVID$ NO HELP = ! RURAL PROLET>IAT4 ,V]Y FEW L>GE L&HOLD]S W]E EXPROPRIAT$ UND] ! BANN] ( RE=M4 ,ONLY ! L&S BELONG+ TO ! ,*UR* OR RELIGI\S ORD]S W]E TAK5 OV]4 ,!SE W]E DI/RIBUT$ AMONG A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( PEASANT FAMILIES1 BUT ! RURAL MASSES CONT9U$ TO LIVE 9 MIS]Y4 

,:5 ! P[] ( REACTION WAS DE/ROY$ AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ! PEASANTS REALIZ$ !IR IDEAL3 COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,COMMUNES ALSO TOOK CONTROL ( ! L& 9 ALL ! T[NS & VILLAGES ( ,LOYALI/ ,SPA94 ,BUT ! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION DID NOT DEVELOP AS F> ANY:]E ELSE 9 ,SPA9 AS IT DID 9 ,>AGON4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS NOT ORD]$ BY ! ,/ATE OR IMPOS$ BY =CE AS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! PEASANTS SUPPORT$ ! IDEALS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!IR GOAL WAS TO PRODUCE COLLECTIVELY & TO DI/RIBUTE ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR ) JU/ICE TO ALL4 ,NO ONE ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION = A P>TICUL> TYPE ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,!RE W]E NO DECREES1 NO GOV]NM5T COMMISSIONS TO ISSUE ORD]S1 NO (FICIAL ORI5TATION TO DIRECT ! PEASANTS4 ,!Y ACT$ ACCORD+ TO !IR 9TUITIONS4 ,AN ACTIVE M9ORITY L$ ! WAY4 ,! IDEAL ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS /RONG AMONG ! PEASANTS4 ,IT WAS /IRR+ TO SEE H[ ! PEASANTS C\LD HIT ! NAIL ON ! HEAD ) !IR CLE>1 HUMANE ?9K+ EV5 ?\< !Y DID NOT HAVE A GREAT DEAL ( !ORY OR DEEP KN[L$GE4 ,) ! 9TUITION ?AT PEOPLE HAVE 9 EXCEPTIONAL TIMES1 ! RURAL POPULATION W5T TO WORK TO CON/RUCT A NEW LIFE4 

,NEWS ( ! COLLECTIVIZATION & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ,>AGON SPREAD ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT ! ACTUAL CONT5T ( COLLECTIVI/ LIFE 9 ,>AGON WAS NOT KN[N ELSE:]E 9 ,SPA9 OR ABROAD4 ,A DESCRIPTION ( H[ !Y W]E ORGANIZ$1 H[ !Y REA*$ UND]/&+S1 HAD NOT YET BE5 WRITT54 ,! /ORY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,>AGON AFT] ,JULY L#i? WAS NOT YET TOLD4 

,H[EV]1 :AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,>AGON IS ( GREATE/ IMPORTANCE TO ! WORLD SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,MORE ?AN HALF A MILLION PEASANTS1 IMPELL$ BY NECESSITY1 BY !IR MIS]Y & !IR IDEALS1 TOOK DE/9Y 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,EQUALITY1 ,LIB]TY1 ,FRAT]NITY1 ! GREAT DREAMS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 HAVE NOT YET BE5 REALIZ$ 9 ! WORLD4 ,!Y W]E BE+ REALIZ$ 9 ,>AGON4 ,! PEASANT WAS FREE FROM POLITICAL OPPRESSION & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! GREAT L&HOLD]S4 ,LIB]TY WAS WON 9 BATTLE4 ,EQUALITY WAS ORGANIZ$4 ,FRAT]NITY LIV$ 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,/RUCTURE ( ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON 

,! SMALLE/ UNIT ( ! COLLECTIVE 9 ,>AGON WAS ! WORK GR\P1 USUALLY NUMB]+ FIVE TO T5 MEMB]S1 SOMETIMES MORE4 ,! GR\P MI<T CONSI/ ( FRI5DS1 OR ! NEI<BORS ON A C]TA9 /REET1 OR A GR\P ( SMALL F>M]S1 T5ANT F>M]S1 OR DAY LABOR]S4 ,:5 ONE GR\P F9I%$ ITS WORK1 IT W\LD HELP ANO!R GR\P4 ,EV]YONE WAS OBLIG$ TO WORK4 ,EA* GR\P MEMB] WAS GIV5 A WORK]S' C>D4 ,A GR\P W\LD GO \T TO WORK TOGE!R L$ BY !IR DELEGATE1 :O MU* ( ! TIME WORK$ ) HIS COMRADES AS WELL AS RECORD+ ! MEMB]S' WORK4 ,L& WAS ASSIGN$ TO ! GR\PS BY ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! TOOLS1 MA*9]Y1 & ANIMALS NE$$ = WORK W]E ! PROP]TY ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! CULTIVATION ( ! L& ASSIGN$ TO !M WAS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! GR\P4 

,! COLLECTIVE WAS ! FREE COMMUNITY ( LABOR ( ! VILLAG]S4 ,IT WAS CREAT$ ) ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I 7,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR & ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION7 HELD G5]AL ASSEMBLIES 9 ALL ! VILLAGES4 ,PEASANTS1 SMALL F>M]S & T5ANT F>M]S ATT5D$4 ,?AT WAS H[ ! COLLECTIVES W]E BORN4 ,!Y TOOK POSSESSION ( ! L& & ! TOOLS & MA*9]Y ( ! EXPROPRIAT$ L&HOLD]S4 ,! SMALL F>M]S & T5ANT F>M]S :O JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE BR\<T !IR TOOLS & EQUIPM5T4 ,AN 9V5TORY ( ALL PROP]TY & EQUIPM5T WAS MADE4 ,:OEV] DID NOT WI% TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE C\LD KEEP ! L& ?AT HE C\LD CULTIVATE )\T HIR$ LABOR4 ,EA* COLLECTIVE PROCE$$ ALONG ! FOLL[+ L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T3 

,! DI/RIBUTION ( L&1 LABOR1 TOOLS & FRUIT ( !IR TOIL WAS TAK5 C>E ( FIR/4 ,! COLLECTIVE HAS TO BE CONC]N$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ) ! MAT]IAL SURVIVAL ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,! PRODUCT ( ! FIELDS WAS BR\<T TO A COMMON W>EH\SE2 ! MO/ IMPORTANT FOODS W]E DI/RIBUT$ EQUALLY AMONG ALL4 ,SURPLUS CROPS W]E US$ = TRADE ) O!R COMMUNES OR ) COLLECTIVES 9 ! CITIES4 ,PRODUCE WAS DI/RIBUT$ TO ! MEMB]S FREE ( *>GE4 ,DEP5D+ ON ! WEAL? ( ! COMMUNE !RE W\LD BE BREAD & W9E4 ,SOMETIMES BREAD1 MEAT & O!R FOODS W]E ISSU$ )\T LIMIT & FREE ( *>GE4 ,:ATEV] HAD TO BE ACQUIR$ \TSIDE ( ! COMMUNE1 ?R\< B>T] OR PUR*ASE FROM O!R COMMUNES OR ! CITIES1 OR COMMODITIES ?AT W]E 9 L[ SUPPLY 9 ! COMMUNE1 W]E RATION$4 ,EV]YONE1 :E!R ABLE TO WORK OR NOT1 RECEIV$ ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE AS F> AS ! COLLECTIVE C\LD PROVIDE !M4 ,! UND]LY+ IDEA WAS NO LONG] 0A GOOD DAY'S PAY = A GOOD DAY'S WORK10 BUT 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S40 

,H]E9 LAY ONE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! PEASANT COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON & ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL COLLECTIVES 9 ,CATALONIA & O!R P>TS ( ,SPA94 ,9 9DU/RY1 LABOR OR PRODUCTION WAS COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,CONSUMPTION REMA9$ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 ! PEASANT COLLECTIVES CONSUMPTION AS WELL AS PRODUCTION WAS COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,! NEW SY/EM WAS SIMPLE 9 ITS BASIC *>ACT]I/ICS1 V>I$ 9 =MS ( APPLICATION4 ,! CU/OM>Y COMP5SATION WAS QUOTAS & RATION+ = ?+S ?AT W]E SC>CE1 UNLIMIT$ DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS ?AT W]E 9 ABUNDANCE4 ,!SE >E ! ECONOMIC =MS ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATION EMBRAC$ ALL ! LOCAL COLLECTIVES 9 ! DI/RICT4 ,T5 TO TW5TY COMMUNES JO9$ TOGE!R TO =M AN ECONOMIC UNIT4 ,! LABOR COLLECTIVE 9 EA* VILLAGE S5T AN EXACT 9V5TORY TO ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION REPORT+ ! AM\NT ( L&1 MA*9ES1 MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 H>VE/1 PROP]TY & M]*&ISE ON H&4 ,! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATION MA9TA9$ W>EH\SES & M>KET$ ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ( ALL ! AFFILIAT$ VILLAGES & COLLECTIVES2 PRODUCTS = 9T]*ANGE W]E S5T TO ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION & 9 SOME CASES TO ,B>CELONA4 ,! COLLECTIVES1 W]E ABLE TO OBTA9 ! GOODS !Y NE$$ ) ! CR$IT BUILT UP BY ! PRODUCE !Y S5T TO ! ,DI/RICT4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATIONS HAD AMPLE W>EH\SE FACILITIES4 ,! VILLAGES W]E ABLE TO OBTA9 :AT !Y NE$$4 ,EV]Y?+ !Y NE$$ C\LD BE F\ND 9 ! ,DI/RICT4 

,! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATION WAS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES ELECT$ BY ! COLLECTIVES ( ! VILLAGES4 ,!Y W]E RESPONSIBLE = COMMUNICATION & TRANSPORTATION BETWE5 ! VILLAGES2 !Y B\<T NEW MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 9/ALL$ ADDITIONAL TELEPHONE L9ES & SUPPORT$ CULTURAL PROGRESS 9 ! AFFILIAT$ VILLAGES4 ,! DEF5SE AGA9/ REACTION>IES & FASCI/S WAS L$ BY ! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATIONS DUR+ ! FIR/ MON?S AFT] ,JULY L#i?4 ,LOCAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILS RECEIV$ >MS & /RATEGIC ADVICE FROM ! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATION4 ,! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATION 9 ! ,B>BA/RO ,ZONE1 ,HUESCA ,PROV9CE1 CONDUCT$ ! DEF5SE AGA9/ FASCISM = N9E MON?S4 ,!Y PROVID$ FOOD & ALL NECESS>Y W> MAT]IALS TO ! MILITIA4 

,ALL ! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATIONS ( ,>AGON BELONG$ TO ! ,>AGON ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ?IS ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION WAS ! ECONOMIC C5T] ( ! 5TIRE REGION4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ MON?S !RE WAS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( DUPLICATION4 ,! ,>AGON ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = DEF5SE AT ! BEG9N+4 ,! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T AS ! (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVE BODY ( ! REGION4 ,IT HAD ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A GOV]NM5TAL BODY4 ,ACTUALLY1 !RE WAS NO ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL1 BUT AN ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL4 

,A ,CONGRESS ( ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATIONS WAS HELD 9 ,CASPE 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#c#g4 ,!Y AGRE$ TO MAKE ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ! ECONOMIC C5T] ( ! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON4 ,! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATIONS W\LD S5D !IR PRODUCE OR O!R GOODS TO ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION4 ,! 9T]*ANGE ( GOODS BETWE5 SECTIONS ( ,>AGON C\LD BE DONE ?R\< ! ,REGIONAL F$]ATION4 ,:]E NECESS>Y1 !RE W\LD BE TRANSACTIONS ) O!R REGIONS OR O!R C\NTRIES4 

,?IS1 BRIEFLY1 WAS ! /RUCTURE ( ! COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON4 ,FOLL[+ IS \R REPORT ( :AT WE SAW 9 SOME ( ! VILLAGES1 ! ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATIONS & ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ON H[ ! NEW ECONOMY FUNCTION$ ON A F\NDATION ( EQUALITY & JU/ICE4 

,COLLECTIVISM WAS NOT NEW 9 ,SPA94 ,NOR WAS IT LIMIT$ TO ,>AGON4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS MO/ WIDESPREAD 9 ,>AGON4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! AN>*I/S W]E ! MO/ F]V5T SUPPORT]S ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 BUT NOT ! ONLY ONES4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,U,G,T 7,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S ,SOCIALI/7 ALSO FAVOR$ COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! CITY & ! C\NTRY4 ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS ! MA9 SP>K & 9SPIRATION ( ! IDEA & ! MOVEM5T4 ,! SOCIALI/ & SYNDICALI/ UNIONS WORK$ TOGE!R FREQU5TLY ) EQUAL ZEAL = COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! RURAL >EAS4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION SPREAD /EADILY 9 ! VILLAGES & T[NS ( ! REGION4 

,A ,CONGRESS ( ALL ! UNIONS ( ,>AGON WAS HELD 9 ,CASPE1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #a#i#c#g4 ,IT WAS CALL$ BY ! ,C,N,T1 BUT ! ,U,G,T 9 ,>AGON ALSO P>TICIPAT$4 ,! SPIRIT ( ?IS GREAT MOVEM5T CRY/ALLIZ$ AT ! ,CONGRESS4 ,! RESOLUTION EXPRESS+ ?IS FOLL[S3 

0,UND]/&+ ?AT ! PROGRAM ( ! TWO SIGNATORY ORGANIZATIONS CANNOT BE REALIZ$ = ! MOM5T1 P>TICUL>LY IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! DIV]SITY ( PROGRAMS ( ! DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! ANTIFASCI/ FRONT1 & RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPLANT A P>TICUL> TYPE ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM W\LD BE SUICIDAL & FATAL = ! /RUGGLE WE SUPPORT1 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T ACCEPT ! FOLL[+ BASES = UNITY ( ACTION3 0#a7 ,WE UND]TAKE TO FULFILL ALL ! ORD]S ( ! LEGITIMATE GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON 9 :I* \R RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS >E REPRES5T$1 US+ ALL \R 9FLU5CE & RES\RCES = ?IS PURPOSE4 0#b7 ,A ,REGIONAL ,COORD9AT+ ,COMMISSION WILL BE E/ABLI%$ )9 EI<T DAYS AFT] ?IS AGREEM5T HAS BE5 SIGN$2 IT WILL PROMOTE UNITY ( ACTION1 RESOLVE CONFLICTS ?AT MAY >ISE BETWE5 ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS 9 VIEW ( ! LAM5TABLE DIVISIONS BETWE5 US UNTIL N[ & ELIM9ATE ELEM5TS :O MAY HAVE 9FILTRAT$ 9TO \R ORGANIZATIONS4 0,! ,COORD9AT+ ,COMMISSION WILL E/ABLI% ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ) COMRADES ( BO? ORGANIZATIONS FROM ! ?REE PROV9CES TO FACILITATE ! RESOLUTION ( CONFLICTS4 0,! ,REGIONAL ,COORD9AT+ ,COMMISSION WILL DET]M9E ) :I* ( ! TWO UNION F$]ATIONS NEW UNIONS %ALL AFFILIATE ACCORD+ TO ! FACTS PRES5T$4 0,WE REJECT ALL =CE TO COMPEL AN 9DIVIDUAL TO BELONG TO ONE OR ! O!R UNION4 0,! ,>AGON PROV9CIAL SECRET>IES ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION ( ,AGRICULTURAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,U,G,T UND]TAKE ! /UDY ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES ( ! ,C,N,T AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE 9 ACCORDANCE ) RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ BY !IR ,CONGRESS TO CREATE A S+LE ORGANIZATION TO /R5G!N AGRICULTURE 9 ,>AGON4 0,! ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 & ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,U,G,T7 /ATE ?AT ! SEIZURE ( PROP]TIES ( FASCI/ ELEM5TS BE DECL>$ LEGAL1 :E!R !Y BE 9 AGRICULTURE1 9 ! CITIES OR 9 9DU/RY1 & ?AT ! PROP]TIES %ALL BE TRANSF]R$ TO ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCILS :I* WILL PLACE !M AT ! DISPOSITION ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS TO BE COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,BO? ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORT ! DISPOSITION ( SU* PROP]TIES MADE BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON4 0,BO? ORGANIZATIONS WILL RESPECT DECISIONS REA*$ FREELY BY ! PEASANTS TO ADM9I/] !MSELVES AS !Y WI% & ! UNIONS CAN CAMPAIGN = ! SPREAD ( COLLECTIVIZATION PO9T+ \T ! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T WILL ASSI/ & /IMULATE FREELY ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVES :I* CAN S]VE AS EXAMPLES = O!R WORK]S & PEASANTS40 

,?IS WAS ! PACT ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ,U,G,T WAS ON RECORD 9 FAVOR ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! PACT WAS LIMIT$ TO ,>AGON ONLY4 ,! NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T DID NOT REA* AN AGREEM5T ON COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,! ,C,N,T WANT$ SOCIALIZATION ?R\< COLLECTIVIZATION2 ! ,U,G,T PREF]R$ NATIONALIZATION4 ,?IS WAS TO BE LIMIT$ TO L>GE PROP]TIES4 ,! L>GE L&$ E/ATES W\LD BE EXPROPRIAT$ & TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,/ATE4 ,PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 ! VILLAGES W]E NOT *ANG$1 & CONT9U$ ) ITS CAPITALI/ DISORD]4 ,SMALL PRIVATE PROP]TY & 9DIVIDUAL CULTIVATION ( ! L& WAS NOT *ANG$4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ALSO FAIL$ TO SUPPORT COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! AGR>IAN PROGRAM ( BO? P>TIES FOLL[$ ! AGR>IAN RE=M ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,NONE ( !IR PROPOSALS W5T BEYOND ! (FICIAL AGR>IAN RE=M PROGRAM1 :I* WAS LIMIT$ TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L>GE L&$ E/ATES4 ,AGRICULTURAL WORK]S MU/ BE MADE SMALL PROP]TY [N]S4 ,FRANCE DID ?IS DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,RESULT3 A NATION ( SMALL F>M]S1 A SOCIAL CLASS ?AT BE>S ! SE$ ( CAPITALISM & CONS]VATISM4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ADVOCAT$ ! CREATION ( AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES 9/EAD ( A PROGRAM ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,!Y PUBLI%$ A SET ( MODEL BY-LAWS = SU* AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES 9 !IR PUBLICATION1 LA ,VOZ DEL ,CAMPO 7,VOICE ( ! ,C\NTRY71 ,MAY #b#b1 #a#i#c#g1 ,VAL5CIA4 ,!Y DID NOT SPEAK ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,!Y BAS$ !IR PROPOSAL = COOP]ATIVES ON PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,?IS WAS 9 CONTRA/ ) ! PROGRAM ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! PEASANTS 9 ,RUSSIA1 AN AMBIGU\S POSITION = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,COOP]ATIVES C\LD SATISFY ,SPA9'S PEASANTS AS LITTLE AS ! GOV]NM5T'S PROGRAM ( AGR>IAN RE=M4 ,BO? KEPT PRIVATE PROP]TY AS ! BASIS = F>M+4 ,AGRICULTURAL WORK]S W5T BEYOND SU* PETTY-B\RGEOIS RE=MS AFT] ,JULY L#i?1 )\T WAIT+ = ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,!Y W]E 9SPIR$ ) ! IDEAL ( COMMUNISM1 FILL$ ) A DEEP DESIRE = LIB]TY4 ,!Y WANT$ NO?+ ( ! PRIVATE ECONOMY ( CAPITALISM4 ,!Y WANT$ TO WORK TOGE!R COLLECTIVELY & DI/RIBUTE ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR TO ALL JU/LY4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT !Y C\LD A*IEVE ?IS GOAL ) COLLECTIVES4 ,!Y W5T BEYOND ALL HALF-WAY SOLUTIONS1 ALL SUP]FICIAL RE=MS4 ,COLLECTIVISM WAS ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT CL++ /UBBORNLY TO HIS PIECE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY WAS NOT !IR IDEAL4 ,! COLLECTIVE WAS ! C5T]-PIECE = ! BIR? ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,IT TRIUMPH$ OV] 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,COLLECTIVISM WAS TO BE ! CRADLE = ! REBIR? ( ,SPA94 

7,S\*Y'S DESCRIPTION ( ! NEW SOCIETY DEVELOP+ 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES ( ,>AGON WAS WRITT5 9 ! PRES5T T5SE AS A REPORT ( :AT WAS TAK+ PLACE 9 '#c#g4 ,TO APPRECIATE ! DRAMATIC IMPACT ( HIS BOOK :5 IT WAS PUBLI%$ :ILE ! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS /ILL GO+ ON1 ,I HAVE RETA9$ HIS REPORT AS HE WROTE IT 9 ! PRES5T T5SE4 ,A4,B47 

,ALCANIZ 

,AN ATTRACTIVE T[N ( #h1 PEOPLE1 NE> ! PROV9CIAL CAPITAL1 ,CASPE4 ,!RE W]E FEW FASCI/S 9 ,ALCANIZ1 & !RE WAS NO FI<T+4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ,JULY L#i?1 ! WORK]S AGRE$ ON EXPROPRIATION ( ! PROP]TY ( ! FASCI/S & COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L&4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I W]E 9 ! MAJORITY4 ,!RE WAS NO RESI/ANCE TO COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! ,U,G,T1 V]Y WEAK AT ! BEG9N+1 GREW /RONG] 9 ! FOLL[+ MON?S4 ,! ,C,N,T DID NOT ACCEPT MEMB]S :O DID NOT ACCEPT COLLECTIVIZATION1 SO ! 9DIVIDUALI/S JO9$ ! ,U,G,T4 ,U,G,T MEMB]%IP REA*$ #a1#f4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD #a1#g MEMB]S4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE W]E F\R ,F,A,I GR\PS & APPROXIMATELY #c MEMB]S 9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,! NEWSPAP] 9 ! T[N IS CALL$ ,CULTURA Y ,ACCION 7,CULTURE & ,ACTION71 PUBLI%$ TWICE A WEEK4 ,ITS $ITOR1 A MILITANT ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 IS ,MANUEL ,SALAS4 

,/ORES >E NOT COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,SMALL M]*ANTS CONT9UE TO OP]ATE !IR /ORES AS 9 ! PA/4 ,TRANSPORTATION IS COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,H\S+ IS ! PROP]TY ( ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,!RE IS NO *>GE = ELECTRICITY OR WAT]4 ,! T[N HAS TWO MOVIE H\SES4 ,!Y >E COLLECTIVIZ$ BY ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S1 #c#b1 BELONG TO ! ,C,N,T1 #e TO ! ,U,G,T4 

,! PRIE/S FL$4 ,! *UR* WAS NOT BURN$4 ,IT S]VES AS A W>EH\SE = ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! DIFF]5T SECTIONS >E M>K$ ON ! *UR*'S PILL>S3 %OES & S&ALS H]E2 SOAP & O!R CLEAN+ MAT]IALS2 MEATS & SAUSAGE2 PRES]VES & O!R PROVISIONS2 FABRICS & CLO?4 ,POTATOES >E /OR$ NE> ! MA9 ALT>4 ,NOODLES & SPA<ETTI >E MADE 9 ANO!R P>T ( ! *UR*4 ,(FICES HAVE BE5 SET UP4 ,NO?+ CAN BE OBTA9$ ) MONEY1 ONLY ) V\*]S4 ,EA* MEMB] ( ! COLLECTIVE HAS A MEMB]%IP C>D & A BOOK ( V\*]S4 ,PEOPLE >E GIV5 :AT !Y REQUE/ & IT IS RECORD$ 9 ! BOOK ( V\*]S4 ,! PUBLIC 5T]S ?R\< ! MA9 FRONT DOOR4 ,! SIDE DOORS >E US$ = DELIV]Y ( SUPPLIES4 ,! *UR* IS ! LOCAL M>KET PLACE4 

,! ,C,N,T HAS SIX SEATS ON ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 ! ,U,G,T AN EQUAL NUMB]4 ,! PRESID5T IS A ,C,N,T MEMB]4 ,!Y WORK A N9E H\R DAY :ILE ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM CONT9UES4 ,WAGES >E NOT ABOLI%$ COMPLETELY4 ,A MEMB] RECEIVES T5 PESETAS = A DAY'S WORK4 ,BREAD IS 4#f PESETAS A KILO2 MEAT1 #d4#e2 POTATOES1 4#f#e2 OLIVE OIL1 #b4#a2 W9E1 4#i2 SUG>1 #a4#h4 

,! COLLECTIVE HAS NEW PRESSES TO EXTRACT OIL FROM OLIVES1 ?REE FL\R MILLS & AN ELECTRICAL G5]ATOR P[]$ BY WAT]FALLS4 ,S9CE ! COLLECTIVE WAS =M$1 ALL ! *ILDR5 CAN GO TO S*OOL4 ,! TEA*]S BELONG TO ! ,U,G,T4 

,!RE >E #e AGRICULTURAL WORK]S 9 ! COLLECTIVE AS PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S1 ONE L>GE FAMILY4 ,!Y DO NOT WORK = WAGES 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE WORK ON F>MS ?AT US$ TO BELONG TO FASCI/S4 ,ONE ( !M PRODUCES #c#f1 KILOS ( OLIVE OIL P] YE>1 BESIDES W9E1 :EAT & OATS4 ,! F>M HAS SIX HORSES BUT NOT ONE C[4 ,! SECOND COLLECTIVE BELONG$ TO ! M>QUIS4 ,NO DAIRY C[S !RE EI!R4 ,!RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( MILK 9 A MAJORITY ( ! VILLAGES4 ,NO MILK WAS GIV5 TO ! *ILDR51 ONLY TO ! SICK4 ,A MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE LIVE 9 ! T[N AL?\< !Y WORK 9 ! FIELDS4 ,EV]Y ,SUNDAY !Y >E GIV5 A FREE MEAL 9 ! COLLECTIVE CAFE PLUS FIVE PESETAS = !IR 0PETTY VISES10 SU* AS TOBACCO1 ETC4 

,! COLLECTIVE IS NOT DO+ V]Y WELL YET4 ,= ! #ae FAMILIES !Y NE$ #a1#d#e KILOS ( BREAD A WEEK 7#c GRAMS P] P]SON DAILY71 #a GRAMS ( MEAT1 A LIT] ( W9E DAILY1 HALF A KILO ( SUG> P] WEEK & #a4#e KILOS ( *OCOLATE4 

,= SEV]AL MON?S !Y DID NOT HAVE A S+LE DAIRY C[4 ,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#c#g1 !Y B\<T FIVE C[S & BUILT A B>N = !M4 ,!Y OBTA9$ CLO? FROM A COLLECTIVE 9 ! CITY 9 EX*ANGE = SOME ( !IR PRODUCE4 ,TOBACCO IS PROVID$ FREE AT TIMES1 BUT R>ELY4 

,! COLLECTIVE IS NOT WEAL?Y1 BUT ITS MEMB]S >E HAPPY4 ,EV]YONE HAS LITTLE1 BUT !Y KN[ ?AT EQUALITY & JU/ICE PREVAILS1 & ?IS KN[L$GE GIVES !M ! 5?USIASM & ! MORAL /R5G? TO BUILD !IR NEW COMMUNITY4 

,A ,F,A,I ,CONC5TRATION ,CAMP 

,!RE IS A CONC5TRATION CAMP AT ,VALMUEL1 9 ,ALCANIZ ,T[N%IP1 ,T]UEL ,PROV9CE4 ,! C\NTRY IS A DES]T4 ,!RE IS NOT A S+LE TREE = MANY KILOMET]S >\ND4 ,A NUMB] ( BUILD+S HAVE BE5 ]ECT$ AT ! FOOT ( A HILL4 ,DORMITORIES1 9SPECTION ROOMS1 /ABLES444 ,EV]Y?+ WAS BUILT BY ! PRISON]S ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! GU>DS4 ,! ,F,A,I DIRECTS ?IS CAMP4 ,IT IS NOT A PRISON4 ,IT IS NOT MA9TA9$ LIKE A G>RISON4 ,!RE IS NO =C$ LABOR4 ,NO?+ IS 5CLOS$ & !RE IS NO LIMITATION ( MOVEM5T4 ,! PRISON]S MOVE AB\T FREELY4 ,!IR GU>DS %>E !IR LIFE ) !M4 ,!Y LIVE ! SAME AS ! PRISON]S4 ,!Y SLEEP ON SIMIL> COTS 9 ! PRIMITIVE ROOMS4 ,!Y ADDRESS EA* O!R 9=MALLY1 AS EQUALS4 ,PRISON]S & GU>DS >E COMRADES4 ,NEI!R WE>S A UNI=M4 ,!Y CANNOT BE DI/+UI%$ BY !IR EXT]NAL APPE>ANCE4 

,A Y\NG MAN IS /&+ 9 FRONT ( ONE ( ! DORMITORIES4 ,I QUE/ION HIM )\T KN[+ :E!R HE IS A PRISON] OR A GU>D4 

0,I AM A PRISON]4 ,MY NAME IS ,B5$ICTO ,VALLES4 ,I BELONG$ TO ! ,ACCION ,POPUL> 7,POPUL> ,ACTION1 A FASCI/ P>TY74 ,?AT IS :Y ,I WAS >RE/$40 0,H[ LONG HAVE Y\ BE5 H]E80 0,?REE MON?S40 ,HE WAS NOT WORK+4 ,HE WAS NOT FEEL+ WELL4 0,DID ! DOCTOR GIVE Y\ P]MISSION NOT TO WORK TODAY80 0,!RE IS NO DOCTOR4 ,! COMRADE GU>D GAVE ME P]MISSION NOT TO WORK40 0,CAN Y\ RECEIVE VISITORS80 0,YES4 ,MY FIANCE COMES TO SEE ME EV]Y ,SUNDAY40 0,CAN Y\ SPEAK TO H] ALONE80 0,( C\RSE4 ,!N WE GO = A WALK TOGE!R1 9 ! FIELDS4 0,)\T A GU>D80 0,)\T A GU>D40 

,ALL ! PRISON]S >E P]MITT$ TO RECEIVE VISITS FROM !IR FAMILIES EV]Y ,SUNDAY4 ,!Y >E GIV5 PASSES = ! CAMP & SURR\ND+ FIELDS4 ,!RE IS NO SEXUAL TORTURE ?AT SO MANY PRISON]S EXP]I5CE 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,?IS IS AN A*IEVEM5T NOT TO BE F\ND ANY:]E ELSE 9 ! WORLD4 ,! AN>*I/S ( ! ,F,A,I >E ! FIR/ TO 9TRODUCE ?IS HUMANE RE=M4 

,:Y >E !RE /ILL CONC5TRATION CAMPS8 ,BECAUSE ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM IS NOT YET OV]4 ,! AN>*I/S MU/ PROTECT !MSELVES AGA9/ ! FASCI/S4 

