,*APT] #b 
,ZE ,G]MANS3 ,A ,/ATE-,MAK+ ,TE*NOLOGY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,I,I4 ,ZE ,G]MANS3 ,A ,/ATE-,MAK+ ,TE*NOLOGY 

,9 ! YE> #i#h#c1 ! ,SLAVIC 9HABITANTS ( ?AT =E/$ PLA9 S\? ( ! ,BALTIC SEA1 :]E ! RIV] ,SPREE W9DS PA/ A S]IES ( PLACID LAKES1 ! SPOT :]E A CITY KN[N AS ,B]L9 N[ /&S1 ROSE UP AGA9/ !IR MA/]S4 ,! ,SLAVS1 KN[N AS ,W5DS1 W]E RUL$ BY A ,G]MANIC ELITE :O IMPOS$ ON !IR SUBJECTS ,*RI/IANITY1 MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1 FEUDAL OBLIGATIONS SU* AS =C$ LABOR & ! TI!1 & A CULTURE ( REV]5CE = DIV9E & SECUL> AU?ORITY4 ,! ,W5DI% REBELLION WAS SUCCESSFUL1 AS W]E MANY REBELLIONS AGA9/ E>LY /ATES4 ,! POPULATION KILL$ (F OR DROVE \T ALL ! ,G]MAN NOBLES & PRIE/S1 & = ! NEXT C5TURY & A HALF1 LIV$ AS PAGANS1 /ATELESS & FREE4 

,IT REQUIR$ A MU* L>G] APP>ATUS ( /ATE =MATION ?AN ! ELITE ,G]MAN W>RIOR BRO!RHOODS TO SUBDUE !M4 ,NO LESS ?AN ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 ! MO/ POT5T AG5T ( /ATE =MATION 9 ! 5TIRE ,EUROPEAN SUBCONT95T .<#b#h.> 7& SUBSEQU5TLY 9 ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN CONT95T AS WELL71 DECL>$ A ,HOLY ,CRUSADE AGA9/ ! ,W5DS 9 #a#a#d#g1 ORGANIZ+ ! V>I\S /ATES1 /ATE FRAGM5TS1 & POLITOG5S .<#b#i.> ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE TO CONQU] & COLONIZE !M4 

,O!R ,SLAVIC PEOPLES :O LIV$ F>!R TO ! EA/1 SOME ( !M 9HABIT+ L&S VACAT$ BY ,G]MANIC TRIBES MOV+ 9TO ! COLLAPS+ ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 DID NOT DEVELOP /ATES UNTIL SIGNIFICANTLY LAT]4 ,9 :AT IS N[ ,UKRA9E1 ! ,RUS--=EBE>S ( ! ,RUSSIANS--SETTL$ ON ! ,DNIEPR ,RIV] & BEGAN :AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME A P[]FUL /ATE4 ,BUT ! ,RUS W]E A BRO!RHOOD ( ,NORSE W>RIORS :O COLONIZ$ ! ,SLAVIC LOCALS1 JU/ AS HAPP5$ ) ! ,W5DS4 

,AT ,WIELKOPOLSKA1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! N9? & T5? C5TURIES1 ! ,POLANIE TRIBE =M$ ! FIR/ 5DOG5\S /ATE 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,UNLIKE ! COLONY /ATES ON ! ,SPREE & ! ,DNIEPR =M$ BY 9VAD+ POLITOG5S1 ,WIELKOPOLSKA PROVIDES A CLE> EXAMPLE ( ANO!R MODEL ( /ATE =MATION3 ! IMITATIVE /ATE4 ,LOCAL ELITES )9 ! PREEXI/+ AUTO*?ON\S HI]>*IES W]E IMPRESS$ BY ! GREAT] P[] AMASS$ BY ELITES 9 NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES1 & S\<T TO COPY !M4 ,HAV+ A MODEL CLOSE AT H& CONF]R$ TWO GREAT ADVANTAGES = /ATE =MATION4 

,FIR/LY1 IT DECREAS$ ! RISK 5TAIL$ BY SEIZ+ ! P[] NECESS>Y = /ATE =MATION4 ,UNLIKE ORIG9AL /ATES1 IMITATIVE /ATES HAD AN EXAMPLE !Y C\LD FOLL[1 & PRO( ?AT 9CREAS+ !IR LEVEL ( /RATIFICATION & HI]>*Y WAS POSSIBLE4 ,AS 9 E>LY /ATES1 P[] WAS BY NO MEANS /ABLE 9 NON-/ATE SOCIETIES4 ,TRIBES & *IEFDOMS ALSO FAC$ REBELLION & FRACTUR+ ?AT TOPPL$ ! LEAD]%IP1 & UNLIKE !IR HOMOLOGUES 9 /ATE SOCIETIES1 ! LEAD]%IP ( NON-/ATE SOCIETIES WAS L>GELY SUBORD9ATE TO ! POPULATION & DID NOT 5JOY CO]CIVE CAPACITIES4 ,!Y HAD TO PROTECT !MSELVES ) /ATUS & *>ISMA ALONE4 ,BE+ SE5 AS P[]-HUNGRY & TYRANNICAL WAS A PROV5 WAY TO UND]M9E ?OSE QUALITIES & 5D UP DEPOS$1 EXIL$1 OR ASSASS9AT$4 .<#c.> 

,SECONDLY1 HAV+ /ATES AS NEI<BORS *ANG$ ! POLITICAL SITUATION FAC$ BY A SOCIETY & MADE ! OPTION ( MILIT>IZATION MORE ATTRACTIVE4 ,/ATES >E HI<LY DANG]\S TO !IR CITIZ5S & TO ! EXT]NALIZ$ B>B>IANS ALIKE4 ,!Y OBLIGATE NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES TO CONSID] ! QUE/ION ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,?IS QUE/ION DOES NOT HAVE AN 9EVITABLE ANSW] 9 /ATE =MATION1 AS SOME HI/ORIANS HAVE WI%$ TO ASS]T4 ,MANY SOCIETIES1 FROM ! ,MAPU*E & ! ,LAKOTA ( ! ,AM]ICAS TO ! ,WA ( ,ZOMIA1 W]E ABLE TO ORGANIZE = EFFECTIVE DEF5SIVE W>F>E AGA9/ F> MORE P[]FUL /ATE NEI<BORS )\T AN 9CREASE 9 SOCIAL HI]>*Y 79 FACT !IR COLLECTIVE SELF-DEF5SE SOMETIMES EV5 L$ TO AN ACC5TUATION ( !IR ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT]I/ICS1 AS A WAY TO MOBILIZE 5?USIASM = DEF5SIVE W>F>E & DIFF]5TIATE !MSELVES FROM ! /ATI/ NEI<BORS74 

,MORE PRECISELY1 ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE = W>F>E (F]S UP A TRAJECTORY ( /ATE =MATION = ?OSE SOCIETIES :]E AN ELITE ALREADY EXI/S & IS PREP>$ TO SEIZE ! SITUATION & SELL A SOLUTION TO !IR L[]-RANK+ K94 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY ! CASE :5 SELF-DEF5SE CAN BE SOLD1 BY ! LOCAL ELITE TO !IR SUBORD9ATE K91 AS A K9D ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE RA!R ?AN ! REBUFF+ ( ANY K9D ( DOM9ATION1 :E!R 5DOG5\S OR EXOG5\S4 ,?IS SAME T5SION WAS EVID5T 9 ! /ATE-=MATION PROCESSES ( PO/-COLONIAL C\NTRIES1 :]E NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS T5D$ T[>DS NATIONALISM 7LIB]ATION AS CULTURAL & POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ATTA9$ ?R\< 9T]CLASS UNITY74 

,9 ! CASE ( :AT IS N[ ,POL&1 9CREAS+ POPULATIONS & BELLIG]5T PRESSURE FROM NEI<BOR+ /ATES DID NOT MAKE /ATE =MATION 9EVITABLE4 ,! RE/ ( ! REGION FAC$ ! SAME CONDITIONS1 & ALSO EXP]I5C$ A GR[? 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( =TIFI$ SETTLEM5TS1 BUT ONLY AT ,WIELKOPOLSKA DID A /ATE EM]GE 9 ! N9? & T5? C5TURIES4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT !IR PA?WAY WAS TO USE ! 9CREASE 9 CON/RUCTION & MILIT>Y MEASURES 7BO? ( :I* CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ ) RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN MEANS7 AS AN OPPORTUNITY = POLITICAL UNIFICATION1 FIR/ P]HAPS 9 ! =M ( A /RONG CONF$]ATION ( TRIBAL LEAD]S 5ACT+ AN AMBITI\S PLAN TO ADM9I/] ! CLOSELY RELAT$ CONC]NS ( TRADE & W>F>E1 & !N TO SUPPORT A MON>*Y4 

