,*APT] #g 
,W>6 

#ahheahhe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,DAVIE ,DUNN1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! SPECTACLE (F]$ BY ,EUROPE AT ! PRES5T MOM5T IS V]Y SAD TO SEE1 BUT IT IS ALSO V]Y $IFY+4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 !RE IS A COM+ & GO+ ( DIPLOMATS & /ATESM5 :I* 9CREASES VISIBLY :5EV] ! AIR ( ! OLD CONT95T BEG9S TO SMELL ( GUNP[D]4 ,ALLIANCES >E MADE & DISMANTL$2 HUMAN BE+S >E TRAD$ & SOLD LIKE CATTLE TO MAKE SURE ( ALLIANCES4 0,SO MANY MILLIONS ( HEADS GU>ANTE$ BY \R H\SE TO Y\RS2 SO MANY ACRES TO FE$ !M1 SO MANY PORTS TO EXPORT !IR WOOL10 & HE :O CAN BE/ DUPE ! O!RS 9 SU* TRAFFICK+ COMES \T ! W9N]4 ,?IS IS :AT 9 POLITICAL J>GON IS CALL$ DIPLOMACY4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE !RE IS NO 5D+ ! FL[ ( >MAM5TS4 ,EV]Y DAY BR+S US NEW 9V5TIONS = ! BETT] EXT]M9ATION ( \R FELL[S1 NEW EXP5DITURES1 NEW BORR[+S1 NEW TAXES4 ,CRY+ UP PATRIOTISM1 PROMOT+ *AUV9ISM1 FANN+ ! HATR$S BETWE5 NATIONS1 BECOME ! MO/ LUCRATIVE L9ES 9 POLITICS & J\RNALISM ALIKE4 ,*ILDHOOD HAS NOT BE5 SP>$2 *ILDR5 >E 5ROLL$ 9 BATTALIONS1 & TAU<T TO HATE ! ,PRUSSIANS1 ! ,5GLI%1 ! ,ITALIANS2 !Y >E TRA9$ 9 BL9D OB$I5CE TO ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! MOM5T1 :E!R !Y BE BLUE1 :ITE OR BLACK4 ,& :5 ! AGE ( TW5TY-ONE HAD S\ND$ = !M1 !Y WILL BE LOAD$ D[N LIKE MULES ) AMMUNITION1 RATIONS & TOOLS1 GUNS WILL BE ?RU/ 9TO !IR H&S1 & !Y WILL BE TOLD TO M>* TO ! S\ND ( ! TRUMPET1 & TO FI<T LIKE SAVAGE BEA/S )\T EV] ASK+ :Y OR = :AT PURPOSE4 ,:E!R !Y FACE ,G]MANS OR ,ITALIANS :O >E />V+ TO DEA?-OR !IR [N BRO!RS :O HAVE REBELL$ AGA9/ NE$-! TRUMPET S\NDS1 & M5 MU/ BE KILL$6 

,?IS IS ! CONCLUSION ( ALL ! WISDOM ( \R GOV]NM5TS & \R TEA*]S6 ,?IS IS ALL !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO (F] US AS AN IDEAL1 9 AN AGE :5 ! POOR ( ALL C\NTRIES /RET* \T !IR H&S TO EA* O!R ACROSS ! FRONTI]S6 

0,AH6 Y\ DID NOT WANT SOCIALISM8 ,V]Y WELL1 Y\ %ALL HAVE W>1 W> = ?IRTY YE>S1 W> = FIFTY YE>S60 SAID ,ALEX&] ,H]Z57L#d7 AFT] #a#h#d#h4 ,& Y\ HAVE IT6 ,IF ! CANNON CEASES TO ?UND] = A :ILE 9 ! WORLD1 IT IS JU/ TO TAKE BREA?1 TO />T AGA9 SOME:]E ELSE ) R5EW$ VIGOR1 :ILE ! ,EUROPEAN W>-! GR& T\RNAM5T ( ! PEOPLES -HAS BE5 A ?REAT = ! PA/ T5 YE>S1 )\T ANYONE KN[+ :Y WE %ALL BE FI<T+1 OR BESIDE :OM1 OR AGA9/ :OM1 OR 9 ! NAME ( :AT PR9CIPLES1 OR TO SAFEGU>D :AT 9T]E/S6 