,!RE >E *ICK5S1 PIGS & RABBITS 9 ! B>NS4 ,CATTLE IS TO BE SE5 9 ! FIELDS4 ,!RE IS ONE SC>CITY3 WAT]4 ,?IS VITAL LIQUID IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ! 5TIRE >EA4 ,IT MU/ BE BR\<T 9 BY TANK C>TS4 ,SC>CITY ( WAT] IS A GREAT PROBLEM H]E AS 9 O!R P>TS ( ,SPA94 ,! SOIL MU/ BE IRRIGAT$4 ,PRISON]S & GU>DS DO ?IS WORK4 ,ONE HUNDR$ & EI<TY PRISON]S 7#a#h7 WORK ALONGSIDE ONE HUNDR$ & TW5TY-FIVE WORK]S 7#a#b#e7 ( ! COLLECTIVE ( ,ALCANIZ TO 9/ALL IRRIGATION4 ,! WORK IS ! SAME = ! FREE WORK]S AS = ! PRISON]S4 ,FASCI/S & ANTIFASCI/S WORK N9E H\RS A DAY4 ,!Y WORK = ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 TO BR+ NEW LIFE TO ! C\NTRY4 ,! CANAL MU/ BE F9I%$ 9 TWO YE>S4 ,! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL 9 ,ALCANIZ HAS TAK5 *>GE ( ! WORK4 ,!RE IS NO SUPPORT FROM ! ,/ATE OR ! PROV9CIAL AU?ORITIES4 ,! WORK IS BE+ DONE )\T 5G9E]S4 ,A Y\NG PEASANT :O KN[S H[ TO CALCULATE :AT MU/ BE DONE TO CREATE A SELF FL[+ CANAL DIRECTS ! WORK4 ,! WAT] MU/ COME FROM ! ,GUADALOPE ,RIV]4 ,SOME POTATO FIELDS >E ALREADY BE+ IRRIGAT$4 

,?IS WORK WAS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I 9 ,ALCANIZ4 ,FASCI/S & ANTI-FASCI/S >E WORK+ TOGE!R = ! CULTIVATION ( ! ,>AGON DES]T4 

,!RE >E CONC5TRATION CAMPS 9 ! FASCI/ C\NTRIES1 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY4 ,9 ! ,HITL] CAMP AT ,ORANI5B]G1 ! SPIRITUAL ,G]MAN POET1 ,MUEHSAM1 WAS ASSASS9AT$ AFT] BE+ TORTUR$ & M>TYR$ = MORE ?AN A YE>4 ,DOZ5S ( KN[N POLITICAL FIGURES & PEOPLE :O LOVE LIB]TY LANGUI% 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS ( NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 ,! DEMOCRACIES1 FAC$ ) ! ALT]NATIVE ( *OOS+ NATIONAL SOCIALISM & FASCISM OR AN>*ISM1 *OOSE ! FIR/4 ,!Y \<T TO VISIT ! CONC5TRATION CAMP 9 ,G]MANY1 & !N ! ,F,A,I CAMP AT ,VALMUEL4 ,!RE3 B>B>ISM2 H]E3 FI<T]S = LIB]TY4 

,CAL&A 

,A GRANITE F\NTA9 HAS BE5 CON/RUCT$ 9 ! VILLAGE SQU>E 9 FRONT ( ! *UR*4 ,! 9ITIALS ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I >E 5GRAV$ AT ! BASE4 ,! =M] *UR* IS N[ A W>EH\SE4 ,! SALES DEP>TM5TS >E NOT YET F9I%$4 ,! BUT*] %OP1 NEWLY 9/ALL$ 9 AN ANNEX ( ! *UR*1 IS ELEGANT & HYGI5IC1 NO?+ LIKE IT KN[N 9 ! VILLAGE UNTIL N[4 ,PUR*ASES >E NOT MADE ) MONEY4 ,NO MONEY IS PAID = SUPPLIES OR S]VICES4 ,! WOM5 RECEIVE MEAT = V\*]S4 ,!Y BELONG TO ! COLLECTIVE & ?IS IS 5\< TO OBTA9 FOOD4 

,! VILLAGE HAS NO MONEY4 ,IT DOES NOT NE$ ANY4 ,! MILITIA COMES FI TO ! UNION (FICE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 TO BUY PO/AGE /AMPS4 ,!Y PAY !IR MONEY4 ,! COLLECTIVE !N TAKES ! LETT]S TO ! ,COMMITTEE :]E !Y >E MAIL$4 

,! VILLAGE1 ) A POPULATION ( #d1#e1 IS LOCAT$ 9 ! DI/RICT ( ,ALCORIZA4 ,! ,C,N,T IS ! DOM9ANT GR\P4 ,SEV5 HUNDR$ WAGE E>N]S BELONG TO IT4 ,! COLLECTIVE HAS #c1#e MEMB]S1 ! REMA9D] >E 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,!RE IS NO ,F,A,I GR\P4 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? HAS #ah MEMB]S4 ,A NUMB] ( ,U,G,T MEMB]S & ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES DUR+ ! PA/ MON?4 

,! VILLAGE IS RI*1 CLEAN & FRI5DLY4 ,!Y HAVE #b#c1 PESETAS 9 ! TREASURY4 ,! VILLAGE PRODUCES OLIVE OIL1 :EAT1 POTATOES1 W9E & FRUIT4 ,! PR9CIPAL EXPORTS >E OLIVE OIL & FRUIT4 ,! ANNUAL PRODUCTION ( OLIVE OIL IS #a1#g#e1 KILOS4 ,L>GE L&[N]S US$ TO CONTROL EV]Y?+4 ,!Y LO/ !IR PROP]TY ,JULY L#i?4 ,COLLECTIVI/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S LIVE SIDE BY SIDE 9 PEACE4 ,!RE >E TWO CAFES 9 ! VILLAGE1 ONE = ! 9DIVIDUALI/S1 ! O!R = ! COLLECTIVI/S4 ,!Y 5JOY ! LUXURY ( C(FEE EV]Y EV5+4 ,! PEASANTS COME TO ! BRI<TLY LIT ROOM1 DECORAT$ ) ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I PO/]S1 & DR9K C(FEE4 ,!Y READ NEWSPAP]S2 SOME PLAY DOM9OES1 O!RS *ESS4 

,! B>B]%OP IS A FRAT]NAL EXPRESSION ( ! COLLECTIVE SPIRIT4 ,PEASANTS W]E NEV] %AV$ BE=E4 ,N[1 ALMO/ ALL HAVE WELL %AV$ FACES4 ,! S]VICES ( ! B>B]%OP >E FREE4 ,EV]YONE CAN HAVE A %AVE TWICE A WEEK4 ,) TWELVE MOD]N B>B] *AIRS 9 A WELL LIT %OP1 S]VICE IS SATISFACTORY & HYGI5IC4 

,EA* P]SON IS GIV5 FIVE LIT]S ( W9E P] WEEK4 ,!RE IS NO %ORTAGE ( FOOD4 ,!RE IS ALSO CLO? & CLO?+4 ,=TY P]SONS A DAY RECEIVE DIFF]5T >TICLES ( CLO?+4 ,A LI/ HAS BE5 PREP>$ TO ASSURE A TURN TO ALL4 ,AN EX*ANGE ( OLIVE OIL ) A TEXTILE FACTORY 9 ,B>CELONA HAS BE5 >RANG$4 

,WORK IS 9T5SIVE & !RE >E NOT 5\< H&S4 ,FIVE HUNDR$ Y\NG M51 ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 >E AT ! FRONT FI<T+ AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,! FASCI/S 9 ! VILLAGE DID NOT PUT UP A RESI/ANCE4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS E/ABLI%$ DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS AFT] ,JULY #a#i?4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS COLLECTIVIZ$ H]E EXCEPT = ! SMALL /OREKEEP]S :O WANT$ TO MA9TA9 !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! PH>MACY BELONGS TO ! COLLECTIVE1 ! DOCTOR ALSO4 ,HE RECEIVES NO MONEY4 ,HE IS SUPPORT$ LIKE O!R MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 

,! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL HAS SIX MEMB]S1 F\R FROM ! ,C,N,T1 TWO FROM ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,! LATT] >E P>TICUL>LY ACTIVE4 ,!Y BUILT PUBLIC BA?S & CREAT$ A LIBR>Y4 ,!Y CONDUCT MEET+S & >RANGE CULTURAL EV5+S4 ,! MOVIE H\SE IS COLLECTIVIZ$4 

,! S*OOL IS ! \T/&+ PROGRAM 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,IT FOLL[S ! PHILOSOPHY & ! GUIDEL9ES ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]4 #a1#b#c#c *ILDR5 ATT5D ! S*OOL4 ,! S*OOL BUILD+ IS AN OLD CONV5T4 ,! S*OOL HAD #h TEA*]S BE=E4 ,! ,C,N,T BR\<T 9 #a MORE TEA*]S4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 TEA*]S & PUPILS IS MAGNIFIC5T4 ,! ME?ODS ( TEA*+ >E MOD]N & ! RESULTS >E EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,! S*OOL HAS A F>MH\SE4 ,IT PROVIDES A MEAL = *ILDR5 ( ! MILITIA :O >E AT ! FRONT4 ,GIFT$ *ILDR5 >E S5T TO ! ,LYCEUM AT ,CASPE4 ,!RE >E TWELVE OR F\RTE54 ,! COLLECTIVE PAYS ! CO/4 

,9DIVIDUALI/S ALSO B5EFIT FROM ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! SMALL PROPRIETOR :O DO NOT UND]/& ITS ADVANTAGES >E RESPECT$4 ,!Y PAY NO R5T & RECEIVE FREE ELECTRICITY FROM ! VILLAGE'S WAT]FALL-P[]$ G5]ATOR4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE >E CONT5T4 ,! PEASANTS >E BETT] (F N[ ?AN :5 ,APRIL1 ,MAY1 & ,JUNE W]E MON?S ( HUNG]4 ,!IR /&>D ( LIV+ IS IMPROV$4 ,ALL ( ! >TISANS >E COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,A SMALL /OCK ( CATTLE REMA9S ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! PEASANTS4 ,EV]Y PEASANT HAS A PIG 9 ! PIG/Y4 

,!RE US$ TO BE A BRAN* ( A BANK 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,TODAY IT IS CLOS$4 ,SEV5TY ?\S& PESETAS W]E SEIZ$4 ,IT WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! MUNICIPALITY :I* BUYS SUPPLIES ) !SE FUNDS4 

,! PEASANTS WORK 9 GR\PS ( T54 ,! L& IS DIVID$ 9TO ZONES4 ,EA* GR\P1 ) A DELEGATE AT ! HEAD1 WORKS ITS ZONE4 ,! GR\PS >E MO =M$ BY FRI5DS4 

,!RE IS A GREAT SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y >E NOT ?9K+ ( ACQUIR+ MONEY & GOODS PRIVATELY1 = !MSELVES4 ,EV5 ! MILITIA DO NOT S5D MONEY TO !IR FAMILIES1 BUT TO ! COLLECTIVE4 ,!Y >E ONE GREAT FAMILY & EA* IS CONC]N$ = ALL4 

,ALCORIZA 

,JAIME ,D&5 ,SEGOVIA IS A LAWY] :O PRACTICES 9 ,S>AGOSSA4 ,HE IS A NATIVE ( ,ALCORIZA :]E HIS FAMILY HAS A HOME 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,HIS LIB]AL CONVICTIONS ATTRACT$ HIM TO ! VILLAGE4 ,HE HAS BE5 LIV+ 9 ,ALCORIZA ! LA/ FEW YE>S4 ,HE HELP$ ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 9 !IR CULTURAL ACTIVITIES4 

,JULY #a#i? WAS = HIM1 AS = MANY O!RS1 ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW LIFE4 ,EGOISM IS ! KEY TO ACTION4 ,VOLUNT>ILY1 ,JAIME ,SEGOVIA PLAC$ HIS L&S AT ! DISPOSITION ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,HE JO9$ ! ORGANIZATION & HELP$ CREATE ! /RUCTURE ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,HE BEGAN TO LIVE LIKE A PROLET>IAN4 ,HE WORK$ TIRELESSLY TO BUILD ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,N[ HE WORKS AS A TEA*] 9 ! 0,F]R] ,GU>DIA0 S*OOL ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY4 

,AFT] ,JULY #a#i?1 EI<T COMRADES CONCEIV$ ! PLAN TO CREATE A COLLECTIVE4 ,! IDEA SPREAD RAPIDLY AMONG ! RESID5TS ( ! VILLAGE4 

,ALCORIZA WAS A CONF$]AL 7,C,N,T7 VILLAGE = SOME TIME4 ,! ,C,N,T HAS BE5 9 ! COMMUNITY S9CE ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,:5 ! M9]S ( ,FIGOLS PROCLAIM$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 #a#i#c#b1 !RE W]E REP]CUSSIONS ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ?IS VILLAGE4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #h1 #a#i#c#c1 :5 ,GIL ,ROBLES BECAME ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 ,ALCORIZA L$ ! 9SURRECTIONAL MOVEM5T 9 ,>AGON4 ,( ! #d1 RESID5TS1 #c1#g >E MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! O!RS REMA9 9DIVIDUALI/S4 

,! ONLY ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! COMMUNITY >E ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,F,A,I & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,! MA9 WORK IS ! CULTIVATION ( :EAT & OLIVES4 ,GRE5 VEGETABLES >E ALSO GR[N = EXPORT4 ,!RE >E NO UNEMPLOY$ & #c COMRADES FROM ! >EA >E AT ! FRONT4 

,! SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION SEEMS TO BE SOME:AT COMPLICAT$ TO A /RANG]4 ,!RE >E V\*]S & CONSUM] C>DS AS 9 O!R VILLAGES1 BUT ACC\NTS >E KEPT BY PO9TS4 ,A PO9T HAS A VALUE ( SEV5 C5TIMOS4 ,?IS CALCULATION IS APPLI$ = PRODUCTS ?AT >E RATION$ BECAUSE ( SC>CITY4 ,BREAD1 W9E & GRE5 VEGETABLES >E DI/RIBUT$ )\T LIMIT4 ,ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY GRAMS ( MEAT P] P]SON >E ISSU$ DAILY4 

,! PEASANTS /ILL KEEP A SMALL /OCK ( CATTLE PRIVATELY1 BUT !Y HAVE BE5 DI/RIBUT$ EQUITABLY AMONG ALL FAMILIES4 ,EA* FAMILY HAS A RI<T TO HAVE A PIG1 EA* P]SON TWO *ICK5S & AS MANY RABBITS AS !Y WI%4 

,/>T+ 9 ,OCTOB]1 ! COLLECTIVE HAS BE5 KEEP+ RECORDS ( EV]Y?+ IT BUYS & SELLS \TSIDE ! VILLAGE4 ,UP TO ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#c#g1 9COME FROM ! SALE ( PRODUCE AM\NT$ TO #c#g#g1#e#g#b PESETAS1 ) EXP5SES AT #b#h#d1#g#i#c PESETAS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! YE>1 ! COLLECTIVE HAS MORE ?AN #i#c1 PESETAS 9 ! TREASURY4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ ?REE MON?S ( #aicg ! VOLUME ( COMM]CE \TSIDE ! VILLAGE 9CREAS$4 ,9COME AM\NT$ TO #f#i#c1 & \TGO #f#i#h1 PESETAS4 ,! AM\NT 9 ! TREASURY REMA9$ APPROXIMATELY ! SAME1 BUT ! /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! PEOPLE IS HI<]4 ,!SE FIGURES DO NOT 9CLUDE ! VALUE OR VOLUME ( B>T] EX*ANGE ) O!R LOCALITIES4 

,! COLLECTIVE ( ,ALCORIZA HAS DI/+UI%$ ITSELF = ITS SPECIAL ECONOMIC 9ITIATIVE4 ,!Y E/ABLI%$ A SAUSAGE FACTORY 9 AN OLD CONV5T4 ,DAILY PRODUCTION HAS REA*$ #e KILOS4 ,?IS PRODUCTION IS S5T TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIA4 ,!Y HAVE ALSO BUILT A %OE FACTORY :]E !Y PRODUCE LEA!R & FABRIC FOOTWE>1 NOT ONLY = ! RESID5TS ( !IR VILLAGE1 BUT ALSO = NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITIES4 ,! DAILY QUOTA ( PRODUCTION IS #a PAIRS ( S&ALS & #d TO #e PAIRS ( %OES4 ,9 A NEW FACTORY = *EMICAL PRODUCTS1 !Y PRODUCE CLEANS]S1 M9]AL WAT]S & SODA WAT]4 ,?IS FACTORY ALSO S]VES ! NE$S ( ALL ! VILLAGES 9 ! DI/RICT4 

,!RE IS A LEGAL DISPUTE ) ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGE ( ,ALBALATE DEL ,LU*ADOR4 ,! ELECTRICAL PLANT :I* SUPPLIES ,ALCORIZA IS LOCAT$ !RE4 ,! PLANT IS ALSO COLLECTIVIZ$ & IS RUN BY ! COLLECTIVE ( ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T4 ,?IS COLLECTIVE DEM&S PAYM5T = ELECTRICITY AT ! OLD RATE4 ,! COMMUNITY ( ,ALCORIZA DOES NOT ACCEPT ?IS4 ,!Y WANT TO CONTRIBUTE !IR %>E ( ! WAGES1 ! CO/ ( MA9T5ANCE1 ETC41 BUT NOT MORE4 ,! LEGAL SUIT HAS NOT BE5 SETTL$ YET4 

,! COLLECTIVIZ$ TAILOR %OP ,( ! VILLAGE IS LOCAT$ 9 ! CONV5T4 ,NO WAGES2 ! TAILORS BELONG TO ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! COLLECTIVE WORKS ON FABRICS & MAT]IALS FREE ( *>GE4 

0,ISN'T !RE TOO LONG A WAIT10 ,I ASK1 0= A SUIT OR A DRESS80 

0,NO10 ANSW]S ONE ( ! TAILORS4 ,WE >E ABLE TO SATISFY ALL ORD]S40 

0,>E Y\ SATISFI$ ) ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]80 

0,YES4 ,WE HAVE WORK ALL YE> R\ND N[4 ,9 ! PA/ WE HAD NO?+ TO DO = ?REE OR F\R MON?S EA* YE>4 ,?IS IS *ANG$4 ,CONSUMPTION HAS 9CREAS$4 ,!RE IS PL5TY ( WORK4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE CAN DRESS BETT]40 

,!RE IS NO RE/AURANT 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,! COLLECTIVE HAS 9/ALL$ A COLLECTIVE KIT*5 9 ! OLD CONV5T4 ,V\*]S >E ISSU$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE TO \TSID]S = PAYM5T = A MEAL 9 ! COLLECTIVE KIT*54 ,! FOOD IS GOOD & HEAL?Y4 

,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? HAVE 9/ALL$ A LIBR>Y & A COMMUNITY C5T]4 ,AS 9 ! MAJORITY ( ! T[NS1 ! Y\? >E ! HE>T & S\L ( ! CULTURAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! COLLECTIVE4 

,SIX HUNDR$ *ILDR5 ( S*OOL AGE GO TO ! ,F]R] ,9/ITUTE4 ,!RE >E A DOZ5 TEA*]S1 EA* ) #e PUPILS4 

,A MAGNIFIC5T UNION HEADQU>T]S HAS BE5 BUILT1 ) MEET+ HALLS & (FICES4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE >E PR\D ( !IR A*IEVEM5TS4 ,!Y >E PLANN+ TO HAVE AN EXHIBITION ( LOCAL 9DU/RY 9 ONE ( ! HALLS4 

,! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL HAS #h MEMB]S4 ,ALL BELONG TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL1 EXCEPT = ONE1 CONT9UE TO WORK ON ! F>M OR 9 ! %OP 9 !IR REGUL> TRADES4 ,TWO M5 W]E 9 ! (FICE ( ! COLLECTIVE4 

,ALL MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE >E %AV$ FREE ( *>GE 9 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ B>B] %OP4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE >E PR\D ( !IR NEW MOVIE H\SE1 9/ALL$ 9 ! =M] *UR*4 ,!Y PO9T \T ! FRONTISPIECE ) ! 9ITIALS ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 ,! *UR* HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ = ITS NEW ROLE4 ,9 PLACE ( OBSCURE MY/ICISM1 NEW PA9T+S RADIATE JOY4 ,:ITE CLO? LIKE G>M5TS ) FOLDS FILL ! SPACE BETWE5 ! PILL>S4 ,= BETT] AC\/ICS !Y SEP>AT$ ! UPP] P>T ( ! *UR* FROM ! L[] HALF ( ! HALL4 ,!RE >E ?REE MOVIE PROGRAMS EA* WEEK1 & A SPECIAL PROGRAM = ! *ILDR5 ON ,SATURDAY AFT]NOONS4 ,WE ATT5D ONE ( !SE4 ,9/EAD ( A LITANY ! FILM PRES5TS ! SONG 0,HIJOS DEL ,PUEBLO0 7! LIB]T>IAN SONG1 0,SONS ( ! ,PEOPLE074 ,A PR(ANATION8 ,WE1 ! \TSID]S1 W]E ! ONLY ONES 9 ! :OLE 5?USIA/IC AUDI5CE TO ?9K ( ?IS WORD4 

,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS 

,! FASCI/S PUT UP NO RESI/ANCE H]E4 ,:5 IT BECAME KN[N ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D TRI$ = A C\P D'ETAT UND] ! COMM& ( ! 0,AFRICANS10 ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS ( ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES MET & PROCLAIM$ COLLECTIVIZATION TOGE!R ) ,M,A,S DE LAS ,MATAS4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 ACTIVE 9 ?IS T[N = #b YE>S1 BUT ! ,C,N,T WAS NOT ORGANIZ$ H]E UNTIL #a#i#c#b4 

,FOOD IS RATION$4 ,ONLY BREAD IS DI/RIBUT$ )\T LIMIT4 ,( ! #c1#b RESID5TS ( ! VILLAGE1 #b1 BELONG TO ! ,C,N,T & #c TO ! ,U,G,T4 ,FIVE HUNDR$ HEADS ( FAMILIES1 A TOTAL ( #b1 PEOPLE1 BELONG TO ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! REMA9+ #c RESID5TS >E 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,!Y MU/ PAY = ?+S ) MONEY4 ,S9CE !RE >E NO PRIVATE /ORES & %OPS1 !Y MU/ BUY FROM ! COLLECTIVE :]E !Y HAVE A L9E ( CR$IT4 ,FOOD MU/ BE RATION$ = !M ALSO4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S BR+ ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR TO ! COLLECTIVE & RECEIVE M]*&ISE ( EQUIVAL5T VALUE4 ,!Y CAN1 IF !Y WI%1 TAKE !IR GOODS TO ! CITY1 BUT ?IS GIVES !M NO L9E ( CR$IT4 ,!Y PREF] TO WORK ) ! COLLECTIVE4 ,AU?ORITY IS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,!RE IS A ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION1 BUT ! PRISON IS EMPTY4 

,! COMMUNITY HAS A FL\R MILL :I* PRODUCES = ITS [N CONSUMPTION4 ,A MILL WORK] EXPLA9S3 0,!RE >E TOO MANY COMRADES AT ! FRONT4 ,WE DO NOT HAVE 5\< H&S4 ,\R DAY BEG9S AT FIVE 9 ! MORN+ & 5DS AFT] D>K4 ,BUT WE LIKE TO WORK BECAUSE WE KN[ WE >E 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM40 

,ALCOHOL PRODUCTION = ,>AGON IS LOCAT$ 9 ,S>AGOSSA1 :I* IS CUT (F FROM FREE ,SPA94 ,NEW DI/ILL]IES HAVE BE5 BUILT 9 ! LIB]AT$ ZONE4 ,A SMALL ONE IS LOCAT$ 9 ?IS VILLAGE4 ,IT PRODUCES #b LIT]S ( ALCOHOL P] DAY4 ,! ALCOHOL IS %IPP$ TO ,CASPE1 PROV9CIAL CAPITAL ( FREE ,>AGON4 ,! =M] [N] CONT9UES TO WORK 9 ! DI/ILL]Y & SO DOES ! TE*NICAL DIRECTOR4 ,A SMALL DRESS %OP EMPLOYS T5 GIRLS :O WORK EI<T H\RS A DAY4 ,LIKE ! MILL WORK]S1 !Y >E NOT PAID A WAGE4 ,=M]LY !Y RECEIV$ TWO PESETAS A DAY4 ,N[1 9 A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY1 !Y >E DO+ MU* BETT]4 ,!Y >E CLEAN & WELL DRESS$1 & !Y ALL KN[ H[ TO READ & WRITE4 ,!RE >E NO UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S ANY:]E4 ,! =M] [N] ( ! %OP IS AS CONC]N$ = ! WORK TODAY AS 9 ! PA/4 ,:5 WE VISIT$ ! %OP ! WORK]S HAD ALREADY LEFT4 ,H[EV]1 HE WAS /ILL WORK+4 ,WE QUE/ION HIM3 

0,I DON'T HAVE ! BURD5S & ! WORRIES N[10 HE DECL>ES4 0,9 ! PA/ ! %OP WAS IDLE SEV]AL MON?S A YE>4 ,N[ WE WORK /EADY ?R\< ! YE>4 ,I DON'T HAVE TO WORRY AB\T GETT+ ORD]S4 ,I HAVE 5\< TO LIVE4 ,! COLLECTIVE TAKES C>E ( EV]Y?+4 ,I WORK$ BE=E4 ,I'M /ILL WORK+40 

,?IS =M] [N] TOOK ! REVOLUTION ) EQUANIMITY1 PUTT+ A GOOD FACE ON :AT C\LD NOT BE AVOID$4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION TOOK PLACE 9 ! T[N 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#c#f4 ,IT WAS DONE UND] ! LAW ( CONFISCATION ( ! PROP]TY ( FASCI/S4 ,! COLLECTIVITY DECID$ TO COLLECTIVIZE ALL PRIVATE PROP]TY ON ! BASIS ( ! LAW4 ,! =M] [N]S ( %OPS & PLANTS DID NOT OPPOSE ! NEW ORD]4 ,! LAW P]MITT$ !M TO CONT9UE TO [N !IR PROP]TY1 BUT !Y JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE VOLUNT>ILY & TURN$ OV] !IR PROP]TY4 

,! DOCTOR DOES NOT BELONG TO ! COLLECTIVE4 ,HE IS KN[N TO HAVE RI<TI/ IDEAS4 ,BUT HIS CONVICTIONS >E RESPECT$2 HE CONT9UES TO PRACTICE HIS PR(ESSION AS PREVI\SLY4 

,! COLLECTIVE HAS NOT YET CREAT$ NEW 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!IR TOL]ANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/S IMPRESSES FAVORABLY4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S >E A M9ORITY4 ,! COLLECTIVI/S >E ! MAJORITY NOT ONLY 9 ! T[N1 BUT 9 ! 5TIRE PROV9CE4 ,!Y HAVE ! CAPACITY TO =CE ! 9DIVIDUALI/S TO ACCEPT ! NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,BUT !Y HAVE NOT DONE SO4 ,MEMB]%IP 9 ! COLLECTIVE IS VOLUNT>Y4 ,?OSE :O WI% TO REMA9 \TSIDE ! COLLECTIVE >E NOT CONDEMN$4 ,H[EV]1 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S DO NOT HAVE ! PRIVILEGE ( HIR+ PEOPLE TO WORK = !M4 ,!Y CAN HAVE AS MU* L& AS !Y CAN CULTIVATE TOGE!R ) ! MEMB]S ( !IR FAMILIES4 ,!Y CAN WORK = !MSELVES & !Y HAVE NO?+ TO FE> FROM ! COLLECTIVE4 

,COMP>$ ) ! COLLECTIVES1 ! SITUATION ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/S IS POOR4 ,COLLECTIVE WORK1 COLLECTIVE ECONOMY (F]S ADVANTAGES TO ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ MU/ 5DURE DIFFICULTIES 9 SIL5CE4 ,MANY UND]/& ?IS & !Y JO9 ! COLLECTIVE4 ,ONLY DY$-9-!-WOOL CONS]VATIVES >E UNABLE TO *ANGE !IR ATTITUDES4 

,! NEW IDEA HAS GREAT SUGGE/IVE =CE4 ,! MA9 IDEA BEH9D COLLECTIVIZATION >ISES \T ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( AN>*ISM1 AS DOES LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,OLIETE 

,! T[N IS LOCAT$ ON ! BANK ( ! ,M>T9 ,RIV]1 A TRIBUT>Y ( ! ,EBRO ,RIV] 9 ,T]UEL ,PROV9CE4 ,9 ! PA/ ALMO/ ALL ( !IR #b1#c RESID5TS W]E SMALL PROP]TY [N]S4 

,ON ,JULY #a#i?1 ! ,GU>DS 9 ! B>RACKS TRI$ TO FRI<T5 ! T[N AWAY FROM REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,! M5 ( ! T[N1 ESPECIALLY ! KN[N ,C,N,T MILITANTS1 RAN AWAY FROM ! T[N ,A FEW DAYS LAT] !Y RETURN$4 ,!Y HAD JO9$ A ,C,N,T ANTIFASCI/ COLUMN1 0,JUB]T10 & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS FL$4 ,A NUMB] ( ! FASCI/S FL$ ) ! ,GU>DS4 ,! B>RACKS ( ! LIB]AT$ T[N W]E EMPTY4 ,>M$ =CES HAVE NOT COME TO ! T[N S9CE !N4 ,TWO AN>*I/S :O HAD SUFF]$ P]SECUTION UND] ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 9 ! ,TW5TIES >E ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! T[N4 ,!Y LIV$ 9 ,FRANCE AS EMIGRANTS = MANY YE>S4 ,!Y RETURN$ TO ! T[N ( !IR BIR? %ORTLY BE=E ,JULY L#i?4 ,!Y W]E FAMILI> ) AN>*I/ DOCTR9E2 !Y KNEW H[ TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 DIFF]5T SOCIALI/ SY/EMS & IDEOLOGIES4 ,!IR EF=TS FELL ON F]TILE SOIL4 ,! IDEAS ( ,P Y ,M>GALL & ,ANSELMO 

,LOR5ZO W]E KN[N 9 ! T[N4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION HAD BE5 /UDI$ = MANY LONG YE>S4 ,!ORY UP TO !N1 IT WAS PUT 9TO PRACTICE N[4 

,AFT] ! T[N WAS FREE ( ! >M$ FASCI/S1 !Y VOT$ TO ABOLI% 09DIVIDUALISM10 ?AT IS1 9DIVIDUAL LABOR & CONSUMPTION4 ,MONEY WAS SUPPRESS$4 ,! L& WAS DIVID$ 9TO ZONES = LABOR GR\PS ?AT W]E =M$4 ,! CATTLE W]E LEFT ) !IR [N]S4 ,! NUMB] ( CATTLE 9 PRIVATE H&S WAS NOT L>GE4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES ! DI/RIBUTION WAS MORE JU/ ?AN PREVI\SLY4 ,!RE IS A PROPOSAL TO E/ABLI% A L>GE PA/URE4 ,! NEW COLLECTIVE SY/EM REQUIRES ! SEP>ATION ( CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION4 ,EA* MU/ BE ABLE TO SATISFY !IR NE$S4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT PRODUCT IS OLIVE OIL4 ,! DI/RIBUTION 9 ! COMMUNITY IS #cd LIT]S ( OIL P] P]SON UNTIL ! 5D ( ! YE>4 ,POTATOES1 FRUIT1 & GRE5 VEGETABLES >E DI/RIBUT$ FREELY1 )\T LIMIT4 ,W9E1 ONE LIT] P] DAY4 ,EV]Y?+ IS FREE4 ,EV]Y ADULT HAS ! RI<T TO 4#d PESETAS ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS DAILY1 OR #ab PESETAS P] MON?4 ,*ILDR5 UND] F\RTE5 YE>S ( AGE RECEIVE ONE HALF ( ?IS4 ,! CONSUM] COOP]ATIVE IS LOCAT$ 9 ! =M] *UR*4 ,A NOODLE & SPA<ETTI FACTORY HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 ! =M] SACRI/Y4 