,POL&'S UNIQUE POSITION AS AN 5DOG5\S /ATE SURR\ND$ BY /ATES ( ,G]MANIC ORIG9 9DICATES ! FIR/ /R&S ( AN 9T]E/+ PATT]N4 ,ELSE:]E1 ! ,VISIGO?S1 ANO!R ,G]MANIC TRIBE1 P\R$ 9TO ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA & F\ND$ A RUDIM5T>Y K+DOM 9 ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! ,ROMAN COLLAPSE1 OV] ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S CREAT+ AN 9CREAS+LY EFFECTIVE1 C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY :5 ,T>IQ IBN-,ZIYAD SWEPT ACROSS FROM NOR!RN ,AFRICA & E/ABLI%$ AN EMIRATE AT ,CORDOBA4 ,! ,MUSLIM /ATE SPREAD QUICKLY1 SOON REA*+ AS F> AS ! ,PYR5EES4 ,=MATION ( A ,MUSLIM /ATE 9 ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA WAS AID$ BY ! APA?Y ( ! LOCAL POPULATION :O SC>CELY RAIS$ !IR H&S TO DEF5D !IR BURD5SOME ,VISIGO? LORDS1 .<#c#a.> PREF]R+ ! L5I5T ,MOORI% RUL]S4 ,?IS IS ANO!R ME*ANISM = /ABLE /ATE-=MATION3 ! PROGRESSIVE /ATE1 A LESS] ( TWO EVILS ?AT TAKES ADVANTAGE ( ! POPUL> REJECTION ( A MORE ON]\S =M ( /ATE4 ,?IS CATEGORY C\LD 9CLUDE ?OSE DEMOCRATIC /ATES ?AT RE/OR$ GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS AFT] POPUL> REVOLT MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = DICTATOR%IPS TO RULE ) ANY K9D ( /ABILITY 7! E>LY ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 DEMOCRATIC ,SPA91 DEMOCRATIC ,GREECE1 ,ALBANIA44474 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,IB]IAN 9HABITANTS ( ! ,P59SULA'S NOR!RN COA/1 :O HAD LONG RESI/$ FULL 9CLUSION 9TO ! ,ROMAN & !N ! ,VISIGO?IC /ATES1 F9ALLY =M$ A /ATE--! ,K+DOM ( ,A/URIAS--:5 ! REMNANTS ( ! ,VISIGO?IC NOBILITY ALLI$ & 9T]M>RI$ ) LOCAL TRIBAL LEAD]S 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE A DEF5SE AGA9/ ! 9CURSIONS ( ! MORE EFFECTIVE ,UMAYYAD /ATE4 

,9 ! ,ITALIC P59SULA1 ,G]MANIC TRIBES 9VAD$ ,ROME ITSELF1 NOT EXCLUSIVELY TO DE/ROY ITS P[]1 AS ,HANNIBAL'S >MY FROM ,NEW ,C>?AGE 7,C>TAG5A1 9 MOD]N DAY ,SPA97 HAD ATTEMPT$ C5TURIES E>LI]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! O/5SIBLE GOAL ( ! ,G]MANIC B>B>IANS1 FROM ,ODOAC] TO ,!ODORIC ! ,GREAT1 WAS TO RULE ,ROME1 G5]ALLY 9 CONC]T ) ,ROMAN AU?ORITIES & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,! ,BRITI% ,ISLES PRES5T ANO!R CASE4 ,! TRIBES ( ! ,ANGLES & ,SAXONS CAME OV] FROM MOD]N-DAY ,D5M>K & ,FRIESL& TO CONQU] ! ,GAELIC 9HABITANTS 7RALLI$ UNSUCCESSFULLY UND] ! LEG5D>Y ,>?UR7 .<#c#b.> & E/ABLI% A K+DOM ?AT1 DEP5D+ ON ! CRIT]IA1 POT5TIALLY QUALIFI$ AS AN E>LY /ATE4 ,FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 O!R ,G]MANIC POLITOG5S CAME OV] ) A MORE P]FECT$ /ATE MODEL4 ,9 ! SAME YE>1 #a#f#f1 ,VIK+S UND] ,K+ ,H>ALD ,H>DRADA & ,NORMANS UND] ,WILLIAM ! ,DUKE ( ,NORM&Y 9VAD$ ,5G-L& 7! L& ( ! ,ANGLES74 ,! LATT] W]E SUCCESSFUL4 ,& ?\< ! POLITICO-MILIT>Y =CE FROM ,NORM&Y WAS ,FR5*-SPEAK+1 ,NORM&Y'S /ATE MODEL WAS ANO!R ,G]MANIC IMPORT1 >RIV+ A C5TURY E>LI] 9 ! =M ( A SUCCESSFUL ,VIK+ 9VASION--! EPONYM\S 0,NOR?-M50 ( ,NOR-M&Y1 :O QUICKLY 9TEGRAT$ !MSELVES ) ANO!R ,G]MANIC E>LY /ATE1 ?AT ( ! ,FRANKS1 F\ND$ BY ,CLOVIS AT ! 5D ( ! FIF? C5TURY1 :5 A CONF$]ATION ( ,FRANKI% TRIBES UND] ,CLOVIS'S LEAD]%IP CONQU]$ NOR!RN & !N S\!RN ,GAUL1 SUBORD9AT+ O!R ,G]MANIC TRIBES AS WELL AS ! ,GALLO-,ROMAN 9HABITANTS1 0ELIM9AT+ ! TRIBAL *IEFS 7K+S7 & TAK+ OV] !IR RI<TS0 7AL?\< ! TRIBES RETA9$ SEMI-AUTONOM\S EXI/5CE = A FEW MORE C5TURIES4 .<#c#c.> ,ALSO 9 ! ELEV5? C5TURY1 ! ,NORMANS W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 /ATE-BUILD+ EF=TS 9 FRACTI\SLY DIV]SE S\!RN ,ITALY1 :]E ,BYZANT9ES1 ,CA?OLICS1 ,JEWS1 & ,MUSLIMS HAD COMPET$ = CONTROL4 ,! ,FRANKI% CRUSAD] /ATES 9 ,SYRIA & ,J]USALEM1 :]E ,>ABIC & ,TURKI% /ATE-BUILD+ EF=TS W]E L>GELY DECOMPOS+1 ALSO DES]VE M5TION4 

,S9CE WE HAVE M5TION$ ! ,NORSE1 WE %\LDN'T =GET ! ?REE ,SC&9AVIAN /ATES ( ,G]MANIC ORIG94 ,& ( C\RSE !RE >E ?OSE T]RITORIES ?AT WE HAVE NATURALIZ$ AS 0,G]MANY10 AS WELL AS ,AU/RIA & ,SWITZ]L&4 ,)9 ?OSE T]RITORIES1 = A :ILE UNIFI$ AS ! ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 >E DOZ5S ( DU*IES1 C\NTIES1 PR9CIPALITIES1 & K+DOMS =M$ BY V>I\S ,G]MANIC TRIBES4 

,! LA/ TRIBAL .</ATELESS.> >EAS 9 ,EUROPE W]E TAK5 OV] BY /ATE ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! #a#c? C5TURY4 ,!SE W]E ! T]RITORIES SETTL$ BY ! ,BALTIC PEOPLES2 ! ,PRUSSIANS1 ! ,YADZV+IANS1 ! ,LI?UANIANS & ! ,LATVIANS .<444.> ,MO/ ( !IR TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS W]E DE/ROY$ BY ! EXPANSION ( ! ,ORD] ( ! ,TEUTONIC ,KNI<TS1 :I* CREAT$ ! ,TEUTONIC ,ORD] /ATE 9 ! CONQU]$ >EAS4 ,ONLY ! ,LI?UANIANS MANAG$ TO BEAT BACK ! 9VASION & TO CREATE !IR [N /ATE4 .<#c#d.> 

,IF Y\ W]E TO TAKE A MAP ( ,EUROPE & COLOR 9 ALL ! >EAS :]E /ATE AU?ORITY WAS 9TRODUC$ OR RE9TRODUC$ BY ,G]MANIC TRIBES1 Y\ MI<T SURPASS ! >EA TAM$ BY !IR PR$ECESSOR1 ! ,WE/]N ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 