,9 ! OLD DAYS1 IF !RE WAS A W>1 AT LEA/ ONE KNEW :Y PEOPLE W]E KILL+ EA* O!R4 0,ANO!R K+ HAS 9SULT$ \RS2 LET US OV]:ELM HIS SUBJECTS40 0,SOME EMP]OR WANTS TO TAKE AWAY ONE ( \R PROV9CES6 ,LET US DIE TO KEEP IT = ,HIS ,MO/ ,*RI/IAN ,MAJE/Y60 ,PEOPLE F\<T TO SU/A9 ! RIVALRIES ( K+S4 ,IT WAS /UPID1 BUT AT LEA/ 9 SU* CASES ! K+S C\LD 5ROLL ONLY A FEW ?\S& M54 ,BUT !SE DAYS :OLE PEOPLES ?R[ !MSELVES UPON EA* O!R1 & :Y ! ,DEVIL DO !Y DO IT8 

,K+S NO LONG] C\NT 9 MATT]S ( W>4 ,VICTORIA DOES NOT TAKE (F5SE AT ! 9SULTS ?AT >E %[]$ ON H] 9 ,FRANCE2 ! ,5GLI% W\LD NOT /IR TO AV5GE H]4 ,BUT CAN Y\ GU>ANTEE ?AT )9 TWO YE>S ,FR5* & ,5GLI% SOLDI]S WILL NOT BE AT EA* O!R'S ?ROATS OV] SUPREMACY 9 ,EGYPT87#a#e7 ,IT IS ! SAME 9 ! ,EA/4 ,H[EV] AUTOCRATIC & ILL-NATUR$ A MON>* HE MAY BE1 ,ALEX&]-(-ALL-! ,RUSSIAS WILL SWALL[ ALL ! 9SOL5CES ( ,&RASSY & ,SALISBURY )\T BUDG+ FROM HIS D5 9 ,GAT*9A17L#f7 SO LONG AS ! BANK]S ( ,PET]SBURG & ! 9DU/RIALI/S ( ,MOSC[-:O !SE DAYS CALL !MSELVES 0PATRIOTS0-HAVE NOT GIV5 HIM ! ORD] TO SET HIS >MIES 9 MOTION4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 AS 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,G]MANY AS 9 ,FRANCE1 M5 NO LONG] FI<T = ! GOOD PLEASURE ( K+S2 !Y FI<T = ! 9TEGRITY ( REV5UE,S & = ! GR[+ WEAL? ( ! ,?REE ,P[]FUL ,ONES1 ,RO?S*ILD1 ,S*NEID]1 ,ANZ927#a#g7 = ! B5EFIT ( ! B>ONS ( HI< F9ANCE & 9DU/RY4 ,! RIVALRIES BETWE5 K+S HAVE BE5 SUP]S$$ BY ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 B\RGEOIS SOCIETIES4 

,9DE$1 PEOPLE DO /ILL SPEAK ( 0POLITICAL PREPOND]ANCE10 BUT TRY TO TRANSLATE ?AT METAPHYSICAL 5TITY 9TO MAT]IAL FACTS2 EXAM9E H[ ! POLITICAL PREPOND]ANCE ( ,G]MANY1 = EXAMPLE1 MAKES ITSELF MANIFE/ AT ?IS MOM5T1 & Y\ WILL SEE ?AT IT IS QUITE SIMPLY A MATT] ( ECONOMIC PREPOND]ANCE 9 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS4 ,:AT ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA1 ,5GL&1 & ,AU/RIA >E ALL TRY+ TO W9 AT ?IS MOM5T IS NOT MILIT>Y PREPOND]ANCE2 IT IS ECONOMIC DOM9ATION4 ,IT IS ! RI<T TO IMPOSE !IR GOODS & !IR CU/OMS T>IFFS ON !IR NEI<BORS2 ! RI<T TO EXPLOIT 9DU/RIALLY BACKW>D PEOPLES2 ! PRIVILEGE ( BUILD+ RAILWAYS 9 C\NTRIES ?AT DO NOT HAVE !M & 9 ?IS WAY BECOM+ MA/]S ( ! FRONTI]S2 ! RI<T1 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 TO APPROPRIATE FROM A NEI<BOR EI!R A PORT ?AT WILL ACTIVATE COMM]CE1 OR A PROV9CE :]E SURPLUS M]*&ISE CAN BE UNLOAD$4 