,WE VISIT ! T[N ON ,SUNDAY4 ,EV]YBODY WAS WORK+ ! FIELDS4 ,! H>VE/ MU/ BE GA!R$ 94 ,! COMMUNITY AGRE$ ?AT EV]YBODY W\LD WORK ,SUNDAYS UNTIL !SE TASKS W]E F9I%$4 ,! *UR*1 ?AT IS ! CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVE1 WAS OP5 AL?\< NORMALLY IT IS CLOS$ ON ,SUNDAYS4 ,AN EXAM9ATION ( ! DIFF]5T DEP>TM5TS ( ! COOP]ATIVE %[$ A PL5TIFUL SUPPLY ( FOODS4 ,NOBODY WAS COMPLA9+4 ,WE SPEAK ) ! PH>MACI/3 0,PEOPLE >E BUY+ FIVE TIMES AS MU* M$IC9E AS BE=E10 HE SAYS4 0,! PEOPLE >E NOT /+Y :]E M$IC9ES >E NE$$40 

,!RE IS NOT MU* MILK4 ,! T[N HAS ONLY F\RTE5 C[S4 ,A M$ICAL C]TIFICATE IS NE$$ TO OBTA9 MILK4 ,!RE >E #adi SICK PEOPLE 9 ! T[N2 !Y RECEIVE SPECIAL RATIONS AS PRESCRIB$ BY M$ICAL C]TIFICATE4 ,EXACT RECORDS ( CONSUMPTION >E KEPT = EA* RESID5T4 ,! RECORD IS 5T]$ 9 EA* P]SON'S CONSUM] BOOK & 9 ! COOP]ATIVE'S BOOKS4 ,ONE CAN SEE ! EXACT AM\NT ( FOODS & O!R NECESSITIES EA* P]SON HAS RECEIV$ AT ANY TIME4 

,/ATI/ICS >E ALSO KEPT = ! USE ( TOOLS BY C>P5T]S1 METAL WORK]S & ?OSE 9 O!R TRADES4 ,SOCIALIZATION HAS BE5 FULLY IMPLEM5T$4 ,! WORK COLLECTIVE (F]S A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ACTIVITY4 

,! T[N IMPORTS #c1 PESETAS WOR? ( COMMODITIES EA* MON?2 ITS EXPORTS HAVE RIS5 TO #c#e14 ,! COMM]CIAL BALANCE IS GOOD4 ,MONEY IS KEPT ONLY = EX*ANGE ) O!R LOCALITIES4 ,!RE IS NO PAYM5T = S*OOL+1 R5T OR LI<T4 

,WORK 9 ! FIELDS IS ORGANIZ$ BY GR\PS4 ,!RE IS ONE BELL LEFT 9 ! BELL T[]2 ! O!RS W]E REMOV$4 ,! BELL CALLS !M TO WORK 9 ! MORN+ & TO LUN* AT MIDDAY4 ,POCKET WAT*ES W]E B\<T = ! GR\P DELEGATES TO FACILITATE KEEP+ TO S*$ULE4 

,9 ! PA/1 ! SMALL F>M] WORK$ AWAY FROM HOME ALMO/ SIX MON?S A YE>4 ,!RE WAS NOT 5\< OPPORTUNITY = WORK 9 ! T[N1 & PEOPLE DID NOT [N 5\< L& TO SU/A9 !MSELVES4 ,! L&S ( ! T[N >E SUFFICI5T N[ TO FE$ ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,!Y DO NOT HAVE 5\< H&S BECAUSE SEV]AL HUNDR$ Y\NG M5 >E AT ! FRONT4 ,! MILITIA ALSO REG>D !MSELVES AS SONS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,!Y HAVE S5T #e1 PESETAS TO ! COLLECTIVE4 ,!Y WANT TO S5D MORE SO ?AT ! COLLECTIVE CAN BUY NEW F>M MA*9]Y4 

,! COMMITTEE MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE >E 5?USIA/IC AN>*I/S4 ,!Y HAVE 5ORM\S 9ITIATIVE4 ,COAL WAS F\ND ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! T[N4 ,!Y />T$ TO M9E IT IMM$IATELY4 ,!Y %IP OLIVE OIL TO ,B>CELONA4 ,) ! PROCE$S ( ! SALE !Y BUY MA*9]Y1 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES1 MOTORS & A WAT] PUMP4 ,EI<TE5 Y\NG WORK]S WORK 9 ! M9E4 ,!Y BEGAN TO DRAW \T COAL ,JANU>Y #a/4 ,!Y HAD NO 5G9E] OR TE*NICIAN TO ASSI/ !M4 ,ONE ( ! TWO EMIGRANTS HAD WORK$ 9 ! COAL M9ES ( NOR!RN ,FRANCE DUR+ HIS LONG YE>S ( EXILE4 ,HE PUT HIS EXP]I5CE TO ! S]VICE ( ! CAUSE *E]FULLY4 ,RAILS & ELECTRICITY W]E 9/ALL$ 9 ! M9E & PRODUCTION />T$ )9 A FEW WEEKS4 ,!Y PRODUCE A FREI<T C> LOAD P] DAY4 ,PRODUCTION C\LD BE TRIPL$ IF !RE W]E 5\< H&S & 5\< MA*9]Y4 

,?REE NEI<BORS W]E EXPELL$ BECAUSE !Y CRITICIZ$ EV]Y?+ AB\T ! COLLECTIVE CON/ANTLY4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT] !Y ASK$ = READMISSION4 

,!RE IS NO ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL4 ,! ,COMMITTEE IS ! TOP AU?ORITY4 ,! SECRET>Y ( ! =M] ,MAYOR IS N[ ! ,JU/ICE ( ! ,PEACE4 ,ON ,JULY L#i? ! ,C,N,T WAS ! ONLY ORGANIZATION 9 ! T[N4 ,ONE MON? LAT] SOME MEMB]S ( ! ,ESQU]RA ,CATALAN 7,CATALAN ,NATIONALI/ ,LEFT7 ORGANIZ$ A ,U,G,T UNION4 ,! ,C,N,T PUT A BUILD+ AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! NEW UNION4 ,! ORGANIZATIONS TOL]ATE EA* O!R4 ,9 ,MAY1 #a#i#c#g1 :5 FRATRICIDAL /RIFE BROKE \T 9 ,B>CELONA1 A MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T ,COMMITTEE WAS ATTACK$ & KILL$ 9 A /REET ( ! T[N BY A MEMB] ( ! ,U,G,T4 ,! ASSASS9 FL$4 ,! ,C,N,T CLOS$ ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,U,G,T & ALMO/ ALL ( ITS MEMB]S RETURN$ TO ! ,C,N,T1 TO :I* !Y HAD BELONG$ BE=E4 ,N[ ! ,C,N,T IS ! ONLY ORGANIZATION 9 ! T[N4 

,! ,F,A,I HAD GR\PS 9 ! T[N & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? HAS #ac MEMB]S4 ,! ,Y\? ,ORGANIZATION HAS ITS HEADQU>T]S 9 ! =M] T[N HALL4 ,!Y HAVE A COMMUNITY C5T] & A LIBR>Y4 ,! PRISON IS EMPTY & IS US$ = /ORAGE ( CON/RUCTION MAT]IALS4 ,!RE >E NO >M$ GU>DS4 ,! MILIT>Y FRONT IS #e KILOMET]S TO ! WE/ BUT ! PEOPLE HAVE PEACE 9 !IR COMMUNITY1 REMA9 VIGILANT 9 DEF5SE ( LIB]TY & WORK = !IR WELL BE+4 

,! COLLECTIVE ADOPT$ A RESOLUTION ON ,APRIL #b#bND DEF9+ RELATIONS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUALI/S3 

0L- ,! ,COMMITTEE1 ) ! AGREEM5T ( ! ORGANIZATIONS1 RESOLVES3 ,ANY COMRADE :O IS DISSATISFI$ ) ! ,COLLECTIVE IS FREE TO )DRAW & TO WORK HIS L& PRIVATELY AS AN 9DIVIDUAL ) ! UND]/&+ ?AT HE CANNOT HAVE MORE L& ?AN HE CAN CULTIVATE HIMSELF & ?AT EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN WILL NEV] BE P]MITT$ TO RETURN4 

0,! 9DIVIDUALI/ COMRADES %ALL AB/A9 FROM WORK+ AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVE OR !Y WILL BE JUDG$ AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 

0#b- ,! COLLECTIVI/S %ALL RESPECT ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 

0,! ACTIVE COMRADES ( ! TWO C5TRAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T1 9 VIEW ( !IR COLLECTIVI/ PR9CIPLES1 WILL DO EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO SUPPORT ! COLLECTIVE4 

0#c- ,RELATIONS BETWE5 COLLECTIVI/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S %ALL BE AS FOLL[S3 

0,! ,COOP]ATIVE & ! ,COLLECTIVE %ALL OP5 A L9E ( CR$IT = EA* 9DIVIDUALI/ = ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES HE BR+S 94 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ CAN BUY FROM ! 9V5TORY ( ! COLLECTIVE ) ! CR$IT HE HAS E/ABLI%$ PROVID$ ! M]*&ISE IS NOT NE$$ BY ! COLLECTIVE4 

0,! CATTLE ( 9DIVIDUALI/S CAN GRAZE ANY:]E 9 ! MUNICIPALITY ALWAYS RESPECT+ ! CULTIVAT$ >EAS & NOT EXCE$+ #be HEAD ( CATTLE P] P]SON4 ,! PA/URES MU/ BE RESPECT$ & PRES]V$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 

0,ANY R$UCTION ( ! H]DS ?AT MU/ BE MADE 9 ,OLIETE BECAUSE ( ! W> & ! PROXIMITY ( ! T[N TO ! FRONT L9ES1 WILL BE %>$ PROPORTIONATELY BY ! COLLECTIVE AS FOLL[S3 ! EXI/+ H]D WILL BE DIVID$ 9TO ?REE CATEGORIES3 GOOD1 M$IUM1 POOR4 ,IT WILL !N BE DIVID$ PROPORTIONATELY AMONG ! [N]S ( ! CATTLE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ?REE CATEGORIES1 OP5LY & ABOVE BO>D4 

0#d- ,ONE ( ! MORE 9T]E/+ ASPECTS ( PROTECT+ ! ECONOMY ( ! COMMUNITY IS ! SUP]VISION & CONTROL ( ! CATTLE BELONG+ TO ! 9DIVIDUALI/S BY MEMB]S ( ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 ! ,COMMISSION] ( ,HEAL?1 A ,U,G,T MEMB]1 & ! ,COMMISSION] ( ,CATTLE1 A ,C,N,T MEMB]4 

0,IF ! H>VE/ REAP$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALI/S FROM !IR CULTIVAT$ L&S IS SQU&]$ OR SABOTAG$1 ! TWO MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL HAVE ! AU?ORITY TO TAKE OV] ! PROP]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ SABOTEURS4 

0#e- ,! MEMB]%IP ( BO? ORGANIZATIONS WILL BE *ECK$ BY F\R COMRADES ( ! ,U,G,T & F\R ( ! ,C,N,T NAM$ AT OP5 MEET+S40 

,MUNIESA 

,! ,MORELLA ,COLUMN DROVE ! FASCI/S \T ( T[N ,AUGU/ #e?4 ,! T[N WAS !N COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,EV]YONE BELONGS TO ! COLLECTIVE4 ,ONLY SEV5 PEOPLE1 FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,/ATE & PUBLIC AU?ORITY1 >E NOT MEMB]S ( ! NEW COMMUNITY4 ,H[EV]1 !Y >E L9K$ TO ! LIFE ( ! T[N ECONOMICALLY4 ,! T[N HAS ONLY #a1#g RESID5TS4 ,!RE W]E MORE BE=E ,JULY #a#i?1 BUT A NUMB] LEFT ) ! FASCI/S4 ,! ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA 7,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT7 WAS REPRES5T$ 9 ! T[N PREVI\SLY1 BUT ! ,C,N,T IS ! ONLY ORGANIZATION 9 ! COMMUNITY TODAY4 

,! SP>KPLUG ( ! COLLECTIVE IS A Y\NG MILL] :O LIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA = #ag YE>S4 ,HIS 9ITIATIVE1 9TELLIG5CE & 5]GY PLAC$ HIM AT ! HEAD ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,HE IS ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C,N,T & ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 :I* IS ALSO ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE & ! ,C,N,T UNION HAVE !IR HEADQU>T]S 9 ! T[N HALL4 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD IS ON ! TABLE 9 ! (FICE4 ,JOAQU9 ,VALI5TE1 ! ORGANIZ]1 TOOK ! BOOK AS HIS MODEL4 ,! TEA*]'S !ORIES HAVE BE5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE BY ! DISCIPLE ) ! COMPLETE APPROVAL ( ! T[N4 

,HE HAS HIS [N IDEAS3 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9CLUD+ ! ABOLITION ( MONEY4 ,! T[N HAS NO?+ TO DO ) MONEY :I* LOSES VALUE4 ,! MONEY ISSU$ BY ! T[N IS NOT A SUB/ITUTE = ! MONEY ISSU$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,! NEW T[N MONEY IS NOT AN 9/RUM5T ( 9FLATION1 BUT A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE4 ,BREAD1 MEAT1 OLIVE OIL & W9E >E DI/RIBUT$ FREE ( *>GE4 

,WE WALK ?R\< ! T[N ONE ,SUNDAY AFT]NOON4 ,! BAK]Y WAS OP54 ,ANYONE CAN COME = :ATEV] BREAD HE WANTS4 

0,>E !RE NOT ABUSES ( ?IS80 

0,NO10 ANSW]S ! OLD MAN :O GIVES \T ! BREAD4 0,EV]YONE TAKES AS MU* AS !Y ACTUALLY NE$40 

,W9E IS ALSO DI/RIBUT$ FREELY1 NOT RATION$4 

0,DOESN'T ANYONE GET DRUNK80 

0,UNTIL N[ !RE HAS NOT BE5 A S+LE CASE ( DRUNK5NESS40 

,?IS IS A MAGNIFIC5T DEMON/RATION ?AT LIB]TY $UCATES1 DOES NOT CORRUPT4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,SPANI>DS >E A TEMP]ATE1 SOB] PEOPLE4 

,EA* MALE WORK] RECEIVES ONE PESETA A DAY4 ,*ILDR5 UND] T5 YE>S ( AGE RECEIVE 4#e PESETA4 ,GIRLS & WOM5 RECEIVE 4#g#e PESETA4 ,?IS IS NOT A WAGE4 ,IT IS DI/RIBUT$ TOGE!R ) FOOD SO ?AT ! PEOPLE CAN BUY O!R ?+S4 ,! COMMUNITY HAS PR9T$ #a1 PESETAS4 ,! NEW CURR5CY WAS 9TRODUC$ ONLY ONE MON? AGO4 #a#a1 PESETAS HAVE BE5 PUT 9 CIRCULATION UP TO N[4 ,AS NECESS>Y1 ! COMMUNITY PESETAS >E EX*ANG$ = ! NATIONAL CURR5CY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE MU/ BE A VALID REASON1 SU* AS ! PUR*ASE ( ?+S NOT AVAILABLE 9 ! T[N1 OR ! NE$ TO TAKE A TRIP4 

,! PRISON IS EMPTY4 ,!RE >E NO GU>DS OR >M$ POLICE4 ,! PEOPLE >E PEACEFUL4 ,NO ONE BE>S >MS4 ,ONLY ONE P]SON HAS BE5 NAM$ BY ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL TO BE 9 *>GE ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,HE DOES NOT WE> E UNI=M4 ,!RE HAS NOT BE5 A S+LE CONFLICT1 ROBB]Y OR CRIME 9 ! T[N S9CE ! COLLECTIVE CAME 9TO BE+4 ,CULTURALLY1 ! T[N IS WORSE (F ?AN O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,!RE IS NOT A S+LE TEA*]4 ,FIVE HUNDR$ *ILDR5 CANNOT GO TO S*OOL4 ,ILLIT]ACY IS WIDESPREAD4 ,!RE IS NO MOVIE !AT]4 ,!RE IS NO DOCTOR 9 ! T[N4 ,TWO RESID5TS ) SOME KN[L$GE ( TEA*+ DO :AT !Y CAN1 H[EV] POORLY4 

,ON ,SATURDAY & ,SUNDAY C(FEE IS S]V$ FREE ( *>GE TO EV]YONE 9 T[N4 ,PEOPLE GA!R 9 ! T[N HALL :]E C(FEE IS S]V$4 ,WOM5 R>ELY JO9 !M4 ,!Y NEV] W5T TO ! CAFE BE=E & IT IS NOT ! ?+ TO DO 9 ! T[NS4 

,A ,REGIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 

,UNTIL N[1 ,WORK]S' ,ASSEMBLIES C\LD DEAL ) SOCIALISM ONLY 9 !ORY4 ,SOCIALISM WAS SOME?+ ?AT \<T TO BE4 ,REALITY WAS DIFF]5T4 ,!ORY WAS NOT P>T ( LIFE1 HAD NO =CE4 ,! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD] WAS ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORD]4 

,N[ IT WAS DIFF]5T4 ,DELEGATES ( ! FREE COMMUNES MET 9 ! SMALL CITY ( ,HIJOR --#d1#e RESID5TS & G5]AL HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,C,N,T COLUMNS4 ,!RE WAS NO DISCUSSION ( !ORY1 BUT ( COMMUNITY PRACTICE4 ,! SEIZURE ( ! L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION DESCRIB$ BY SOCIALI/ !ORI/S AS ! F9AL PHASE ( ! /RUGGLE & ! PRECONDITION = ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM HAS BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ H]E4 

,:AT MU/ BE DONE N[8 ,CONC]N AB\T ?IS WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS UTOPIAN BY LE>N$ ,M>XI/S4 ,LIKE BURY+ ONE'S HEAD 9 ! S& LIKE AN O/RI*4 ,PROGRAMS = SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION8 ,UTOPIAN4 ,BUT UTOPIA MU/ BECOME REALITY SOMETIME OR ! !ORY W\LD ONLY BE ANO!R UTOPIA4 ,! UTOPIANS PROV$ !MSELVES TO BE ! REALI/S AT ?IS PO9T4 ,! ECONOMY ( LIB]AT$ ,>AGON IS 9 !IR H&S4 ,! L&1 ! FACTORIES & EV]Y?+ PRODUC$ >E ! PROP]TY ( ! COLLECTIVE1 ( ALL ! WORK]S4 ,AN>*I/ COMMUNISM IS ! CREATIVE IDEA3 EX*ANGE1 DI/RIBUTION4 ,!RE >E /ILL 9DIVIDUALI/S :O PREF] TO WORK ALONE1 = !MSELVES1 9/EAD ( JO9+ ! COLLECTIVE & WORK+ COLLECTIVELY4 ,! ,CONGRESS HAD TO /UDY !SE PROBLEMS4 ,! ECONOMIC COLLECTIVES >E MEMB]S ( A F$]ATION4 ,!Y GR\P PRODUC]S TOGE!R REG>DLESS ( AFFILIATION4 

,! P>TIES ) AU?ORIT>IAN PHILOSOPHIES1 H[EV]1 >E CONT9U+ TO SEEK P[] = !MSELVES ALONE4 

,! ACTUAL EXP]I5CE ( COLLECTIVIZATION DE/ROY$ MOVE ?AN ONE !ORY4 ,! UNIONS HAD TO BE ! BE>]S ( ! NEW LIFE1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S PO9T$ \T4 ,UNIONS1 ! ORGANIZATIONS ( DEF5SE AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 MU/ BE TRANS=M$ 9TO COLLECTIVES = PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,! NEW COLLECTIVES >E NOT EXACTLY ID5TICAL ) ! =M] UNIONS4 ,! ,C,N,T MU/ CONT9UE4 ,IT CANNOT ALL[ ITSELF TO BE ABSORB$ BY ! COLLECTIVES4 ,IT %\LD ORI5T ! COLLECTIVES1 GIVE !M AN IDEAL1 CONT5T4 ,! ,CONGRESS AGRE$ TO E/ABLI% A F$]ATION ( ,C,N,T UNIONS4 ,! ECONOMIC C5T] ( ,>AGON MU/ BE ! ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES4 ,IT MU/ NOT BE CONTROLL$ BY ANY P>TY OR ORGANIZATION4 ,IT MU/ REMA9 9DEP5D5T4 

,!RE >E NO CLASSES 9 ,>AGON N[4 ,?IS IS EMPHASIZ$ BY ! SPEAK]S4 ,BUT ! ,/ATE MU/ ALSO DISAPPE> TOGE!R ) CLASSES4 ,! COLLECTIVES DO NOT WANT ! C5TRAL ,/ATE TO M$DLE 9 !IR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS4 ,!Y %>E ?IS VIEWPO9T ) ! UNIONS4 ,! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,CONGRESS W]E RESOLV$3 AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 SALE ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE1 =MALIZ+ RELATIONS ) ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! COLLECTIVES ?AT !Y DO NOT WANT TO USE =CE AGA9/ ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,!Y >E SE5 AS DEF5D]S ( CAPITALI/ IMMORALITY :O DO NOT UND]/& ! HI< IDEALS ( BRO!RHOOD & SOLID>ITY4 ,H[EV]1 ! COLLECTIVI/S DO NOT WANT TO COMPEL !M TO TAKE ! ROAD TO LIB]TY4 

,! GREAT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 BOL%EVISM & AN>*ISM1 BETWE5 /ATE & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 IS BAS$ ON ?IS4 ,! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( \R TIMES HAVE NOT UND]/OOD ?IS DIFF]5CE4 ,BUT ! TIME IS NOT F> (F :5 IT WILL BE UND]/OOD4 

,AZU>A 

,:5 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI ADVANC$ ?R\< ,>AGON ) ANTI-FASCI/ COLUMNS1 TAK+ T[NS & CITIES1 HIS >RIVAL WAS GREET$ AS ! LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE NOT ONLY FROM ! CLAWS ( FASCISM1 BUT ALSO FROM CAPITALISM4 ,! W> AGA9/ FASCISM WAS ALSO ! REVOLUTION1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM 9TO ANO!R1 MORE JU/ SY/EM4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS MU* MORE PR(\ND 9 ! W> ZONE ( ,>AGON ?AN 9 ! RE>4 ,! PROCESS WAS PRECISELY ! GOAL & ! MOTIVATION ( ! ANTIFASCI/ /RUGGLE4 ,! T[N ( ,AZU>A IS LOCAT$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! W> ZONE1 SIX KILOMET]S FROM ! FRONT4 ,IT LOOKS LIKE A MILIT>Y 5CAMPM5T4 ,! ,R$ & ,BLACK ,COLUMN HAS E/ABLI%$ ITS B>RACKS !RE4 ,9 ! PA/ !RE WAS NO ,C,N,T ORGANIZATION 9 ! T[N4 ,!RE WAS ONLY ONE ,U,G,T LOCAL UNION4 ,!N AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION WAS ORGANIZ$ :I* TOOK AWAY ALMO/ ALL ( ! ,U,G,T MEMB]S4 ,!RE IS A ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ORGANIZATION & MANY ( ! MILITIA BELONG TO IT4 

,WE ATT5D A ,C,N,T ASSEMBLY ONE ,SATURDAY EV5+4 ,A NEW MEMB] ( ! ,COMMITTEE MU/ BE ELECT$4 ,CONDITION3 HE MU/ BE ABLE TO READ & WRITE1 & BE AFFILIAT$ ) ! ORGANIZATION BE=E ,JULY L#i?1 #a#i#c#f4 ,MO!RS >E AT ! MEET+ ) BABIES NURS+ AT !IR BREA/S4 ,L>GE & SMALL PROBLEMS ( ! COLLECTIVE >E DEALT )4 ,!Y >E SATISFI$ ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( BREAD1 OLIVE OIL1 POTATOES & BEANS4 ,BUT !RE IS NOT 5\< W9E4 ,!RE WAS 5\< CLO?+ = DI/RIBUTION TO ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE DUR+ ! FIR/ SIX MON?S4 ,! MEET+ GOES ON RECORD AS SATISFI$ ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( V\*]S3 A M>RI$ C\PLE #a4#g#e PESETAS DAILY1 *ILDR5 #h TO #ae YE>S ( AGE 4#g#e1 & *ILDR5 Y\NG] ?AN #h1 4#e PESETAS4 

,!RE >E NO COMPLA9TS AB\T H\RS ( WORK4 ,!Y CANNOT BE R$UC$ :ILE ! W> GOES ON4 ,!Y HAVE NO PROBLEM ) TRANSPORTATION1 DOCTORS1 M$IC9E OR AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y4 ,! ANTIFASCI/ COLUMN PROVIDES !SE TO ! T[N4 ,! T[N PAYS = !M ) TOBACCO & :EAT4 

,A NEW DI/RIBUTION ( WORK GR\PS IS DISCUSS$4 ,SOME ( ! Y\NG PEOPLE HAVE TO GIVE UP !IR JOBS BECAUSE !Y >E BE+ TRANSF]R$ TO O!R SECTORS ( ! FRONT4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION HAS BE5 EXT5D$ TO 9CLUDE MEMB]S ( ! ,U,G,T4 ,!Y ALSO BELONG TO A NEW ECONOMIC COMMUNITY & ! COLLECTIVES HAVE A COORD9AT+ COMMITTEE4 

,9CID5TALLY1 !RE >E NO PRIE/S OR FASCI/S 9 ! T[N4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! *ILDR5 CANNOT GO TO S*OOL4 ,W> MAKES /ABLE S*OOL LIFE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,5EMY PLANS BOMB ! T[N FREQU5TLY4 

,MANY MEMB]S ( ! MILITIA >E AT ! MEET+4 ,!RE IS A CORDIAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 !M & ! PEOPLE 9 ! T[N4 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? HAVE SET UP A LIBR>Y4 ,! FACES ( ! MILITIA REFLECT ! IDEALISM4 

,=M]LY ! PRIE/ P]=M$ ALL ! M>RIAGES4 ,N[ ! Y\NG PEOPLE GO TO ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL OR ! UNION = ! C]EMONY4 ,! *UR* IS A G>AGE S]V+ ! T[NSPEOPLE & ! MILITIA4 

,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( TWELVE T[NS IS LOCAT$ 9 ,AZU>A4 ,!Y S5D DELEGATES :O REPORT :AT EA* T[N CAN DELIV] & :AT !Y NE$4 ,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE MA9TA9S /ATI/ICS & PRODUCTS >E EX*ANG$ BETWE5 ! COMMUNITIES ON ! BASIS ( ! DATA4 ,! NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM1 A SY/EM ( ORGANIZ$ EX*ANGE OR B>T]1 HAS 5C\NT]$ NO DIFFICULTIES UNTIL N[4 ,!RE IS ONLY A %ORTAGE ( WORK+ H&S4 

,! COLLECTIVES DO NOT SUFF] A LACK ( DAILY NEWSPAP]S4 ,!Y READ MORE ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,! ,T[N ,COMMITTEE RECEIVES PAP]S FROM ! CITIES & DI/RIBUTES !M AMONG ! COMRADES4 ,AT NI<T ! COLLECTIVES GA!R AT ! UNION HALL TO READ ! PRESS4 ,!Y HAVE LEFT ! OLD CAFE3 ! COLLECTIVI/S1 PURITANICAL1 SEE IT AS A FRIVOL\S 9/ITUTION4 

,VALD]ROBRES 

,! COMMUNI/ SY/EM /RANGLES PEOPLE'S ECONOMIC 9ITIATIVE4 ,IT PUTS BRAKES ON ALL PROGRESS4 ,?IS IS A PR9CIPAL >GUM5T ( ! DEF5D]S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION4 ,UNTIL N[ ! COLLECTIVI/ C\LD ANSW] ?IS ONLY !ORETICALLY4 ,!RE WAS NO ACTUAL EXAMPLE ANY:]E TO BE ABLE TO OBS]VE H[ IT AFFECTS 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,RUSSIA CANNOT BE CIT$ 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,! ,/AKHANOVI/ MOVEM5T DEMON/RATES ! DEGREE TO :I* WORK]S CAN DEVELOP COMPET5CE4 ,!RE >E AS MANY DIFF]5T WAGE LEVELS 9 ,RUSSIA AS 9 O!R CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,A TRULY COMMUNI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY EQUALITY ( CONSUMPTION3 EA* CONSUMES ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 ,& :]E NE$ EXCE$S ! CAPACITY TO PRODUCE1 !Y WORK TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION4 ,?AT IS :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ! LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON4 

,9ITIATIVE8 ,A /RANG] CAN APPRECIATE ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! T[N ( ,VALD]ROBRES4 ,!RE >E GR\PS ( H\SES ON ! M\NTA9 SLOPES >IS+ FROM ! VALLEY ( ! ,MAT>RANA ,RIV]4 ,SOME ( ! RESID5TS DECID$ TO PA9T !IR H\SES SKY BLUE4 ,O!RS FOLL[$ !IR EXAMPLE4 ,! 5TIRE T[N N[ %9ES ) SKY BLUE HOMES4 ,BECEITE HAS ALSO BE5 PA9T$ ! SAME COLOR4 ,A ROMANTIC DREAM SU* AS ,EI*5DORFF MI<T IMAG9E 9 HIS ,LIFE ( A ,VAGABOND4 

,! L&SCAPE *ANGES AS WE ADVANCE4 ,! DESOLATION ( ! B>E ,>AGON HILLS DISAPPE>S AS IF BY 5*ANTM5T4 ,! SC5E *ANGES TO A F]TILE VALLEY ( OLIVE TREES ON ! BANKS ( ! RIV]4 

,A COLLECTIVE HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ H]E 9 ,VALD]ROBRES4 ,!RE WAS A /RUGGLE :5 ! ,CIVIL ,W> BROKE \T4 ,TW5TY WELL >M$ ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & A L>GE GR\P ( FASCI/S ATTACK$ ! T[N ON ,JULY #a#i?4 ,! PEOPLE1 DEPRIV$ ( >MS1 )DREW T[>D ! NE>BY ,CATALAN FRONTI]4 ,!Y JO9$ ! COLUMNS ( ! ,C,N,T1 :O W]E ADVANC+ FROM ,TORTOSA4 ,!Y W]E GIV5 >MS & W5T LOOK+ = ! 5EMY4 ,! BATTLE TOOK PLACE NE> ,VILLALBA DE LOS ,>COS4 ,! ANTIFASCI/S WON4 ,! FASCI/S )DREW T[>D ,CALACEITE4 ,!Y W]E FOLL[$ & ON ,JULY #b#g?1 #a1 M5 ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,C,N,T ATTACK$ & DEFEAT$ !M4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS RETREAT$ FROM ,CALACEITE1 :I* HAD BE5 REG>D$ AS IMPREGNABLE4 ,T]UEL ,PROV9CE WAS FREE ( ALL REACTION>Y =CES4 

