,WORK]S P[] & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 
A REVIEW ( ,MAURICE ,BR9TON'S ,= ,WORK]S ,P[] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,TOM ,WETZEL 

,TEXT 3 

,I WAS ATTRACT$ TO RADICAL POLITICS 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS_/E>LY '#gS :5 ,I WAS 9 MY TW5TIES4 ,MO/ ( ! PEOPLE :O W]E DRAWN TO S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS BACK !N 5D$ UP 9 ,L59I/ ORGANIZATIONS ( SOME SORT1 IF ONLY = A TIME4 ,?IRD ,WORLD REVOLUTIONS W]E ONE 9FLU5CE4 ,V>I\S ,M>XI/-,L59I/ P>TIES HAD COME TO P[] BAS$ ON GU]RILLA /RUGGLES1 9 PLACES LIKE ,*9A & ,CUBA1 & ?IS AUGM5T$ ! CLAIM ( ,L59ISM ?AT IT WAS 0SUCCESSFUL0 9 *>T+ A WAY TO A PO/-CAPITALI/ FUTURE4 

,BUT IT SEEM$ OBVI\S TO ME ?AT WORK]S DID NOT HAVE P[] 9 PRODUCTION 9 ! V>I\S ,COMMUNI/ C\NTRIES4 ,!Y'RE SUBORD9AT$ TO A MANAG]IAL HI]>*Y4 ,?US1 ,I REASON$1 WORK]S MU/ BE A SUBJUGAT$ & EXPLOIT$ CLASS 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES4 

,A WORK ,I F\ND P>TICUL>LY HELPFUL 9 ! '#gS WAS ,MAURICE ,BR9TON'S ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL4 ,?IS CLE>HEAD$ & WELL-RESE>*$ LITTLE BOOK WAS AN 9DISP5SABLE S\RCE ( >GUM5TS TO EXPLODE ! MY? ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY BUILD+ 0PROLET>IAN P[]0 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A,K ,PRESS HAS N[ RE-ISSU$ ?IS BOOKLET AS P>T ( AN AN?OLOGY1 ,= ,WORK]S ,P[]4 ,BR9TON WAS ! MA9 WRIT] = ! ,LONDON LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ GR\P ,SOLID>ITY4 ,?IS AN?OLOGY COLLECTS 9 ONE PLACE MANY ( ,BR9TON'S WRIT+S1 9CLUD+ ,! ,IRRATIONAL 9 ,POLITICS & ,P>IS3 ,MAY #a#i#f#h4 ,9 ?IS REVIEW ,I'LL MA9LY FOCUS ON ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 

,BR9TON BELIEVES ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT HAVE P[] 9 SOCIETY1 CANNOT LIB]ATE ITSELF FROM ITS CONDITION AS A SUBJUGAT$ & EXPLOIT$ CLASS1 UNLESS IT GA9S DIRECT MANAGEM5T P[] OV] PRODUCTION4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ ALSO GA9 CONTROL OV] ! :OLE /RUCTURE ( ! SOCIETY TO 5SURE ITS LIB]ATION4 ,BUT HE REJECTS ! IDEA ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD HAVE P[] 9 SOCIETY IF IT IS SUBJUGAT$ 9 PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS ! HE>T ( ,BR9TON'S >GUM5T4 

,PEOPLE SOMETIMES SAY ?AT 0WORK]S C\NCILS0 W]E ! ORGANIZATIONAL MEANS = WORK]S FI<T+ = & ATTA9+ P[] 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4.<#a.> ,BUT !RE W]E TWO DIFF]5T TYPES ( MASS ORGANIZATION SUPPORT$ BY WORK]S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ?AT C\LD BE CALL$ 0WORK]S C\NCILS03 ! SOVIETS 7SOVIET IS ,RUSSIAN = C\NCIL7 & ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,LET'S LOOK AT EA*4 

,! ,PETROGRAD SOVIET WAS =M$ DUR+ ! TUMULTU\S EV5TS 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #aiag ?AT L$ TO ! ABDICATION ( ! CZ>4 ,A GR\P ( RADICAL & LIB]AL 9TELLECTUALS =M$ ! SOVIET TOP-D[N :5 !Y CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES AS ! 0,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET0 ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#g1 #a#i#a#g4 ,!Y !N S5T \T A CALL = ELECTION ( DELEGATES4.<#b.> ,MOREOV]1 ! SOVIET ASSEMBLIES W]E NOT :]E ! REAL DECISIONS W]E MADE4 ,! EXECUTIVE MADE ! REAL DECISIONS 9 ! BACKROOMS4 ,SOME DECISIONS W]E SUBMITT$ TO ! ASSEMBL$ DELEGATES = RATIFICATION1 SOME W]E NOT4 ,! SOVIET ASSEMBLY T5D$ TO BE JU/ AN OP5 MEET+1 :]E ANYONE C\LD SPEAK4 ,SOVIETS =M$ 9 O!R ,RUSSIAN CITIES W]E SIMIL>4 

,! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 UNLIKE ! SOVIETS1 W]E 9ITIAT$ DIRECTLY BY ,RUSSIAN WORK]S !MSELVES1 & !SE ORGANIZATIONS BECAME ! MA9 VEHICLE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,!SE COMMITTEES W]E TYPICALLY MADE UP ( ELECT$ WORK] DELEGATES4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT DECISIONS W]E MADE 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! RANK & FILE4 

,ON ,MAY #c1 #aiag !RE WAS A MEET+ ( OV] #d REPRES5TATIVES ( FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 ! ,PETROGRAD >EA4 ,!Y DESCRIB$ ! SITUATION !Y FAC$3 

0,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION ! ADM9I/RATIVE /AFFS ( ! FACTORIES HAVE REL9QUI%$ !IR PO/S4 ,! WORKM5 ( ! FACTORIES HAVE BECOME ! MA/]S4 ,TO KEEP ! FACTORIES GO+1 ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES HAVE HAD TO TAKE ! MANAGEM5T 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION1 9 ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>*1 ! WORKM5 LEFT ! FACTORIES & W5T 9TO ! /REETS444,LAT]1 ! WORKM5 RETURN$ TO !IR WORK4 ,!Y F\ND ?AT MANY FACTORIES HAD BE5 DES]T$4 ,! MANAG]S1 5G9E]S1 G5]ALS1 ME*ANICS1 =EM5 HAD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! WORKM5 W\LD WREAK !IR V5GEANCE ON !M1 & !Y HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,! WORKM5 HAD TO BEG9 WORK ) NO ADM9I/RATIVE /AFF TO GUIDE !M4 ,!Y HAD TO ELECT COMMITTEES :I* GRADUALLY REE/ABLI%$ A NORMAL SY/EM ( WORK4 ,! COMMITTEES HAD TO F9D ! NECESS>Y RAW MAT]IALS1 &444TAKE UPON !MSELVES ALL K9DS ( UNEXPECT$ & UNACCU/OM$ DUTIES40.<#c.> 