,) SU* A TRACK RECORD1 IT W\LD BE EASY TO FALL BACK ON ! READY /OCK ( *EAP /]EOTYPES REG>D+ ZE ,G]MANS4 ,BUT /ILL1 LOOK+ AT /ATE ORIG9S 9 ! GRAVEY>D ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE DUR+ ! FIR/ MILL5NIA ( ! ,COMMON ,]A1 ONE MU/ ASK1 :AT GIVES8 ,ONE IS ALMO/ REM9D$ ( ! FRAN*IS+ ,PHO5ICIANS1 A ,SEMITIC PEOPLE ORIG9AT+ 9 :AT IS TODAY ,LEBANON1 :O CROSS$ ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD & MADE !IR HOME 9 SETTLEM5TS F> & WIDE1 F\ND+1 = EXAMPLE1 ! CITIES ( ,MALAGA1 ,CADIZ1 ,T>RAGONA1 ,TANGI]1 ,C>?AGE1 & ,G5OA4 ,BUT 9/EAD ( E/ABLI%+ TRAD+ PO/S1 ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES W]E E/ABLI%+ /ATES4 ,9CID5TALLY1 ! L+UI/ ,JOHN ,MC,:ORT] HYPO!SIZES A ,PHO5ICIAN 9FLU5CE ON ANCI5T ,G]MAN1 BY WAY ( A POSSIBLE ,PHO5ICIAN SETTLEM5T 9 ,JUTL&1 MOD]N-DAY ,D5M>K1 ALL ! WAY ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,EUROPEAN COA/4 

,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT TALKS AB\T C]TA9 E?NICITIES AS /ATE-MAK+ TE*NOLOGIES4 ,SU* E?NICITIES >E A COMPLEX ( RELIGION1 HI/ORICAL N>RATIVE1 CU/OMS1 ADM9I/RATIVE TOOLS1 K9%IP & L9EAGE SY/EMS1 AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES & PRODUCTIVE MODES ?AT ALL CONV]GE TO 5ABLE /ATE =MATION4 ,:AT MI<T BE ! SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?IS 0TE*NOLOGY08 ,! RELIGION PROBABLY WON'T 9VOLVE AN ADORATION ( ,MO!R ,E>?1 ( SPECIFICALLY LOCAL-BAS$ DEITIES1 & A WOR%IP ( ANIMALS1 RIV]S1 & TREES AS ! BRO!RS & SI/]S ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! RELIGION WILL PROBABLY BE PATRI>*AL1 & IF IT IS NOT MONO!I/IC1 ! PAN!ON WILL BE HI]>*ICAL4 ,WOR%IP+ AU?ORITY WILL BE KEY4 ,! HI/ORICAL N>RATIVE WILL FOCUS ON W>RIOR-K+S & FA!R FIGURES4 ,ORGANIZATIONAL =MS WILL BE C5TRALIZ$ RA!R ?AN DEC5TRALIZ$1 & EV5 IF ! CULTURE /ILL CONTA9S ACCEPTANCE ( ?+S LIKE G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 !RE WILL ALSO BE A TRADITION ( (FICIALS ) WELL DEF9$ C]EMONIAL & ADM9I/RATIVE DUTIES4 ,! K9%IP SY/EM MI<T ALL[ = NUCLE> FAMILIES OR L>GE EXT5D$ CLANS1 BUT ELD] MALES WILL HAVE AU?ORITY & ! 9H]ITANCE ( PROP]TY %\LD BE A RELATIVELY UNAMBIGU\S AFFAIR 7& !Y WILL1 ( C\RSE1 HAVE ! CONCEPT ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 EV5 IF ! ELITE HAVE NOT YET MANAG$ TO DE/ROY ! P>ALLEL CU/OM ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY74 ,AGRICULTURE WILL FOCUS ON ! PRODUCTION ( FIELD CROPS ?AT CAN EASILY BE CONTROLL$ & TAX$ 7) IRRIGATION & MILL+ CON/ITUT+ *OKE PO9TS74 

,BECAUSE ! CULTURAL TE*NOLOGIES ( A SPECIFICALLY /ATI/ E?NICITY >E EVANGELI/ & COLONIZ+1 A POLITOG5 CAN BE A SMALL GR\P ( W>RIORS & ADM9I/RATORS :O CONQU] A L>G] POPULATION & EV5TUALLY ABSORB IT 9TO A COMMON ID5TITY4 ,?IS IS ! CONQUE/ OR COLONY /ATE4 ,A POLITOG5 IS A CULTURAL GR\P ?AT CON/ITUTES A /ATE-MAK+ TE*NOLOGY & (T5 TAKES ! =M ( AN E?NICITY OR PROTO-E?NICITY4 ,IT IS LIKE A VIRUS ?AT WILL =M A /ATE ONCE IT ACQUIRES A HO/ POPULATION4 ,! CONQUE/ /ATE IS A PROCESS ( SECOND>Y /ATE =MATION1 A POLITOG5ESIS ?AT IS ! RESULT ( OR AT LEA/ 9FLU5C$ BY O!R1 PREVI\S PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,HUMPL[ITZ & ,OPP5HEIM] PUBLI%$ ! 0,CONQUE/ ,!ORY0 ( /ATE ORIG91 SUGGE/+ ?AT ! FIR/ /ATES >OSE :5 W>LIKE NOMADIC SOCIETIES1 SU* AS ! ,MAGY> OR GR\PS LIKE ! ,VIK+S1 CONQU]$ S$5T>Y AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES4 ,&1 :ILE !RE >E NUM]\S EXAMPLES ( SU* OCCURR5CES1 ,I CANNOT F9D ANY EXAMPLES ( PRIM>Y /ATE =MATION ?AT FOLL[ ?IS MODEL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ALL SU* MILIT>I/IC NOMADS ALREADY HAD EXAMPLES ( PREEXI/+ /ATES TO LE>N FROM4 ,! POLITOG5 CAPABLE ( =M+ A CONQUE/ /ATE MU/ HAVE PASS$ ?R\< A PROCESS ( DIRECT OR 9DIRECT TUTELAGE UND] A PREEXI/+ /ATE1 AS ! ,G]MAN TRIBES DID ) ! ,ROMANS1 :]EAS ! COLONY /ATE IS =M$ :5 A PATRON /ATE ORD]S OR P]MITS A GR\P ( ITS SUBJECTS TO UND]TAKE ! CONQUE/1 SUBORD9ATION1 & ADM9I/RATION ( A /ATELESS T]RITORY4 

,9 ! CONQUE/ /ATE1 ! ECONOMIC MODE & AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES >E ALMO/ ALWAYS IMPOS$ BY ! COLONIZ+ GR\P1 EV5 :]E !Y MI<T GA9 A GREAT] PR(IT M>G9 & COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE BY ADAPT+ MORE FULLY TO LOCAL CONDITIONS2 !IR [N WAY ( LIFE IS ADH]$ TO RELIGI\SLY AS A SIGN ( ID5TIFICATION ) ! GOV]N+ AU?ORITY4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! RELIGION ( ! CONQU]ORS T5DS TO SYNCRETIZE ) ?AT ( ! CONQU]$1 CO-OPT+ LOCAL DEITIES & FE/IVALS )9 ITS FRAMEWORK1 GIV+ ! LOCALS AN 9C5TIVE TO ADOPT ! NEW RELIGION1 & ADAPT+ OLD PRACTICES TO A NEW MORAL UNIV]SE4 ,AS = ! LANGUAGE ( ! CONQU]$ GR\P1 IT T5DS TO AFFECT ! CONQU]ORS' LANGUAGE 9 UNPR$ICTABLE WAYS1 *ANG+ ! GRAMM> BUT NOT ! VOCABUL>Y1 AS ,WEL% DID TO ,OLD ,5GLI%1 %$D+ GRAMMATICAL COMPLEXITY & TAK+ 9 A DUPLICATE SET ( VOCABUL>Y1 AS ,OLD ,5GLI% DID DUR+ ! ,NORMAN & ,VIK+ 9VASIONS1 OR REPLAC+ ! CONQU]ORS' LANGUAGE 5TIRELY1 AS ! LOCAL ,SLAVS DID ) !IR ,RUS COLONIZ]S4 

,H[ EXACTLY DOES A /ATE-MAK+ TE*NOLOGY COME AB\T8 ,ONE E>LY ACC\NT ( ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES COMES FROM ! P5 ( ,TACITUS1 A HI<LY PLAC$ ,ROMAN HI/ORIAN4 ,! DESCRIPTION HE GIVES IS EASY TO SYN!SIZE 9TO ONE UNIFI$ PICTURE1 AS HE (T5 CONFLATES ONE TRIBE ) ANO!R1 OR PROJECTS HIS E?NOGRAPHY FROM ONE GR\P TO ! O!RS4 ,LOOK+ PA/ ,TACITUS'S EXOTIFICATION1 WE CAN >GUE ?AT ! ,G]MANS >E ! CREATION ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,GIV5 ! NAME ( 0,G]MAN0 & ASSIGN$ A S+UL> ID5TITY BY !IR IMP]IAL NEI<BORS1 !Y W]E ACTUALLY A MULTIPLICITY ( PEOPLES ONLY LOOSELY L9K$ BY L+UI/IC & O!R CULTURAL SIMIL>ITIES4 