,VALD]ROBRES1 CAPITAL ( ! DI/RICT ) A POPULATION ( #c1#g1 HAS A LONG REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y PROCLAIM$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c#c4 ,BUT REACTION TRIUMPH$4 ,?REE DAYS AFT] !IR EPHEM]AL VICTORY1 LIB]TY WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD4 ,IT WAS DIFF]5T ?IS TIME4 ,N9ETE5 T[NS 9 ! DI/RICT MET ON ,AUGU/ #i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,!Y AGRE$ 9 A REGIONAL ASSEMBLY TO E/ABLI% COLLECTIVES4 ,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS CREAT$ 9 ! COLLECTIVES4 ,COMMUNISM DEVELOP$ FUR!/ 9 ! T[NS ( ,MAZALEON1 ,LA ,FRESNADA1 ,TORRE ,LIBRE & ,BECEITE4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS A*IEV$ )9 TWO WEEKS4 ,!RE WAS NO OPPOSITION ANY:]E4 

,MON?S LAT] A FEW 9DIVIDUALS ASK$ = ! RI<T TO WORK 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,!Y W]E GIV5 P]MISSION TO DO SO4 

,! REGIONAL F$]ATION IS A GOOD EXAMPLE4 ,IT PROVIDES /ATI/ICS ON ! ECONOMIC CAPACITY ( ! COLLECTIVES 9 ! AFFILIAT$ T[NS4 ,IT HAS TAK5 A NEW C5SUS ( ! POPULATION4 ,IT CONTROLS ! SIZE ( ! H]DS ( CATTLE & !IR SANIT>Y CONDITION4 ,IT HAS DEF9$ ! RELATION%IPS ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES & ! UNIONS1 & BETWE5 ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVES & UNAFFILIAT$ 9DIVIDUALI/S4 

,/ATI/ICS ON ! H>VE/S MAKE POSSIBLE ACCURATE CALCULATIONS ( ! ECONOMIC RES\RCES ( ! T[N4 ,! OLIVE H>VE/ ?IS YE> IS WOR? #c11 PESETAS4 ,! ALMOND H>VE/ WAS POOR BECAUSE ( ! FRO/S4 ,! T[N IS RI* 9 OLIVES ( SUP]IOR QUALITY4 

,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE CONSI/S ( DELEGATES ( ! AFFILIAT$ T[NS4 ,!IR WORK DES]VES PRAISE4 ,!Y HAVE IMPROV$ MEANS ( COMMUNICATION4 ,! ,COMMITTEE HAS 9/ALL$ TELEPHONE L9ES BETWE5 ! T[NS4 ,!RE W]E NO TELEPHONES 9 A NUMB] ( ! T[NS BE=E COLLECTIVIZATION4 

,! REGULATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 AGRICULTURE 9 ! DIFF]5T T[NS US$ TO FILL BOOKS ( REGI/RY & REQUIR$ ! S]VICES ( A GREAT MANY %Y/] LAWY]S4 ,N[ IT IS H&L$ SIMPLY4 ,UND] ! REGIME ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 MUNICIPALITIES WORK$ H>D TO 9CORPORATE AS MU* PROP]TY AS POSSIBLE4 ,! COLLECTIVE PUT AN 5D TO TAXES AMONG O!R DIFFICULTIES4 ,!RE >E NO TAXES N[4 ,COMMUNITIES >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 POSSESS+ MORE L&4 ,!Y ONLY WANT AS MU* AS !IR RESID5TS CAN WORK4 ,! T[N ( ,VALD]ROBRES 5COMPASS$ L&S PREVI\SLY BELONG+ TO ! COMMUNITY ( ,BECEITE4 ,! TWO T[NS 5T]$ 9TO AN AGREEM5T & 

,VALD]ROBRES RETURN$ !SE L&S TO ! NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITY4 ,T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES ( A MUNICIPALITY HAVE ONLY PLATONIC SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!RE IS NO LACK ( L& & !RE >E NO T]RITORIAL CONFLICTS BETWE5 COMMUNITIES4 ,:5 A COMMUNITY =MS NEW LABOR GR\PS !Y HAVE 5\< L& AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,A PR(\ND TRANS=MATION HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 ! ?9K+ ( ! F>M+ POPULATION4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE ( ,VALD]ROBRES W]E SMALL F>M]S4 ,!Y HAD ALWAYS ?\<T 9 T]MS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! EXP]I5CE ( O!R C\NTRIES1 SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETORS >E OPPOS$ TO ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! L&4 ,BUT ! F>M]S GAVE UP PRIVATE PROP]TY H]E4 ,! =M] PRIVATE [N]S CONT9UE TO WORK ON ! L& !Y =M]LY [N$4 ,BUT !Y DO NOT WORK ALONE1 O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P HELP !M N[4 

,! COLLECTIVE USES A WORK] C>D4 ,EV]Y ,SATURDAY1 ! WORK DONE DUR+ ! WEEK IS RECORD$4 ,!IR ME?OD ( CONTROL ( DI/RIBUTION ( CLO?+ IS ORIG9AL3 !Y HAVE A TYPE ( WALL NEWSPAP] 9 ! UNION HALL :I* REPORTS ! AM\NT ( CLO?+ & O!R >TICLES TO BE ISSU$ TO EA* MEMB] ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,EV]YONE 9 ! T[N KN[S 9 ?IS WAY :AT IS BE+ ISSU$ TO HIS NEI<BORS4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE >E NOT SATISFI$ ) ! S*OOLS4 ,!Y WANT TO E/ABLI% A MOD]N S*OOL1 LIKE ! ,F]R] S*OOLS4 ,FIFTY P] C5T ( ! T[N IS ILLIT]ATE4 ,!RE >E NOT 5\< TEA*]S4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE S*OOL 9 ! DI/RICT = *ILDR54 ,*ILDR5 >E SEP>AT$ BY SEX />T+ AT SIX YE>S ( AGE4 7,?IS IS NOT HAPP5+ 9 ,CAL&A1 :]E *ILDR5 ( BO? SEXES ATT5D ! SAME CLASSES47 ,A PR(ESSOR COMES TO ! T[N FROM ,TORTOSA & GIVES A LECTURE :ILE WE >E !RE4 ,! F>M]S ASK = MORE TEA*]S TO PROVIDE FREE 9/RUCTION TO ALL !IR *ILDR54 ,! F>M]S DISCUSS ! ECONOMIC ASPECTS ( ! MATT] ) ! PR(ESSOR4 

0,Y\ WILL RECEIVE AS MU* AS ! DOCTOR3 FOOD1 CLO?+ & ALL ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,!RE IS NO MONEY 9 \R T[N40 

,! TEA*] ACCEPTS ! (F]4 

,BECEITE 

,9 #a#i#a#i1 A V]Y 5]GETIC ,DIRECTOR ,G5]AL ( MANY COAL M9ES 9 ,SILESIA COMMITT$ SUICIDE4 ,HE WAS AFRAID ?AT ! M9ES W\LD BE EXPROPRIAT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,PEOPLE'S ,C\NCILS & HE C\LD NOT ACCEPT SU* A PROSPECT4 ,HE EXPLA9$ HIS MOTIVES 9 A LETT] TO ! M9]S :O WORK$ = HIM3 0,DEA? RA!R ?AN SOCIALISM40 

,!RE >E O!R TYPES ( PROP]TY [N]S & CAPITALI/S4 ,! =M] [N] ( TWO PAP] MILLS 9 ,BECEITE DID NOT ?9K ( KILL+ HIMSELF :5 ! NEW ]A BEGAN4 ,HE ADAPT$ HIMSELF TO ! NEW REALITY & MANAGES HIS FACTORIES AS HE DID BE=E4 ,DRESS$ ONLY 9 HIS %IRT & PANTS1 HE WORKS AT ! MA*9ES TOGE!R ) ! WORK]S 9 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ %OPS1 US+ HIS TE*NICAL KN[L$GE ) ! SAME 9T]E/ AS 9 ! PA/4 ,DOES HE ?9K ( ! 0GOOD TIMES0 ( ! PA/ :5 HE IS ALONE8 ,HE HAS NO 9COME OR AM5ITIES ( LIFE O!R ?AN ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,HE APPE>S TO BE CALM & UNDI/URB$4 ,HE S+S AT HIS WORK :5 HE ?9KS HE IS NOT OBS]V$4 

,PRODUCTION ( PAP] IS A LITTLE L[] ?AN BE=E4 ,!RE IS A LACK ( RAW MAT]IAL4 ,! FACTORY PRODUCES A FANCY PAP]4 

,9 ! PA/ SMOK]S HAD TO BUY !IR TOBACCO4 ,N[ ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE RECEIVE !IR TOBACCO FREE4 ,!RE IS A SPECIAL BOOK = SMOK]S4 ,! COMMUNITY HAS #a1#e#g#i RESID5TS1 #bca ADULT M5 & #bg SMOK]S4 ,EA* SMOK] RECEIVES F\R PACKAGES ( CIG>ETTES P] WEEK4 

0,H[ DO Y\ SUPPLY ! PEOPLE ) CLO!S80 

0,EV]YONE HAS A C>D ) A NUMB]40 

,I SEE A WOMAN ASK = TWO %IRTS = H] HUSB& & H] SON4 ,! 0BUREAUCRAT0 LOOKS UP NUMB] #c#a#e4 ,TWO MON?S AGO %E RECEIV$ TWO %IRTS1 BUT IT IS NOT 5\<4 ,%E CAN HAVE TWO MORE4 

0,& CLO? = A DRESS = MY DAU<T]80 

,%E CAN HAVE ?AT ALSO4 

,! WOMAN !N GOES TO ! COOP]ATIVE ) H] REQUISITIONS4 ,!Y GIVE H] :AT %E NE$S4 

,9DIVIDUALI/S MU/ BUY :AT !Y WANT4 ,SOME PAY ) MONEY2 O!RS *>GE IT AGA9/ PRODUCE ?AT !Y WILL DELIV] LAT]4 ,PRICES >E L[4 

,IT IS ELEV5 O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+4 ,! GONG S\NDS4 ,MASS8 ,IT IS TO REM9D ! WOM5 TO PREP>E ! MIDDAY MEAL4 

,CALACEITE 

,! SUPPORT]S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY >E AGA9/ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,!Y DEF5D ! OLD PRIVILEGES BAS$ UPON PROP]TY4 

,!RE WAS A TIME :5 TE*NICAL PROGRESS & FREE COLLABORATION BETWE5 GR\PS WAS RESI/$4 ,SMALL BUS9ESS SAW ONLY DANG]\S COMPETITION 9 BIG BUS9ESS4 ,L>GE SCALE ME*ANIZ$ PRODUCTION CREAT$ A WEAL? ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS4 

,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION HAS NOT MOV$ =W>D = A HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,9 L>GE AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISES 7)9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM7 WORK]S >E M]ELY S]VANTS4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! T]M 0S]VANTS0 CONT9UES TO BE US$ 9 AGRICULTURE4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION HAS ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( FREE COOP]ATION3 HUMANE COLLECTIVE LABOR4 ,FRE$OM & EQUALITY >E ITS F\NDATION4 ,AN OX & A HORSE HIT*$ TOGE!R TO A PL[ WILL NOT COOP]ATE ) EA* O!R4 ,COOP]ATION MU/ BE BAS$ ON AGREEM5T >RIV$ AT FREELY4 ,! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES >E ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES1 ORGANIZ$ BY FREE & VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T AMONG ITS P>TICIPANTS4 ,! SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE IS IRRATIONAL4 ,9 ! FUTURE !Y WILL WOND] H[ E>LY F>M]S SAW !MSELVES4 

,9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES A T[N IS NOT A COHESIVE WORK+ COMMUNITY4 ,IT APPE>S TO BE A NUMB] ( PEOPLE BR\<T TOGE!R 9 ONE PLACE BY ACCID5T1 ?R\< DE/9Y1 W>1 OR A HUNDR$ O!R CO9CID5CES4 ,FREQU5TLY1 ! CITIZ5S HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON4 ,SOMETIMES RELATIVES GET TOGE!R4 ,H[EV]1 !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S MAY BE 9 CONFLICT4 ,!Y >E OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R1 & PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ! ISSUE ?AT SEP>ATES !M4 ,!Y COMPETE 9 ! SALE ( !IR PRODUCTS4 ,!Y DO NOT WORK TOGE!R1 BUT AGA9/ EA* O!R4 

,PRODUCTION & ! 5TIRE ECONOMY SUFF] UND] ! WEI<T ( !SE DISCREPANCIES4 ,! ECONOMY 9 !SE T[NS IS IRRATIONAL4 ,PROGRESS HAS PASS$ !SE FIELDS BY4 ,WORK]S >E EXCLUD$ FROM ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION 9 ! L>GE AGRICULTURAL PROP]TIES UND] CAPITALISM4 ,! MEANS ( OBTA9+ WEAL? >E 9 ! H&S ( ! EMPLOY]S1 ! TOOLS AS WELL AS ! SLAVES4 ,FRE$OM & DIGNITY >E SUPPRESS$4 

,! F>M]S ( ,CALACEITE UND]/& ALL ?IS4 ,!Y MOD]NIZ$ !IR AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISES4 ,?REE ?\S& PEOPLE LIVE 9 ?IS T[N1 MO/ ( !M SMALL F>M]S1 A FEW BLACKSMI?S1 A FEW C>P5T]S1 EA* WORK+ 9 HIS [N SMALL %OP4 ,!Y US$ TO WORK 9 PRIMITIVE WAYS1 )\T MA*9]Y4 ,! COLLECTIVE %[$ !M ! WAY TO WORK TOGE!R4 ,N[ !Y HAVE A L>GE MA*9E %OP2 T5 M5 WORK !RE 9 CLEAN1 HEAL?Y SURR\ND+S4 ,ALL ! C>P5T]S 9 ! T[N WORK TOGE!R 9 A L>GE WOODWORK+ %OP4 

,! T[N IS ORGANIZ$ TODAY4 ,IT CON/ITUTES A L>GE WORK+ COMMUNITY4 ,!RE >E TW5TY-F\R LABOR GR\PS ) TW5TY COMPET5T WORK]S 9 EA* GR\P4 ,!Y WORK ! COMMUNITY'S FIELDS TOGE!R ACCORD+ TO GOALS SET 9 ADVANCE4 ,9 ! PA/ EV]YONE WORK$ = HIMSELF2 TODAY !Y WORK = ALL4 ,CATTLE BRE$+ IS ORGANIZ$ ALONG MOD]N L9ES4 ,L>GE H]DS ( LIVE/OCK >E E/ABLI%$4 ,9 ! PA/ ! PEASANTS HAD NO L&2 N[ ALL ! L& 9 ! COMMUNITY BELONGS TO !M4 ,!Y DID NOT HAVE 5\< WORK]S4 ,N[ ! C\NTRY CAN FE$ MORE PEOPLE4 ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( COLLECTIVISM4 

,! T[N HAS TWO PH>MACIES & A DOCTOR4 ,!Y >E P>T ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,!RE W]E NOT COMPELL$ TO JO9 BUT DID SO VOLUNT>ILY4 ,! BAK]S OPPOS$ ! COLLECTIVE4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE OR WORK UND] ! NEW CONDITIONS4 ,!Y LEFT ! T[N4 ,O!R BAK]S W]E NOT S\<T4 ,!Y F\ND A TEMPOR>Y SOLUTION3 ! WOM5 BAK$ BREAD AS 9 ! OLD DAYS4 ,! T[N W\LD LIKE TO HAVE O!R BAK]S4 

,! T[N WAS POOR ONCE4 ,IT IS SATISFI$ TODAY4 ,MANY W]E HUNGRY 9 ! PA/2 TODAY EV]YONE HAS 5\< TO EAT4 

,MAZALEON 

,AFT] ,JULY #a#i? ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,COMMITTEE 9 ,TORTOSA 9VIT$ ! PEOPLE TO RESPECT ALL >T OBJECTS & TO BR+ !M TO ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,!Y E/ABLI%$ A MUSEUM ) ! COLLECTION4 ,! AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN Y\? 9 MANY CITIES & T[NS 9 ,SPA9 W]E ! PROTECTORS ( ! CULTURAL RI*ES 9 !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,ABROAD1 ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS1 & ESPECIALLY ! AN>*I/S1 W]E *>ACT]IZ$ AS B>B>IANS1 DE/ROY]S ( ALL CULTURAL LIFE4 

,A T[N ON A M\NTA9 RIDGE1 DOM9AT$ BY ! *UR*4 ,IT WAS BUILT C5TURIES AGO AS AN EXPRESSION ( COLLECTIVE LIFE4 ,! PEASANTS W5T TO *UR* AS A PLACE TO MEET :]E !Y W]E ALL UNIT$ BY A COMMON IDEA4 ,ALL ( !M HAD ! SAME CONC]NS1 ! SAME ASPIRATIONS1 ! SAME CULTURAL CONCEPTION3 ! 9/9CT ( RACE1 ! S5SE ( A UNIV]SAL ORD] 9 ! WORK 9DUC$ ! PEASANTS TO MAKE A COLLECTIVE EF=T TO BUILD ! *UR*4 

,?+S HAVE NOT *ANG$ AT ,MAZALEON UP TO N[4 ,! SPIRIT REMA9S ! SAME2 ! =M HAS *ANG$4 ,! MY/ICISM ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* IS NO LONG] !RE4 ,! PRIE/S HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,BUT ! PEASANTS DO NOT WORK TO DE/ROY ?IS ,GO?IC BUILD+ ?AT MAJE/ICALLY CR[NS ! PEAK ( ! M\NTA94 ,!Y HAVE TRANS=M$ IT 9TO A CAFE & A LOOK\T SITE4 ,A NICE PLACE TO HAVE MEET+S4 ,!Y HAVE MOD]NIZ$ ! BUILD+S & 9/ALL$ L\D SPEAK]S4 ,!Y DO NOT MEET !RE ,SUNDAY MORN+S = PRAY]4 ,N[ !Y MEET ,SUNDAY AFT]NOONS 9 !IR COLLECTIVE H\SE UND] ! HI< ,GO?IC >*$ RO(4 ,! COMRADES >E POSITIVI/S3 !Y WANT TO 5JOY LIFE & NATURE4 ,!Y HAVE OP5$ WIDE ! W9D[S ( ! *UR*4 ,!Y HAVE SET UP A L>GE GALL]Y :]E ! ALT> ONCE /OOD4 ,! VIEW EMBRACES ! S\!RN SLOPE ( ! ,>AGON M\NTA9S4 ,A SETT+ ( TRANQUILITY1 REFLECTION4 ,NEI<BORS GA!R !RE ON ,SUNDAY1 TAKE !IR C(FEE & 5JOY ! CALM ( ! AFT]NOON4 

,BELIEF 9 NATURE HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( RELIGION1 :I* HAS BE5 BANI%$4 ,SOME?+ MORE NOBLE HAS BE5 BORN3 ! BELIEF 9 MAN & HIS COLLECTIVE4 ,?IS IS ! RELIGION ( ! ,MAZALEON PEASANTS TODAY4 ,EV]Y?+ IS COLLECTIVIZ$ H]E4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS VOT$ UNANIM\SLY4 ,! TEA*]S ALSO BELONG TO ! COLLECTIVE1 AL?\< !Y >E PAID BY ! ,/ATE :I* IS NOT P>T ( ! ECONOMIC COMMUNITY ( ! T[N4 

0,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( COLLECTIVIZATION80 

,BAUTI/A ,DOM+O1 S*OOL TEA*]1 SOCIALI/ & 9 DISAGREEM5T ) ! AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY & MOVEM5T1 REPLIES3 

0,I REG>D COLLECTIVIZATION AS GREAT PROGRESS4 ,I HAVE BE5 LIV+ 9 COLLECTIVIZ$ T[NS = SEV]AL MON?S4 ,! PEASANTS >E BETT] (F1 PRODUCTION HAS 9CREAS$1 LABOR HAS IMPROV$ ! SPIRIT & SOLID>ITY IS /RONG]40 

,! PRESID5T ( ! T[N COLLECTIVE1 ,MANUEL ,>&A1 HAD AN ORIG9AL IDEA4 ,HE PROPOS$ A SY/EM ( C\PONS AS A SUB/ITUTE = MONEY4 ,HIS PROPOSAL WAS ACCEPT$4 

,A BOOK ( C\PONS HAS A VALUE ( #be PESETAS4 ,?IS MONEY IS NOT DI/RIBUT$ AS WAGES3 IT IS US$ SOLELY AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE4 ,EV]Y MEMB] ( ! COLLECTIVE RECEIVES A BOOK ( C\PONS4 ,HE CAN BUY :AT HE NE$S FROM ! COLLECTIVE'S /ORES4 ,ONE PESETA P] DAY = ADULTS1 #ge C5TIMOS = M9ORS UND] #ad YE>S ( AGE4 

,! T[N'S L&S >E V]Y L>GE4 ,!Y US$ TO 9CLUDE ! PROP]TY ( O!R VILLAGES4 ,PROP]TY 9 ! OLD S5SE NO LONG] EXI/S4 ,NO TAX IS PAID TO A MUNICIPALITY4 ,WORK GR\PS *OOSE ! L& !Y WI% TO CULTIVATE )\T 9VE/IGAT+ FIR/ TO :I* T[N ! L& BELONGS4 ,! /RUGGLE = PROP]TY IS OV]4 ,! COLLECTIVE SPIRIT HAS REPLAC$ ?IS IRRATIONAL CONFLICT4 

,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA 

,!ME3 0,! POOR >E BETT] (F N[40 

,!RE US$ TO BE MANY RI* PEOPLE 9 ! T[N & !Y OPPOS$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,BUT !Y >E A M9ORITY4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! T[N HAS GA9$ MAT]IAL & CULTURAL B5EFITS FROM COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,A NUMB] ( WOM5 >E WAIT+ AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! T[N ) L>GE BASKETS TO C>RY !IR PUR*ASES4 ,!Y >E WAIT+ = ! COOP]ATIVE /ORE TO OP54 ,!Y >E NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMITTEE4 

,! WOM5 >E UNHAPPY AB\T A NUMB] ( ?+S4 ,LITTLE SOAP4 ,LITTLE C(FEE4 ,O!R ?+S >E LACK+4 ,BUT ?IS IS DUE TO ! W>4 ,ONE WOMAN SAYS3 0,WE HAVE EV]Y?+ 9 ABUNDANCE ?AT WE NE$ = \R DAILY LIVES1 BREAD1 MEAT1 W9E1 VEGETABLES4 ,IT WAS NOT ALWAYS LIKE ?IS1 ,BE=E COLLECTIVIZATION WE W]E POOR40 

,A WOMAN ( A PEASANT FAMILY SUMM>IZ$ !IR ATTITUDE AB\T COLLECTIVIZATION ) !SE IMPORTANT WORDS AB\T ! NEW ORGANIZATION ( WORK3 0,W,E ,P,O,O,R ,>,E ,B,E,T,T,] ,(,F ,T,O,D,A,Y4 0 ,NO O!R /ATEM5T CAN DESCRIBE COLLECTIVE WORK BETT]4 

,! ,T[N ,COMMITTEE MEETS 9 ! =M] CITY HALL4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I >E ! ONLY ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! T[N2 !RE >E NO DISAGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL & ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! SAME PEOPLE S]VE 9 BO? ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AN AN>*I/ :O LIV$ 9 ,FRANCE AS AN IMMIGRANT DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP IS ,PRESID5T4 

,A WOMAN WANTS TO GO TO ,L]IDA TO CONSULT A M$ICAL SPECIALI/4 ,%E CAME TO ! (FICE AT #g O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+4 ,! ,COMMITTEE DOES NOT S*$ULE MANY H\RS AT ! (FICE4 ,! ,COMMITTEE MEMB]S WORK 9 ! FIELDS TOGE!R ) !IR GR\PS4 ,!Y DO ! WORK ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY & ! ORGANIZATION 9 ! LITTLE FREE TIME ?AT REMA9S TO !M4 

0,Y\ MU/ OBTA9 A C]TIFICATE FROM A DOCTOR TO GET MONEY = ! TRIP10 ! ,PRESID5T EXPLA9S TO ! WOMAN4 ,! ANSW] DOES NOT SATISFY ! OLD WOMAN4 ,%E COMPLA9S ( RHEUMATISM & TRIES TO CONV9CE ! ,COMMITTEE TO GIVE H] ! MONEY )\T A DOCTOR'S NOTE1 BUT %E DOES NOT SUCCE$4 

0,!RE >E PEOPLE10 ! ,PRESID5T EXPLA9S1 0,:O TRY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! NEW POSSIBILITIES (F]$ BY ! COLLECTIVE4 ,MANY HAVE NEV] GONE TO ! CITY4 ,!RE >E ELD]LY NEI<BORS 9 \R VILLAGE :O KN[ NO?+ AB\T ! CITY EXCEPT AS A COLLECTOR ( TAXES4 ,N[ ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO TRAVEL FREE ( *>GE1 !Y EXAGG]ATE A LITTLE40 

,! ,PRESID5T MAY HAVE BE5 PREJUDIC$ 9 HIS EXPLANATION4 ,! DOCTOR CAN GIVE A MORE OBJECTIVE OP9ION 9 ?IS MATT]4 

,! DOCTOR1 ,JOSE ,M>IA ,PUEYO1 HAS BE5 LIV+ 9 ! VILLAGE = TWELVE YE>S4 ,HE HAS LEFT W+ IDEALS1 BUT DOES NOT BELONG TO ANY P>TY & HE IS NOT AN AN>*I/4 ,A VISIT ) HIM C\LD BE P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+4 

,JOSE ,M>IA ,PUEYO1 A MAN ( MATURE YE>S1 IS A NATIVE ( ,S>AGOSSA & KN[S ! PEASANTS ( ,>AGON4 ,!RE US$ TO BE A TYPE ( COMMUNITY HEAL? 9SURANCE4 ,CLI5TS PAID ! DOCTOR A FIX$ FEE P] YE>4 ,! DOCTOR TOOK C>E ( !IR MAJOR & M9OR ILLNESSES4 ,:5 ! VILLAGE WAS COLLECTIVIZ$ ! =M] SY/EM C\LD NOT BE MA9TA9$4 ,! VILLAG]S HAD NO MONEY4 ,BUT ! DOCTOR REMA9$ 9 ! COMMUNITY & PLAC$ HIMSELF AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! COLLECTIVE4 

0,H[ IS LIFE UND] ! NEW CONDITIONS80 

,! COLLECTIVE GIVES ME FOOD1 CLO?+ & :ATEV] ELSE ,I NE$ )\T DIFFICULTIES40 

0,:AT AB\T M$ICATIONS & 9/RUM5TS80 

,HE OP5$ ! DOOR ( ! ADJAC5T BUILD+ & %[$ ME ! /OCK ( M$ICATIONS PROVID$ BY ! COLLECTIVE4 

0,!Y >E EAG] TO GIVE ME EV]Y?+ ,I NE$4 ,SOMETIMES IT IS NECESS>Y TO GO TO ,B>CELONA TO GET A FEW ?+S4 ,BUT !Y ALMO/ ALWAYS S5D IT40 

,! PEOPLE GO TO ! DOCTOR MORE FREQU5TLY ?AN !Y US$ TO4 ,! POOR PEASANTS & DAY WORK]S C\LD NOT PAY ! ANNUAL FEE = ! DOCTOR 9 ! PA/1 UND] CAPITALISM4 ,!Y C\LD CONSULT ! DOCTOR V]Y 9FREQU5TLY1 ,!IR SITUATION IS BETT] N[ ) ! COLLECTIVE4 

0,>E !RE ABUSES80 

0,YES1 BUT IT IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,! MAJORITY C\LD NOT AF=D ! LUXURY ( A M$ICAL EXAM9ATION1 OR MANY O!R ?+S4 ,TODAY !Y CAN1 SO !Y EXAGG]ATE40 

0,:AT AB\T ! PROBLEM ( S5ILITY80 

0,9 ! PA/ ! VILLAGE DID NOT KN[ ( A S+LE CASE4 7,! VILLAGE HAS TWO ?\S& 9HABITANTS47 ,N[1 S9CE ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 WE HAVE TWO CASES40 

0,9 MY OP9ION10 SAID ,DR4 ,PUEYO1 CONCLUD+ ! 9T]VIEW1 0COLLECTIVIZATION & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM >E A BETT]1 MORE JU/ SY/EM ?AN PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE MADE MORE UNI=M4 ,MO/ ( ! DIFFICULTIES TODAY >E DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !RE IS NO UNIFICATION YET4 ,PRIVATE CAPITALISM /ILL CONT9UES 9 ! CITIES4 ,MONEY IS NE$$ = EV]Y?+ !RE4 ,& EA* VILLAGE HAS A DIFF]5T M$IUM ( EX*ANGE :I* IS NOT RECOGNIZ$ ANY:]E ELSE4 ,?IS CAUSES MANY 9CONV5I5CES4 ,IF ! SY/EM COV]$ ! 5TIRE C\NTRY1 IT W\LD C]TA9LY SOLVE ,SPA9'S SOCIAL PROBLEM40 

,!RE IS NO LOCAL MONEY 9 ,ALBALATE4 ,! PEOPLE OBTA9 EV]Y?+ FREE1 ?R\< V\*]S4 ,GOODS >E RATION$4 ,! CONSUMPTION ( MEAT IS GREAT] TODAY ?AN =M]LY 1 AL?\< !RE >E NO EXACT /ATI/ICS4 ,BUT !RE IS MEAT N[ = ALL ! 0SICK40 ,& MORE IS BE+ PRODUC$ ?AN CONSUM$4 

,!Y P]=M$ AN ACT ( SOLID>ITY ) ,MADRID DUR+ ! MON? ( ,M>*4 ,!Y S5T ! FOLL[+ TO ! UNCONQU]$ CITY3 T5 LIVE HOGS1 EA* WEI<+ #aae TO #ab KILOS2 #e KILOS ( BACON2 #hg *ICK5S2 #e RABBITS2 #bL #a_/#b TONS ( POTATOES2 #b DOZ5 EGGS2 VEGETABLES & SEV]AL DOZ5 GOATS4 ,AN ACT ( G5]\S SOLID>ITY BY ! T[N = ! PEOPLE 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,!RE WAS NO QUE/ION ( PAYM5T OR REQUISITION BY ! MILIT>Y4 

,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE 9 ,ALBALATE ALSO S5T T5 TRUCKLOADS CF :EAT & O!R NECESSITIES TO ,MADRID AS A CONTRIBUTION1 )\T COMP5SATION4 ,CONVOYS ( TRUCKS LOAD$ ) FOOD FROM MANY T[NS & VILLAGES MOVE TO ! ,SPANI% CAPITAL4 