,! FACTORY COMMITTEES W]E DESCRIB$ AS 0FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS1 ELECT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! WIDE/ DEMOCRACY & ) COLLECTIVE LEAD]%IP10 ) ! AIM ( CREAT+ 0! ORGANIZATION ( ?OR\< CONTROL BY LABOR OV] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION40 

,RUSSIAN WORK]S F\ND ?AT NEI!R ! SOVIETS NOR ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONS C\LD BE US$ BY !M TO SOLVE !IR IMM$IATE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OR HELP TO COORD9ATE ACTIVITIES BETWE5 DIFF]5T WORKPLACES4 ,! SOVIETS W]E TI<TLY CONTROLL$ BY !IR EXECUTIVE & W]E TAK5 UP ) FI<T+ ! GOV]NM5T OV] POLITICAL ISSUES SU* AS CONT9U$ ,RUSSIAN 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! WORLD W>4 

,! 9DU/RIAL UNIONS W]5'T MU* HELP EI!R4 ,UNIONS HAD BE5 ILLEGAL UND] CZ>ISM4 ,! UNIONS HAD BE5 =M$ TOP-D[N BY ! POLITICAL P>TIES & CONT9U$ TO BE L>GELY AN APP5DAGE ( ! P>TIES4 ,?R\<\T MO/ ( #aiag MO/ ( ! UNIONS W]E CONTROLL$ BY ! ,M5%EVIKS4 ,AL?\< UNION MEMB]%IP ROSE FROM #a1 TO OV] A MILLION DUR+ #a#i#a#g1 ?IS WAS L>GELY AN EFFECT ( ! GR[? ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,RADICAL WORK]S T5D$ TO JO9 ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONS AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE1 NOT BECAUSE ! UNIONS HAD A REAL PRES5CE 9 ! WORKPLACES4 ,BILL ,%ATOV1 AN ,AM]ICAN ,I,W,W MEMB] :O RETURN$ TO HIS NATIVE ,RUSSIA1 DESCRIB$ ! ,RUSSIAN UNIONS AS 0LIV+ CORPSES40 

,BY ,SEPTEMB]1 #aiag ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD GA9$ MAJORITIES 9 ! KEY ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS4 ,AB\T HALF ! DELEGATES 9 ! ,PETROGRAD SOVIET REPRES5T$ P]SONNEL 9 ! ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y4 ,) ! TROOPS LOYAL TO ! SOVIETS1 ,BOL%EVIK CONTROL ( ! SOVIETS 5ABL$ !M TO CAPTURE /ATE P[] AT ! 5D ( ,OCTOB]4 

,! NEW GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURE VE/$ AU?ORITY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN P>LIAM5T -- ! #c#e-MEMB] ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,AS 9 O!R P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EMS1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS =M$ AS AN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE1 OR CAB9ET ( M9I/]S1 ( ! P>LIAM5T4 ,?IS EXECUTIVE WAS ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S 7,SOVN>KOM74 ,L591 AS *AIR ( ?IS COMMITTEE1 WAS PREMI] OR HEAD ( ! GOV]NM5T4.<#d.> ,! LOCAL & REGIONAL SOVIETS1 :I* W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN RUBB] /AMPS = !IR P>TY-CONTROLL$ EXECUTIVES ANYWAY1 CAME TO FUNCTION AS AN 0ELECTORAL COLLEGE0 79 ! ,AM]ICAN S5SE7 = ! 9DIRECT ELECTION ( ! P>LIAM5T4 ,! SOVIET /RUCTURE PROVID$ LEGITIMACY = ! NEW ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 BAS$ ON ! WIDESPREAD SUPPORT = ! SOVIETS AMONG ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & MILIT>Y P]SONNEL 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,BUT ! 9DIRECT SY/EM ( ELECTION & ! TI<T C5TRALIZATION MEANT IT C\LD NOT BE EFFECTIVELY CONTROLL$ BY RANK-&-FILE WORK]S OR US$ BY !M TO 9ITIATE & CONTROL DECISIONS4 

,BY ,OCTOB] #aiag A COMPLEX SITUATION EXI/$ 9 ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 0,9 PRACTICE ! IMPLEM5TATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL TOOK ON A V>IETY ( =MS 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,RUSSIA10 ,BR9TON WRITES4 0,!SE W]E P>TLY DET]M9$ BY LOCAL CONDITIONS BUT PRIM>ILY BY ! DEGREE ( RESI/ANCE %[N BY DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! EMPLOY+ CLASS4 ,9 SOME PLACES ! EMPLOY]S W]E EXPROPRIAT$ =?)1 'FROM BEL[4' ,9 O!R 9/ANCES !Y W]E M]ELY SUBMITT$ TO A SUP]VISORY TYPE ( 'CONTROL1' EX]CIS$ BY ! FACTORY COMMITTEES40 ,?IS 0SUP]VISOR CONTROL0 9CLUD$1 = EXAMPLE1 ! RI<T TO VETO MANAGEM5T HIR+ DECISIONS1 TO PREV5T EMPLOYM5T ( /RIKEBREAK]S4 ,AFT] ! COM+ TO P[] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ! SITUATION W\LD BECOME EV5 MORE COMPLEX ) SOME 5T]PRISES 0NATIONALIZ$ FROM ABOVE BY DECREE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T40 

,AT ! 5D ( #aiag ,L59 DID NOT FAVOR IMM$IATE NATIONALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,BR9TON BELIEVES ?AT ,L59 OPPOS$ EXPROPRIATION ( ! CAPITALI/S 0BECAUSE ( HIS UND]E/IMATION ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE MATURITY ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,L59 5VISION$ ?AT ! 0DUAL P[]0 SITUATION ( 0SUP]VISORY CONTROL0 :I* EXI/$ 9 MANY PRIVATELY-[N$ 5T]PRISES W\LD CONT9UE = SOME TIME4 ,! RI<T ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES TO 5GAGE 9 ?IS SUP]VISORY CONTROL WAS LEGALIZ$ 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #aiag BY ,L59'S DECREE ON 0WORK]S CONTROL40 ,L59 WAS NOT ADVOCAT+ ?AT WORK]S TAKE OV] MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION OR EXPROPRIATE CAPITALI/S ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 