,NO D\BT ! ,SUEBI 7OR ,S*WAB57 !MSELVES SAW SOME AFF9ITY ) ! ,*]USCI1 ! ,GO?S1 OR ! ,V&ALS1 AS !Y C\LD COMMUNICATE ) ONE ANO!R1 SPEAK+ RELAT$ DIALECTS1 WOR%IP+ ! SAME OR SIMIL> GODS1 & PRACTIC+ SIMIL> =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT !Y W]E NOT A UNIFI$ GR\P4 ,!Y F\<T W>S AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 !RE IS NO RECORD ( A MAJORITY ( !M EV] COM+ TOGE!R 9 ONE POLITICAL =MATION1 & !Y G5]ALLY MA9TA9$ !IR AUTONOMY1 AL?\< !RE IS RECORD ( MEMB]S ( ONE TRIBE REF]R+ TO O!R TRIBES AS K9SM51 ESPECIALLY 9 ! FACE ( ,ROMAN HO/ILITY4 

,! PROCESS ( AN EMPIRE CON/RUCT+ ! B>B>IANS IS BY NO MEANS UNIQUE TO ! ,G]MANS4 ,EMPIRES HABITUALLY MANUFACTURE E?NICITIES AT !IR FRONTI]S4 ,E?NICITY BEG9S :]E SOV]EIGNTY 5DS1 TO CITE ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT4 .<#c#e.> ,9 ORD] TO CONTROL AN UNCONTROLLABLE1 IT MU/ FIR/ BE NAM$4 ,ALL DOM9ATION FL[S FROM AN ORIG9AL CATEGORICAL 5CLOSURE4 ,! V]Y CATEGORY ( 0TRIBE10 SO 9FLU5TIAL 9 CLASSICAL AN?ROPOLOGY & PREGNANT ) A S5SE ( ! PRIMITIVE & PRI/9E1 IS 9 FACT AN IMP]IAL CREATION4 ,9 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 TRIBES W]E ADM9I/RATIVE UNITS = POPULATIONS ?AT DEFI$ DIRECT RULE BUT C\LD BE 9TIMIDAT$ 9TO PAY+ PROTECTION MONEY 7OR 0TRIBUTE071 P>TICIPAT+ 9 0TRIBUNES10 & TAK+ P>T 9 O!R ASPECTS ( IMP]IAL BUS9ESS4 ,OV] TIME1 !Y W]E 9CREAS+LY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! ,ROMAN /ATE1 HOLD+ ON TO A SEMI-AUTONOM\S /ATUS4 ,CLE>LY1 ! TRIBES W]E NEV] 9T5D$ TO REMA9 AUTONOM\S =EV]4 ,ID5TIFICATION & CON/ITUTION AS A TRIBE W]E E>LY RUNGS ON ! LADD] ( COLONIZATION4 

,G]MANY AS AN 5TITY EXI/$ 9 ! ,ROMAN IMAG9ATION1 :5CE IT WAS TRANSPOS$ TO A ,G]MAN IMAG9ATION 7NOR IS ?IS A UNIQUE PROCESS3 ,B5$ICT ,&]SON & ,ALFR$ ,KROEB] DESCRIBE H[ COLONIAL /ATE ADM9I/RATION WAS ABLE TO CREATE SEP>ATE E?NIC 0TRIBES0 ?AT EV5TUALLY BECAME SELF-ID5TIFY+1 9 ! CASE ( A SEP>ATE ,*9ESE E?NICITY 9 ,DUT* ,BATAVIA OR DI/9CT E?NIC TRIBES AS UND]/OOD 9 ! ,WE/]N S5SE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA74 .<#c#f.> ,G]MANY AS A POLITICAL REALITY WAS NOT BORN UNTIL #a#h#g#a1 CREAT$ BY ,*ANCELLOR ,BISM>CK ON ! GRAVE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,BUT ITS IMAG9>Y EXI/5CE UP UNTIL ?AT PO9T WAS BY NO MEANS 9SUB/ANTIAL4 ,IT REFLECTS GREATLY ON ! WORLDVIEW ( ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES 9 ! ]A ( ! ,ROMAN COLLAPSE ?AT !Y NAM$ ! GREATE/ /ATE !Y EV5TUALLY BUILT ! ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,?IS W\LD BE ! FIR/ ,REI* REF]R$ TO BY ! ,?IRD ,REI*1 :OSE IDEOLOGUES ALSO F\ND GREAT VALIDATION 9 ! FACT ?AT ,TACITUS CASUALLY REF]R$ TO ! TRIBES ACROSS ! ,RHE9E AS HAV+ 0PURE BLOOD40 

,:AT ELSE DID ,TACITUS F9D AMONG ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES8 ,AT ! TIME HE PUBLI%$ ,G]MANIA1 9 #ih ,C,E1 !RE WAS LITTLE TO SUGGE/ ! ,G]MAN E?NICITY AS A /ATE-MAK+ TE*NOLOGY4 ,! DIFF]5T ,G]MAN PEOPLES W]E /ATELESS4 ,MANY ( !M HAD *IEFS OR K+S1 ?\< IT WAS (T5 ! ,ROMANS :O APPO9T$ !SE AMONG ! CONQU]$ TRIBES OR ALLI$ TRIBES LIV+ ALONG ! BORD]4 ,! *IEF1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT A CO]CIVE FIGURE4 ,TRIBES MADE DECISIONS 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES1 G5]ALLY HELD AFT] DRUNK5 DEBATES DUR+ FEA/+4 ,TACITUS1 ) BO? PLEASURE & IRONY1 RECORDS ! ALMO/ CON/ANT FEA/+ & ! UNLIMIT$ HOSPITALITY ( ! ,G]MANS4 ,BO? ( !SE >E COMMON FEATURES ( /ATELESS SOCIETIES4 

,TACITUS REF]S TO ! ,G]MANS AS A 0FREE PEOPLE10 9 CONTRA/ TO ! 0AUTOCRATIC0 OR 0DESPOTIC0 NATIONS ,ROME WAS AT W> ) 9 ! EA/4 ,HE HIMSELF NOTES ?AT ! SELF-ORGANIZ$1 DEC5TRALIZ$ ,G]MANS PRES5T$ A MU* GREAT] MILIT>Y ?REAT TO ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 & OV] A P]IOD ( TWO HUNDR$ YE>S AT ?AT1 ?AN ! DESPOTIC EMPIRES ON !IR EA/]N BORD] EV] HAD4 ,! ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S ( HI/ORY AFT] HIS ACC\NT BE> \T ! ASS]TION A HUNDR$FOLD4 ,AGA91 ! EVID5CE %[S ?AT /ATELESS SOCIETIES HAVE AN EV5 GREAT] CAPACITY = SELF-DEF5SE ?AN /ATI/ ONES4 

,:ILE ,TACITUS'S CLASSIFICATION ( ! ,G]MANS AS A 0FREE0 PEOPLE SOMETIMES USES ! SAME CRIT]IA AS AN>*I/S MI<T--G5]AL P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION-MAK+1 ! LACK ( CO]CIVE AU?ORITIES--WE HAVE TO BE AW>E ?AT ! ,ROMAN HI/ORIAN 5T]TA9S A PATRICIAN'S NOTION ( FRE$OM4 ,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE3 

,BORD]+ ON ! ,SUIONES .<! PR$ECESSORS ( ! ,SW$ES.> WE HAVE ! NATIONS ( ! ,SITONES4 ,!Y RESEMBLE !M 9 ALL RESPECTS EXCEPT ONE--WOMAN IS ! RUL+ SEX4 ,?AT IS ! MEASURE ( !IR DECL9E1 ,I WILL NOT SAY BEL[ FRE$OM1 BUT EV5 BEL[ DEC5T SLAV]Y4 .<#c#g.> 

,9 COMP>ISON TO ! ,ROMAN PATRI>*Y1 WE KN[ ?AT ,G]MANIC SOCIETIES W]E RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN 9 !IR G5D] RELATIONS4 ,9 A CLE>LY &ROC5TRIC WAY 7= WE CANNOT D\BT :I* G5D] ! ,ROMAN TALK$ TO1 :OSE ACTIVITIES HE GRANT$ LEGITIMACY1 & ON :OM HE FOCUS$ HIS ATT5TION71 ,TACITUS GIVES SOME 9DICATION ( ?IS3 0!Y .<! ,G]MAN M5.> BELIEVE ?AT !RE RESIDES 9 WOM5 AN ELEM5T ( HOL9ESS & A GIFT ( PROPHECY2 & SO !Y DO NOT SCORN TO ASK !IR ADVICE1 OR LI<TLY DISREG>D !IR REPLIES40 ,TACITUS MOD]ATES :AT HE SEES AS A CONTEMPTIBLE RESPECT = WOM5 BY AM5D+ ?AT ! ,G]MAN M5 DO NOT %[] ANY WOM5 ) 0S]VILE FLATT]Y OR ANY PRET5SE ( TURN+ WOM5 9TO GODDESSES0 AS SOME CONTEMPORANE\S ,ROMAN CULTS DID ! WIVES ( EMP]ORS4 ,H[EV]1 ACCORD+ TO HIS [N ACC\NT !Y DID NOT %[] ANYONE ) S]VILE FLATT]Y1 & !Y DID WOR%IP GODDESSES & CONSID] SOME E>?LY WOM5 DIV9E4 .<#c#h.> 