,! COMMITTEE PROVID$ SOME /ATI/ICS AS FOLL[S3 ! COLLECTIVE HAS #aac FAMILIES ) #de PEOPLE2 #c WORK 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,TW5TY-FIVE BLACKSMI?S1 LOCKSMI?S1 C>P5T]S1 ETC4 WORK AT !IR TRADES4 ,! T[N HAS #c1#i HECT>ES ( L&1 ( :I* #h HECT>ES >E DRY4 #a1#h HECT>ES ( CULTIVAT$ L& >E IRRIGAT$1 #e >E DRY4 ,! LATE/ CROPS W]E #f#i1 KILOS ( :EAT1 #b1 KILOS ( B>LEY1 #c1 KILOS ( OATS1 MORE ?AN #af TONS ( POTATOES1 #d1 KILOS ( VEGETABLES & #d1 ( CORN4 ,TWO HUNDR$ HECT>ES W]E SET ASIDE = ! CULTIVATION ( BEETS4 ,! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION S9CE COLLECTIVIZATION IS #a#e.0 = :EAT1 #b#e.0 & #c.0 = POTATOES & CORN1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,! T[N HAS #ac OX51 #de C[S1 #a1 %EEP1 #b HOGS & SEV]AL HUNDR$ GOATS4 

0,WE WANT TO CONT9UE TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION10 MY 9=MANT CONCLUDES1 09 ORD] TO 9SURE ! TRIUMPH ( ! ANTIFASCI/ CAUSE & ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! MORE WE PRODUCE ! GREAT] \R *ANCES ( VICTORY40 

,GRAN5 

,! L>GE NUMB] ( ACTIVE1 CAPABLE Y\NG PEOPLE 9 ! VILLAGE ,COMMITTEES ( ,COLLECTIVES IS SURPRIS+ TO A /RANG]4 ,! SECRET>Y ( ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,GRAN5 IS A #bb YE> OLD Y\?1 A MEMB] ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,HE WAS COMPLET+ A C\RSE AS A TE*NICIAN4 ,! REVOLUTION CAME & HE WAS F9I%$ ) HIS /UDIES4 ,HE WAS PLAC$ AT ! HEAD ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! ADM9I/RATION (FICES CAN BE> COMP>ISON ) ! (FICES ( ANY CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,EV]Y?+ MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT3 =ECA/+1 ORD]+1 ORGANIZ+ TAL5T1 AN ABILITY TO KEEP AN EYE ON DETAILS :ILE SEE+ ! :OLE4 ,A L>GE MAP ( ! REGION HANGS ON ! WALL1 ) ALL ITS ROADS1 WAGON TRAILS1 BRIDGES & RIV]S1 HILLS & DRY >EAS4 ,! Y\NG SECRET>Y MU/ EXPLA9 ) P]SUASIVE CL>ITY ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! L& & ITS ECONOMIC POSSIBILITIES TO ! PEASANTS :O COME TO ! (FICE4 

,! ,GRAN5 REGION HAS #bg AFFILIAT$ COLLECTIVES ) AN >EA ( #i#f1 HECT>ES4 ,!RE >E #a#a1#f RESID5TS4 ,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION MANAGES ALL 9T]*ANGE AMONG ! #bg VILLAGES4 ,!RE >E TWO PR9CIPAL TYPES ( OP]ATION3 A7 DIRECT EX*ANGE BETWE5 VILLAGES ?R\< ! ,F$]ATION2 B7 ! SALE ( SURPLUS PRODUCE & ! PUR*ASE ( NECESS>Y GOODS = ! REGION4 ,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION MU/ AU?ORIZE ALL EX*ANGE BETWE5 VILLAGES & :AT MU/ BE B\<T FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,AN EXAMPLE3 

0,AU?ORIZATION3 0,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,AGRICULTURAL ,COLLECTIVES ( ,GRAN54 0,?IS ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION AU?ORIZES ! ,SANG>R5 ,COLLECTIVE TO %IP #c1 KILOS ( :EAT TO ,L]IDA1 AS P>T ( AN 9T]*ANGE4 0,GRAN51 ,JUNE #c1 #a#i#c#g40 

,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION RECEIV$ #a#g#d1 TONS ( :EAT DUR+ ! MON? ( ,APRIL4 ,! VALUE HAS NOT YET BE5 E/ABLI%$ BECAUSE PRICES HAVE BE5 9CREAS+ %>PLY4 

,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION HELPS ALL ! VILLAGES TO SOLVE !IR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,! PEASANTS DO NOT HAVE TO C>T !IR PRODUCE 9 ) HORSE & WAGON4 ,9/EAD1 ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION'S TRUCKS PICK UP ! PRODUCE 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,?IS SAVES TIME & LABOR1 AS DOES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( /ORES AT ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION4 ,! PEASANTS WILL LOOK = :AT !Y NE$ AT !SE /ORES4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S CAN BUY AT LOCAL ,F$]ATION /ORES4 ,! ,GRAN5 ,F$]ATION1 LIKE O!R F$]ATIONS1 HAS NO MONEY4 ,IT DEALS G5]ALLY 9 :EAT & O!R AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE4 

,GRAN5 IS ! SEAT ( A MILIT>Y HOSPITAL ( ! 0,JUV]0 ,DIVISION4 ,! VILLAGE HAS #a1#b 9HABITANTS4 ,IT IS COLLECTIVIZ$ EV5 ?\< ! ,U,G,T HAS #ab MEMB]S & ! ,C,N,T ONLY #f1 BECAUSE ! IDEA ( COLLECTIVIZATION HAS ALSO WON OV] ! SOCIALI/S & ! LEFT REPUBLICANS4 

,! L& 9 ,GRAN5 US$ TO BELONG TO L>GE E/ATES4 ,! [N]S DID NOT LIVE 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,!Y LIV$ 9 ! CITIES ON ! FRUIT ( ! LABOR ( !IR S]VANTS4 

,!RE WAS A /RUGGLE = ! POSSESSION ( ! VILLAGE4 ,ON ,JULY #b#cRD IT WAS TAK5 BY ! FASCI/S FROM ,HUESCA4 ,A DAY & A HALF LAT] ! COLUMNS ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I >RIV$4 ,! FASCI/S )DREW4 ,AN ASSEMBLY ( PEASANTS WAS HELD IMM$IATELY & !Y AGRE$ TO COLLECTIVIZE4 

,! AGREEM5T /ATES3 

0L4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! H>VE/ IS A SACR$ 9T]E/ ( ! WORK]S1 ALL ! WORK]S ( ?IS VILLAGE MU/ 9T5SIFY !IR DAILY LABOR ) ALL NECESS>Y 5]GY TO MAKE UP = ! TIME LO/ 9 ! REVOLUTION AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE4 0#b4 ,ALL ! GOODS & PROP]TIES ( [N]S :O SID$ ) FASCISM BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! COMMUNITY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 0#c4 ,! L>GE L&$ E/ATES LOCAT$ 9 ! T[N%IP ALSO BECOME ! PROP]TY ( ! VILLAGE & ! T5ANTS :O WORK ! E/ATES MU/ TURN OV] ! PROP]TY TO ! ,VILLAGE ,COMMITTEE4 0#d4 ,9DIVIDUAL SEIZURE ( PROP]TY & GOODS 9 PROHIBIT$4 0#e4 ,9 RECOGNITION ( ! LIB]AT+ MISSION ( ! ANTIFASCI/ MILITIA1 ! COMMUNITY WILL GIVE !M EV]Y FACILITY TO C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 0#f4 ,! POPUL> POLICE ( ,GRAN5 IS CREAT$ BY DECREE4 ,!Y WILL BE UND] ! ORD]S ( ! ,VILLAGE ,COMMITTEE1 PROTECT+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY & POPUL> JU/ICE1 PUNI%+ B&ITRY & ALL ACTS AGA9/ E/ABLI%$ ORD] ) SEV]ITY4 0#g4 ,ANY DIFFICULTIES & MISUND]/&+S >IS+ FROM ! ABOVE DECL>ATIONS WILL BE RESOLV$ BY ! ,VILLAGE ,COMMITTEE4 0,ADDITIONAL ,>TICLE4 ,ALL AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y IS ! PROP]TY ( ! ,VILLAGE ,COMMITTEE 7?RE%+ EQUIPM5T74 0,DICTAT$ 9 ,GRAN51 ,JULY #c#a1#a#i#c#f4 ,= ! ,MILIT>Y ,COMMITTEE ,FIR/ ,COLUMN ( ! ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIA ,BY ,ORD] ( ,M4 ,TRUEBA ,R,O,C,A ,= ! ,VILLAGE ,COMMITTEE ( ,GRAN5 ,M>IANO ,P,9,O,S40 

,GR\PS ORGANIZ$ BY ! RESID5TS ( EA* /REET 9 ! VILLAGE P]=M ! WORK ( ! ,GRAN5 ,COLLECTIVE4 ,!RE >E #ae WORK GR\PS4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD SUPPLIES1 AS 9 MO/ T[NS & VILLAGES1 IS DONE ?R\< ! ISSUANCE ( V\*]S BY ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,WOM5 >E GIV5 W9E1 :I* IS UNLIKE O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,BREAD1 MEAT1 OIL & POTATOES >E 9 SUFFICI5T SUPPLY4 ,O!R FOODS & NECESSITIES ( LIFE ?AT >E NOT PRODUC$ 9 ! VILLAGE >E RATION$ C>EFULLY4 ,! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVE IS COMPOS$ ( F\R MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T & F\R ( ! ,U,G,T4 ,! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL IS A SEP>ATE BODY1 ) ?REE MEMB]S FROM EA* UNION4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION RESOLV$ A S]I\S PROBLEM ?AT C\LD NOT BE SOLV$ 9 A SY/EM ( PRIVATE PROP]TY3 ! DI/RIBUTION ( PA/URE L&S AMONG ! DIFF]5T MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! FOLL[+ AGREEM5T WAS 5T]$ 9TO AMONG A NUMB] ( VILLAGES 9 ! REGION ON ,JANU>Y #cRD3 

0,! VILLAGES ( ,L,A,L,U,E,Z,A1 ,C,A,P,D,E,S,A,S,O1 ,A,L,B,],U,E,L,A ,D,E,L ,T,U,V,O1 ,M,>,C,51 ,F,R,A,E,L,L,A1 ,& ,G,R,A,N,5 ADOPT ! FOLL[+ AGREEM5TS3 0L4 ,AFT] A ,COMMISSION ( EA* VILLAGE DET]M9ES H[ MU* PA/URE L& !Y NE$ = !IR LIVE/OCK1 ! REMA9D] ( ! L& CAN BE US$ = CULTIVATION4 0#b4 ,WE ( ,GRAN5 >E PREP>$ TO GIVE SOME ( \R PA/URE L& TO ! O!R VILLAGES ONLY ?IS YE> IF !RE IS A %ORTAGE ( GOOD PA/URE L&4 0#c4 ,LIKEWISE1 IF ! VILLAGES ( ,M,>,C,5 & ,F,R,A,E,L,L,A F9D ?AT !Y DO NOT HAVE SUFFICI5T L&1 !Y WILL BE GIV5 ADDITIONAL L&4 0,SIGN$ .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-0 

,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION SOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( L& = CULTIVATION & = PA/URE BY AGREEM5T AT A PUBLIC ASSEMBLY TO ! SATISFACTION ( ! RESID5TS ( ! 9T]E/$ VILLAGES4 

,B>BA/RO 

,! L>G] ! T[N ! LESS COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! SMALL] ! VILLAGE ! DEEP] ! COMMUNI/ SPIRIT1 ! MORE /RONGLY ! NEW ECONOMIC =MS TAKE ROOT4 ,?IS FACT CONTRADICTS ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS1 :I* AFFIRM ?AT SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM WILL FIR/ BE REALIZ$ BY ! MASSES ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT2 !N ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE WILL COME ALONG1 & F9ALLY ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION4 ,?IS PROPHECY IS BAS$ ON ! FALSE PREMISE ?AT SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM >E ONLY ! RESULT ( ! CREATION ( A PROLET>IAT1 ( POV]TY1 ( 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,! ,>AGON PEASANTS HAVE DEMON/RAT$ BY EXAMPLE ?AT 9DU/RIALIZATION IS NOT A PRIOR CONDITION = LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,=MS ( ORGANIZATION 9 ! LIB]AT$ >EAS RANGE FROM COLLECTIVIZATION TO FULL COMMUNISM4 ,9 ! SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS REALIZ$ ALMO/ COMPLETELY4 ,BUT 9 ,B>BA/RO1 ) #a1 9HABITANTS1 ! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVE CONSI/S ( ONLY #ae FAMILIES & HAS ONLY TWELVE HOMES4 ,?+S DO NOT GO WELL = ! MEMB]S1 AS CAN BE SE5 AT A MEET+ ?AT WE ATT5D$ BY *ANCE4 

,WORK GR\PS >E SET UP4 ,?OSE :O WANT TO WORK TOGE!R HAVE ! FIR/ *OICE4 ,GR\PS ( #a TO #ae PEOPLE >E =M$4 ,DELEGATES >E ELECT$ BY EA* GR\P4 ,!RE >E COMPLA9TS ?AT !Y DO NOT HAVE 5\< MA*9]Y4 ,WORK]S 9 O!R OCCUPATIONS >E BETT] (F4 ,CON/RUCTION WORK]S ALSO WORK AS A COLLECTIVE1 AS DO O!R TRADES4 ,BUT ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES >E ONLY WORK COMMUNITIES4 ,! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES >E COMMUNITIES ( WORK & CONSUMPTION4 ,!Y GR9D ! :EAT ?AT !Y PRODUCE & !Y HAVE !IR [N BAK]S TO MAKE BREAD4 ,BREAD IS DI/RIBUT$ FREELY TO ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,MEAT IS RATION$1 #a GRAMS DAILY = ADULTS1 #e GRAMS = *ILDR54 ,O!R AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS >E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! SAME WAY4 

,R5T IS PAID 9 ,B>BA/RO1 BUT ! COLLECTIVE PAYS IT1 LIKE ! FA!R ( A FAMILY WAT*+ OV] HIS SONS4 ,MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE RECEIVE FIVE PESETAS P] WEEK = CLO?+ & O!R NECESSITIES4 ,!IR /&>D ( LIV+ IS NOT V]Y HI<4 ,!Y C\LD HAVE A HI<] 9COME IF !Y LOOK$ = WORK 9 O!R 9DU/RIES4 ,BUT !Y WANT TO CONT9UE 9 ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! H>VE/ IS #g TRUCKLOADS ( :EAT4 ,!Y HOPE TO IMPROVE !IR /&>D ( LIV+ ) ?IS H>VE/4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE WAS ORGANIZ$ ,OCTOB] #a#f?4 ,) ! HELP ( ! MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES ! MEMB]S DET]M9$ H[ MU* L& WAS NOT 9 CULTIVATION4 ,!SE L&S W]E PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! COLLECTIVE1 AS W]E F>MS ?AT BELONG$ TO FASCI/S O@9 W]E CULTIVAT$ BY T5ANT F>M]S OR DAY LABOR]S4 ,! LIFE ( !SE T5ANT F>M]S OR DAY LABOR]S WAS MIS]ABLE4 ,!Y W]E NOT PAID A SAL>Y4 ,!Y HAD TO BE SATISFI$ ) A %>E ( ! AGRICULTURAL CROP4 ,!Y C\LD KEEP ONE HALF ,( ! OLIVE CROP4 ,BUT = ?IS !Y HAD TO TAKE C>E ( !IR MA/]S' HORSES4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME !RE WAS NO M>KET = ! SALE ( !IR H>VE/4 ,!Y HAD TO SELL !IR OLIVES AT A L[] PRICE1 FUR!R R$UC+ !IR 9COME4 

,! T5ANT F>M]S W]E BEH9D 9 !IR R5T A FULL YE>4 ,!IR DEBTS W]E WIP$ \T AFT] ,JULY L#i?4 ,!Y & ! DAY LABOR]S LO/ NO?+ ) ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y !Y GA9$ A GREAT DEAL4 ,BO? GR\PS HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 CONT9U+ ! NEW ECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 

,B>BA/RO IS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ONE ( ! L>GE/ ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS4 ,( SEV5TY VILLAGES 9 ! REGION1 =TY-SEV5 >E COLLECTIVIZ$ & BELONG TO ! ,F$]ATION4 ,9DIVIDUALI/S >E AN 9SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY4 ,!RE >E ALSO ,U,G,T COLLECTIVES 9 SOME ( ! VILLAGES1 BUT !Y BELONG TO ! ,C,N,T ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION AS WELL4 ,! AFFILIAT$ COLLECTIVES PROVIDE EXACT /ATI/ICAL DATA TO ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION4 ,!Y REPORT ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS1 ! SIZE ( ! >EA1 ! CONDITION ( WAGONS & ROADS1 ! NUMB] ( ANIMALS1 PRODUCE & PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY4 ,!Y RECORD ! NUMB] ( MA*9ES AVAILABLE & ! NUMB] NE$$1 RAW MAT]IALS1 FOOD1 CLO?+1 ETC4 ,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ADM9I/]S ! ECONOMIC AFFAIRS ( #a#e1 MEMB]S ( COLLECTIVES4 ,FROM ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 :5 !Y />T$1 TO ,APRIL #c1 #a#i#c#g1 !Y COLLECT$ #c1#b#e1 PESETAS2 /OCK WOR? APPROXIMATELY #a11 PESETAS2 CR$ITS ( #b1#e1 PESETAS4 ,! ,F$]ATION PROVID$ ! ,W> ,DEP>TM5T PR9CIPALLY ) ITS PRODUCE4 ,!Y W]E NOT PAID4 ,!Y !RE=E W]E NOT ABLE TO C>RY \T MANY ( !IR PROJECTS1 9CLUD+ A DETAIL$ PLAN TO 9/ALL A NETWORK ( TELEPHONES ?R\<\T ! REGION4 ,?IS PLAN1 PREP>$ BY ! TELEPHONE WORK]S' COLLECTIVE ( ,B>CELONA W\LD CO/ #e#a#f1 PESETAS4 ,! TELEPHONE L9ES CANNOT BE 9/ALL$ BECAUSE1 AS WE SAID1 ! ,W> ,DEP>TM5T DID NOT SETTLE ITS DEBTS TO ! ,F$]ATION4 ,!Y ALSO WANT$ TO 9/ALL NEW BUS L9ES & IMPROVE TRUCKS1 WAGONS & ROADS4 ,! WORK WAS BEGUN1 BUT !RE W]E NO FUNDS = ?IS EI!R4 

,WE REPRODUCE A P>T ( ! REPORT TO ! ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS HELD ON ,MAY ,FIR/3 0,A BUS ?AT />TS AT ! VILLAGE ( ,COLUNGO1 CAN MA9TA9 COMMUNICATION AMONG ! T5 VILLAGES )9 A RADIUS ( SIXTY KILOMET]S & A TOTAL POPULATION ( #c1#c#e#f4 ,N[1 EA* PEASANT GOES TO ! CITY ON HIS [N1 LOS+ MU* TIME & WA/+ PRECI\S 5]GY40 

,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION IS A SORT ( ,ECONOMICS ,DEP>TM5T4 ,!RE >E ,DEP>TM5TS ( ,TRANSPORTATION1 ,AGRICULTURAL ,PRODUCTION1 ,FOOD ,SUPPLIES1 ETC4 ,! ,MA*9]Y & ,TOOLS ,DEP>TM5T HAS ! RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE MA*9ES TO AFFILIAT$ VILLAGES4 ,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION />T$ ) SIX ?RE%+ MA*9ES ?AT =M]LY BELONG$ TO ! BIG L& [N]S & IT B\<T TWO MORE4 ,!Y ALSO B\<T EI<T H>VE/]S4 ,!RE >E ?IRTY SEV5 MOD]N PL[S 9 ! REGION1 A TRACTOR1 & SOME O!R AGRICULTURAL MA*9ES4 ,! ,F$]ATION S5DS ! MA*9ES & SKILL$ OP]ATORS TO ! VILLAGES ?AT NE$ !M4 0,:AT IS TO BE DONE ) MA*9ES ( 9DIVIDUALI/S 7PRIVATE PROP]TY [N]S7 ?AT WORK ONLY A FEW DAYS DUR+ ! H>VE/80 ASK REPRES5TATIVES ( ! VILLAGE ( ,TORRES DE ,ALCANABRE4 0,!Y MU/ BE PUT AT ! S]VICE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS1 ( ! COLLECTIVES10 ! ,CONGRESS DECIDES4 

,! COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAG]S GO TO ! ,REGIONAL /ORES = ?+S !Y DO NOT HAVE 9 ! VILLAGES1 FROM SE$ TO FOODS4 ,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION E/ABLI%ES BUT*] %OPS ?R\<\T ! REGION4 

,WE >E 9 ! NO-HUNT+ SEASON1 BUT HUNT+ IS GO+ ON 9 ! MAJORITY ( ! VILLAGES4 0,:AT %\LD WE DO80 IS ! QUE/ION BE=E ! ,CONGRESS4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! VILLAGE ( ,PONZANO DECL>E ?AT !Y MU/ HUNT BECAUSE ! ANIMALS >E A ?REAT TO ! CROP4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY GOES ON RECORD3 0,BE=E WE >E CRITICIZ$ = HUNT+ \T ( SEASON WE MU/ GIVE A GOOD EXAMPLE & NOT HUNT AT ?IS TIME40 ,! ,ASSEMBLY CALLS UPON ALL VILLAGES TO RESPECT ! NO-HUNT+ SEASON4 

,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ALSO AGRE$ TO E/ABLI% A =TIFI$ DEF5SE POSITION & DEF5SE CAPABILITY 9 ALL ! AFFILIAT$ COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES4 ,! SOLID>ITY ( ! REGION ) ! ANTIFASCI/ MILITIA WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO WORDS4 ,ON ,APRIL #b#e1 IT CONTRIBUT$ ?IRTY-FIVE WAGON LOADS ( FOOD1 P>T = ,B>CELONA1 P>T = ,MADRID4 ,B>BA/RO S5DS FOOD CONT9U\SLY TO ! HOSPITALS 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,B>BA/RO WAS SP>$ ALL FI<T+4 ,!RE W]E #d SOLDI]S 9 ! CITY'S B>RACKS ,!Y PLAC$ !MSELVES RESOLUTELY ON ! SIDE ( ! ANTIFASCI/S4 ,! CITY REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! BEG9N+4 

,! ,U,G,T GREW BRIEFLY AFT] ,JULY L#i?4 ,:OEV] DID NOT HAVE A MEMB]%IP C>D WAS CONSID]$ A FASCI/1 SO ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE JO9$4 ,AMONG !M W]E SUSPICI\S ELEM5TS4 ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T AGRE$ TO =M A ,JO9T ,COMMITTEE TO CLE> ! UNIONS ( FASCI/ ELEM5TS4 ,! ,U,G,T HAD ONLY FEW MEMB]S AFT] ! CLEANUP4 

,B9EF> 

,ON ,JULY #b1 ! FASCI/S =TIFI$ !MSELVES 9 ! B>RACKS ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 ,! WORK]S TOOK ! LEAD 9 ! 5SU+ /RUGGLE4 ,!Y DID NOT WAIT = ! FASCI/S TO ATTACK4 ,) HELP & >MS FROM ,L]IDA1 !Y ATTACK$ ! FASCI/ B>RICADES & 9 ONE H\R ! BATTLE WAS DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ANTIFASCI/S4 ,! ROAD WAS FREE = SOCIAL RE=MS4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #b#h1 AN ,ASSEMBLY ( ! VILLAGE AGRE$ TO ABOLI% PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&4 ,TWELVE HUNDR$ HECT>ES ( L& W]E COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,! L& WAS DIVID$ 9TO P>CELS4 ,SEV5 WORK GR\PS CULTIVATE ! COLLECTIVIZ$ L&4 ,! GR\P DELEGATES MEET EA* EV5+ AT ! MEET+ HALL TO EX*ANGE IMPRESSIONS & B5EFIT FROM ! LESSONS ( EXP]I5CE4 

,! ,C,N,T IS ! ONLY ORGANIZATION 9 ?IS T[N ( #e14 ,! T[N ISSUES V\*]S AS MONEY4 ,:ATEV] IS PRODUC$ 9 ! T[N IS DI/RIBUT$ FREELY4 ,9 ADDITION1 DOCTOR S]VICES1 ! HOSPITAL & M$ICATION >E FREE4 ,M5 RECEIVE #b4#e PESETAS DAILY 9 V\*]S1 WOM5 #a4#e PESETAS1 & *ILDR5 UND] AGE #ac #a PESETA4 ,! V\*]S CAN BE EX*ANG$ 9 ! LOCAL BANK = ! CURR5CY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,!RE >E #d#e1 PESETAS WOR? ( V\*]S 9 CIRCULATION4 ,! IDEALISM ( ! PEOPLE IS HI< & IT HAS DRAWN 9 ! NON-PROLET>IAN CLASSES4 ,SOME ( ! TEA*]S :O >E PAID BY ! ,/ATE TURN OV] !IR SAL>IES TO ! ,COLLECTIVE & LIVE LIKE ! COLLECTIVI/S 9 ! NEW ECONOMY1 )\T MONEY4 ,CONSUMPTION & ! /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! PEOPLE HAVE IMPROV$ 9 SPITE ( ! W>4 

,FROM ,JULY TO ,SEPTEMB]1 TWO TRUCKLOADS ( FOOD W]E S5T TO ! FRONT DAILY AS A GIFT FROM ,B9EF>1 :I* IS ALSO ! HEADQU>T]S ( A ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION4 ,P>T ( ! FOOD IS S5T TO ! CITIES UND] ATTACK BY FASCISM4 ,! COMMUNITY S5T #cb TRUCKLOADS ( FOOD TO ,MADRID4 

,!RE >E NOT 5\< WORK]S4 ,SIX HUNDR$ Y\NG M5 >E 9 ! RANKS ( \R >MY1 FI<T+ AT ! FRONT4 ,!RE >E NO POLICE1 NO >M$ GU>DS 9 ! T[N4 ,! B>RACKS >E EMPTY & ! *UR*ES CLOS$4 ,/ORES ( FOOD/UFFS & CITY MADE PRODUCTS HAVE BE5 OP5$ 9 ! T[N & ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES4 ,COLLECTIVE HALLS >E ALSO BE+ CON/RUCT$4 

,! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION HAS 9/ALL$ ELECTRIC L9ES = LI<T & P[]4 ,NEW TELEPHONE L9ES W]E 9/ALL$ 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,?REE DOCTORS AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,C,N,T TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE1 TOGE!R ) ! ,MUNICIPALITY1 TO E/ABLI% A REGIONAL HOSPITAL4 ,IT CO/ #a1 PESETAS4 ,S9CE ,SEPTEMB]1 #abf OP]ATIONS HAVE BE5 P]=M$4 ,PREVI\SLY !RE WAS NO HOSPITAL 9 ! T[N4 

,?IRTY-ONE COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES BELONG TO ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION4 ,!RE >E NO FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,/ATE1 NO RAILWAY M51 NO PO/AL WORK]S1 ETC4 :O DO NOT BELONG TO ! COLLECTIVES4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION EMBRACES ! POPULATION ( ! 5TIRE DI/RICT4 ,IT SIGNIFIES PROGRESS1 LIB]TY1 WELLBE+4 

,MONZON 

,! RESID5TS ( ,MONZON PUT ! =M] *UR* TO AN ORIG9AL USE4 ,:5 COLLECTIVIZATION TOOK PLACE 9 ?IS T[N ( #e11 ! C>P5T]S LOOK$ = A L>GE BUILD+ = ! COLLECTIVE %OP4 ,! *UR*1 :I* HAD BE5 AB&ON$ BY ! PRIE/S1 WAS ! MO/ ADEQUATE4 ,! BUILD+ HAS V]Y LITTLE LEFT ( ITS =M] PURPOSE4 ,MU* CON/RUCTION1 CLE> W9D[S1 NO IMAGES ( SA9TS1 ONLY ! REMA9S ( ! ALT>4 ,! ORGAN'S *ORDS >E NOT HE>D1 BUT 9 !IR PLACE ! S\NDS ( ME*ANICAL SAWS1 S&]S1 DRILLS4 

,MORE ?AN TW5TY C>P5T]S WORK !RE4 ,!Y NEV] HAD SO GOOD A %OP4 ,COLLECTIVE WORK IS MORE PRODUCTIVE ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK ( ! PA/4 ,ANO!R *UR* 9 ! C5T] ( ! T[N HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO A B>RACKS4 ,! MILITIA ( ! 0,L& & ,LIB]TY0 COLUMN >E H\S$ !RE4 ,A HOSPITAL HAS BE5 9/ALL$ 9 A ?IRD *UR*4 ,! ?REE *UR*ES HAVE BE5 PUT TO PRACTICAL USE4 ,! COLLECTIVI/ SPIRIT HAS TRIUMPH$4 ,:]E MASS WAS READ1 N[ ! LOVE ( FELL[ HUMAN BE+S PREVAILS4 ,:AT WAS =M]LY MY/ICISM IS N[ CONCRETE WELLBE+4 ,A WORK ( PR(\ND 9T]IOR & EXT]IOR TRANS=MATION4 

,COMMON 9T]E/S UNITE1 P>TY POLITICS DIVIDE4 ,! RESID5TS ( ,MONZON >E AGRE$ ON ECONOMIC QUE/IONS1 ,!Y HAVE CONFLICTS 9 POLITICS1 ,!RE >E DISCUSSIONS BETWE5 P>TISANS ( ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T 9 ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL4 ,EA* SIDE WANTS TO ELECT ITS [N C&IDATE AS ,PRESID5T4 ,! CONFLICT CANNOT BE SOLV$4 ,IT IS HOP$ ?AT ! CONFLICT WILL 5D :5 ! MEMB]%IP ROLLS >E CLEAN$ UP 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR MUTUAL AGREEM5T4 ,! ,U,G,T BASES ITS CLAIM ON A L>G] MEMB]%IP4 ,! ,C,N,T D5IES ?IS4 ,!Y MA9TA9 ?AT !RE >E A GREAT MANY FASCI/S 5ROLL$ 9 ! ,U,G,T4 ,! SURPRIS+ GR[? ( ! ,U,G,T HAS AN EXPLANATION3 ALL ( ! PETTY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS :O =M]LY BELONG$ TO ! V>I\S P>TIES HAVE JO9$ ! ,U,G,T4 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? & ! ,F,A,I >E ALSO REPRES5T$ 9 ! T[N 9 ADDITION TO ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T4 