,DUR+ #aiag MANY ,RUSSIAN WORK]S 5VISION$ A DIVISION ( LABOR :]E ! FACTORY COMMITTEES W\LD TAKE OV] ! RUNN+ ( ! ECONOMY :ILE ! SOVIETS W\LD BECOME ! NEW POLITY OR GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURE4.<#e.> ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 5C\RAG$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T TO RE/RICT ITS AMBITIONS TO 0! ECONOMY40 ,! 0WORK]S P>TY0 W\LD TAKE POLITICAL P[]4 

,LIMIT+ !IR ASPIRATION = P[] TO ! ECONOMY W\LD PROVE TO BE ! UNDO+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T4 ,DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION MAY BE NECESS>Y = WORK] P[] 9 SOCIETY1 BUT IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,WORK]S NE$ TO ALSO CONTROL ! POLITY -- ! 9/ITUTIONS = MAK+ ! BASIC RULES 9 SOCIETY & 5=C+ !M4 ,IF !Y DON'T1 !Y WON'T BE ABLE TO DEF5D !IR P[] 9 PRODUCTION4 

,RUSSIAN WORK]S ASSUM$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] ?R\< ! SOVIETS W\LD SUPPORT !IR ASPIRATIONS = ECONOMIC CONTROL4 ,! CREATION ( ! NEW ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 9 ,OCTOB] ?US SPURR$ A NEW BUR/ ( ACTIVITY BY ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< ,L59'S 0WORK]S CONTROL0 DECREE ONLY LEGALIZ$ ! DEGREE ( CONTROL ! FACTORY COMMITTEES HAD ALREADY A*IEV$1 IT 5C\RAG$ WORK]S TO GO F>!R BECAUSE N[ !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !IR EF=TS W\LD GA9 (FICIAL SANCTION4 ,WORK]S DIDN'T PUT TOO MU* /OCK 9 ! B\ND>Y ,L59 DREW BETWE5 CONTROL & MANAGEM5T4 ,MOREOV]1 ,L59'S IDEA ?AT ! SITUATION ( 0DUAL P[]0 9 ! FACTORIES C\LD BE MA9TA9$ 9DEF9ITELY WAS UNREALI/IC4 ,KRITZMAN1 A 0LEFT0 ,COMMUNI/1 CRITICIZ$ ! WORK]S CONTROL DECREE3 

0,EMPLOY]S W\LD NOT BE 9CL9$ TO RUN !IR BUS9ESSES ) ! SOLE AIM ( TEA*+ ! WORK]S H[ TO MANAGE !M4 ,CONV]SELY1 ! WORK]S FELT ONLY HATR$ = ! CAPITALI/S & SAW NO REASON :Y !Y %\LD VOLUNT>ILY REMA9 EXPLOIT$40 

0,! SPONTANE\S 9CL9ATION ( ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZE FACTORY COMMITTEES10 WROTE HI/ORIAN ,E4 ,H4 ,C>R1 0WAS 9EVITABLY 5C\RAG$ BY A REVOLUTION :I* L$ ! WORK]S TO BELIEVE ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE MA*9]Y ( ! C\NTRY BELONG$ TO !M & C\LD BE OP]AT$ BY !M AT !IR [N DISCRETION & TO !IR [N ADVANTAGE4 ,:AT HAD BEGUN TO HAPP5 BE=E ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION N[ HAPP5$ MORE FREQU5TLY & MORE OP5LY2 & = ! MOM5T NO?+ W\LD HAVE DAMM$ ! TIDE ( REVOLT40.<#f.> 

,\T ( ?IS UPSURGE ( ACTIVITY CAME ! FIR/ ATTEMPT BY ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T TO =M ITS [N NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 9DEP5D5T ( ! TRADE UNIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,9 ,DECEMB] ! ,C5TRAL ,SOVIET ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,>EA PUBLI%$ A ,PRACTICAL ,MANUAL = ! ,IMPLEM5TATION ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL ( ,9DU/RY4 ,! MANUAL PROPOS$ ?AT 0WORK]S CONTROL C\LD RAPIDLY BE EXT5D$ 9TO 'WORK]S' MANAGEM5T'40 ,! MANUAL ALSO ANN\NC$ ! 9T5TION ( =M+ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES 9TO REGIONAL F$]ATIONS & A NATIONAL F$]ATION4 

,ISAAC ,DEUTS*] EXPLA9S :AT !N HAPP5$3 

0,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ATTEMPT$ TO =M !IR [N NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS TO SECURE !IR VIRTUAL ECONOMIC DICTATOR%IP4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS N[ CALL$ UPON ! TRADE UNIONS TO R5D] A SPECIAL S]VICE TO ! NASC5T ,SOVIET ,/ATE & TO DISCIPL9E ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,! UNIONS CAME \T FIRMLY AGA9/ ! ATTEMPT ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES TO =M A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N4 ,!Y PREV5T$ ! CONVOCATION ( ! PLANN$ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & DEM&$ TOTAL SUBORD9ATION ON ! P>T ( ! ,COMMITTEES40.<#g.> 

,H[EV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY HAD ONLY JU/ TAK5 /ATE P[] -- & !IR GRIP ON P[] W\LD BECOME EV5 MORE T5U\S ) ! ONSET ( ! ,RUSSIAN CIVIL W> 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#a#h4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 A COMPROMISE 9 :I* ! P>TY COMMITT$ ITSELF TO TRADE UNION CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY4 

,?IS HELP$ ! P>TY LEAD]%IP TO GA9 ! COOP]ATION ( ! P>TY'S TRADE UNION CADRES 9 SUPPRESS+ ! DRIVE ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T = DIRECT WORK] MANAGEM5T4 ,! TRADE UNION CONTROL CONCEPT W\LD BE 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ,PO9T #e ( ! PROGRAM ADOPT$ AT ! #aiai ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CONGRESS3 

0,! ORGANIZATIONAL APP>ATUS ( SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY MU/ BE BAS$ PRIM>ILY ON ! TRADE UNIONS444,P>TICIPAT+ ALREADY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LAWS ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC & E/ABLI%$ PRACTICE 9 ALL LOCAL & C5TRAL ORGANS ( 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION1 ! TRADE UNIONS MU/ PROCE$ TO ! ACTUAL CONC5TRATION 9 !IR [N H&S ( ALL ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY1 AS A S+LE ECONOMIC UNIT40 