,:5 WE FI<T TODAY1 IT IS TO GU>ANTEE \R GREAT 9DU/RIALI/S A PR(IT ( #c.01 TO ASSURE ! F9ANCIAL B>ONS !IR DOM9ATION AT ! ,B\RSE1 & TO PROVIDE ! %>EHOLD]S ( M9ES & RAILWAYS ) !IR 9COMES ( T5S ( MILLIONS ( DOLL>S4 ,?IS IS SO EVID5T ?AT IF WE W]E JU/ A LITTLE MORE CONSI/5T1 WE W\LD REPLACE ! BIRDS ( PREY ON \R FLAGS BY GOLD5 CALVES & O!R ANCI5T EMBLEMS BY BAGS ( GOLD1 & *ANGE ! NAMES ( \R REGIM5TS1 HI!RTO BORR[$ FROM ! PR9CES ( ! BLOOD1 TO ?OSE ( ! PR9CES ( 9DU/RY & F9ANCE2 A ,?IRD ,S*NEID] REGIM5T1 A ,T5? ,ANZ91 A ,TW5TIE? ,RO?S*ILD4 ,WE W\LD KN[ AT LEA/ = :OM WE W]E DO+ ! SLAU<T]+4 

,OP5+ NEW M>KETS1 IMPOS+ ONE'S [N M]*&ISE1 :E!R GOOD OR BAD1 IS ! BASIS ( ALL PRES5T-DAY POLITICS-,EUROPEAN & CONT95TAL-& ! TRUE CAUSE ( N9ETE5? C5TURY W>S4 

,9 ! LA/ C5TURY ,5GL& WAS ! FIR/ TO 9AUGURATE ! SY/EM ( L>GE 9DU/RY = EXPORT4 ,IT PIL$ ITS WORK]S 9TO ! CITIES1 YOK$ !M TO RATIONALIZ$ WORK PATT]NS1 MULTIPLI$ PRODUCTION & BEGAN TO ACCUMULATE M\NTA9S ( PRODUCTS 9 ITS W>EH\SES4 ,BUT !SE GOODS W]E NOT 9T5D$ = ! RAGG$ FOLK :O MADE ! COTTON & WOOL5 FABRICS & W]E PAID JU/ 5\< TO SURVIVE & MULTIPLY4 ,! %IPS ( ,5GL& PL[$ !IR WAY ?R\< ! OCEANS1 SEEK+ BUY]S ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T1 9 ,ASIA1 9 ,OCEANIA1 9 ,AM]ICA1 C]TA9 ( NOT F9D+ COMPETITORS4 ,A BLACK POV]TY REIGN$ 9 ! T[NS1 BUT ! MANUFACTUR] & ! M]*ANT GREW VISIBLY RI*2 ! WEAL? DRAWN FROM ABROAD ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW1 & ! ECONOMI/S APPLAUD$ & URG$ !IR COMPATRIOTS TO FOLL[ SUIT4 

,ALREADY1 AT ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ,FRANCE WAS BEG9N+ ON ! SAME EVOLUTION4 ,BY TRANSF]R+ P[]1 BY ATTRACT+ ! B>E-FOOT$ PEASANTS TO ! T[NS & BY 5RI*+ ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! REVOLUTION GAVE A NEW IMPULSE TO ECONOMIC EVOLUTION4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE BECAME AL>M$1 EV5 MORE ?AN !Y HAD BE5 BY ! REPUBLICAN DECL>ATIONS & ! BLOOD SPILL$ 9 ,P>IS2 SUPPORT$ BY ! >I/OCRACY1 !Y DECL>$ A W> TO ! DEA? ON ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE :O ?REAT5$ TO CLOSE ! ,EUROPEAN M>KETS TO ,5GLI% PRODUCTS4 

,WE KN[ ! \TCOME ( ?AT W>4 ,FRANCE WAS DEFEAT$1 BUT IT HAD WON ITS PLACE 9 ! M>KETS4 ,! TWO B\RGEOISIES-,5GLI% & ,FR5* -EV5 AT ONE TIME MADE A T\*+ ALLIANCE2 !Y RECOGNIZ$ EA* O!R AS BRO!RS4 