,AB\T #a1 PEOPLE1 ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 HAVE ORGANIZ$ A COLLECTIVE4 ,! MAJORITY >E PEASANTS4 ,F\RTE5 L>GE E/ATES HAVE BE5 EXPROPRIAT$4 ,SIXTY P] C5T ( ! POPULATION >E NOT YET COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,H[EV]1 SOME ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/S >E US+ COLLECTIVE =MS ( WORK4 ,!Y HELP EA* O!R 9 ! CULTIVATION ( ! L&1 BUT !Y DO NOT P>TICIPATE 9 A COMMUNI/ LIFE4 ,! ,C,N,T COLLECTIVES HAVE A FAMILY 9COME4 ,! WORK COMMUNITIES ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/S >E PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES ONLY4 ,CONSUMPTION IS COMPLETELY SEP>ATE FROM PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! ,U,G,T %OPS 9DIVIDUALS >E PAID A DAY'S WAGE AS PREVI\SLY4 ,A WORK] ) A L>GE FAMILY IS PAID ! SAME AS AN UNM>RI$ WORK]4 

,EV]Y?+ ?AT IS PRODUC$ BY ! ,C,N,T COLLECTIVE IS DI/RIBUT$ FREE ( *>GE4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE MU/ BE PAID =4 ,A M>RI$ C\PLE RECEIVES SIX PESETAS A DAY1 *ILDR5 UP TO F\RTE51 #a PESETA2 FROM F\RTE5 TO SIXTE5 YE>S1 #a4#e PESETAS4 ,S+LE PEOPLE RECEIVE F\R PESETAS P] DAY4 ,R5T & ELECTRICITY >E PAID BY ! COLLECTIVE4 

,! =M] BANK IS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,A PILE ( %>ES ( /OCK1 TODAY USELESS PAP]1 LIES 9 ! CORN] ( ! (FICE4 ,!RE IS NO MONEY 9 ! VAULTS E>N+ 9T]E/4 ,V\*]S1 REPRES5T+ WORK P]=M$1 >E ! M$IUM ( EX*ANGE & FULFILL ! FUNCTION ( MONEY4 

,! COLLECTIVE IS A COMMUNITY ( COMRADES :O %>E ! SAME IDEAL4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! IDEALISM ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,! COLLECTIVI/ SPIRIT HAS REPLAC$ ! 9DIVIDUALI/ SPIRIT4 ,! COLLECTIVI/S COLLABORATE1 WORK TOGE!R1 MORE ?AN ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,! LATT] HAVE ALSO JO9$ TOGE!R TO =M COOP]ATIVES4 ,! TIME ( 9DIVIDUAL ISOLATION HAS PASS$4 ,! NEW ]A DEVELOPS UND] ! BANN] ( COLLECTIVISM & FREE COMMUNISM4 ,NO?+ WILL HOLD IT BACK FROM ITS VICTORI\S ROAD4 

,ROAD TO ,CATALONIA 

,WE LEAVE ! B>E ,>AGON ,M\NTA9S4 ,! TREELESS & F]TILE VALLEYS >E BEH9D US4 ,AHEAD1 ,CATALONIA4 ,9 ,B>CELONA ! PULSE ( ! REVOLUTION REFLECTS ALL ! HOPES & ASPIRATIONS ( ! 5TIRE ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS CITY WAS ! HE>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ,SPA9 = DECADES4 ,! H]OES ( ! WORK+ CLASS LIV$ H]E1 WAIT$ H]E = ! GREAT DECISION4 

,JULY #ai CAME4 ,! HOPES PLAC$ 9 ,B>CELONA W]E NOT DISAPPO9T$ ?AT DAY4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 SKILL$ & EXP]I5C$ 9 FI<T+1 OPPOS$ ! FASCI/ HORDES4 ,REACTION WAS CONQU]$4 ,! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,AN>*I/S WAS DECISIVE4 ,BUT ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 FAI?FUL TO ITS TRADITION & IDEOLOGY1 DID NOT WANT TO E/ABLI% A DICTATOR%IP4 ,A NEW ]A ( FRE$OM BEGAN4 ,?IS WAS !IR NOBLE IDEAL4 

,BUT ?OSE :O W]E PLANN+ NEW 9TRIGUES AGA9/ ! PEOPLE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS FRE$OM4 ,! B\RGEOISIE ?REAT5S ,B>CELONA AGA94 ,SPECULATION FL\RI%ES ONCE MORE4 ,! =M] POLITICIANS REMA94 ,!Y DO NOT WANT TO KN[ ANY?+ AB\T SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! PROLET>IAT CONT9UES TO FI<T1 BUT ! B\RGEOISIE WANTS NEI!R COLLECTIVIZATION NOR SOCIALISM4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ,>AGON >E ALMO/ COMPLETELY UNKN[N 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,!Y DO NOT BELIEVE IT1 ?9K IT IS A FANTASY4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,B>CELONA KN[ LITTLE AB\T ! COLLECTIVES & ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y DI/RU/4 0,SU* ECONOMIC /RUCTURES >E TOO ADVANC$4 ,! PEOPLE >E NOT YET READY = LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM40 

,?IS IS ! OP9ION ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ALL :O >E 9FLU5C$ BY PETTY B\RGEOIS ?9K+4 ,! ONLY 

COLLECTIVISM !Y KN[ IS PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES4 ,BUT COLLECTIVISM 9 ,>AGON IS MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,IT HAS TAK5 A COMMUNALI/ =M4 ,B>CELONA DOES NOT KN[ :AT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,>AGON4 ,COLLECTIVISM 9 ,>AGON IS VOLUNT>Y4 ,IT IS NOT =C$ AS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES PRACTICE LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,?IS SY/EM CAN BE OV]?R[N ONLY BY AN \TSIDE =CE4 ,! COLLECTIVES WILL SUCCUMB IF ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D COMES TO ! VILLAGE1 DISSOLVES ! ,COMMITTEE1 >RE/S ITS MEMB]S1 PLUND]S ITS W>EH\SES & MAKES COLLECTIVE WORK IMPOSSIBLE BY RE/OR+ PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,BUT IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 :E!R BRUTE =CE W\LD BE ABLE TO CONQU] ! NEW SPIRIT ?AT HAS DEVELOP$4 

,IF =CE WILL NOT BE US$ TO DE/ROY ! COLLECTIVES1 NO?+ WILL HOLD BACK !IR CONT9U+ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM WILL ?R\< ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,! B5EFITS ( COLLECTIVIZATION WILL BE GREAT] AS ! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION MOVES AHEAD4 ,>AGON IS ! FIR/ GREAT />T ( SOCIALIZATION 9 ALL ,SPA94 ,! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL JU/ICE >E BE+ PUT 9TO PRACTICE = ! FIR/ TIME4 

,BUT AGRICULTURE ALONE 9 ,>AGON IS NOT A COMPLETE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY4 ,TOO MANY PRODUCTS >E LACK+ 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,!Y MU/ BE BR\<T 9 FROM \TSIDE4 ,MEANS ( EX*ANGE >E NE$$4 ,LITTLE MONEY IS AVAILABLE4 ,MANY COMMUNITIES >E POOR4 ,! /&>D ( LIV+ CAN BE RAIS$ ONLY BY IMPORT+ PRODUCTS FROM ! CITIES & ABROAD4 ,AS LONG AS ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM CONT9UES EV]Y SACRIFICE MU/ BE MADE4 ,ONLY AFT] ! W> IS OV] WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE ! /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! COLLECTIVES4 

,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ! WORK]S 9 ! FIELDS & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S %\LD PREP>E !MSELVES BE=E ! REVOLUTION = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! NEW LIFE4 ,! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S HAVE NEI!R ! TIME NOR ! POSSIBILITY = SU* PREP>ATION4 

,EV]Y?+ HAPP5$ AFT] ,JULY #a#i4 ,FIR/ ! PEASANTS HAD TO TAKE ! L& FROM ! L>GE L&HOLD]S & MAKE IT P>T ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! PEASANTS >E NOT ECONOMI/S OR EXP]TS 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES4 ,BUT !Y HAD A G5]AL IDEA H[ TO ORGANIZE A SOCIAL COMMUNITY4 ,!Y DID NOT LOOK = A P]FECT ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y />T$ SMALL4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION MOV$ AHEAD LITTLE BY LITTLE4 ,ONLY ELEV5 MON?S HAVE PASS$4 ,:AT CAN SU* A FEW MON?S MEAN 9 ! REVOLUTION ( A C\NTRY8 ,IT WILL TAKE YE>S TO COMPLETELY REPLACE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM ) ! COMMUNI/ SY/EM4 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 TW5TY YE>S AFT] ! REVOLUTION HAS /ILL NOT F\ND P]FECT SOCIAL =MS4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPECT ?AT A P]FECT ORGANIZATION ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM CAN BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SPA9 9 ONE YE>4 ,A GREAT DEAL HAS BE5 REALIZ$ 9 LESS ?AN ONE YE>4 ,IT IS NOT ,>AGON'S FAULT IF LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM RUNS 9TO DIFFICULTY4 ,IF A SIMIL> TRANS=MATION W]E A*IEV$ 9 ,CATALONIA & ALL O!R P>TS ( ,SPA9 ! RURAL POPULATION ( ,SPA9 W\LD A*IEVE MAT]IAL WELLBE+ 9 A %ORT TIME4 ,! MIS]Y ( ! PEASANTS WAS GREAT4 ,IT HAS NOT BE5 COMPLETELY OV]COME YET4 

,! FIELD WORK] IS NOT A PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y4 ,LIKE EV]Y:]E ELSE ! PEASANTS ( ,SPA9 WANT FRE$OM & PROSP]ITY4 ,!SE CAN BE WON BY FI<T+4 ,PROSP]ITY IS NOT POSSIBLE SO LONG AS ! C\NTRY IS UND] ! CONTROL ( POLITICAL BOSSES & ! L& IS ! PROP]TY ( ! *UR*4 ,!RE CAN BE NO FRE$OM SO LONG AS MILIT>I/S1 MON>*I/S OR EV5 REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5TS OPPOSE IT4 

,S9CE ,JULY #a#i1 ! GREAT L&$ E/ATES HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$ & OPPRESSIVE P[] LIQUIDAT$4 ,! PEOPLE >E ABLE TO BREA!4 ,!Y >E ORGANIZ+ !IR LIVES 9 COMPLETE LIB]TY & !Y >E TRY+ TO A*IEVE PROSP]ITY ?R\< !IR [N LABOR4 ,BUT PROSP]ITY = A FEW IS NOT A SOLUTION4 ,! ,>AGON PEASANTS :O >E FI<T+ = LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WANT WELLBE+ = ALL4 ,IF !IR PROGRESS IS NOT /OPP$ FROM ! \TSIDE1 !IR NEW LIFE WILL E>N ! ADMIRATION ( ! WORLD 9 A FEW YE>S4 

,9 HIS UTOPIAN NOVEL ,LES ,PACIFIQUES1 ,HANS ,RYN] DESCRIBES AN IMAG9>Y C\NTRY1 M5TION$ BY ,PLATO1 ?AT ONCE LAY BETWE5 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA & !N DISAPPE>$4 ,! LIFE ( ! ,>AGON PEASANTS RESEMBLES ?AT IMAG9$ L&4 ,:5 Y\ RETURN TO ,B>CELONA FROM ,>AGON Y\ >E FILL$ ) NO/ALGIA4 ,Y\ WANT TO RETURN TO ?OSE PEASANTS :O >E FAI?FUL TO NATURE & PURSUE ! IDEALS ( !IR HE>T & M9D4 

,APP5DIX3 ,ALCAMPEL 7,HUESCA7 #a#h#h-#a#i#c#f 

,?IS IMPASSION$ REPORT BY ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y1 DIRECT OBS]V] ( ! COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON1 HAS ! SUBTITLE 0,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM 9 ! ,LIB]AT$ ,>EAS04 ,IT IS A REPRODUCTION ( ! ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD 7,L& & ,LIB]TY7 ,$ITION1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#c#g4 ,WE TOOK ! LIB]TY 9 ?IS NEW $ITION TO ADD AN APP5DIX NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ,S\*Y'S ORIG9AL BOOK4 ,IT CA/S LI<T ON SOME ( ! SMALL & GREAT DAILY /RUGGLES EXP]I5C$ BY ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES4 

,ALCAMPEL 

,! VILLAGE IS LOCAT$ AT ALMO/ ! EXTREME S\!A/ ( ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA1 AT ! FIR/ SPURS ( ! ,PYR5EES1 #d MET]S ABOVE SEA LEVEL4 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 IT HAD #b1#f 9HABITANTS4 

,! MUNICIPALITY HAS TWO ZONES4 ,TO ! NOR? ! VILLAGE IS CIRCL$ BY OLIVE GROVES1 V9EY>DS & FIELDS PLANT$ ) C]EALS4 ,9 ! S\? ! PLA9 CALL$ 0,LA ,LIT]A0 IS CUT BY ! ,>AGON-,CATALONIA CANAL L9$ ) W>EH\SES4 ,! 9HABITANTS SPEAK A MIXTURE ( ,CATALAN & LOCAL TONGUES ?AT IS DIFFICULT = ,CA/ILIANS TO UND]/&4 ,I DON'T WANT ! READ] TO REG>D ME AS A LOCAL FANATIC4 ,I WANT TO EXPLA9 LIB]ALISM 9 ,ALCAMPEL TO ! BE/ ( MY ABILITY4 

,BETWE5 #ahc & #ahe 7ACCORD+ TO /ORIES TOLD = YE>S BY MY FA!R'S GR&MO!RS & O!RS :OM ,I KNEW UP TO ! TIME ,I LEFT = ,FRANCE7 IT WAS A WOMAN1 ,M>IA DEL ,SABONE1 :O BROKE ! FIR/ L9K ( ! OPPRESSIVE *A9 ( RELIGION & E/ABLI%$ ! GUIDEL9ES TO BE FOLL[$4 ,NATURE 5D[$ ! WOM5 ( ,ALCAMPEL1 :O BE> MALE *ILDR51 AS ! C>RI]S ( LIB]TY'S TOR*4 

,ADJAC5T TO ! T[N !RE IS A CEMET]Y CALL$ ,SANTA ,M>G>ITA4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) CIVIL LAW 9 #a#h#h1 ! OLD WOMAN1 ,M>IA DEL ,SABONE1 ASK$ H] FAMILY TO GIVE H] A CIVIL BURIAL :5 %E DI$4 ,! *UR* WAS OMNIPOT5T AT ?AT TIME & ! PRIE/ WAS ! LORD & MA/] ( ! VILLAGE4 

,! ,MUNICIPALITY C\LD NOT E/ABLI% A CIVIL CEMET]Y1 AL?\< IT HAD ! RI<T TO DO SO4 ,A %ORT TIME BE=E ! OLD LADY DI$1 A GR\P ( Y\NG PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ A FREE?9K] GR\P 9 ,ALCAMPEL1 AMONG :OM WAS ,MANUEL ,BLANCO1 :O GAVE ME MY WAYS ( ?9K+4 ,?IS GR\P SAW ! PRIE/'S PRESSURE AGA9/ ! FAMILY & (F]$ !IR MORAL & MAT]IAL SUPPORT TO ! FAMILY4 ,! PRIE/ ?REAT5$ !M IF !Y W\LD NOT ALL[ ! *UR* TO P]=M ! BURIAL4 ,! FREE?9K] GR\P PUT PRESSURE ON ,T[N ,HALL4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ A DEMON/RATION ( ALL !IR SUPPORT]S & DEM&$ COMPLIANCE ) ! NEW LAW4 ,TO AVOID TR\BLE ! ,MAYOR & ! ,ALD]M5 MADE A SMALL 5CLOSURE = ONE GRAVE \TSIDE ! CEMET]Y WALL :]E ! VALIANT OLD LADY WAS BURI$4 

,! DEAD MU/ BE BURI$ )9 #bd H\RS 9 ,SPA94 ,?IS CEMET]Y IS KN[N AS ! 0,CORRALET DE ,SANTA ,M>G>ITA40 ,AT ?AT TIME CIVIL BURIALS W]E R>E 9 ,SPA94 

,LITTLE BY LITTLE ! FREE?9K] GR\P EMBRAC$ A GOOD P>T ( ! POPULATION4 ,A NEW CEMET]Y WAS CREAT$ 9 #a#h#h#h1 & ! PRIE/ & ! GR\P CONFRONT$ EA* O!R AGA94 

,! PRIE/ PROPOS$ ONLY #d SQU>E MET]S = ! CIVIL CEMET]Y AT ! WALL OPPOSITE ! MA9 GATE4 ,! /RUGGLE WAS A DIFFICULT ONE4 ,! BI%OP ( ,L]IDA 9T]V5$ P]SONALLY4 7,ALCAMPEL BELONGS TO ! ,L]IDA DIOCESE74 ,! FREE?9K]S1 SUPPORT$ BY ! LIB]AL POPULATION1 GA9$ #b#e.0 ( ! >EA ( ! 5CLOS$ CEMET]Y FROM ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 ) ! 5TRANCE ?R\< ! MA9 GATE & A CORRIDOR TO ! RI<T LEAD+ TO ! CIVIL >EA4 ,S9CE !N !RE HAVE BE5 MANY NON RELIGI\S BURIALS DUR+ ! PA/ C5TURY1 & MANY *ILDR5 W]E NOT BAPTIZ$4 ,I REMEMB] ! CIVIL FUN]ALS 9 MY LIFETIME1 SOME ) MUSIC -- ! FUN]AL M>*1 & ON ! WAY BACK ! 0,M>SEILLAISE0 7CONSID]$ REVOLUTION>Y74 ,! FUN]AL PROCESSION W\LD CROSS ! L>GE PLAZA 9 FRONT ( ! *UR*1 EV5 ?\< ! PRIE/ OPPOS$ IT4 

,! *UR* [N$ E/ATES ?AT W]E WORK$ BY ! PEASANTS ( ,ALCAMPEL1 :O PAID ! PRIE/ ONE ?IRD ( ! H>VE/4 ,HE W\LD CAT* ! T5ANT F>M]S & ?REAT5 TO ?R[ !M (F ! L& IF !Y DID NOT MAKE CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! *UR*4 ,!Y ANSW]$ ?AT HE C\LD PUT ! L& \T TO PA/URE4 ,H[EV]1 ! /ATUE ( ,*RI/ WAS NOT TAK5 \T ?AT YE> ON ,HOLY ,?URSDAY BECAUSE SIX /RONG M5 W]E NE$$ TO C>RY ! FIGURE & !Y C\LD NOT BE F\ND TO DO ?IS = ! *UR*4 ,! PEASANTS DID NOT LEAVE ! L&1 BUT ! SA9TS W]E NOT C>RI$ = ! *UR* C]EMONIAL4 ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,COLL ,ZANUY1 FROM MILIT>Y HEADQU>T]S & A SON ( ,ALCAMPEL1 WAS !RE ?AT DAY4 ,:5 ! PROCESSION RETURN$ TO ! ,*UR*1 ! G5]AL SAID 9 A L\D VOICE3 0,:AT K9D ( A PRIE/ >E Y\ TO ALL[ Y\R P>I% TO ESCAPE80 ,! PRIE/ DID NOT BREA! A WORD 9 REPLY4 

,9 #a#i#a#g1 A NIECE ( ! OLD FREE?9K] ,JOSE ,FUMAS 7UNBAPTIZ$71 WANT$ TO M>RY ,JAIME ,GRACIA ( ,ALBELDA 9 A CIVIL C]EMONY4 ,!Y FIL$ ! NECESS>Y PAP]S 9 BO? VILLAGES1 BUT ! TWO PRIE/S & ! JUDGE ACT$ 9 CONC]T TO DELAY ! PROCESS+ ( ! DOCUM5TS1 & !Y F9ALLY GOT M>RI$ 9 ! ,*UR*4 ,BUT ?IS TRICK]Y KICK$ BACK BECAUSE ! UNCLE1 AFT] WAIT+ PATI5TLY = A GOOD ,SUNDAY1 ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION = A MEET+ AT #d O'CLOCK 9 ! AFT]NOON 9 ! HI<WAY PLAZA1 )\T ANN\NC+ ! PURPOSE4 ,AT #d ,P4,M4 ! PLAZA WAS FULL4 ,! BALCONY ( A H\SE OP5$ & ,UNCLE ,FUMAS APPE>$ ) ! TWO SWEE!>TS1 ONE ON EA* SIDE ( ! BALCONY4 ,! FREE?9K] SPOKE ( ! COMPLICITY ( ! TWO PRIE/S & ! JUDGE :O DID NOT GIVE !M ! DOCUM5TS NE$$ = A CIVIL W$D+4 ,!Y W]E =C$ TO GET M>RI$ 9 ! *UR*4 ,9 A L\D VOICE HE PROCLAIM$ FROM ! BALCONY3 0,IT IS A CRIME TO PREV5T !SE Y\NG PEOPLE FROM HAV+ A CIVIL W$D+4 ,:]E IS ! LAW ( JU/ICE80 ,HE WAV$ !M TO APPROA* EA* O!R FACE TO FACE & HE ASK$ !M 9 A L\D VOICE3 0,Y\NG PEOPLE1 DO Y\ LOVE EA* O!R80 ,!Y ANSW]$ 0,YES40 0,!N EMBRACE 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! PEOPLE40 ,!Y DID SO AMID AN \TBUR/ ( APPLAUSE4 ,:5 !RE WAS SIL5CE AGA91 HE SPOKE TO ! GA!R+3 0,PEOPLE ( ,ALCAMPEL1 Y\ >E ! WITNESS TO ?IS UNION40 ,!N TWO CITIZ5S SPOKE ATTACK+ ! SY/EM ( JU/ICE & ! ,*UR*4 ,! SECOND SPEAK]1 ,MANUEL ,>NE1 A ,/OREKEEP]1 SPOKE ( ! FABUL\S MY?S ( ! ,*UR* ?AT LULL ! M9DS & ASPIRATIONS ( ! LI/5]S TO SLEEP & HE WAS W>MLY APPLAUD$4 

,AS !Y W]E LEAV+ ! ,PLAZA TWO ,CIVIL ,GU>DS >RIV$4 ,!Y TOOK ! SPEAK]S TO ! ,T[N ,HALL & !N TO ,TAM>ITE4 ,N[ !RE WAS A REVOLT4 ,A L>GE CR[D FOLL[$ ! >RE/$ M51 %\T+ DEM&S = !IR LIB]TY4 ,! SITUATION LOOK$ BAD4 ,! JUDGE RECOGNIZ$ ! DANG]4 ,HE RELEAS$ ! PRISON]S & EV]YONE RETURN$ TO ! VILLAGE4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT] A CIVIL W$D+ TOOK PLACE 9 ,ALCAMPEL4 ,!SE W]E HI/ORIC W$D+S6 

,ANO!R CONC]N ( ! VILLAGE WAS ! $UCATION ( ! *ILDR54 ,DUR+ ! LA/ DECADE ( ! PA/ C5TURY A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION WANT$ TO GET !IR *ILDR5 \T ( ! ,/ATE S*OOL :I* DRILL$ !IR M9DS ) SACR$ DOCTR9E & HI/ORY4 

,?R\< ! EF=TS ( ! FREE?9K] GR\P ! FIR/ 9DEP5D5T TEA*] WAS BR\<T TO ! VILLAGE 9 #a#h#i#a1 ,MR4 ,BRUALLA4 ,HE DID GOOD WORK 9 EV]Y RESPECT UNTIL #a#h#i#e4 ,IT WAS NOT EASY AT ?AT TIME TO F9D A LIB]AL TEA*] = A SMALL COMMUNITY LIKE ,ALCAMPEL1 AS COMP>$ ) ! L>GE CITIES4 

,9 #a#i#e1 ANO!R PRIVATE S*OOL WAS E/ABLI%$ ) DON ,ANGEL ,DURAN AS ! TEA*]4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ S*OOL ?AT ,I ATT5D$ TOGE!R ) MY BRO!R1 :O WAS F\R YE>S OLD] ?AN ME4 ,ITS EXI/5CE WAS PREC>I\S & IT LA/$ B>ELY TWO YE>S4 ,BUT \R DREAMS W]E REALIZ$ E>LY 9 #a#i#i4 ,NOT JU/ A TEA*] CAME ?IS TIME1 BUT DON ,MANUEL ,NUNEZ1 A RATIONALI/ TEA*]1 & HE OP5$ A RATIONALI/ S*OOL ?AT LA/$ UNTIL #a#i#a#i4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ! /UD5T REGI/RATION WAS NOT FULL4 ,IT CO/ TWO PESETAS PLUS ! CO/ ( BOOKS & MAT]IALS4 ,IT WAS DIFFICULT TO PAY1 BUT P>5TS OV]CAME EV]Y DIFFICULTY4 ,DON ,MANUEL WAS A FRI5D ( ! P$AGOGUE ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA1 F\ND] ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 :O WAS %OT BY ! REACTION 9 ! DIT*ES ( ,MONTJUI* 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,OCTOB] #a#c1 #a#i#i4 

,:5 *ILDR5 REA*$ ! AGE ( #ab TO #ad YE>S1 MO/ FAMILIES HAD TO S5D !M \T TO WORK4 ,?OSE ( US :O HAD ! GOOD =TUNE TO /UDY ) DON ,MANUEL KN[ H[ TO WRITE A LETT] & WE KN[ SOME >I?METIC4 ,WE Y\NG PEOPLE GREW UP FREE ( PREJUDICE & S]VILITY TO ,GOD1 ,K+ & MA/]4 ,H[ (T5 DO ,I ?9K ( DON ,MANUEL6 ,WE HAD ANO!R LIB]AL S*OOL FROM #aiba TO #a#i#b#d1 & /ILL ANO!R LIB]AL S*OOL 9 #aica ) ,SR4 ,GIM5EZ AS ! TEA*]4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#c#b1 A COMRADE1 MEMB] ( ! ,TEA*]S & ,LIB]AL ,PR(ESSIONS ,UNION ( ,B>CELONA1 A SON ( ,ALCAMPEL 7:OSE NAME ,I REFRA9 FROM M5TION+ \T ( MODE/Y7 MADE ALL HIS KN[L$GE AVAILABLE TO ! *ILDR54 ,HE US$ ! TEA*+ ME?ODS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL :I* W]E ADOPT$ ?R\<\T ,SPA9 9 S*OOLS ?AT W]E CONDUCT$ BY ,C,N,T TEA*]S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! S*OOL WAS OP5 ONLY TWO YE>S4 ,IT WAS CLOS$ D[N ,DECEMB] #i1 #a#i#c#c1 :5 ! TEA*] WAS >RE/$ = TAK+ P>T 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+4 

,:AT LIB]AL ROOTS1 SPIRIT & $UCATIONAL EF=T 9 ,ALCAMPEL6 ,IT WAS ALL DONE ) A LACK ( MAT]IAL MEANS & ) QUITE A NUMB] ( ILLIT]ATE P>5TS :O LOV$ & N\RI%$ ! SE$S ( LIB]TY4 ,! SE$S ( ! ,FREE?9K] ,GR\P & ! TEA*]S ( ! ,NEW ,S*OOL BORE GOOD FRUIT 9 ,ALCAMPEL4 

,9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#a#a1 :ILE ,I WAS /ILL A *ILD1 ,I REMEMB] A HEAT$ DEBATE BETWE5 A Y\NG MAN1 ,TOMAS ,GRAU1 #c YE>S ( AGE1 & A #f YE> OLD MAN AFT] ,MANUEL ,P>D9AS ASSASS9AT$ ,JOSE ,CANALEJAS1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S4 ,! Y\NG MAN SPOKE ( AN>*ISM & COLLECTIVES4 ,HE QUOT$ ,BAKUN91 ,MALATE/A1 ,ANSELMA ,LOR5ZO1 ETC41 & HE NEV] W5T TO ! CAFES4 ,ANO!R SPOKESMAN = AN>*ISM 9 ,ALCAMPEL WAS ,RAMON ,BRUALLA :O 9 #a#i#a#h1 AT ! AGE ( #b#b1 WAS ON ! ,/RIKE ,COMMITTEE ( ,LA ,CANADI5SE1 A L>GE COMPANY ?AT WAS BUILD+ ! ,CAM>AS ,DAM 9 ,L]IDA ,PROV9CE4 ,YE>S LAT] HIS ?REE Y\NG] BRO!RS JO9$ ! ,C,N,T1 9TRODUC$ TO AN>*ISM BY !IR BRO!R4 

,9 #a#i#b#a1 A NUMB] ( Y\NG PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ ! FIR/ LABOR UNION 9 ,ALCAMPEL AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,IT WAS CLOS$ D[N & REOP5$ SEV]AL TIMES UNTIL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A CLOS$ IT D[N COMPLETELY ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#b#c4 ,I WAS AWAY FROM ,ALCAMPEL FROM #aiai UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#c#a4 

,:5 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#c#a1 A ,C,N,T ,LABOR ,UNION WAS ORGANIZ$ ) MANY S]I\S1 DYNAMIC Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ! IDEALS & !Y DID NOT SMOKE OR DR9K ALCOHOL4 ,!Y MA9TA9$ A L>GE LIBR>Y :]E !Y W]E TO BE F\ND EV]Y EV5+1 & !Y CONDUCT$ DISCUSSIONS4 ,AN >T GR\P WAS =M$ 9 :I* ,PIL> ,GOMEZ & ,PIL> ,>DANUY P>TICIPAT$4 ,SOCIAL !ATRICAL WORKS W]E PRES5T$ 9 ! VILLAGE & NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITIES :I* CREAT$ A =MIDABLE 5VIRONM5T 7,EXAMPLES3 0,EL ,SOL DE LA ,HUMANIDAD0 -- ,SUN ( ,HUMANITY1 0,LOS ,MALOS ,PA/ORES0 -- ,! ,BAD ,%EPH]DS1 0,EL ,PAN DE ,PI$RA0 -- ,BREAD ( ,/ONE1 0,EL ,S5OR ,FEUDAL0 -- ,! ,FEUDAL ,LORD1 ETC474 

,PEOPLE DID NOT WORK AS EMPLOYES ( O!RS 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,IT WAS ! Y\NG1 SMALL F>M]S1 ( GOOD HOMES1 :O JO9$ ! ,C,N,T4 ,!Y OPPOS$ POLITICS & ITS HANG]S-ON1 & SUPPORT$ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I POSITION & AB/5TION 9 ! ELECTIONS4 ,AMONG !M W]E ! BRO!RS ,TR5C1 ,SOP5A1 ,>CAU1 ,BLANCO1 ,POMAC1 ,SALLAN1 ,BUIRA1 ,NADAL1 ETC4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ! ,NOVEMB] #aicc ELECTIONS1 A DELEGATION ( ! ,RADICAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HELD A CAMPAIGN MEET+ AT A L>GE CAFE4 ,! PLACE WAS FILL$4 ,SOME ( ! COMRADES SAT CLOSE TO ! SPEAK]S4 