,! FIR/ /EP 9 SUPPLANT+ ! WORK]S' DRIVE = ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T ) C5TRAL PLANN+ FROM ABOVE WAS ! DECREE ON ,DECEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#g1 SETT+ UP ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL 7,VES5KA71 UND] ! DIRECT AU?ORITY ( ,SOVN>KOM4 ,VES5KA WAS MADE UP ( ,BOL%EVIK TRADE UNION (FICIALS1 ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY /ALW>TS & 0EXP]TS0 APPO9T$ FROM ABOVE BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,VES5KA WAS ASSIGN$ ! TASK ( CREAT+ 0A PLAN = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY0 & WAS TO 0DIRECT TO A UNI=M 5D0 ! ACTIVITIES ( ALL EXI/+ ECONOMIC AU?ORITIES4 ,H]E WE HAVE ! BEG9N+S ( A C5TRAL PLANN+ APP>ATUS ASSUM+ MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS4 

,! FATE ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T WAS F\<T \T AT ! FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#a#h4 ,H]E ! ,BOL%EVIKS PUT =W>D !IR PLAN TO SUBORD9ATE ! FACTORY COMMITTEES TO HI]>*ICAL UNION CONTROL4 ,! MA9 ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL T5D5CY ) A VISION = DIRECT WORK]S MANAGEM5T W]E ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,AT ! CONGRESS1 ! #be AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ DELEGATES1 REPRES5T+ ,DON ,BAS9 M9]S1 ,MOSC[ RAILWAY WORK]S & O!R WORK]S1 MADE A DESP]ATE EF=T TO DEF5D ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T & ITS DRIVE = DIRECT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ,!Y PROPOS$ 0?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 TRANSPORT & DI/RIBUTION BE IMM$IATELY TRANSF]R$ TO ! H&S ( ! TOIL+ PEOPLE !MSELVES1 & NOT TO ! /ATE OR SOME CIVIL S]VICE MA*9E MADE UP ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R ( CLASS 5EMY40 ,G4,P4 ,MAXIMOV1 A PROM95T AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 HORIZONTAL COORD9ATION & HI]>*ICAL CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY3 

0,! AIM ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS TO COORD9ATE ALL ACTIVITY1444TO CREATE A C5T]1 BUT NOT A C5T] ( DECREES & ORD9ANCES BUT A C5T] ( REGULATION1 ( GUIDANCE -- & ONLY ?R\< SU* A C5T] TO ORGANIZE ! 9DU/RIAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY40 

,H[EV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS GOT ! DECISION !Y WANT$4 ,!Y HAD ! MAJORITY ( DELEGATES1 & ,M5%EVIK & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY SUPPORT]S AT ! CONGRESS ALSO VOT$ = SUBORD9ATION ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES TO ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,) CONTROL OV] ! GOV]NM5T1 ! >M$ =CES1 ! TRADE UNION APP>ATUS1 & MAJORITIES ON MANY ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY WAS ABLE TO TAME ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T4 ,ANY FACTORY COMMITTEE ?AT DIDN'T GO ALONG C\LD BE ISOLAT$2 A FACTORY C\LD BE D5I$ RES\RCES IT NE$$4 

0,BOL%EVIK PROPAG&A 9 LAT] YE>S10 ,BR9TON NOTES1 W\LD H>P ON ! !ME ?AT ! FACTORY COMMITTEES 0W]E NOT A SUITABLE MEANS = ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION ON A NATIONAL SCALE40 ,DEUTS*]1 = EXAMPLE1 SAYS ?AT 0ALMO/ FROM !IR CREATION1 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES444ASPIR$ TO HAVE !444F9AL SAY ON ALL MATT]S AFFECT+ !IR FACTORY1 ITS \TPUT1 ITS /OCKS ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ITS CONDITIONS ( WORK1 ETC4 & PAID LITTLE OR NO ATT5TION TO ! NE$S ( 9DU/RY AS A :OLE40 

,! ,L59I/ >GUM5T MAKES A FALSE ASSUMPTION3 ,EI!R AN>*IC & UNCOORD9AT$ AUTONOMY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY1 OR A C5TRAL PLANN+ APP>ATUS TO CREATE A PLAN & !N ISSUE ORD]S ?R\< A HI]>*Y1 TOP-D[N4 ,L59I/S 0DISMISS WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ) D]OGATORY COMM5TS AB\T 'SOCIALISM 9 ONE FACTORY'10 SAYS ,BR9TON1 0OR ) PR(UNDITIES LIKE 'Y\ CAN'T HAVE GR\PS ( WORK]S DO+ :ATEV] !Y LIKE1 )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4'0 ,BUT !RE IS A ?IRD ALT]NATIVE3 ,A SY/EM ( HORIZONTAL1 SELF-MANAG$ PLANN+ & COORD9ATION4 ,:Y CAN'T WORK]S & CONSUM]S !MSELVES CREATE ! PLAN8 

,?R\< !IR [N EXP]I5CE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S !MSELVES HAD COME TO REALIZE ! NE$ = COORD9ATION & PLANN+ ( ! ECONOMY ON A BROAD] SCALE4 ,?IS WAS ! PO9T TO ! PROPOSALS = REGIONAL & NATIONAL F$]ATIONS ( FACTORY COMMITTEES1 & ! CONV5+ ( A NATIONAL FACTORY COMMITTEE CONGRESS4 

,! CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION GREW TO #ab MILLION MEMB]S4 ,:5 WORK]S TOOK OV] FACTORIES 9 #a#i#a#g1 !Y SOMETIMES DEVELOP$ L9KS ) !SE ORGANIZATIONS = DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS ( !IR FACTORY4 ,?IS RELATION%IP C\LD HAVE BE5 SY/EMIZ$ TO PROVIDE CONSUM] 9PUT TO SOME SORT ( GRASSROOTS-CONTROLL$1 P>TICIPATORY PLANN+ SY/EM4 