,AL?\< ,TACITUS TALKS ( 0NOBLE FAMILIES0 & 0SLAVES10 !RE IS LITTLE EVID5T CLASS DIFF]5TIATION4 0,9 EV]Y HOME ! *ILDR5 GO NAK$ & DIRTY1 & DEVELOP ?AT /R5G? ( LIMB & TALL /ATURE :I* EXCITE \R ADMIRATION .<444.> ,! Y\NG MA/] IS NOT DI/+UI%$ BY ! SLAVE BY ANY PAMP]+ 9 HIS UPBR++4 ,!Y LIVE TOGE!R AMONG ! SAME FLOCKS & ON ! SAME E>!N FLOOR40 .<#c#i.> 

,! CLASS ( PEOPLE AMONG ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES :OM ,TACITUS CALLS 0SLAVES10 REF]R+ BACK TO A WELL DEF9$ CLASS 9 ,ROMAN SOCIETY1 >E PROBABLY BETT] UND]/OOD AS DEP5D5TS1 9 ?AT !Y HAD !IR [N HOMES1 L&1 & FAMILIES1 !Y W]E R>ELY FLOGG$ OR O!RWISE PUNI%$1 !Y W]E NOT GIV5 SPECIFIC DUTIES BUT 9/EAD W]E EXPECT$ TO PAY A SORT ( R5T OR TI!1 CONTRIBUT+ TO ! H\SEHOLD ECONOMY ( !IR MA/] OR PATRON1 :O 9 TURN HAD ! RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT !M4 ,9 L>GE P>T1 ! DET]M9+ FACTOR SEP>AT+ SLAVES FROM FREE M5 WAS ! OBLIGATION TO GO TO W>4 ,BY HONOR+ W>RIORS1 ,G]MANIC TRIBES W]E ABLE TO CREATE A S(T HI]>*Y1 L>GELY NON-CO]CIVE1 ?AT PROVID$ ADDITIONAL SU/5ANCE = A SPECIALIZ$ W>RIOR CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 !SE W>RIORS W]E NOT 5TIRELY FRE$ FROM ! OBLIGATION TO TOIL1 AS W]E ,ROMAN PATRICIANS1 & !Y C\LD NOT SUBJECT !IR DEP5D5TS TO CONDITIONS ( MIS]Y OR HYP]-EXPLOITATION4 ,WE C\LD EV5 IMAG9E ?IS HI/ORY FROM A DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVE1 9 :I* ! SO-CALL$ SLAVES PREF]R$ TO SP5D MORE TIME F>M+ 9 ORD] TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM DANG]\S MILIT>Y DUTIES4 ,TACITUS RECORD$ A VALUE HI]>*Y AMONG ! W>RIORS ?AT HONOR$ BRAV]Y1 BUT P]HAPS ! TOIL]S1 :OSE VOICES W]E NEV] RECORD$1 REPRODUC$ ANO!R SET ( VALUES ?AT HONOR$ %>+ & F]TILITY4 ,WE HAVE NO WAY TO KN[ IF ?IS IS TRUE2 ! HYPO!SIS SIMPLY ILLU/RATES H[ /ATI/ E?NOGRAPH]S CAN DI/ORT !IR SUBJECTS & RECORD REFLECTIONS ( !IR [N CULTURAL PREJUDICES4 

,TACITUS CLAIMS ?AT ! ,G]MANS W]E LACK+ 9 GOLD & SILV]1 ?\< DISCOV]IES ?AT PO/DATE HIS ACC\NT W\LD DEMON/RATE ?IS WAS DUE TO ! LOCAL DIS9T]E/ 9 !SE SUB/ANCES1 & NOT TO !IR ABS5CE B5EA? ! SOIL4 ,HE ALSO NOTES ?AT 0! EMPLOYM5T ( CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE IT BY USURY IS UNKN[N 9 ,G]MANY40 ,9 A NUMB] ( PASSAGES ?AT CONTRA/ ) MOD]N /]EOTYPES 7& ?AT CONTRADICT ! AN?ROPOMORPHISM ( CLIMATE1 9 :I* GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS DET]M9E SOCIAL *>ACT]1 LIT]ALLY HOT WEA!R LEAD+ TO METAPHORICALLY HOT BLOOD71 ! ,ROMAN *A/ISES ! ,G]MANS = !IR LAZ9ESS1 !IR LACK ( DISCIPL9E1 !IR PREF]5CE = GAMBL+ & FEA/+ OV] LABOR & HUSB&RY1 &--MO/ HIL>I\SLY FROM A PRES5T-DAY /&PO9T--!IR UTT] UNPUNCTUALITY4 .<#d.> 

,TO PUT IT BLUNTLY1 H[ DID ?IS LAZY1 HOSPITABLE1 %>+1 EGALIT>IAN1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 UNCAPITALI/IC SMATT]+ ( TRIBES TURN 9TO ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL PRODUC]S ( /ATES ACROSS AN 5TIRE SUBCONT95T8 

,! ANSW] ,I PROPOSE LIES 9 ! ONE *>ACT]I/IC ( !SE TRIBES ?AT 9T]E/$ ,TACITUS ! MO/4 ,HIS CURIOSITY1 AFT] ALL1 WAS MOTIVAT$ BY /ATE 9T]E/S1 AS T5DS TO BE ! CASE ) E?NOGRAPH]S4 ,?IS 9T]E/+ *>ACT]I/IC WAS !IR MILIT>ISM4 ,?\< ! >MIES ( ,G]MANIC TRIBES W]E VOLUNT>Y1 MOBILIZ$ BY COLLECTIVE NOTIONS ( HONOR RA!R ?AN ! CO]CIVE P[]S ( A MILIT>Y APP>ATUS1 !SE TRIBES PROV$ A MAJOR ?REAT TO ,ROMAN P[]4 ,A L>GE P>T ( ,ROMAN AFFAIRS 9 ! NOR? ( !IR EMPIRE C5T]$ ON ALLY+ ) P>TICUL> TRIBES & PLAY+ !M AGA9/ ONE ANO!R TO PREV5T !IR TURN+ AGA9/ ,ROME4 

,TACITUS TALKS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY AB\T ! W>RIOR BRO!RHOODS ( ! TRIBES1 ?\< ?IS WAS ONLY ONE SEGM5T ( !IR SOCIETY4 ,AGRICULTURE & NE>LY ALL PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY AMONG ! TRIBES1 EXCEPT = HUNT+1 WAS C>RI$ \T BY WOM51 DEP5D5TS1 OLD M51 & ! NON-W>RIORS :OM ,TACITUS T]MS ! 0WEAKL+S ( ! FAMILY40 .<#d#a.> ,?\< HE PLACES A NE>LY EXCLUSIVE EMPHASIS ON ! W>RIORS1 WE CANNOT ASSUME ?IS TO BE A VALUE G5]ALIZ$ 9 ! TRIBAL SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,! W>RIORS ?\<T IT B5EA? !M TO DIRTY !IR H&S 9 ! FIELDS OR W9 WEAL? BY ! SWEAT ( !IR BR[S RA!R ?AN BY BLOOD%$1 BUT WE DO NOT KN[ :AT ?OSE :O DID WORK 9 ! FIELDS ?\<T AB\T SU* LABOR OR AB\T W>F>E4 ,WE DO KN[1 H[EV]1 ?AT WOM5 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 MOBILIZ+ ! TRIBE = W>F>E1 URG+ ! W>RIORS ON ?R\< A MIXTURE ( 5C\RAGEM5T & %AM+4 ,WE CAN ALSO ASSUME ?AT AS !SE TRIBES FRACTUR$ & SPREAD 9TO ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! COLLAPS+ ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 :5 B&S ( W>RIORS COLONIZ$ POPULATIONS PREVI\SLY SUBJECT TO ! EMPIRE1 !Y G5]ALIZ$ !IR VALUE HI]>*Y ?AT PLAC$ W>F>E--& BY EXT5SION AFFAIRS ( /ATE & [N]%IP--AT ! TOP1 & LABOR--:AT 9 !IR SOCIETIES ( ORIG9 HAD BE5 ! WORK ( WOM5 & W> CAPTIVES--ON ! BOTTOM4 ,9 EFFECT1 :AT WAS POT5TIALLY AN EGALIT>IAN1 COMPLEM5T>Y DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ! MASCUL9E & ! FEM99E BECAME A HI]>*ICAL & PATRI>*AL DIVISION ( LABOR :5 ! MASCUL9E HALF ( ,G]MANIC SOCIETY WAS ABLE TO SPREAD & CONQU] O!R POPULATIONS4 ,AS W>F>E BECAME ! MORE IMPORTANT ACTIVITY 9 ! REPRODUCTION ( ,G]MANIC SOCIETIES1 ! W>RIOR HALF WAS ABLE TO IMPOSE ITS [N VALUE SY/EM1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R IT HAD TRULY BE5 ! DOM9ANT HALF PREVI\SLY4 