,! FIR/ SPEAK] SAID1 0,WE HAVE A NUMB] ( GOOD PROJECTS PREP>$ = ! ,REPUBLIC4 7,!Y WANT$ TO CALM ! WORK]S D[N BECAUSE ( PA/ W\NDS47 ,WE WANT TO IMPROVE LIFE1 /ABILIZE 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE LIB]TY40 ,ON HE>+ ! WORD LIB]TY WE CANNOT KEEP SIL5T4 ,WE ASK IF WE CAN SPEAK AFT] !Y HAVE F9I%$ OR :E!R WE CAN 9T]RUPT :ILE !Y >E SPEAK+4 ,AFT] SOME HESITATION !Y ANSW]$ ?AT WE C\LD HAVE ! FLOOR AFT] !Y F9I%4 ,! SECOND SPEAK] SPOKE 9 ! SAME WAY3 LIB]TY1 JU/ICE & A ?\S& PROMISES4 ,:5 WE W]E GIV5 ! FLOOR1 ! COMRADE :O HAD 9T]RUPT$ ! FIR/ SPEAK] PO9T$ \T ?AT !Y HAD NOT KEPT ! PROMISES ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! ,PACT ( ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN1 OR 9 ! PRESS CONF]5CES DUR+ ! CAMPAIGNS ( ,APRIL #ab & ,JUNE #b#h1 #a#i#c#a4 

0,Y\ DO NOT FULFILL ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,! POLITICIANS ( ! LEFT MAKE CONCESSIONS1 BUT ONLY TO ! REACTION>IES4 ,:]E HAS ! ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M BE5 C>RI$ \T8 ,:Y HAS ! ,REPUBLIC NOT DISSOLV$ ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D :I* ! PEOPLE DEM&$ SO /RONGLY8 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D WAS CREAT$ TO ! SORR[ ( ! ,C,N,T4 

0,ON ,APRIL #a#h? ! ',LAW ,AGA9/ ,VAGRANTS' WAS PASS$1 FOLL[$ BY ! ',LAW ( ,FLI<T4' ,CAN Y\ CITE A S+LE CASE :5 !SE LAWS W]E US$ AGA9/ A CAPITALI/8 ,NO4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 US$ ONLY AGA9/ WORK]S1 & 9 P>TICUL>1 AGA9/ MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T4 

0,:5 ! FIR/ ORATOR SPOKE ( LIB]TY1 ,I WAS 9DIGNANT & ,I C\LD NOT REMA9 SIL5T4 ,H[ IS IT POSSIBLE = REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,RADICAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO BE SO CYNICAL AS TO SPEAK ( LIB]TY :5 ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ,BOTELLA ,AS5SIO1 A MEMB] ( Y\R P>TY1 HAS IMPRISON$ #d1 MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T = NO O!R CRIME ?AN DEF5D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S8 ,AFT] Y\R ,M9I/] OP5S ! DOORS ( ,SPA9'S PRISONS1 :5 ! DEPORTEES TO ,BATA ON ! %IP ,BA5OS ,AIRES HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO RETURN1 !N Y\ CAN SPEAK ( LIB]TY1 BUT NOT UNTIL !N40 

,HE F9I%$ HIS REM>KS ) ! FOLL[+ WORDS TO ! AUDI5CE3 0,Y\1 ! EXPLOIT$1 MU/ JUDGE60 ,!RE WAS AN \TBUR/ ( APPLAUSE4 ,! P>TY SPEAK]S DID NOT (F] A WORD 9 !IR [N DEF5SE & LEFT ON ! RUN4 ,! ,RADICAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY C\LD NOT F9D SUPPORT]S = !IR CAMPAIGN OR TO S]VE AS TELL]S AT ! VOT+2 #d#b.0 ( ! VILLAGE AB/A9$ 9 ! VOT+4 

,ACCORD+ TO PLANS WORK$ \T1 & ! MEET+ AT ,MONUM5TAL ,PLAZA 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! REVOLUTION WAS TO />T ,DECEMB] #h1 #a#i#c#c1 AT MIDNI<T4 ,IF ! TRA9 FROM ,S>AGOSSA DID NOT PASS IT MEANT ?AT ! MOVEM5T HAD />T$ !RE4 ,?AT WAS ! SIGNAL4 

,WE />T$ ! MOVEM5T AFT] E/ABLI%+ CONTACT ) ! ,REGION & ! COMRADES AT ,ALGUAIRA4 ,JOAQU9 ,>DANUY GAVE US ! KEY TO ! B>N :]E RELIEF GR\PS W]E WAIT+4 ,IT WAS RA9+4 ,!RE W]E TWO CONTROL GR\PS ON ! HI<WAY1 AT ! 5TRANCE & EXIT ( ! VILLAGE4 ,:5 WE HE>D ! :I/LE ( ! ,S>AGOSSA TRA91 WE REALIZ$ ?AT WE HAD BE5 MI/AK5 BUT WE C\LD NOT1 WE D>$ NOT RETREAT4 

,A MAN FROM ,B>CELONA HAD RETIR$ TO LIVE 9 ,ALCAMPEL ) A Y\? FROM ! VILLAGE4 ,HE WAS #ee YE>S OLD1 /RONG1 AGILE1 BRUTAL & A SUPPORT] ( REACTION4 ,HE KNEW H[ TO H&LE >MS WELL & WAS V]Y DANG]\S4 ,WE HAD ! DIFFICULT ASSIGNM5T TO SEIZE & DIS>M HIM4 ,WE W]E TOLD HE WAS AT ! MOVIES4 ,! NOR!RN CONTROL GR\P WAS TO AMBU% HIM4 ,AS HE RETURN$ TO HIS H\SE HE SAW US #f MET]S AWAY4 ,)\T A MOM5T'S HESITATION HE OP5$ FIRE ) A GUN 9 EA* H&4 ,HE FIR$ FIR/ & KILL$ ! COMRADE ,NOGU]OS ,WE RETURN$ ! %OTS & DISAPPE>$ 9TO ! NI<T4 ,ON ! N9? ( ,DECEMB]1 AT #e O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+1 WE BURN$ ! RECORDS & FILES ( ! ,T[N ,HALL 7NOT ! LIBR>Y OR ! FURNITURE71 & PROCLAIM$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,WE EXAM9$ ! RECORDS & SAW ! 9JU/ICE & 9EQUALITY ( TAXES = ! RI* & ! POOR4 ,SUDD5LY1 WE SAW ! MAN :O HAD KILL$ ,NOGU]O & WE *AS$ AFT] HIM4 ,HE RAN 9TO A H\SE & JUMP$ 9TO A PIG/Y TO DEF5D HIMSELF4 ,WE CALL$ UPON HIM TO ?R[ AWAY HIS WEAPONS & NO?+ W\LD HAPP5 TO HIM4 ,HIS REPLY AS ALWAYS WAS TO FIRE AT US ) A GUN 9 EA* H&4 ,WE SET ! PIG/Y ON FIRE ) GASOL9E4 ,H[ BRAVE HE WAS6 ,HE PREF]R$ TO DIE 9 ! FIRE RA!R ?AN SURR5D]4 

,WE PLAC$ A R$ & BLACK BANN] ON ! ,T[N ,HALL & PROCLAIM$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,COMRADE ,SOP5A MADE A DETAIL$ /ATEM5T ( \R GOALS 9 ! NEW LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 NAMELY ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ) IT MONEY4 ,! /ORES W]E TO BE PREP>$ TO GIVE ! PEOPLE NECESS>Y FOOD ) V\*]S ?AT W\LD BE R$EEM$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE4 ,ABUSES ( ANY TYPE W\LD BE *ECK$ SEV]ELY1 )\T HESITATION4 ,A NEW MORAL ORD] MU/ BE E/ABLI%$4 

,:5 ! PASS5G] BUS >RIV$ FROM ,GRAUS & ,B5EB>RE AT HALF PA/ N9E1 A DELEGATION WAS WAIT+ AT ,JAIME ,NOGU]O'S RE/AURANT :]E ! BUS /OPS4 ,WRITT5 NOTIFICATION WAS GIV5 ! DRIV] ?AT ! BUS WAS BE+ REQUISITION$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,! SAME ME?OD WAS US$ ) ! 9NKEEP] TO PROVIDE LODG+ TO ! TRAVEL]S4 ,V\*]S W\LD BE EX*ANG$ = PROVISIONS BY ! /ORES4 

,WE LE>N$ FROM ! ,REGIONAL & ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEES ?AT ! RAILROAD WORK]S HAD DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,!RE WAS A TOTAL BLACK\T ( NEWS DUR+ ! MORN+ ( ! N9?4 ,WE DID NOT KN[ IF ! MOVEM5T HAD SPREAD4 ,! SIL5CE CAUS$ A C]TA9 UNEAS9ESS4 ,IT HAD RA9$ ALL NI<T BUT ! MORN+ WAS CLE> & BRI<T4 

,! PLA9 5DS #c KILOMET]S S\!A/ ( ! VILLAGE4 ,AT ?AT PO9T !RE IS A DECL9+ SLOPE1 MORE OR LESS /EEP M\NTA9S :I* DOM9ATE ! VA/ 0,LA ,LIT]A0 PRAIRIE4 ,:5 ! WEA!R IS CLE> & A BREEZE COMES FROM ! S\? IT IS POSSIBLE TO HE> ! TRA9 :I/LE4 ,:AT A DISAPPO9TM5T6 ,!RE C\LD BE NO D\BT4 ,! RAILROADS HAD NOT DECL>$ A /RIKE1 OR IF !Y HAD1 IT WAS CRU%$4 

,ABSOLUTE SIL5CE WAS MA9TA9$ AB\T ! SITUATION4 ,9 SPITE ( ! DISAPPO9TM5TS DEMORALIZATION C\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO SET 94 ,\R C>DS HAD BE5 PLAY$4 ,WE C\LD NOT1 WE MU/ NOT TURN BACK4 ,WE KNEW H[ TO ACCEPT ! CONSEQU5CES4 ,DUR+ ! WEEK WE TOOK C>E ( TWO PRIE/S1 ACCOMPANY+ !M TO ! ,M>CELO ,CAFE :]E !Y ATE & SLEPT4 ,!Y W]E ASSUR$ NO H>M W\LD BE DONE !M1 BUT IF !Y TRI$ TO ESCAPE !Y W\LD HAVE TO TAKE ! CONSEQU5CES4 ,DUR+ ! TWO DAYS ?AT WE LIV$ 9 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM !Y DID NOT CONDUCT ANY RELIGI\S S]VICE4 ,5TRANCE 9TO & EXIT FROM ! VILLAGE CONT9U$ TO BE CONTROLL$1 BUT NO ONE WAS TRAVEL+4 ,!RE W]E NO /RANG]S4 ,EV5 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D FROM ,TAM>ITE & ,ALBELDA DID NOT DIGNIFY US ) A VISIT4 ,W]E !Y UND] ORD]S NOT TO MOVE8 ,C]TA9LY4 

,ON ! MORN+ ( ! T5?1 ,DOCTOR ,>GO -- :O WAS A FASCI/1 WAS TOLD TO LOOK AT ! TWO VICTIMS ( ! DAY BE=E :O HAD BE5 BR\<T TO ! CEMET]Y4 ,HE WAS ASK$ TO EXT5D ! P]IOD = BURIAL1 :I* HE DID )\T RAIS+ ANY OBJECTIONS4 ,AFT] ! =MS W]E FILL$1 ! TWO BODIES W]E BURI$4 

,! SAME MORN+ A RUMOR CIRCULAT$ -- )\T BE+ ABLE TO TRACE ITS ORIG9 -- ?AT A COLUMN ( ,CIVIL ,GU>DS WAS COM+ FROM ,GRAUS TO CRU% \R MOVEM5T4 ,ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE A NUMB] ( COMRADES W5T TO ! ,9N & ORD]$ ! BUS DRIV] TO DRIVE TO ! ,SAGANTA ,BRIDGE1 AB\T #ae KILOMET]S NOR? ( ! VILLAGE4 ,!Y DRILL$ SEV]AL HOLES AT ! BASE ( ! C5T] PILL> 7! BRIDGE HAD ?REE >*ES #a TO #ae MET]S HI<74 ,!Y PLAC$ /ICKS ( DYNAMITE ) :I* !Y W\LD /RIKE A GOOD BL[4 ,!Y WANT$ TO PO/PONE ! EXPECT$ >RIVAL ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 HOP+ TO RECEIVE WORD ( A G5]AL UPRIS+ = :I* WE W]E /ILL WAIT+4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 NO WORD CAME4 ,I DO NOT ?9K IT NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T ?AT ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS NOT SUPPORT$ BY ! :OLE ORGANIZATION4 

,ON ! AFT]NOON ( ! T5?1 A COMPANY ( MA*9E GUNN]S >RIV$ FROM ,HUESCA1 AS WELL AS A CONT+5T ( #h ,CIVIL ,GU>DS UND] ! COMM& ( AN (FIC]4 ,AT A DI/ANCE ( ONE KILOMET] FROM ! VILLAGE ! >M$ =CES TOOK UP POSITIONS ON TWO SIDES3 ! MA*9E GUNN]S TOOK POSITIONS ON ! DOM9AT+ HILLS TO ! S\?WE/2 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS ON ! S\!A/ 5T]$ ! VILLAGE LITTLE BY LITTLE )\T 5C\NT]+ ANY RESI/ANCE4 ,:AT K9D ( RESI/ANCE C\LD BE (F]$ BY PEOPLE >M$ ) ONLY A FEW PI/OLS & HUNT+ RIFLES AGA9/ MA*9E GUNS & WELL >M$ ,CIVIL ,GU>DS8 ,Y\NG COMRADE ,POM> WAS ! ONLY ONE TO RESI/4 ,HE FIR$ A FEW C>TRIDGES AGA9/ !M AS !Y CAME UP ! ,/REET ( ,F\NTA9S4 ,AFT] AN EX*ANGE ( %OTS FROM :I* HE =TUNATELY ESCAP$ UNH>M$1 HE ?REW AWAY HIS GUN & RAN AWAY LOOK+ = REFUGE4 ,DUR+ ! NI<T HE REA*$ ,CAMPORRELLS1 A VILLAGE #ah KILOMET]S NOR!A/ FROM ,ALCAMPEL4 

,IT SEEMS ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS HAD ORD]S NOT TO GIVE ,POM> ! CU/OM>Y ORD] 0,HALT601 BUT TO %OOT HIM ON SI<T4 ,POM> HAD TO *ANGE HIS HID+ PLACE FREQU5TLY BECAUSE ( ! SOPHI/ICAT$ MEANS AVAILABLE TO ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS = HUNT+ D[N A REFUGEE4 ,T[>D ! 5D ( ,DECEMB] HE WAS HID+ 9 A H\SE 9 ! C5T] ( ,TAM>ITE & DECID$ TO SURR5D] TO ! C\RT4 ,SURELY HIS LIFE W\LD BE SAV$ BY ?IS /EP4 

,AFT] ! VILLAGE WAS RECAPTUR$1 ! R$ & BLACK BANN] WAS TAK5 D[N & REPLAC$ BY ! REPUBLICAN FLAG4 ,! 0CONQU]+0 =CE PATROLL$ ! /REETS ALL NI<T4 

,ON ! MORN+ ( ! ELEV5? !Y />T$ TO >RE/ MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,WE HAD ! HONOR TO BE ! FIR/1 FOLL[$ BY MANY MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S ( ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION1 & POLITICAL OPPON5TS ( LOCAL REACTION4 ,\R CORRECT ATTITUDE & CONDUCT GA9$ ! SYMPA?Y & ADMIRATION ( ! MAJORITY 9 ! COMMUNITY = US4 ,! SECOND FLOOR ( ! ,T[N ,HALL WAS US$ AS A TEMPOR>Y PRISON4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE ALL :O W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,MOVEM5T W]E BR\<T 91 AS WELL AS SOME :O HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! 9SURRECTION1 BUT W]E VICTIMS ( HATR$ ( RI<T W+]S4 

,A SPECIAL JUDGE WAS NAM$ & HE BEGAN TO TAKE /ATEM5TS4 ,! AU?OR ( ?IS REPORT MADE HIS /ATEM5T4 ,?REE DAYS LAT] ,I WAS TURN$ OV] TO ! ,CIVIL ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,PROV9CE AS A PRISON] ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,I EXPECT$ TO BE SET FREE SOON] OR LAT]4 ,! >RE/S M\NT$4 ,WE W]E SIXTY OR SEV5TY1 OR MORE4 ,ON ! MORN+ ( ! #a#e? !Y CALL$ \T T5 ( ! PRISON]S & ,I WAS AMONG !M4 ,WE W]E ! FIR/ GR\P TO LEAVE4 ,WE W]E NOT ABLE TO SPEAK TO \R WIVES4 ,!Y PUT US 9TO A VAN ACCOMPANI$ BY EI<T GU>DS4 ,WE DID NOT KN[ :]E WE W]E GO+4 ,:5 WE REA*$ ,B9EF> WE NOT$ ?AT ! VAN TOOK ! ROAD TO ,MONZON4 

,WE W]E TAK5 TO ,HUESCA1 TO BE PLAC$ 9 ! OLD B>RACKS ( ,SAN ,VIC5TE4 ,!RE W]E A L>GE NUMB] ( PRISON]S 9CLUD+ A NUMB] FROM ,ALB>ATE DE ,C9CA4 ,AMONG !M WAS ,C>RASQU]1 A HI<LY CULTUR$ MAN & FA!R ( SONS V]Y WELL KN[N 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,! ATMOSPH]E WAS EXCELL5T & MORALE V]Y HI<4 ,WE W]E ALL !RE = HAV+ F\<T 9 ! SAME CAUSE4 ,BECAUSE MORE & MORE PRISON]S W]E >RIV+ DAILY1 ! PRISON DIRECTOR ORGANIZ$ A SPECIAL TRA9 ( AB\T #d PRISON]S TO BE TAK5 ELSE:]E4 ,WE W]E B\ND TOGE!R BY ! WRI/S 9 R[S ( FIVE & TAK5 TO ! ,E/UDIOS ,B>RACKS AT ,JACA4 ,?REE YE>S E>LI]1 ,DECEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#c1 ,CAPTA9S ,GALAN1 ,G>CIA ,H]N&EZ & ,S$ILES HAD ISSU$ ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC AT ! ,JACA ,B>RACKS4 

,I MU/ SPEAK ( ! GREAT SYMPA?Y ( ! WORK]S 9 ,JACA = US4 ,! DAY WE >RIV$ !Y TOOK UP A COLLECTION & B\<T TOBACCO1 BISCUITS1 ETC4 :I* !Y BR\<T TO ! DIRECTOR ( ! PRISON = DI/RIBUTION TO US4 ,NEW EXP$ITIONS ( PRISON]S >RIV$ DAILY4 ,:5 !Y 5T]$ ! B>RACKS C\RTY>D WE SANG 0,HIJOS DEL ,PUEBLOLL 70,SONS ( ! ,PEOPLE10 ! SONG ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I7 & *E]$ = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,F9ALLY ! PRISON DIRECTOR >RANG$ TO RECEIVE ! PRISON]S 9 ! /REET BECAUSE WE ON ! 9SIDE RAIS$ A TREM5D\S CLAMOR & CURS+ AGA9/ ! UNI=M$ GU>DS1 & TEMP]S RAN HI<4 ,!RE W]E MORE ?AN #d1 ,C,N,T PRISON]S DUR+ ! MON? ( ,NOVEMB]1 MORE ?AN ALL ! COMMON PRISON]S 9 JAIL4 ,! ADDITION ( ALL ?OSE >RE/$ 9 ! ,DECEMB] ,MOVEM5T RAIS$ ! PRISON POPULATION 5ORM\SLY4 ,!Y DID NOT KN[ :]E TO PLACE ! SWOLL5 POPULATION4 

,!Y CONT9U$ TO >RE/ PEOPLE 9 ! VILLAGE1 S5D+ !M 9 BAT*ES TO ,TAM>ITE4 ,AS !Y W]E 9DICT$ !Y W]E S5T TO ,HUESCA ) ! MAJORITY GO+ TO ,JACA4 ,SIX MEMB]S ( MY FAMILY W]E >RE/$1 9CLUD+ MY SI/] ,M>IA4 ,Y\NG ,POM> WAS 9 ONE ( ! GR\PS ( PRISON]S4 ,HE WAS ! ONE :O TRI$ TO FI<T ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS AS !Y 5T]$ ! VILLAGE4 ,ONE ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS ASK$ HIM IRONICALLY3 0,POM>1 :AT W\LD Y\ HAVE DONE IF Y\R ,MOVEM5T HAD TRIUMPH$80 

0,SIR GU>D10 HE RESPOND$ ) EQUAL IRONY1 0,NO?+4 ,ABSOLUTELY NO?+4 ,! ONLY ?+ WE W\LD HAVE DONE IS RAISE Y\R PAY60 

0,Y\ RASCAL10 ! GU>D REPLI$4 0,SURE6 ,Y\ W\LD HAVE RAIS$ \R PAY60 

,! 9DICT$1 P]HAPS #e 7,I DO NOT REMEMB] EXACTLY71 9CLUD+ ! TWO WOM5 :O TOOK ! GASOL9E TO P\R ON ! PIG/Y1 W]E TAK5 TO ,JACA 7EXCEPT = ?OSE :O REMA9$ 9 ,HUESCA7 = !IR TRIALS4 ,! LAWY]1 ,VIL>RODA1 AN EXCELL5T DEF5SE ATTORNEY = JAIL$ ,C,N,T MEMB]S1 TOOK ON ! DEF5SE ( ALMO/ ALL ! PRISON]S4 ,SOME W]E RELEAS$1 9CLUD+ A NEI<BOR ( ,M>IA ,BLANCO4 ,M>IA WAS CONDEMN$ 9 ADVANCE4 

,! P>I% PRIE/ US$ HIS 9FLU5CE TO RELEASE ! FIR/ & CONDEMN ! SECOND 9 SPITE ( ! BRILLIANT DEF5SE ( ! LAWY] :O ASK$ = CLEM5CY & FRE$OM = HIS CLI5T1 MO!R ( F\R SONS4 ,%E HOP$ ?AT JU/ICE W\LD NOT BE SO CRUEL AS TO DEPRIVE F\R 9NOC5T *ILDR5 ( ! LOVE & C>E ( !IR MO!R4 ,! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ASK$ = #a YE>S 9 PRISON1 :I* WAS F9ALLY R$UC$ TO ?REE YE>S & ONE DAY4 ,WE W]E MO/ 9DIGNANT4 ,M>IA ,BLANCO HAD NOT BE5 BAPTIZ$4 ,%E HAD HAD A CIVIL M>RIAGE 9 #a#i#a#e4 ,NONE ( H] F\R SONS HAS BE5 BAPTIZ$4 ,! CL]GY C\LD NOT P>DON SU* 0H]ESY40 ,%E WAS PLAC$ 9 PRISON AT ,JACA TO S]VE H] S5T5CE4 ,! REMA9D] ( ! CONDEMN$ -- ,I DO NOT REMEMB] H[ MANY1 P]HAPS #c W]E TAK5 TO PRISON AT ,*9*ILLA 7,ALBACETE7 = !IR S5T5CES4 ,?OSE :O ATTACK$ ! REGIME W]E GIV5 T5 YE> S5T5CES & ?OSE :O TRI$ TO DE/ROY ! ,SAGANTA ,BRIDGE W]E GIV5 TW5TY-F\R YE> S5T5CES4 

,:ILE WE W]E 9 JAIL AT ,JACA ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE GAVE US !IR MORAL & MAT]IAL SUPPORT4 

,9 SPITE ( ! REPRESSION ( ! RI<T W+ GOV]NM5T1 :I* DIFF]$ V]Y LITTLE FROM ! LEFT W+ GOV]NM5T AS F> AS ! ,C,N,T WAS CONC]N$1 ! AGITATION1 /RIKES1 SABOTAGE CONT9U$4 ,VOICES ROSE EV]Y:]E DEM&+ AMNE/Y = ! PRISON]S4 ,F9ALLY ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO YIELD TO ! PRESSURE ( ! PEOPLE & GRANT A P>TIAL AMNE/Y4 ,9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,MAY1 #a#i#c#d1 MY BRO!R & SI/]1 ,M>IA & ,MANOLO1 RETURN$ TO ! VILLAGE1 AS WELL AS ! O!R COMRADES FROM ,*9*ILLA :O W]E CONDEMN$ TO T5 YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,?OSE :O W]E CONDEMN$ TO TW5TY-F\R YE>S IMPRISONM5T W]E R$UC$ TO F\RTE5 YE>S & !Y REMA9$ 9 JAIL UNTIL ,APRIL1 #a#i#c#f1 :5 TOTAL AMNE/Y WAS DECL>$ = ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL PRISON]S4 ,:5 ! LA/ PRISON]S W]E RETURN$ FROM ,*9*ILLA TO LIB]AL & LIB]T>IAN ,ALCAMPEL !Y W]E GIV5 A TREM5D\S RECEPTION4 ,?US 5D$ ! REVOLUTION>Y EPIC ( ,DECEMB] #h?1 #a#i#c#c4 

,I HAVE RELAT$ SOME ( ! LIB]AL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! VILLAGE & ! CONT9U+ HI/ORY WILL CONFIRM IT FUR!R4 

,:ILE ,I WAS /ILL A *ILD ,I REMEMB] HE>+ ! RI* PEOPLE 9 ,ALCAMPEL EXPRESS ! WI% TO HAVE A ,CIVIL ,GU>D PO/ 9 ! VILLAGE1 BUT IT ALWAYS MET ) SU* /RONG OPPOSITION ?AT !Y C\LD NOT A*IEVE !IR AIM4 ,! ATTEMPT AT REVOLUTION GAVE !M !IR OPPORTUNITY4 ,:5 ORD] WAS COMPLETELY RE/OR$ A CORPORAL & F\R SOLDI]S REMA9$ 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,! B\RGEOIS FAMILIES COMPET$ ) EA* O!R TO (F] !M %ELT] 9 !IR HOMES4 ,:5 ! PANIC HAD PASS$1 !Y W]E HAPPY TO RUB ELB[S ) 0CIVILIANS40 ,AT ! BEG9N+ !Y TOOK TURNS HAV+ A SOLDI] 9 !IR H\SE1 ,F9ALLY ALL FIVE SOLDI]S :O MADE UP ! MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T /AY$ ) ! M]*ANT ,JOSE ,AMOROS4 ,! REACTION HAD A FREE H& TO DO :AT !Y HAD WANT$ TO DO ALL ALONG & !Y US$ ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO A*IEVE !IR GOAL ( BUILD+ A SMALL B>RACKS4 ,!Y HAD !IR LONG DESIR$ ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 BUT !Y DID NOT HAVE SUITABLE H\S+ = !M4 ,) ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 PRISON & ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION 9TIMIDAT$1 !Y FELT !Y W]E MA/]S ( ! WORLD4 

,!RE IS A SMALL HILL 9 ! S\!A/ SECTION ( ! VILLAGE :I* DOM9ATES ! COMMUNITY4 ,?AT WAS ! LOCATION SELECT$ = ! B>RACKS4 ,! OPPOSITION C\NCILM5 CONT9U$ TO OPPOSE ! PROJECT ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! MUNICIPALITY W\LD HAVE TO PAY ! FULL CO/4 ,! PROJECT MOV$ AHEAD 9 SPITE ( ! OPPOSITION4 ,:5 ! TREASUR] DID NOT HAVE ! #a1 PESETAS ?AT ! BUILD] ASK$ =1 SEV]AL ( ! L>GE L&HOLD]S & POLITICAL BOSSES MORTGAG$ SOME PROP]TIES ) A BANK 9 ,B>BA/RO TO OBTA9 ! LOAN4 ,!Y EXPECT$ ?AT 9 TIME ! CO/ W\LD BE PAID BY ! VILLAGE4 ,! B>RACKS WAS DISCUSS$ EV]Y:]E1 ! SUPPORT]S PRAIS+ IT1 ?OSE 9 ! OPPOSITION DISAGREE+4 ,!Y SPOKE ( HAV+ A ROOM = 0BEAT+S04 ,!Y US$ EV]Y MEANS POSSIBLE TO A*IEVE !IR AIM BUT !Y DID NOT SUCCE$4 

,!Y S*$UL$ A PLEBISCITE = A ,SUNDAY E>LY 9 ,JUNE4 ,?IS IS :5 ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE >E WORK+ AT ! H>VE/ 9 ! ,LIT]A PLA94 ,!Y EXPECT$ ?AT ! PEOPLE W\LD NOT LOSE A PRECI\S DAY ( H>VE/+ JU/ TO VOTE4 ,!Y W]E WRONG4 ,P>TICIPATION 9 ! VOTE WAS COMPLETE & #f#c.0 VOT$ ,N,O TO ! B>RACKS4 ,! WORK WAS NOT /OPP$ 5TIRELY4 ,IT CONT9U$ TO GO AHEAD SL[LY4 ,I WILL EXPLA9 LAT] :O />T$ ! B>RACKS4 

,JULY #ai & ,ALCAMPEL 

,AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#c#f1 RETURN$ ! ,LEFT TO P[]4 ,?IS UPSET ! REACTION>IES V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,!Y W]E NOT SATISFI$ ) ! CONCESSIONS ! GOV]NM5T MADE TO !M4 ,!Y TRI$ TO OB/RUCT ! WORK ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T & !Y WANT$ P>TICUL>LY TO DE/ROY ! ,C,N,T1 !IR GREATE/ 5EMY4 ,IT WAS NO SECRET ?AT ! FASCI/S W]E PREP>+ TO OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ONLY ONES :O PRET5D$ TO BE IGNORANT W]E ! MEMB]S ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO (F] ! FASCI/S EV]Y FACILITY TO GO ON ) !IR PROJECT4 ,EV]YONE KNEW ?AT APPO9T+ ,FRANCO MILIT>Y HEAD ( ! ,CAN>Y ,ISL&S W\LD GIVE HIM ! FRE$OM TO ORGANIZE ! MOVEM5T & E/ABLI% CONTACT ) LEAD+ FASCI/ ELEM5TS \TSIDE ,SPA94 ,ON ! MA9L& !Y HAD TO ACT C>EFULLY1 BUT ON ! ISL&S !Y C\LD MAKE !IR MOVES 9 ! OP54 ,! ATTITUDE ( ! ,LEFT GOV]NM5T T[>D ! ,C,N,T DID NOT *ANGE4 ,SOCIAL CONFLICTS CONT9U$1 AS DID ! >RE/ ( WORK]S4 ,NO?+ LIKE ?AT HAPP5$ :5 ! 0,LEGIONNAIRES0 ( ,DOCTOR ,ALB9ANA HAD DEMON/RATIONS4 ,IF AT TIMES ONE ( !SE W]E >RE/$ = ! SAKE ( APPE>ANCES1 HE 5T]$ ! POLICE /ATION ?R\< ONE DOOR & WALK$ \T ?R\< ANO!R4 

,S9CE !Y HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 :Y DID NOT ! ,GOV]NM5T USE ! LAWS IT HAD ON ! BOOKS TO MA9TA9 0PUBLIC ORD]0 AGA9/ ! 0,LEGIONNAIRES0 & !IR LEAD]8 ,BECAUSE ! SONS ( ! ,POPE & ! REAL VILLA9S MU/ NOT BE DI/URB$4 ,CAPITALISM WAS AFRAID ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TIES & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 9CLUD+ ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 %>$ ?IS FE>4 ,!Y WANT$ TO S]VE ! ORGANIZATION1 TO %>E P[]1 BUT NOT MOVE AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,!Y FOLL[$ \R ,MOVEM5T CLOSELY & W]E FULLY 9=M$ AB\T \R PROGRAMS 9CLUD+ ?AT ADOPT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS ( ,S>AGOSSA1 :I* OP5$ ,MAY #a1 #a#i#c#f4 ,\R GOAL WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ,SPA94 ,?IS WAS NO SECRET = ANYONE4 ,EV]YONE WAS WAIT+ = ! FASCI/S TO LAUN* !IR ATTACK & WE ( ! ,C,N,T MA9TA9$ A CON/ANT VIGIL4 