,BUT ,FRANCE1 ON H] SIDE1 SOON W5T BEYOND ! LIMIT4 ,?R\< PRODUCTION = EXPORT1 %E TRI$ TO MONOPOLIZE ! M>KETS1 )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS ?AT WAS MOV+ SL[LY FROM ! ,WE/ 9TO ! ,EA/ & DOM9AT+ NEW C\NTRIES4 ,! ,FR5*4B\RGEOISIE S\<T TO BROAD5 ! CIRCLE ( ITS PR(ITS4 ,= EI<TE5 YE>S IT PLAC$ ITSELF UND] ! HEEL ( ! ,?IRD ,NAPOLEON1 ALWAYS HOP+ ?AT ! USURP] W\LD IMPOSE ECONOMIC RULE OV] ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE2 IT ONLY AB&ON$ HIM :5 HE %[$ HIMSELF 9CAPABLE ( ?IS4 

,N[ IT WAS A NEW NATION1 ,G]MANY1 ?AT 9TRODUC$ 9TO ITS T]RITORY ! SAME ECONOMIC REGIME4 ,%E ALSO DEPOPULAT$ H] FIELDS & PIL$ ! HUNGRY PEOPLE 9TO ! T[NS1 :I* D\BL$ !IR POPULATION 9 A FEW YE>S4 ,%E ALSO BEGAN MASS PRODUCTION4 ,A =MIDABLE 9DU/RY1 >M$ ) ! LATE/ EQUIPM5T1 SUPPORT$ BY TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC $UCATION LAVI%LY PROVID$1 9 ITS TURN PIL$ UP PRODUCTS DE/9$ NOT = ?OSE :O MADE !M1 BUT = EXPORT & ! 5RI*M5T ( ! MA/]S4 ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATES & SEEKS ADVANTAGE\S PLACES ( 9VE/M5T 9 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA1 ,TURKEY1 ,RUSSIA2 ! /OCK EX*ANGE 9 ,B]L9 RIVALS ?AT 9 ,P>IS & SEEKS TO DOM9ATE IT4 

,AT ?IS PO9T A COMMON CRY BUR/ \T FROM ! HE>T ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE LET US UNIFY UND] NO MATT] :AT FLAG1 EV5 ?AT ( ,PRUSSIA1 & PR(IT FROM ?AT P[] TO IMPOSE \R PRODUCTS & \R T>IFFS ON \R NEI<BORS1 5D LAY HOLD ( A GOOD PORT ON ! ,BALTIC & ON ! ,ADRIATIC AS ,SOON AS POSSIBLE6 ,!Y WI%$ TO BREAK ! MILIT>Y P[] ( ,FRANCE :I* HAD BE5 ?REAT5+ = TW5TY YE>S TO LAY D[N ! ECONOMIC LAW ( ,EUROPE & TO DICTATE ITS COMM]CIAL TREATIES4 

,! W> ( #ahg WAS ! CONSEQU5CE ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,FRANCE NO LONG] DOM9ATES ! M>KETS2 IT IS ,G]MANY ?AT SEEKS TO DOM9ATE !M1 & %E ALSO1 ?R\< ! ?IR/ = GA91 SEEKS ALWAYS TO EXT5D H] EXPLOITATION1 )\T REG>D = ! CRISES & CRA%ES1 ! 9SECURITY & POV]TY ?AT EAT AWAY AT H] ECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,! COA/S ( ,AFRICA1 ! PADDIES ( ,KOREA1 ! PLA9S ( ,POL&1 ! /EPPES ( ,RUSSIA1 ! PUSZTAS ( ,HUNG>Y1 ! ,BULG>IAN VALLEYS FILL$ ) ROSES-ALL EXCITE ! GRE$ ( ,G]MAN SPECULATORS4 ,& EV]Y TIME SU* A SPECULATOR TRAVELS OV] !SE SP>SELY CULTIVAT$ PLA9S1 & ?R\< !IR T[NS :I* HAVE SO LITTLE 9DU/RY1 & BESIDE !IR QUIET RIV]S1 HIS HE>T BLE$S AT ! SPECTACLE4 ,HIS IMAG9ATION TELLS HIM H[ HE MI<T EXTRACT :OLE SACKS ( GOLD FROM !SE UNT\*$ RI*ES1 H[ HE W\LD B5D !SE UNCULTIVAT$ PEOPLE UND] ! YOKE ( HIS CAPITAL4 ,HE SWE>S ?AT ONE DAY HE WILL C>RY 0CIVILIZATION10 :I* IS :AT HE CALLS EXPLOITATION1 9TO ! ,EA/4 ,:ILE HE WAITS = ?IS1 HE WILL TRY TO IMPOSE HIS M]*&ISE & HIS RAILWAYS ON ,ITALY1 ON ,AU/RIA & ON ,RUSSIA4 