7,AS A USEFUL CONTRA/1 WE CAN CONSID] AN 9V]SE SITUATION2 C5TURIES LAT]1 :5 IT WAS TRADE & >TISANAL PRODUCTION RA!R ?AN W>F>E ?AT BECAME MORE IMPORTANT = ! SPREAD ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL MODEL1 IT WAS ! DESC5DANTS ( ! S]VANTS & DEP5D5TS--COMMON]S--:O BEGAN TO TAKE P[] AWAY FROM ! DESC5DANTS ( ! W>RIORS--! NOBILITY--?\< IT WAS ALSO NECESS>Y ?AT *ANGES TAKE PLACE 9 ! TE*NIQUES ( W>F>E FAVOR+ ! MILIT>Y UNITS ( URBAN CITIZ5S OV] ! M\NT$ NOBILITY BE=E ?IS DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS C\LD REA* FRUITION47 

,ROMAN COLONIZATION & CONTACT HAD A GREAT IMPACT ON ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES4 ,HI<LY DEVELOP$ ,ROMAN PATRI>*Y 5C\RAG$ & EMP[]$ NASC5T =MS ( ,G]MANIC PATRI>*Y 7EV] PRES5T AS A POSSIBILITY 9 A G5D]-DIVID$ SOCIETY1 EV5 AN EGALIT>IAN ONE74 ,?IS 9 TURN IS RELAT$ TO A MOTOR ( /ATE =MATION ?AT ,I WILL REF] TO AS MILIT>IZATION4 ,! CONTE/ ( >MS MADE 9EVITABLE BY ,ROMAN EXPANSION F\ND A C]TA9 RESONANCE 9 ! W>LIKE ,G]MAN SOCIETY4 ,= ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES1 ALREADY ACCU/OM$ TO COMPETITIVE W>F>E1 BATTLE ) ! ,ROMANS WAS NOT ONLY A QUE/ION ( W9N+ !IR FRE$OM1 BUT ALSO ( W9N+4 ,SOME W>LIKE SOCIETIES >E FI]CELY LIB]T>IAN1 BUT ?OSE ?AT EXHIBIT DEMOCRATIC *>ACT]I/ICS--SU* AS ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES ) !IR W>RIORS' ASSEMBLIES PRESID$ OV] BY W> LEAD]S :O 9TRODUC$ PROPOSALS = COMMON VOT+--CAN OP]ATE AS A C5TRALIZ$ POLITY & >E MU* MORE LIKELY TO BE 9DUC$ 9TO ! COMPETITIVE ASPECT ( W>4 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] MAKES A SIMIL> >GUM5T ) RESPECT TO ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS1 ASS]T+ ?AT DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION WAS TYPICAL TO /ATE-=M+ W>RIOR SOCIETIES :]EAS CONS5SUS-BAS$ ORGANIZATION WAS TYPICAL TO /ATELESS SOCIETIES4 .<#d#b.> 

,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ! ,G]MANIC >MIES ?AT NOT ONLY DEF5D$ AGA9/ BUT ALSO 9VAD$ ,ROME T5D$ NOT TO BE PRI/9E B>B>IANS FI<T+ = !IR FRE$OM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E USUALLY L$ BY W>RIORS :O HAD S]V$ 9 ! ,ROMAN LEGIONS & W]E N[ TRY+ !IR [N H& AT ! ,ROMAN PROJECT ( CONQUE/4 

,W>RIOR BRO!RHOODS SU* AS ?OSE ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,G]MANIC SOCIETY >E EGALIT>IAN ON ! SURFACE1 ESPECIALLY AS JUDG$ BY DEMOCRATIC CRIT]IA ( FRE$OM4 ,BUT !Y HAVE PROV5 !MSELVES 9CL9$ & ABLE TO CON/ITUTE POLITOG5S4 ,ROME ITSELF1 :I* EVOLV$ 9EXORABLY FROM ,K+DOM TO ,REPUBLIC TO ,EMPIRE--& WAS AT EV]Y PO9T 9 ?AT PROCESS AU?ORIT>IAN & HI]>*ICAL1 A FACT OBSCUR$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC CRIT]IA ( FRE$OM--/>T$ \T AS A W>RIOR BRO!RHOOD SIMIL> 9 MANY WAYS TO ?OSE ( ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES4 

,:5 ! ,ROMANS F\ND$ !IR CITY 9 ! EI<? C5TURY ,B,C,E1 !Y HAD A PATRI>*AL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION DOM9AT$ BY A K+1 ?IRTY CURIAE1 & G5TES OR CLANS4 ,IT WAS A DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION 9 ! TRUE MILIT>I/IC1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 PATRI>*AL S5SE ( ! WORD4 7,I UND]/& ?AT ?IS ASS]TION WILL RANKLE MANY READ]S4 ,! >GUM5TS ?AT BACK IT UP--& !RE >E MANY-->E MAT]IAL = AN 5TIRE BOOK4 ,?AT IS EXACTLY1 H[EV]1 ! TOPIC ( A FUTURE BOOK ?AT IS ALREADY 9 PREP>ATION47 

,! K+ WAS A SYMBOLIC LEAD] :O C\LD ALSO 9/ITUTE ORGANIZATIONAL RE=MS & PU% ! :OLE SOCIETY TO ACCEPT AMBITI\S NEW /RATEGIES OR PROJECTS1 PROVID$ HE HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! O!R TWO GR\PS4 

,! CURIAE W]E EGALIT>IAN GR\PS ( FREE M51 PROBABLY COMPOS$ ( ONE HUNDR$ 9FANTRY W>RIORS EA*4 ,ETYMOLOGICALLY1 CURIA D]IV$ FROM CO-VIRIA1 CO-MANHOOD4 ,EA* CURIA HAD A LEAD]1 ! CURIO1 & EA* ELECT$ TWO PRIE/S4 0,CURIAL HI]URGIES W]E (T5 ACCOMPANI$ BY JO9T D9+ .<444.> :I* CONFIRMS ! P>ALLEL ) ,SP>TAN SYSSITIAE .<444.>1 EGALIT>IAN 7BRO!RHOODS7 ( MESSMATE W>RIORS40 .<#d#c.> ,ALL ! M5 C\LD VOTE1 & !Y DIVID$ L& WON BY CONQUE/ ON AN EGALIT>IAN BASIS4 ,RELAT$ TO ! CURIAE WAS ! POPULUS1 ! PEOPLE-HO/1 :I* HAD AN ASSEMBLY 9 :I* FREE M5 C\LD VOTE4 ,9CID5TALLY1 EXT5D$ K9%IP BONDS W]E WEAK & COMMUNITIES ( COMMON]S W]E UNIT$ BY NEI<BOR BONDS1 ) EA* H\SEHOLD L$ BY A MAN4 ,?IS MAY NOT SEEM R>E TO ,WE/]N READ]S BUT 9 A BROAD HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE WAS QUITE UNCOMMON & BE>S IMPORTANT RAMIFICATIONS = /ATE =MATION ?AT WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 A LAT] *APT]4 ,TO SUMM>IZE1 ?\<1 SU* CONDITIONS ( ALI5ATION & RELATIVE 9DIVIDUALISM W]E LIKELY ! RESULT ( DISPLACEM5T1 SLAV+1 & TURMOIL--BASICALLY1 REFUGEE CRISES--CAUS$ BY EXPANSIVE /ATES & !IR CONT9U\S W>F>E ?R\<\T ! ,M$IT]RANEAN 9 PRIOR C5TURIES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE >E DEAL+ ) /ATE EFFECTS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ( !SE EFFECTS = SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS WAS L& ALI5ATION3 GIV5 ! ATOMIZ$ FAMILY /RUCTURE1 L& WAS DOL$ \T AS 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 