,! PROPOSAL = UNION MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY1 5DORS$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CONGRESS 9 #a#i#a#i1 WAS NEV] IMPLEM5T$4 ,9 EX*ANGE = !IR EF=TS TO SUPPRESS ! 9DEP5D5T 9ITIATIVE ( FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TRADE UNION CADRES HAD BE5 APPO9T$ TO V>I\S GOV]NM5T & MANAGEM5T BODIES1 BUT ?IS WAS COMB9$ ) GOV]NM5T APPO9TM5T ( MANAG]S & CONTROL FROM ABOVE4 ,AS E>LY AS ,NOVEMB] #i1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,C5TRAL ,SOVIET ( ,EMPLOYES ?AT HAD TAK5 OV] ! PO/AL SY/EM DUR+ ! REVOLUTION WAS ABOLI%$4 ,! NEW M9I/] 9 *>GE DECRE$3 0,NO444COMMITTEES = ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! DEP>TM5T ( ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS CAN USURP ! FUNCTIONS BELONG+ TO ! C5TRAL P[] & TO ME AS ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>40 

,BY #aiba WORK] DISCONT5T WAS WIDESPREAD & /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[4 ,! IMM$IATE DANG] POS$ BY =EIGN EMB>GO & CIVIL W> HAD 5D$ & N[ ! TRADE UNION BASE ( ! P>TY WAS PU%+ = A GREAT] SAY 9 ! RUNN+ ( ! ECONOMY4 ,?IS DEBATE W\LD COME TO A HEAD AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CONGRESS 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#b#a4 ,! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION *>G$ ?AT ! P>TY LEAD]S HAD FAIL$ TO C>RY \T ! PROMISES 9 ! #aiai PROGRAM1 & HAD 0R$UC$ TO ALMO/ NIL ! 9FLU5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,) 0! ,P>TY & ECONOMIC AU?ORITIES HAV+ BE5 SWAMP$ BY B\RGEOIS TE*NICIANS10 !Y >GU$ ?AT ! SOLUTION WAS UNION MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,!Y ?US PROPOS$ TO 9VOKE AN ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,PRODUC]S ,CONGRESS TO ELECT ! MANAGEM5T ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY1 ) ! V>I\S 9DU/RIAL UNIONS ELECT+ ! MANAGEM5T BO>DS ( !IR RESPECTIVE 9DU/RIES4 

,L59 D5\NC$ ! PU% = UNION MANAGEM5T AS A 0SYNDICALI/ DEVIATION40 0,IT DE/ROY$ ! NE$ = ! ,P>TY4 ,IF ! TRADE UNIONS1 N9E-T5?S ( :OSE MEMB]S >E NON-,P>TY WORK]S1 APPO9T ! MANAG]S ( 9DU/RY1 :AT IS ! USE ( ! ,P>TY801 ,L59 ASK$4 ,H]E WE SEE ,L59'S VIEW ( ! P>TY AS MANAG]S1 IMPLEM5T+ !IR PROGRAM ?R\< A TOP-D[N HI]>*Y4 ,HE ASSUMES ?AT ! WORK]S !MSELVES >E SOMEH[ 9CAPABLE ( RUNN+ ! ECONOMY1 ?AT ! P>TY 9TELLIG5TSIA MU/ BE 9 *>GE4 

,TROTSKY D5\NC$ ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION = RAIS+ 0DANG]\S SLOGANS03 

0,!Y HAVE MADE A FETI% ( DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES4 ,!Y HAVE PLAC$ ! WORK]S' RI<T TO ELECT REPRES5TATIVES ABOVE ! ,P>TY4 ,AS IF ! ,P>TY W]E NOT 5TITL$ TO ASS]T ITS DICTATOR%IP EV5 IF ?AT DICTATOR%IP CLA%$ ) ! PASS+ MOODS ( ! WORK]S' DEMOCRACY40 

,! P>TY CONGRESS 5D$ NOT ONLY ) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION BUT ) ! P>TY BANN+ 9T]NAL DISS5T4 ,! (FIC]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN METALWORK]S UNION W]E LEAD]S ( ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION4 ,:5 ! P>TY FRACTION 9 ! UNION REFUS$ TO GO ALONG ) P>TY ORD]S TO KICK !M \T ( (FICE1 ! P>TY-/ATE LEAD]S IMPOS$ A TRU/EE%IP 7AS ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O W\LD SAY74 ,! UNION'S ELECT$ (FIC]S W]E REPLAC$ ) P>TY APPO9TEES4 ,?IS WAS NOT ! FIR/ TIME ?IS TACTIC HAD BE5 EMPLOY$4 ,9 #a#i#b1 ,TROTSKY1 AS ,COMMISS> ( ,TRANSPORT1 HAD BROK5 ! RAILWAY WORK]S UNION BY APPO9T+ NEW LEAD]S4 

,%ORTLY AFT] ! #aiba P>TY CONGRESS ,BOGDANOV & HIS ,WORK]S ,TRU? GR\P 7( ,BOL%EVIK ORIG97 W]E TO DECL>E ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD L$ TO 0A COMPLETE DEFEAT = ! WORK+ CLASS40 

,PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONDITION ?AT MADE VICTORY DIFFICULT = ! WORK]S REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA WAS ! FACT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,RUSSIA WAS A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION1 NO MORE ?AN #a P]C5T4 ,RUSSIA 9 #aiag WAS /ILL SEMI-FEUDAL4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION W]E PEASANTS :OSE CONC]N 9 ! REVOLUTION WAS MA9LY TO EXPROPRIATE ! BIG L&LORDS & GA9 CONTROL ( !IR SMALL F>MS4 ,PEASANTS PRODUC$ L>GELY = !IR [N CONSUMPTION2 PRODUCTIVITY WAS L[4 ,! POV]TY1 DISORGANIZATION & ILLIT]ACY ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY PREV5T$ !M FROM IMPOS+ !IR [N SOLUTION ON ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA !RE DIDN'T EXI/ ! SORT ( WIDESPREAD WORK] UNIONISM 9 AGRICULTURE ?AT 5ABL$ ! ,SPANI% AGRICULTURAL WORK]S TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#c#f4 

,DID ! M9ORITY /ATUS ( ! WORK+ CLASS DOOM IT TO DEFEAT8 ,G4,P4 ,MAXIMOV1 :O WAS AN AGRONOMI/1 HAD HOP$ ?AT CZ>I/ W> 9DU/RY C\LD BE CONV]T$ TO ! MANUFACTURE ( TRACTORS1 ELECTRICAL G5]AT+ EQUIPM5T & O!R ?+S TO EX*ANGE ) ! PEASANTRY = !IR PRODUCTS4 ,HE HOP$ ?AT A /RATEGY ( 9VE/+ 9 ! AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY W\LD 5C\RAGE COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS1 A COLLECTIVI/ \TLOOK1 & 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY 9 ! PEASANT COMMUNITIES4 ,?IS WAS ,MAXIMOV'S LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ PA? = ,RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE4.<#h.> 