- ,BUT !SE C\NTRIES 9 !IR TURN >E FREE+ !MSELVES FROM ! ECONOMIC TUTELAGE ( !IR NEI<BORS4 ,!Y ALSO >E SL[LY 5T]+ ! ORBIT ( ! 09DU/RIAL0 C\NTRIES1 & !IR NEWLY BORN B\RGEOISIES ASK NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO 5RI* !MSELVES ?R\< EXPORT4 ,9 ONLY A FEW YE>S ,RUSSIA & ,ITALY HAVE MADE A PRODIGI\S LEAP =W>D 9 ! EXT5SION ( !IR 9DU/RIES1 & S9CE ! PEASANTS1 R$UC$ TO ! BLACKE/ ( POV]TY1 CAN BUY NO?+1 IT IS = EXPORT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,ITALIAN & ,AU/RIAN 9DU/RIALI/S >E /RIV+4 ,!Y NE$ M>KETS N[1 & AS ?OSE ( ,EUROPE >E ALREADY TAK5 UP1 IT IS ON ,ASIA & ,AFRICA ?AT !Y >E =C$ TO CONC5TRATE !IR EF=TS1 CONDEMN$ 9EVITABLY TO COME TO BL[S BECAUSE !Y HAVE FAIL$ TO AGREE ON %>+ \T ! SPOIL4 

,:AT ALLIANCES C\LD /& FIRM 9 SU* A SITUATION1 CREAT$ BY ! V]Y *>ACT] GIV5 TO 9DU/RY BY ?OSE :O DIRECT IT8 ,! ALLIANCE ( ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA IS A MATT] ( PURE =MALITY2 ,ALEX&] & ,WILLIAM MAY EMBRACE AS MU* AS !Y *OOSE1 BUT ! B\RGEOISIE EM]G+ 9 ,RUSSIA CORDIALLY DETE/S ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 :I* REPAYS IT 9 ! SAME CO94 ,WE REMEMB] ! G5]AL \TCRY RAIS$ 9 ! ,G]MAN PRESS :5 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T AUGM5T$ ! T>IFFS BY A ?IRD4 0,A W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA-SAY ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK]S :O FOLL[ !M-W\LD BE EV5 MORE POPUL> ?AN ! W> ( #a#h#g40 

,SO :AT8 ,IS NOT ! FAM\S ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA ALSO WRITT5 9 S&1 & >E !SE TWO P[]S-:I* MEANS !IR RESPECTIVE B\RGEOISIES-V]Y F> (F A S]I\S DISPUTE OV] T>IFFS8 ,& ?OSE TW9 SIBL+S1 ,AU/RIA & ,HUNG>Y1 >E !Y NOT ALSO ON ! PO9T ( DECL>+ A T>IFF W>-!IR 9T]E/S BE+ DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ ON ! MATT] ( EXPLOIT+ ! S\!RN ,SLAVS8 ,& EV5 ,FRANCE1 IS IT NOT ITSELF DIVID$ ON MATT]S ( T>IFFS8 

,9DE$1 Y\ DID NOT WANT SOCIALISM1 & Y\ %ALL HAVE W>6 ,Y\ >E 9 = ?IRTY YE>S ( W>1 IF ! REVOLUTION DOES NOT PUT AN 5D TO ?IS SITUATION :I* IS AS ABSURD AS IT IS IGNOBLE4 ,BUT ?IS Y\ MU/ ALSO KN[4 ,>BITRATION1 EQUILIBRIUM1 ! SUPPRESSION ( P]MAN5T >MIES1 DIS>MAM5T1 ALL >E BEAUTIFUL DREAMS ) NO PRACTICAL MEAN+4 ,ONLY ! REVOLUTION1 HAV+ PUT 9/RUM5TS & MA*9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS & ! :OLE WEAL? ( SOCIETY 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK] & REORGANIZ$ ! :OLE ( PRODUCTION SO AS TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ?OSE :O PRODUCE EV]Y?+1 CAN PUT AN 5D TO W>S OV] M>KETS4 

,EA* WORK+ = ALL1 & ALL = EA*-?AT IS ! ONLY CONDITION :I* CAN LEAD TO PEACE AMONG NATIONS1 :O DEM& IT L\DLY BUT >E FRU/RAT$ BY ?OSE :O HOLD ! MONOPOLY ( SOCIAL WEAL?4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhd 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

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