,F9ALLY !RE W]E ! G5TES1 ! CLANS1 :OSE LEAD]S W]E PATRI>*AL1 NOBLE FAMILIES ) LEG5D>Y ANCE/ORS1 PRIVATE HI]URGIES 7RITUALS L$ BY A PRIE/71 & PRIVATE PLACES ( WOR%IP4 ,9 ! MILIT>IZ$ S*EMA ( ,ROMAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 !SE W]E ! EQUE/RIANS1 ! M\NT$ W>RIORS1 :O COMM&$ RETA9]S & 5\< ECONOMIC RES\RCES TO BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 HORSES & ! CORRESPOND+ >MS & >MOR4 ,A CLAN MI<T BE ABLE TO FIELD A ?\S& W>RIORS1 NOBLES & COMMON]S B\ND BY A COMMON LOYALTY OA? TO ! MILIT>Y *IEF ( ! G5S4 ,!Y ALSO HAD CLI5TS :O SWORE ALLEGIANCE 9 EX*ANGE = PROTECTION4 ,! CLI5TS HAD TO P]=M SOME DUTIES = ! CLAN1 NE$$ ! *IEF'S P]MISSION TO M>RY1 & W]E EXPECT$ TO SUPPORT ! CLAN *IEF 9 PUBLIC (FICE1 BUT ! *IEF ALSO HAD RESPONSIBILITIES TO !M1 = EXAMPLE HAV+ TO SUPPORT !M & ACQUIRE !M LEGAL DEF5SE IF !Y W]E PUT ON TRIAL4 ,LEGALLY & SYMBOLICALLY1 !Y HAD ! /ATUS ( DEP5D5T *ILDR5 TO ! CLAN4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! CLAN *IEFS HAD ! PATRES1 !IR C\NCIL4 ,! ASSEMBLY & ! C\NCIL EXI/$ 9 RELATIVE POLITICAL EQUALITY2 = EXAMPLE BO? HAD TO LEGITIMATE A NEW K+4 .<#d#d.> 

,! P]CEPTIVE READ] WILL HAVE NOTIC$ H]E ! PROTOTYPE = ! OLDE/ EXI/+ DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS1 ?OSE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ALONG ) ?AT ( NUM]\S O!R /ATES4 ,BICAM]AL LEGISLATION1 A ,H\SE ( ,LORDS & A ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 OR ,S5ATE & ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES2 ?IS IS A /RUCTURE ?AT F9DS ITS ROOT 9 ! CA/E SY/EM ( ANCI5T ,ROME1 9 :I* A NOBLE ELITE 5JOY$ MANY ECONOMIC & SYMBOLIC PRIVILEGES1 & 5JOY$ A POT5T HEGEMONY 9 ! ECONOMIC MODE ?AT WAS NATURALIZ$1 BAS$ 9 9DIVIDUAL1 ALI5ABLE PROP]TY RA!R ?AN COMMUNAL OR COLLECTIVE HOLD+S 7:I* CON/ITUT$ AN OB/ACLE TO /ATE =MATION 9 MANY O!R SOCIETIES BUT :I* ! ,ROMANS NEV] HAD TO DEAL )74 ,! EQUALITY ( ?IS SY/EM1 :I* IS =MAL & MEAN+LESS 9 T]MS ( QUALITY ( LIFE1 /EMS FROM A MILIT>I/IC & PATRI>*AL IDEA ( ORGANIZATION1 9 :I* MALE COMMON]S W]E MOTIVAT$ TO FI<T BY BE+ PROMIS$ A PIECE ( ! PIE1 & GIV5 SYMBOLIC /ATUS RECOGNITION 79 LAY T]MS1 EGO BOO/S74 ,! HUGE1 DESPOTIC EMPIRES ( ! ,F]TILE ,CRESC5T HAD PROV5 TIME & TIME AGA9 ?AT >MIES COMPOS$ L>GELY ( SLAVES C\LD NOT /& UP TO SMALL]1 DEMOCRATIC >MIES4 ,WE CAN'T KN[ IF ! ,ROMANS W]E CONSCI\S ( ?IS LESSON1 BUT WE CAN'T HELP BUT ?9K ?AT IT FILT]$ ?R\< TO !M AT LEA/ 9DIRECTLY1 GIV5 ?AT ! ,ITALIC ,P59SULA HAD BE5 A P>T ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD SY/EM = MORE ?AN A MILL5NIUM4 

,) A CITY1 ! ,ROMANS E/ABLI%$ !IR /ATE4 ,FIR/ !Y CONQU]$ & ABSORB$ ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,LAT9 ,LEAGUE1 BE=E EXP&+ ACROSS ! ,ITALIC ,P59SULA & !N DEVELOP+ CONT95TAL AMBITIONS4 ,9 TIME1 ! (FICE ( K+ WAS DEPOS$ & ! PLEBEIANS WON MORE RI<TS1 E/ABLI%+ ! PATRI>*AL1 MILIT>I/IC1 IMP]IALI/IC1 & SLAV]Y-BAS$ ,REPUBLIC ?AT ,WE/]N ?9K]S ADMIRE SO MU*4 

,MILIT>IZATION1 9 SUM1 IS A CULTURALLY DRIV51 NON-9EVITABLE PROCESS BY :I* ! EXIG5CIES ( W>F>E--EI!R SOCIALLY MANUFACTUR$ OR IMPOS$ BY BELLICOSE NEI<BORS-->E EXPLOIT$ BY AN 5DOG5\S PROTO-ELITE TO CREATE A PA?WAY = 9CREAS+ SOCIAL DISCIPL9E & HI]>*Y4 ,FREQU5TLY1 MILIT>IZATION FUNCTIONS AS A PROCESS ( COMMUNICATION1 EV5 ( MUTUALITY1 BETWE5 TWO ADV]S>IES1 9 :I* ! MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY ADOPTS *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! MORE C5TRALIZ$ ONE1 OR BO? SOCIETIES AT W> 9CREASE !IR RELATIVE C5TRALIZATION & HI]>*Y1 TO W9 A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE4 ,?IS ADVANTAGE MAY BE ILLUSORY1 OR IT MAY ALL[ ONE POLITY TO AVOID SUBJUGATION1 BUT 9 ANY CASE1 ! W9N] 9 ANY MILIT>I/IC CONTE/ IS ! PR9CIPLE & MODEL ( MILIT>ISM ITSELF4 

,I HAVE ALREADY >GU$ ?AT DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETIES 5JOY A MILIT>Y ADVANTAGE 9 T]MS ( SELF-DEF5SE1 BUT ONE ?+ !Y >E 9CAPABLE ( IS EFFECTIVELY PLANN+ & ADM9I/]+ ! CONQUE/ ( A NEI<BOR+ SOCIETY4 ,?IS TR5D EV5 P]TA9S TO AN>*I/ MILITIAS 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W> & ! VOLUNTE] AN>*I/ COLUMNS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> W]E EASILY ! MO/ EFFECTIVE FI<T+ UNITS 9 EA* ( ?OSE W>S1 RELATIVE TO !IR SIZE & RES\RCES1 BUT EV]Y TIME !Y HAD TO GO ON ! (F5SIVE BEYOND !IR BASE T]RITORY1 !Y FELL 9TO /ALEMATES4 ,! ABILITY = CONQUE/ IS ONE 0COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE0 A MILIT>I/IC C5TRALIZATION PROVIDES4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 *RONIC W>F>E CAN ALL[ A W>-MAK+ PROTO-ELITE TO ]ODE OR DIM9I% ! O!R SOCIAL /RUCTURES & C5T]S ( P[] ?AT HOLD !M 9 *ECK4 

,IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT MILIT>IZATION IS NOT SYNONYM\S ) A W>LIKE DISPOSITION NOR IS IT ANTONYM\S ) PACIFISM4 ,NOR >E ITS MILIT>Y ADVANTAGES UNI=MLY REAL1 AS MANY SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( A GREAT] MOBILITY HAVE DEMON/RAT$ TREM5D\S EFFECTIV5ESS 9 FI<T+ 9VAD+ /ATES :ILE 9CREAS+1 RA!R ?AN LIMIT+1 !IR DEC5TRALIZATION & EGALIT>IANISM4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT IT IS NOT A PR9CIPLE RE/RICT$ TO PROCESSES ( E>LY /ATE =MATION4 ,! IMPACT ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT /RATEGY DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> WAS TO MILIT>IZE BO? ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 SPELL+ DISA/] = BO?4 ,MILIT>IZATION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> RE9/AT$ /ATE P[] :]E IT HAD BE5 OV]?R[N4 ,IT IS 9 FACT FROM ?IS EPISODE ?AT ,I DRAW ! NAME = ! PH5OM5ON3 MILIT>IZATION WAS ! T]M BATT$ BACK & =? 9 AN>*I/ DEBATES1 REG>D+ ! DEM&S FROM ! REPUBLICANS & ,/AL9I/S :O CONTROLL$ ! GOV]NM5T ?AT ! VOLUNTE] MILITIAS BE DISB&$ & 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! REGUL> MILIT>Y4 