,EV5 IF ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD WANT$ TO PURSUE ?IS PEACE CONV]SION /RATEGY1 ! ONSET ( ! ,RUSSIAN CIVIL W> 9 ,MAY1 #aiah W\LD HAVE GOTT5 9 ! WAY4 ,VIRTUALLY ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS CONV]T$ 9TO A SUPPLY ORGANIZATION = ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,! CITIES PRODUC$ NO?+ ?AT C\LD BE TRAD$ TO ! PEASANTS = !IR PRODUCTS4 ,SO1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS RESORT$ TO =C$ REQUISITIONS1 SEIZ+ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AT ! PO9T ( A GUN4 ,?IS /RATEGY WAS NOT V]Y EFFECTIVE4 ,! PEASANTS RESI/$ & ! CITIES />V$4 ,! URBAN POPULATION ( ,RUSSIA WAS CUT 9 HALF DUR+ ! CIVIL W>4 ,WORK]S MOV$ 9 ) !IR C\NTRY C\S9S4 ,AT LEA/ !Y W\LDN'T />VE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,L59'S SOLUTION TO ! GR[+ PEASANT DISCONT5T WAS ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 5ACT$ 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,?IS POLICY 5C\RAG$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & FREE TRADE 9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS4 ,EV5TUALLY IT WAS ,/AL9 :O 0SOLV$0 ! PROBLEM ( L[ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ?R\< =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION & ME*ANIZATION4 ,?IS ALL[$ MU* ( ! RURAL POPULATION TO BE MOV$ TO WORK 9 URBAN 9DU/RY1 BEG9N+ 9 ! LATE '#bS4 ,! /ATE HI]>*Y C\LD !N CAPTURE ! EFFICI5CY GA9S FROM AGRICULTURAL 9VE/M5T TO BUILD UP ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 

,BOL%EVIK APOLOGI/S USUALLY PO9T TO V>I\S 0CONJUNCTURAL0 FACTORS TO EXPLA9 ! DEFEAT ( ! WORK]S REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA -- =EIGN 9VASION & CIVIL W>1 FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY & O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 & SO ON4 ,BUT NEI!R !SE FACTORS NOR ! M9ORITY /ATUS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,RUSSIA >E SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 :Y ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' REVOLUTION WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ! PECULI> WAY IT WAS4 ,WORK] REVOLUTIONS HAVE (T5 BE5 DEFEAT$ BY A VIOL5T REACTION ?AT SAVES ! PROP]TY SY/EM ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 AS 9 ,ITALY 9 ! '#bS1 ,SPA9 9 ! '#cS1 & ,*ILI 9 #a#i#g#c4 

,BUT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS EXPROPRIAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 & A NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM EM]G$1 BAS$ ON PUBLIC [N]%IP1 & SUBORD9ATION ( ! ECONOMY TO C5TRAL PLANN+1 NOT M>KET GOV]NANCE4 

,A NEW CLASS EM]G$ AS ! RUL]S ( ?IS ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,UNLIKE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS !Y W]E HIR$ LABOR1 EMPLOYES ( ! /ATE4 ,BR9TON REF]S TO ?IS CLASS AS 0! BUREAUCRACY40 ,BUT !RE >E 0BUREAUCRACIES0 9 ALL K9DS ( ORGANIZATIONS4 ,A CLASS1 H[EV]1 IS DI/+UI%$ BY ITS P>TICUL> ROLE 9 SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 

,I ?9K IT IS HELPFUL H]E TO LOOK AT ! SORT ( HI]>*Y ?AT WAS BE+ DEVELOP$ 9 CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY 9 ! ,U4,S4 9 ! E>LY #b? C5TURY4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! L>GE CORPORATIONS GAVE ! CAPITALI/S SUFFICI5T RES\RCES TO SY/EMATICALLY RE-DESIGN JOBS & ! PRODUCTION PROCESS TO !IR ADVANTAGE1 DE/ROY+ ! SKILL & AUTONOMY ( WORK]S ?AT HAD BE5 9H]IT$ FROM ! >TISAN TRADITION4 0,EFFICI5CY EXP]TS0 LIKE ,FR$]ICK ,TAYLOR ADVOCAT$ CONC5TRATION ( CONCEPTUALIZATION & DECISION-MAK+ 9 ! H&S ( A MANAG]IAL CONTROL HI]>*Y1 REMOV+ IT FROM ! %OPFLOOR4 ,! PO9T TO ,TAYLORISM WAS TO %IFT ! BALANCE ( P[] ON ! %OPFLOOR TO ! ADVANTAGE ( MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS ATTEMPT TO GA9 GREAT] CONTROL OV] :AT WORK]S DO WAS JU/IFI$ TO ! [N]S 9 T]MS ( ! ABILITY ( ! FIRM TO 5SURE LONG-T]M PR(ITABILITY1 BUT IT ALSO EMP[]S A NEW CLASS4 ,! P]IOD BETWE5 ! #a#h#iS & #a#i#bS SAW ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW CLASS ( PR(ESSIONAL MANAG]S1 5G9E]S1 & O!R EXP]T ADVIS]S TO MANAGEM5T4 ,!SE W]E ! CADRES :O MADE UP ! NEW CONTROL HI]>*IES 9 ! CORPORATIONS & ! /ATE4 ,AS HIR$ EMPLOYES1 ! P[] ( ?IS TE*NO-MANAG]IAL OR COORD9ATOR CLASS.<#i.> IS NOT BAS$ ON [N]%IP ( CAPITAL ASSETS1 BUT ON CONC5TRATION ( EXP]TIZE & DECISION-MAK+ AU?ORITY4 

,! COORD9ATOR CLASS WAS ONLY 9 ITS E>LY /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY 9 ! E>LY #b? C5TURY4 ,9 ! ACTUAL SITUATION ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY 9TELLIG5TSIA W]E ?R[N 9TO ! BREA*1 ALONG ) TE*NICIANS & MANAG]S 9H]IT$ FROM ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION %[$ ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO USE ! /ATE TO BUILD AN ECONOMY :]E ! COORD9ATOR CLASS WAS ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & PROGRAM >E AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! EXPLANATION = ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS NEW CLASS SY/EM4 