,! ,MOVEM5T ( #aicf 

,I REMEMB] ,JULY #a#h4 ,AFT] SUPP] ,I & MY NEI<BORS W5T \T TO ! /REET = SOME FRE% AIR4 ,AT AB\T #aa O'CLOCK ?AT NI<T A RUMOR REA*$ US ?AT ! >MY HAD RIS5 AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,!RE W]E ONLY FIVE RADIOS 9 ! VILLAGE3 ONE AT ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION1 ANO!R AT ! ,MANCELO ,CAFE G5]ALLY PATRONIZ$ BY PEOPLE )\T CLE>LY DEF9$ OP9IONS1 ANO!R AT ,DOCTOR ,>JO'S (FICE1 & ! O!RS 9 PRIVATE HOMES4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY1 ! L#i?1 ,C,N,T MEMB]S GA!R$ AT ! ,UNION'S CAFE & EX*ANG$ 9=MATION & IMPRESSIONS AS WE FOLL[$ ! NEWS ON ! RADIO4 ,AT #a O'CLOCK1 RADIO ,B>CELONA ANN\NC$ ?AT ! >MY HAD RIS5 YE/]DAY 7,SATURDAY7 9 ,MOROCCO & ?AT ! HEAD ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ,SANTIAGO ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 SPEAK+ ON RADIO ,MADRID ?AT NI<T1 SAID3 0,IT SEEMS ?AT ! FASCI/S HAVE RIS5 9 ,MADRID4 ,IF !Y HAVE RIS51 ,I AM GO+ TO B$40 

,DID Y\ EV] SEE GREAT] CYNICISM8 ,AT ONE O'CLOCK RADIO ,B>CELONA CONFIRM$ ! NEWS & GAVE DETAILS ( ! RESI/ANCE ( ! WORK]S 9 ! ,PROTECTORATE & ! RE/ ( ,SPA91 ESPECIALLY ! WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!Y HAD COME \T 9 =CE AGA9/ ! REBELS4 ,! G5]AL UPRIS+ WAS A FACT4 ,!RE WAS NO D\BT N[4 

,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D MU/ HAVE RECEIV$ ORD]S TO REMA9 9 ! B>RACKS BECAUSE1 CONTR>Y TO CU/OM1 NO UNI=M WAS TO BE SE5 9 ! /REETS4 ,!RE WAS UNEAS9ESS 9 EV]Y FACE4 ,SOMEBODY HAD TO ORGANIZE1 TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE4 ,! ,C,N,T MEMB]S MET AT ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION ) ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS :O HAD ! MAJORITY ( MEMB]S 9 ! ,UNION4 ,\R >S5AL CONSI/$ ( SOME PI/OLS & A FEW HUNT+ %OTGUNS4 ,9 VIEW ( ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION1 ! CREATION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE WAS SUGGE/$ ) F\R MEMB]S1 TWO FROM EA* ORGANIZATION4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS PRES5T W]E UNC]TA9 AB\T JO9+ ! ,COMMITTEE1 BUT WE PO9T$ \T ?AT IF FASCISM TRIUMPH$ !RE WAS NO FUTURE = US & !Y W\LD %>E ! SAME FATE4 ,!Y F9ALLY ACCEPT$ ! PROPOSAL & A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE WAS CREAT$4 ,! LOCAL FASCI/S CAME \T TO ! /REETS DUR+ ! NI<T )\T NOTIC+ ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS W]E NOT !RE ) !M4 ,!Y PROBABLY FELT ?AT !Y W]E MA/]S ( ! SITUATION & ?AT ! ,GU>DS W\LD COME TO !IR AID IF NECESS>Y4 ,\R LI<TS W5T \T AT MIDNI<T4 ,SOMEONE HAD BROK5 ! TRANS=M] & ! T[N WAS 9 D>KNESS4 ,! SITUATION DID NOT LOOK GOOD4 ,! ,COMMITTEE :I* WAS N[ ORGANIZ$ ORD]$ GU>DS AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! BUILD+ & ON ! BALCONIES4 ,WE DID NOT ?9K ?AT !Y W\LD ATTACK ! BUILD+1 BUT UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES IT WAS PRUD5T TO TAKE ALL NECESS>Y PRECAUTIONS4 ,! WAT* 5D$ AT TWO O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+ & NO?+ HAD HAPP5$4 ,EV]YONE W5T HOME 9 ! MORN+1 ) A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMITTEE ON DUTY AT ALL TIMES GU>D$ BY >M$ ANTIFASCI/S4 ,! >EA WAS FILL$ ) NEWS & RUMORS4 

,ON ! MORN+ ( ! TW5TIE?1 ! ,LIEUT5ANT ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS AT ,TAM>ITE ORD]$ ! (FIC]S ( ! SIX PO/S 9 ! T[N TO CONC5TRATE ALL =CES 9 ,TAM>ITE1 9CLUD+ S]GEANTS1 CORPORALS & GU>DS4 ,B>CELONA WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY 9 \R H&S1 BUT ,MADRID & O!R PLACES W]E /ILL 9 REVOLT4 ,! MAJORITY 9 \R T[N W]E ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,AT ! ,UNION CAFE ,P$RO ,NAAN ( ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION1 :O *ANG$ HIS COLORS EASILY1 ASK$ ME TO TAKE A WALK ) HIM4 ,I ACCEPT$4 

,HE SAID3 0,VICTOR1 :AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ?IS ,MOVEM5T80 

0,:AT DO Y\ ?9K80 ,I REPLI$4 

,HE ANSW]$3 0,Y\ >E 9TELLIG5T1 ,VICTOR4 ,I !RE=E FEEL ?AT ,I CAN SUGGE/ TO Y\ ?AT WE KEEP ?+S QUIET H]E SO ?AT NO?+ WILL HAPP5 TO EI!R SIDE40 ,! REACTION>IES HAD S5T HIM4 

,I LI/5$1 & :5 HE F9I%$ ,I PU%$ BACK HIS \T/RET*$ H& & SAID3 0,I SPEAK ONLY = MYSELF 7NOT = ! ,C,N,T74 ,I AM NOT SURPRIS$ ?AT Y\ >E DO+ ?IS4 ,I TELL Y\ & :OEV] S5T Y\3 ,I KN[ :O MY 5EMIES W]E1 :O !Y >E TODAY & :O !Y WILL BE TOMORR[1 :ATEV] HAPP5S40 

,ON ! TW5TY-FIR/ WE KNEW ?AT ! REACTION>IES W]E >M$ & ?AT WE HAD TO DIS>M !M4 ,AN $ICT WAS PUBLI%$ :I* /AT$3 0,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE CALLS UPON ALL CITIZ5S :O HAVE WEAPONS TO TURN !M OV] TO ! ,COMMITTEE BY #b ,P4,M4 ,?OSE :O REFUSE WILL BE TAK5 BY =CE40 ,ALCAMPEL1 ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#c#f4 

,NOT ONE GUN WAS TURN$ 94 

,WE CONTROLL$ ! 5TRANCE & EXIT ( ! T[N4 ,NO ONE C\LD LEAVE )\T A PASS4 ,:5 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D LEFT ! FASCI/S W]E DEMORALIZ$4 

,!RE WAS AN OP5+ 9 ! WALL ( ! VE/RY BEH9D A BOOKCASE :I* L$ TO ! PATIO ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D RESID5CE4 ,IT GAVE ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & FASCI/S ACCESS TO ! ,T[]4 

,! PRIE/ DISAPPE>$ ON ! #a#i?4 ,:5 WE SE>*$ ?R\< HIS PAP]S & RECORDS 9 HIS H\SE WE SAW PHOTOGRAPHS ( M>RI$ WOM5 & Y\NG GIRLS4 ,:AT W]E !SE PHOTOS DO+ H]E1 ESPECIALLY ! M>RI$ WOM58 ,!RE C\LD BE NO D\BT4 ,H[ F> !SE PEOPLE W5T6 

,ON ! #b#g?1 ) ! ?REAT FROM ,TAM>ITE GONE1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T DECID$ TO />T C>RY+ \T \R AIMS1 TO TRY TO CREATE SOME?+ NEW & HUMANE1 TO ORGANIZE AN AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVE 9 ACCORDANCE ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,WE HELD A MEET+ TO DET]M9E H[ ! IDEA %\LD BE PRES5T$ TO ! PEOPLE4 ,WE HAD ! SYMPA?Y ( ! PEOPLE BUT WE KNEW WE HAD TO ACT C>EFULLY :5 WE DEALT ) ! P]SONAL 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE AGRE$ TO CALL A PUBLIC ASSEMBLY ( ! >EA ?R\< ! ,ALCAMPEL ,LABOR ,UNION AT #i O'CLOCK 9 ! EV5+ 9 ! ,PLAZA ,MAYOR4 

,! CALL C\LD NOT BE MADE 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE TEE1 :I* 9CLUD$ TWO MEMB]S ( ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS :O BELONG$ TO ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION4 ,!Y HAD AGRE$ TO JO9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE BECAUSE !Y W]E ?REAT5$ BY ! SAME DANG] AS WE3 WE W]E ALL ANTIFASCI/S4 ,BUT !Y W]E NOT COLLECTIVI/S4 ,!Y TRI$ TO BOYCOTT \R EF=TS4 ,H[EV]1 !Y FAIL$ BECAUSE ( ! 9FLU5CE ( \R ORGANIZATION ) ! PEASANTS4 

,AT ! APPO9T$ H\R ! ,PLAZA WAS FILL$ ) PEOPLE4 ,COMRADE ,JOAQU9 ,SOP5A SPOKE FROM ! BALCONY ( ! CAFE [N$ BY ! FASCI/ ,LEONCIO ,C>R]A 7:]E ! COLLECTIVE WAS ORGANIZ$74 ,HE SPOKE AT L5G? EXPLA9+ ! GOALS ( FASCISM1 :I* WANTS TO TURN BACK ! CLOCK 9 ,SPA9 SEV]AL C5TURIES & SUPPRESS ALL COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,! UPRIS+ ?AT !Y />T$ & ! RESI/ANCE ( ! WORK]S PROVIDE ! OPPORTUNITY TO REALIZE \R DREAM ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE4 ,WE IDEALI/S MU/ MAKE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION :ILE WE FI<T ! W>4 ,WE MU/ 5D ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 TRANS=M LOAF]S & IDL]S 9TO PRODUCTIVE WORK]S1 CREATE A NEW SOCIETY TOGE!R :]E ALL WILL BE PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 

,9 ACCORDANCE ) \R ME?OD ( PROC$URE A ,*AIRMAN & ,SECRET>IES W]E ELECT$4 ,I WAS *OS5 TO BE ,*AIRMAN ( ?IS HI/ORIC ASSEMBLY & ,COMRADES ,SOP5A & ,TR5C W]E NAM$ ,SECRET>IES4 ,WE W5T TO ! C5T] ( ! BALCONY4 ,I OP5$ ! MEET+1 ADD+ TO ,COMRADE ,SOP5A'S REM>KS4 ,I EXPLA9$ ! GOALS WE HAD 9 M9D1 AN ,AGRICULTURAL ,COLLECTIVE :]E ALL W\LD HAVE ! SAME OBLIGATIONS & ! SAME RI<TS & B5EFITS4 ,! NEW ORGANIZATION ?AT WE PROPOS$ TO CREATE W\LD BE COMPLETELY FREE1 LIB]T>IAN4 ,NO ONE W\LD BE COMPELL$ -- NO ONE C\LD BE COMPELL$ -- TO JO9 ! NEW ORGANIZATION4 ,COMPULSION W\LD BE />T+ ON A FALSE F\NDATION1 A D5IAL ( \R PR9CIPLES4 ,?OSE :O WI% TO JO9 DO SO FREELY4 ,! COLLECTIVI/S WILL BR+ :AT !Y POSSESS TO ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! CONCEPT 0Y\RS & M9E0 WILL NO LONG] EXI/ :5 ! ,COLLECTIVE IS E/ABLI%$4 ,EV]Y?+ WILL BELONG TO EV]YONE4 ,AN ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,C\NCIL WILL BE ELECT$ BY A MAJORITY VOTE = ONE YE> AT A ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,IF ANY QUE/IONABLE ACTIONS >E OBS]V$ DUR+ ! YE>1 ! ,ASSEMBLY WILL BE SOV]EIGN1 WILL BE ABLE TO )DRAW ITS VOTE ( CONFID5CE & REQUIRE ! ADM9I/RATORS TO RESIGN4 

,MONEY WILL NOT BE US$ 9T]NALLY BY ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,C\NCIL -- EXCEPT = ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y -- WILL BE REQUIR$ TO WORK :5 !Y HAVE FREE TIME FROM !IR ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,WORK GR\PS ( T5 COMRADES WILL BE ORGANIZ$1 ) ONE ELECT$ AS GR\P DELEGATE4 ,HE WILL BE 9 T\* ) ! ,C\NCIL TO ORGANIZE ! WORK BECAUSE ! PROP]TIES ( ! ,C,N,T COMRADES >E SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! VILLAGE4 ,!RE WILL BE NO MORE S]VANTS OR H\SE MAIDS ?R\<\T ! >EA4 ,! EXPLOITATION ( MAN IS ABOLI%$4 

,AFT] ,I F9I%$ WE MADE IT CLE> ?AT :AT WE WANT TO DO IS NOT ! IDEA1 OR PROGRAM1 ( ONE MAN OR ONE GR\P4 ,EV]YONE IS 9VIT$ TO (F] !IR SUGGE/IONS & OP9IONS4 ,ASK QUE/IONS & EV]YONE MAY JUDGE :E!R ! ANSW]S >E ADEQUATE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL ON HIS [N IS A SMALL 5TITY4 ,TOGE!R WE >E EV]Y?+4 ,HELP US6 ,GIVE US Y\R SUPPORT & COLLABORATION & WE WILL CREATE EV]Y?+ TOGE!R6 ,FASCISM IS DEF9ITELY DEFEAT$4 ,A NEW SOCIETY IS ON ! M>*4 ,NO ONE'S LIB]TY WILL BE RE/RA9$ 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,I !RE=E ASK EV]YONE AT ?IS GREAT & HI/ORIC ASSEMBLY TO SPEAK FREELY ON ! PROPOS$ ,COLLECTIVE4 ,LI<T WILL COME \T ( ! DISCUSSION & REASON+4 

,A NUMB] ( PEOPLE ASK$ = ! FLOOR & ! ,SECRET>Y TOOK !IR NAMES 9 ORD]4 ,! FIR/ SPEAK] WAS ,DR4 ,ANTONIO ,PUJOL1 ! DOCTOR = ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION1 A MEMB] ( ! ,P,\,M 7,TROTSKYI/ ,P>TY74 ,HE />T$ BY SAY+ ?AT WE W]E NOT (F]+ ANY?+ NEW BY />T+ A ,COLLECTIVE BECAUSE !RE IS ONE ALREADY 9 ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION :]E ! MEMB]S GO TO ! BAK]Y 9 ! UNION = !IR BREAD4 ,HE !N W5T ON TO POLITICAL QUE/IONS4 ,HE WAS ALSO UNCONV9C+ :5 HE /AT$ ?AT ! REM>KS ( ! FIR/ SPEAK] & ! ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,ASSEMBLY ONLY CREAT$ CONFUSION 9 ! AUDI5CE4 

,I REPLI$ /AT+ ?AT ,I KNEW ALL AB\T ! OP]ATIONS & GOALS ( ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION4 ,IT WAS />T$ BY L>GE & M$IUM SIZ$ PROP]TY HOLD]S & 9CLUDES A NUMB] ( LESS =TUNATE PEASANTS ) SMALL PIECES ( 9F]IOR L& AT ! NOR? 5D ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY4 ,! FIR/ & SECOND GR\PS BR+ !IR :EAT TO ! ,UNION W>EH\SE DUR+ ! MON? ( ,SEPTEMB]4 ,?IS ASSURES !M 5\< BREAD = ! 5TIRE YE>4 ,AS = ! ALMO/ DIS9H]IT$1 !Y HAVE US$ UP !IR RES]VES BY ,DECEMB] OR ,JANU>Y 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES4 ,!Y MU/ BUY BREAD ON CR$IT & PAY = IT AS !Y CAN4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ALL ?REE CATEGORIES TAKE !IR C(FEE TOGE!R 9 ! UNION CAFE4 ,SOME ( ! DAY LABOR]S :O W]E EXPLOIT$ ALL WEEK SIT TOGE!R ) !IR BOSSES ON ,SUNDAY & PLAY C>DS4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ! BOSS' WIFE CAN PREP>E A MEAL ) ALL ! NECESS>Y NUTRITION = H] *ILDR5 :ILE ! DAY LABOR] DOES SO ) GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,I SUPPOSE ?AT ,DR4 ,PUJOL HAS OBS]V$ ! GREAT DIFF]5CE 9 ! /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! TWO CLASSES ( CITIZ5S :5 HE VISITS ! HOMES ( ! SICK :O >E RI* & ?OSE :O >E PRACTICALLY DIS9H]IT$4 

,WE ASK ?AT EXPLOITATION BE 5D$ =EV]4 ,LET EV]YONE WORK ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY & CONSUME ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 ,WORK = ALL1 BREAD ALSO = ALL4 ,?IS IS ! F\NDATION PR9CIPLE ( ! ,COLLECTIVE ?AT WE MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T PROPOSE & :I* WE WANT TO 5COMPASS ALL ( SOCIETY4 ,AN 5D TO CAPITALISM & MONEY4 

,A NUMB] ( PEOPLE TOOK ! FLOOR TO SEEK CL>IFICATION ( V>I\S QUE/IONS4 ,ONE MEMB] ( ! AUDI5CE ASK$3 0,IF Y\ >E ?9K+ ( ABOLI%+ MONEY1 H[ WILL Y\ BE ABLE TO MAKE PUR*ASES80 

,9 ! ,C,N,T AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL !RE >E ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY4 ,! L& ?AT WE WORK WILL PRODUCE C]EALS1 VEGETABLES1 FRUITS1 FODD] & CATTLE MORE ?AN WE NE$ = \R [N CONSUMPTION4 ,WE WILL HAVE A SURPLUS ?AT WE WILL DEPOSIT ) A ,DI/RICT OR ,REGIONAL ,DEPOSITORY 9 A C5TRAL >EA4 ,! ,9DU/RY ,F$]ATIONS WILL DEPOSIT !IR SURPLUS MANUFACTUR$ GOODS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T !RE WILL BE AN 9T]*ANGE ( GOODS4 ,EA* ( ! ,COLLECTIVES WILL HAVE AN OP5 ACC\NT ) ! ,DI/RICT ,DEPOSITORY :I* WILL RECORD ! VALUE ( \R DEPOSIT$ M]*&ISE & ! VALUE ( ! MANUFACTUR$ GOODS WE RECEIVE4 ,A G5]AL BALANCE WILL BE DRAWN UP SEMIANNUALLY SO ?AT EA* ,COLLECTIVE WILL KN[ ITS ECONOMIC CONDITION4 

,ANO!R QUE/ION DEALT ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD4 ,I ANSW]$ ?IS V]Y 9T]E/+ QUE/ION AS FOLL[S3 ALL C]EALS1 FRUITS1 VEGETABLES1 EV]Y?+ PRODUC$ ON ! L& WILL BE BR\<T TO ! ,COLLECTIVE ,DEPOSITORY :]E P>T WILL BE SET ASIDE = CONSUMPTION BY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 P>T WILL BE RES]V$ = SE$1 & P>T WILL BE GRA9 = ! LIVE/OCK4 ,! BALANCE WILL BE BR\<T TO ! ,DI/RICT ,DEPOSITORY4 ,A ,CONSUM]S' ,COOP]ATIVE WILL BE ORGANIZ$ :]E ! WOM5 WILL GO DAILY = !IR PROVISIONS1 :I* WILL BE ISSU$ ACCORD+ TO ! SIZE ( ! FAMILY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 NO ONE WILL BE HUNGRY1 OR )\T ! FOOD NE$$ TO SU/A9 LIFE4 ,I W5T ON TO EXPLA9 H[ TRANSPORTATION W\LD BE ORGANIZ$1 & ! TRADES1 H\S+1 CULTURE & PROPAG&A1 ETC4 ,F9ALLY1 IT SEEM$ TO ME ?AT EV]Y?+ HAD BE5 SAID ?AT C\LD ORI5T & 9FLU5CE ! AUDI5CE4 

,:5 ! AG5DA WAS COMPLET$ ,I /AT$3 ,ALL CITIZ5S :O1 ) FULL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ACTION1 WI% TO JO9 ! NEW ORGANIZATION CAN DO SO FREELY TODAY1 TOMORR[ OR :5 !Y WI%4 ,! DOORS WILL BE OP5 TO ALL :O WI% TO JO94 ,! ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,C\NCIL WILL BE ELECT$ BY MAJORITY VOTE AT ! FIR/ ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,ALL MEMB]S WILL P>TICIPATE 9 DRAW+ UP ! RULES & REGULATIONS UND] :I* ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL FUNCTION4 ,AL?\< WE MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T HAVE AN \TL9E ( :AT CAN BE DONE1 ! COLLABORATION ( ALL MEMB]S IS ESS5TIAL4 

,!RE BE+ NO FUR!R /ATEM5TS OR SUGGE/IONS ,I ADJ\RN$ ! 0HI/ORIC ASSEMBLY40 

,?AT NI<T & = ! NEXT TWO OR ?REE NI<TS A L>GE NUMB] ( NEI<BORS SIGN$ UP4 ,TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY FAMILIES JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVE1 AB\T HALF ! POPULATION ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY4 ,A NUMB] ( L>GE PROP]TY [N]S SIGN$ UP :5 !Y SAW ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE NO MORE S]VANTS & DAY LABOR]S4 ,!Y W]E AFRAID 7AL?\< !Y W]E TREAT$ ) FULL RESPECT7 ?AT !Y HAD NO REC\RSE EXCEPT TO JO94 ,A NUMB] ( >TISANS JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVE1 9CLUD+ ?REE MASONS1 A JEWEL]1 A BLACKSMI?1 A B>B]1 A DRESSMAK]1 ,T]ES9A1 :O WAS ,TR5C'S COMRADE1 ETC4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT]1 ! DOCTOR ( ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION :O HAD *ALL5G$ \R NEW SY/EM ( LIV+ AT ! ,ASSEMBLY MADE AN APPLICATION TO JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVE1 :I* GAVE US SATISFACTION4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE />T$ TO FUNCTION ON ! #b#i?1 BUT !RE W]E AN 9F9ITY ( PROBLEMS TO TAKE C>E (1 AMONG !M TRANSPORTATION4 ,WE DID NOT HAVE A TRUCK4 ,!RE W]E ?REE CITIZ5S 9 ! >EA :O HAD TRUCKS & E>N$ !IR LIV+ ) !IR TRUCKS4 ,BUT NONE ( !M JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVE BECAUSE !Y W]E AFRAID TO GIVE UP !IR ONLY MEANS ( E>N+ A LIVELIHOOD4 ,H[ %ALL WE GET A TRUCK8 ,SOMEONE SUGGE/$ ?AT P]HAPS WE C\LD >RANGE = AN EX*ANGE ) A COMPANY4 ,:5 ONE IS Y\NG DECISIONS >E MADE QUICKLY1 & P>TICUL>LY !N4 ,WE DECID$ TO CONTACT ! ?REE L>GE/ ( ! F\R COMPANIES 9 ! >EA4 ,WE TOOK A TRUCK & W5T TO ! ,=D ,COMPANY 9 ,B>CELONA ) COMRADES ,TR5C & ,POM>4 ,! ,=D ,COMPANY HAD BE5 SOCIALIZ$4 ,WE ASK$ = ,COMRADE ,VALLEJO1 :OM WE KNEW1 AN \T/&+ ,C,N,T MEMB]1 & HE RECEIV$ US W>MLY4 ,WE EXPLA9$ ! PURPOSE ( \R VISIT3 TO SEE IF IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE AN EX*ANGE4 ,WE BR\<T ?REE *UR* BELLS TO EX*ANGE = A #aibi TRUCK ?AT WAS /ILL 9 RUNN+ CONDITION4 ,AFT] OV]COM+ V>I\S OBJECTIONS1 !Y AGRE$ TO GIVE US A NEW TRUCK 9 EX*ANGE = ! BELLS4 ,!RE WAS GREAT JOY 9 ,ALCAMPEL :5 WE RETURN$ ) ! PROBLEM SOLV$ SO QUICKLY4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE ,BEG9S TO ,FUNCTION 

,PRODUCTION ( :EAT1 CORN1 BEETROOT & ALFALFA4 ,WORK GR\PS >E ORGANIZ$ ) A DELEGATE = EA* GR\P4 ,ALL ! DELEGATES MEET EA* EV5+ TO ORGANIZE ! WORK4 ,! FIR/ ?+ WE DID WAS TO H>VE/ ! :EAT :I* WAS BE+ DAMAG$ BY ! DR\<T4 

,!RE W]E TWO ?RE%+ MA*9ES & WE REQUISITION$ ONE ( !M4 ,9 ADDITION TO ONE TRACTOR WE HAD SIX PAIRS ( MULES = ! F>M4 ,WE REQUISITION$ ! 0,ROQUE0 F>M1 IRRIGAT$ L& BELONG+ TO ! ,M>QUES ( ,ALF>RAS1 :]E WE CULTIVAT$ 5\< VEGETABLES TO FE$ #be FAMILIES4 

,WE C>RI$ ON A NUMB] ( EXP]IM5TS 9 A CORN] ( ! IRRIGAT$ L& :]E WE CULTIVAT$ CA/] OIL & SE$B$S = ! VEGETABLE G>D54 

,MANY COMRADES TURN$ OV] !IR L& TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,!RE W]E GR\PS :O WORK$ \TSIDE ! VILLAGE ALL WEEK & CAME HOME ,SATURDAYS4 ,!IR DELEGATE MET ) ! O!R DELEGATES TO PLAN ! WORK4 ,WE HAD TWO F>MS1 ONE = P\LTRY & ! O!R = HOGS4 ,9 ADDITION TO 5\< MEAT = \R [N CONSUMPTION1 WE W]E ABLE TO ISSUE #be KILOGRAMS ( PORK TO EA* ADULT & A LITTLE LESS TO EA* *ILD4 ,! SURPLUS WAS BR\<T TO ! ,DI/RICT ,DEPOSITORY AT ,B9EF>4 

,TWO COMPANIES W]E REQUISITION$1 A TEXTILE MILL & AN EXPORT H\SE4 ,LOCAL BUS9ESS WAS NOT T\*$4 ,WE ORGANIZ$ A DRESSMAK+ %OP1 A B>B] %OP & A BUT*] %OP4 

,WE HAD \R [N LOCAL MONEY4 ,H[EV]1 WE HAD A ,COLLECTIVE ,TREASURY :5 WE HAD TO USE REGUL> CURR5CY = REPLACEM5TS FROM ! \TSIDE1 OP]ATIONS = ! SICK & M$ICATIONS = ! PH>MACY1 ALL ( :I* ! ,COMMITTEE PAID4 

,A D9+ ROOM WAS SET UP TO FE$ PATROLS PASS+ ?R\<1 AS WELL AS ! ELD]LY4 

,PIL> ,>DANUY WA%$ !IR CLO?+ & DELIV]$ IT4 ,H[ HAPPY ! OLD PEOPLE W]E :O LIV$ ALONE6 ,NO PREVI\S REGIME HAD EV] HAD ! SLI<TE/ CONC]N = !IR WELF>E4 ,WE PROHIBIT$ ! SALE ( ALCOHOL 9 ! CAFES4 ,!ATRICAL WORKS W]E PRES5T$ 9 ! *UR*4 

,!RE WAS A L>GE1 V]Y F]TILE FIELD 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! T[N1 MORE ?AN #a HECT>ES1 CALL$ 0,LA ,CUADRA40 ,EA* FAMILY FIX$ ! B\ND>IES ( !IR PROP]TY ) L&M>KS4 ,!SE L&M>KS W]E REMOV$ & ! FIELD BECAME ONE P>CEL ( L&4 ,! L& WAS CULTIVAT$ ) A TRACTOR & IT WAS A M>VEL TO BEHOLD4 ,:AT JOY TO SEE ! TRANS=MATION6 ,FROM SLAVE LABOR TO A *ANCE TO RE/1 FROM MIS]Y TO ABUNDANCE4 

,ALL W>S BR+ DE/RUCTION ( PEOPLE & PROP]TY1 BUT NOT \RS4 

,CATALONIA S5T G>D5+ EXP]TS TO ORGANIZE ! ,COLLECTIVES & TEA* !M H[ TO KEEP ! T[NS FREE4 ,AMONG !M WAS ,JOSE ,VIADIU1 :OM ,I KNEW P]SONALLY 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 70,WORK] ,SOLID>ITY01 ! ,C,N,T DAILY NEWSPAP] 9 ,B>CELONA1 :I* HAD ! L>GE/ CIRCULATION 9 ! CITY DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>74 ,HE WROTE A GOOD REPORT ON ! PROGRESS ( \R ,COLLECTIVE4 

,:ILE ATT5D+ A MEET+ 9 ,GRAUSS1 ,I W5T TO SEE ! /ATUE ( ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A1 A LIB]AL1 PROGRESSIVE MAN1 & A ,DEPUTY4 ,AMONG HIS V>I\S BOOKS HE WROTE ,AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE1 A V]Y GOOD BOOK4 ,HE WAS A J\RNALI/ & COLLABORATOR ON ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ 9 ,S>AGOSSA & DI$ 9 #aiaa 9 ,GRAUSS4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,AUGU/1 ,PUIG ,ELIAS ( ,C,5,U 7,C,N,T ,TEA*]S ,UNION7 CALL$ & ASK$ ME TO WORK ) HIM4 ,A COLUMN ( *ILDR5 HAD >RIV$ ! ,>AGON FRONT & HE WANT$ TO TAKE C>E ( !M4 ,I ACCEPT$4 ,?REE COMRADES W5T TO ,B>CELONA4 ,WE DID NOT ?9K ?AT ?AT W\LD BE ! LA/ TIME WE W\LD SEE ,ALCAMPEL4 ,WE W]E UNABLE TO RETURN BECAUSE ( ! ADVANCE ( ! FASCI/ TROOPS4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE REA*$ ! ,PYR5EES & PASS$ OV] ! BORD] TO ,FRANCE4 

,VICTOR ,BLANCO 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,) ! ,PEASANTS ( ,>AGON -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,) ! ,PEASANTS ( ,>AGON -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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