,BR9TON MAKES A CONV9C+ CASE ?AT NEI!R ,L59 NOR ,TROTSKY EV] BELIEV$ 9 OR ADVOCAT$ WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK TAKEOV] 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 ,L59'S 0:OLE PRACTICE10 ,BR9TON NOTES1 0WAS TO D5\NCE ATTEMPTS AT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AS 'PREMATURE1' 'UTOPIAN1' 'AN>*I/1' 'H>MFUL1'0 & SO ON4 

,MU* ( ! DEBATE )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#b-#b#a WAS OV] 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T40 ,AS E>LY AS ,APRIL1 #aiah ,L59 WROTE3 

0,UNQUE/ION+ SUBMISSION TO A S+LE WILL IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( LABOR PROCESSES ?AT >E BAS$ ON L>GE-SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY444TODAY ! REVOLUTION DEM&S1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIALISM1 ?AT ! MASSES UNQUE/ION+LY OBEY ! S+LE WILL ( ! LEAD]S ( ! LABOR PROCESS40 

,BUT ! 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 DEBATE WAS SOME:AT MISLEAD+ S9CE ! REAL ISSUE IS NOT :E!R !RE IS A COMMITTEE 9 *>GE OR ONE P]SON BUT ! RELATION%IP ( ! MASS ( WORK]S TO ! AU?ORITY ( MANAGEM5T4 ,W\LD !Y POSSESS ?IS AU?ORITY !MSELVES OR NOT8 

,NONE!LESS1 ! LOGIC ( C5TRAL PLANN+ DOES FAVOR HAV+ ONE P]SON 9 *>GE4 ,IF PLANS >E CRAFT$ BY AN ELITE GR\P ( PLANN]S & !N IMPLEM5T$ AS A SET ( ORD]S ?AT MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY ! WORK=CE1 ! PLANN+ APP>ATUS WILL WANT TO HAVE ! ABILITY TO 5=CE !IR ORD]S4 ,& ?IS IS EASI] IF !RE IS JU/ ONE P]SON :O IS ANSW]ABLE TO ?OSE ABOVE RA!R ?AN A :OLE COLLECTIVE4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S ASSUM$ ?AT ! SORT ( HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES 9 9DU/RY EVOLV$ BY CAPITALISM W]E CLASS-NEUTRAL4 ,!Y MA9TA9$ ?AT MANAG]IAL HI]>*Y C\LD BE WIELD$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS LONG AS ! 0WORK]S P>TY0 CONTROLL$ ! /ATE ?AT [N$ ! ECONOMY4 

,?IS IDEA WAS NOT UNIQUE TO ,BOL%EVISM BUT WAS COMMON AMONG SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ,M>XI/S PRIOR TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,! ,COMMON ,S5SE ( ,SOCIALISM1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#a1 ,JOHN ,SP>GO1 A MEMB] ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 >GUES ?AT CONTROL ( ! /ATE BY ! LABOR-BAS$ SOCIALI/ POLITICAL P>TY IS SUFFICI5T TO 5SURE WORK+ CLASS CONTROL ( A /ATE-[N$ ECONOMY4 ,9 ,BR9TON'S VIEW1 ! COMMITM5T TO ! P]SI/5CE ( HI]>*Y -- ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO ?OSE :O GIVE ORD]S & ?OSE :O >E EXPECT$ TO OBEY !M -- IS AS ROOT$ 9 SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY AS IT IS 9 ,L59ISM4 

,:5 ,M>X DREW UP ! /ATUTES ( ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION 9 #a#h#f#d1 HE 9CLUD$ ,FLORA ,TRI/AN'S SLOGAN3 0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE ! WORK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES40 ,BR9TON'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION %[S H[ ! ,BOL%EVIKS FAIL$ TO TAKE ?IS PR9CIPLE S]I\SLY4 ,BR9TON AGREES ) ,M>X ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A PROCESS ?AT DRIVES SOCIAL *ANGE1 & ?AT ?R\< ?IS PROCESS ! WORK+ CLASS CAN LIB]ATE ITSELF4 ,! FACT ?AT WORK]S MU/ WORK1 NOT TO FULFILL !IR [N AIMS1 BUT >E =C$ TO ACT AS 9/RUM5TS = ! AIMS ( O!RS -- \R SITUATION 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY -- IS :AT ,M>X CALL$ 0ALI5AT$ LABOR40 ,BR9TON BELIEVES ?IS CONDITION ( 0ALI5ATION0 IS P]VASIVE 9 EXI/+ SOCIETY1 NOT JU/ 9 WORK4 ,LIB]ATION PRESUPPOSES ?AT ?IS CONDITION BE REPLAC$ BY SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 PRODUCTION & ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 ,9 ORD] TO WORK \T A PA? TO LIB]ATION1 ,M>X BELIEV$ IT WAS NECESS>Y TO BE REALI/IC1 TO 0SEE ?R\<0 ALL PHONY IDEOLOGY1 LIKE ! RHETORIC 9 B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM AB\T 0FRE$OM0 & 0DEMOCRACY40 

,! EMPHASIS UPON SELF-ACTIVITY1 CLASS /RUGGLE1 & REALISM AB\T SOCIETY >E ! GOOD SIDE ( ,M>X1 ! P>T ?AT ,BR9TON RETA9S 9 HIS [N ?9K+4 ,BUT 9 ! ,M>XI/ POLITICAL TRADITION ?IS IS COMB9$ ) HI]>*ICAL ASPECTS4 ,:Y8 ,9 ,M>X'S !ORY ( 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM10 SOCIAL =MATIONS BECOME VULN]ABLE TO 9/ABILITY & REPLACEM5T :5 !Y 0FETT] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES40 ,M>X ASSUMES ?AT A DRIVE = EV]-9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVE \TPUT IS A TRANS-HI/ORICAL =CE ?AT IS ! GAUGE ( SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,IF ,TAYLORISM & ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*Y 9 9DU/RY >E ! P>TICUL> WAY ?AT CAPITALISM 9CREASES PRODUCTIVE \TPUT1 !SE MU/ BE 0PROGRESSIVE10 SOME ,M>XI/S 9F]4 0,WE MU/ RAISE ! QUE/ION ( APPLY+ MU* ( :AT IS SCI5TIFIC & PROGRESSIVE 9 ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM10 ,L59 WROTE 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,L59 ?US SUPPORT$ ! ADOPTION ( ,TAYLOR'S PIECEWORK S*EMES4 0,! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC444MU/ ORGANIZE 9 ,RUSSIA ! /UDY & TEA*+ ( ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM40 ,! FALLACY 9 ?IS >GUM5T IS ! ASSUMPTION ?AT PRODUCTIVE EFFECTIV5ESS C\LD NOT BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SKILL & KN[L$GE ( WORK]S1 UND] WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,9 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM ! DIVISION BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL TAKES C5T] /AGE4 ,BECAUSE ! WORK+ CLASS DOES NOT [N ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 WE MU/ SELL \R TIME TO EMPLOY]S4 ,! CLASS P[] ( ! [N]S 5ABLES !M TO RIP (F ! WORK+ CLASS1 ACCUMULAT+ SURPLUS VALUE AS PRIVATE CAPITAL4 

,BUT !RE IS ANO!R SY/EMATIC RIP (F ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT BECOMES 5TR5*$ ONCE CAPITALISM REA*ES ITS MATURE CORPORATE =M4 ,! LOGIC ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T !N SY/EMATICALLY UND]-DEVELOPS WORK] POT5TIALS1 AS EXP]TIZE & DECISION-MAK+ IS ACCUMULAT$ AS ! POSSESSION ( ANO!R CLASS1 ! TE*NO-MANAG]IAL OR COORD9ATOR CLASS4 ,BUT ,M>XISM DOESN'T 0SEE0 ?IS CLASS4 

,?IS FAILURE MAKES ,M>XISM SELF-CONTRADICTORY4 ,! HI]>*ICAL DIM5SION ( ,M>XISM CONV]TS IT 9TO A COORD9ATOR CLASS IDEOLOGY1 A PROGRAM = ! CONT9U$ SUBORD9ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! CONCEPT ( ! 0VANGU>D P>TY0 AS MANAG]S ( ! MOVEM5T = SOCIAL *ANGE1 CONC5TRAT+ EXP]TIZE & DECISION-MAK+ 9 !IR H&S2 ! IDEA ?AT 0PROLET>IAN P[]0 CONSI/S 9 A P>TICUL> P>TY LEAD]%IP CONTROLL+ A /ATE1 IMPLEM5T+ ITS PROGRAM TOP-D[N ?R\< ! /ATE HI]>*Y2 CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY BY A C5TRAL PLANN+ APP>ATUS -- !SE ?+S DON'T EMP[] ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,HI]>*IES ( ! /ATE1 LIKE ! SIMIL> HI]>*IES 9 ! PRIVATE CORPORATIONS1 >E BAS$ ON ! CONC5TRATION ( PR(ESSIONAL EXP]TIZE & DECISION-MAK+ P[] 9TO ! H&S ( A COORD9ATORI/ ELITE4 ,A /ATI/ /RATEGIC ORI5TATION ?AT ?9KS 9 T]MS ( A P>TY LEAD]%IP CAPTUR+ A /ATE & !N IMPLEM5T+ ITS PROGRAM TOP-D[N ?R\< ! /ATE HI]>*Y IS A /ATEGY ?AT EMP[]S ! COORD9ATOR CLASS4 ,?IS CONTRADICTS ! LIB]ATORY & EGALIT>IAN RHETORIC ?AT SOCIALISM TRADITIONALLY APPEALS TO TO MOTIVATE ACTIVI/S4 

,I'M NOT H]E >GU+ ?AT ! EMP[]M5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD NOT PRESUPPOSE ! TAK+ ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,! WORK+ CLASS CAN'T EMP[] ITSELF IF IT DOESN'T TAKE OV] BO? ! RUNN+ ( 9DU/RY & ! GOV]N+ ( ! SOCIETY4 ,?IS PRESUPPOSES ?AT IT CONTROL ! POLITY -- ! /RUCTURE ?R\< :I* ! BASIC RULES 9 SOCIETY >E MADE & 5=C$4 ,BUT A HI]>*ICAL /ATE IS NOT ! ONLY POSSIBLE =M ( POLITY4 ,WE CAN ALSO 5VISION A SELF-MANAG$ POLITY -- BAS$ ON GRASSROOTS CONV5TIONS1 ACC\NTABLE TO BASE ASSEMBLIES ( RESID5TS 9 NEI<BORHOODS & WORK]S 9 WORKSITES4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT IT MU/ BE ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES :O 0TAKE P[]10 ?R\< 9/ITUTIONS ( MASS P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY ?AT ! PEOPLE CREATE & CONTROL4 

.<#a.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,ALAN ,MAAS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,ORGANIZATION WRITES3 0444! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION ( #aiag WON P[] = ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 OR SOVIETS1 E/ABLI%+ ! BASIC 9/ITUTION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY0 7,MAAS REPLY TO ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T74 ,MAAS !RE=E ID5TIFIES 0! BASIC 9/ITUTION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY0 NOT ) A P>TICUL> ECONOMIC 9/ITUTION OR WORK]S DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY BUT ) ! ,SOVIET POLITY1 ?AT IS1 A /ATE CONTROLL$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 

.<#b.> ,OSC> ,ANWEIL]1 ,LES ,SOVIETS 5 ,RUSIE1 #a#i#e-#a#i#b#a1 CIT$ 9 ,RA*LEFF 7SEE NOTE 7#d774 

.<#c.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S1 PP4 #a#d-#a#d#a4 ,JOHN ,RE$ PROVIDES DESCRIPTIONS ( SOME WORK] TAKEOV]S 9 ! >TICLE CIT$ 9 NOTE 7#c74 

.<#d.> ,JOHN ,RE$1 0,! ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,SY/EM10 ,LIB]ATION1 ,JULY1 #aiah 7REPR9T$ 9 ,SOCIALI/ ,VIEWPO9T1 ,SEPT4 #a#e1 #b#b74 

.<#e.> ,PET] ,RA*LEFF1 ,SOVIETS & ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

.<#f.> ,E4 ,H4 ,C>R1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #f#i1 CIT$ 9 ,RA*LEFF4 

.<#g.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,BR9TON1 P4 #c#b4 

.<#h.> ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIMOV1 ,CON/RUCTIVE ,AN>*ISM4 

.<#i.> 0,COORD9ATOR CLASS0 IS ! T]M ?AT ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T & ,ROB9 ,HAHNEL USE = ?IS CLASS4 ,ALB]T & ,HAHNEL1 0,A ,TICKET TO ,RIDE3 ,MORE ,LOCATIONS ON ! ,CLASS ,MAP10 9 ,BETWE5 ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL1 ,PAT ,WALK]1 $4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,WORK]S P[] & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,WORK]S P[] & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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