,! ,SP>TANS ( ANCI5T ,GREECE >E DEPICT$ AS EXTREMELY W>LIKE4 ,?IS VISION HAS COME D[N TO US1 H[EV]1 ?R\< A NOTABLY PRO-,A!NIAN HI/ORIOGRAPHY4 ,>?UR ,EVANS >GUES ?AT ?IS PICTURE IS ! TW(OLD RESULT ( ! HOMOPHOBIA ( MOD]N-DAY HI/ORIANS 7:O WI% TO PORTRAY ! ,SP>TANS AS UNCULTUR$71 & ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,A!NIANS' FE> ( A RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN ,SP>TA 9 :I* WOM5 5JOY$ HI<] /ATUS & ! :OLE POPULATION WAS >M$4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! E>LY ,DORIANS .<:OSE CAPITAL WAS ,SP>TA.> W]E MILIT>I/IC1 BUT !Y W]E ACTUALLY LESS MILIT>I/IC ?AN ! PREVI\S ,MYC5AEANS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,DORIANS W]E NOT DOM9AT$ BY A MILIT>I/IC >I/OCRACY1 & !Y HAD NO GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY DEVOT$ ESPECIALLY TO W>1 AS DID ! ,MYC5AEANS4 .<#d#e.> 

,HOMOSEXUALITY 0WAS MORE HI<LY REG>D$ .<9 ,SP>TA.> ?AN IT WAS AT ,A!NS DUR+ ! LAT] CLASSICAL P]IOD10 & WOM5 5JOY$ A RELATIVELY ELEVAT$ /ATUS & C\LD HOLD PROP]TY & C5SURE M54 .<#d#f.> ,9 AN AMBITI\S HI/ORY1 ,WIT*CRAFT & ! ,GAY ,C\NT]CULTURE1 ,>?UR ,EVANS TRACES A DIRECT RELATION%IP BETWE5 MILIT>ISM1 /ATE =MATION1 ! EM]G5CE ( CLASS SOCIETY1 & ! 9T5SIFICATION ( PATRI>*Y1 ! LATT] RESULT+ BO? 9 A DECL9E ( ! /ATUS ( WOM5 & 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( HOMOSEXUALITY & TRANSG5D] ID5TITIES4 ,FROM ! MOD]N /&PO9T1 ,CLASSICAL ,GREECE & ,REPUBLICAN ,ROME SEEM TO BE BROADLY ACCEPT+ ( HOMOSEXUALITY & EV5 LIB]T9E 9 !IR SEXUAL PRACTICES1 BUT COMP>$ ) ! SOCIETIES !Y SUPPLANT$1 !Y W]E 9 FACT CONS]VATIVE4 ,MOREOV]1 AS !SE SOCIETIES BECAME MORE MILIT>I/IC1 HOMOSEXUALITY WAS GRADUALLY SUPPRESS$1 & IMPORTANT POLITICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & MILIT>Y LEAD]S PLAY$ A PROACTIVE ROLE 9 ?IS PROCESS4 

,ON MANY OCCASIONS ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 IT WAS ! V]Y ACT ( CONQUE/ ?AT ALL[$ AN AGGRESSIVE SOCIETY TO DEVELOP ! EXPLOITATIVE & ADM9I/RATIVE =MS NECESS>Y TO BECOME A /ATE4 ,SO F>1 WE HAVE LOOK$ AT ! MODEL ( ! CONQUE/ /ATE US+ A SPECIFIC OPTIC3 MILIT>IZATION1 :]EBY A RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY CLEAVES1 & MASCUL9E ORGANIZATIONS1 ! MILIT>Y BRO!RHOODS ( ! ,ROMANS OR ! ,G]MANS1 BECOME A POLITOG51 CONQU]+ O!R POPULATIONS & =M+ /ATES4 ,IMITATION WAS ANO!R MOTOR 9 ?IS PROCESS1 C]TA9LY ) ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES1 :O HAD BE5 UND] ! TUTELAGE ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 & PROBABLY ) ! ,ROMANS AS WELL1 :O HAD PL5TY ( CONTACT ) NEI<BOR+ /ATES OR MILIT>I/IC *IEFDOMS AS !Y W]E F\ND+ !IR CITY4 

,! ,CONGO BAS9 /ATES1 ! ,LUNDA1 ,BAKUBA1 & ,BALUBA1 PROVIDE A DIFF]5T EXAMPLE4 ,UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 !Y HAD NO DIRECT CONTACT ) O!R /ATES4 ,AT ?AT PO9T1 !Y ADAPT$ !IR 5DOG5\S =MS ( /ATI/ ORGANIZATION1 %IFT+ FROM EXACT+ TRIBUTE TO SEIZ+ CAPTIVES OR CONDEMN+ CRIM9ALS1 :OM !Y SOLD TO ,EUROPEAN & ,>AB-,SWAHILI SLAVE TRAD]S4 ,BUT !Y ALREADY HAD A /ATE ORGANIZATION PRIOR TO ,WE/]N CONTACT4 

,!SE /ATES W]E CON/ITUT$ BY MILIT>ILY AGGRESSIVE E?NIC GR\PS ?AT CONQU]$ O!R PEOPLES4 ,! ,BALUNDA CONQU]$ SEV]AL PEOPLES1 SU* AS ! ,*OKWE & ,AU%I1 TO =M ! ,LUNDA /ATE2 ! ,BU%ONGO 7%ONGO WAS ! NAME ( ! D\BLE-$G$ BLADES !Y US$7 CONQU]$ ! ,BT5G1 ,PYANG1 ,BANGONGO1 & ANO!R F\RTE5 TRIBES TO =M ! ,BAKUBA /ATE 7,BAKUBA MEANS 0M5 ( LI<TN+10 ANO!R REF]5CE TO !IR WEAPONRY72 & ! ,BALUBA 7:OSE NAME MEANS 0CONQU]ORS0 OR 0DE/ROY]S07 CONQU]$ ! 9HABITANTS ( :AT IS N[ ,NOR!RN ,ZAMBIA4 .<#d#g.> 

,9ITIALLY1 ! EV5TUAL CONQU]ORS PRACTIC$ =MS ( EXT]NAL EXPLOITATION1 ROBB+ !IR NEI<BORS ?R\< RAID+4 ,OV] TIME1 !Y RITUALIZ$ & PACIFI$ ?IS PROCESS2 9/EAD ( RAID+ & PLUND]+1 !Y TOOK TO EXACT+ TRIBUTE4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! ,BALUNDA1 ,BU%ONGO1 & ,BALUBA B>ELY PRACTIC$ 9T]NAL =MS ( EXPLOITATION1 ?\< !Y HAD K9%IP HI]>*IES BAS$ ON L9EAGE3 FAMILIES :O 5JOY$ A HI<] /ATUS & SO CON/ITUT$ A =M ( NOBILITY1 AL?\< !RE W]E SCANT ECONOMIC /RUCTURES TO DIFF]5TIATE !M ON A MAT]IAL LEVEL4 

,EV5TUALLY1 ! TRIBUTE-PAY+ POPULATIONS :O W]E NE>E/ & MO/ VULN]ABLE TO ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! CONQU]ORS BECAME FULLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A /ATE SOCIETY1 & DIVID$ 9TO PROV9CES4 ,W> RAID+ & ! EXACT+ ( TRIBUTE CONT9U$ AGA9/ EXT]NAL POPULATIONS1 :]EAS 9 ! PROV9CES1 ! TRIBUTE TOOK ON ! =M ( A CIVIC OBLIGATION4 

,SO1 :ILE A FI%] CAU<T T5 BASKETS ( FI%1 HE RES]V$ = HIMSELF ONLY F\R BASKETS4 ,! RE/ ( IT WAS DI/RIBUT$ .<444.> AS FOLL[S3 ONE BASKET WAS = ! OLD M5 ( HIS VILLAGE1 ?REE BASKETS W]E = ! VILLAGE *IEF & HIS CLAN1 & TWO BASKETS W]E A TRIBUTE 9 FAVOR ( .<!.> SUPREME P[]4 .<#d#h.> 

,L& WAS 9ALI5ABLE1 BUT PEASANTS HAD TO PAY A TRIBUTE 9 AGRICULTURAL GOODS1 AS 9 ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 & TO TURN OV] A PORTION ( !IR CAT* FROM HUNT+ & FI%+1 AS DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,!Y ALSO HAD OBLIGATORY LABOR DUTIES1 CORVEE LABOR1 BUT !SE W]E IRREGUL>1 9 CONTRA/ TO MANY O!R E>LY /ATES4 ,ANY /ATUS GOODS1 SU* AS IVORY1 LEOP>D SK9S1 & EAGLE FEA!RS1 HAD TO BE GIV5 TO ! *IEFS1 :O C\LD !N R$I/RIBUTE !M AS /ATUS & POLITICAL NE$S DICTAT$4 

,! HI]>*IES ( ! CONQU]$ PEOPLES W]E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! NEW /ATES 7%[+ ! WISDOM ( HAV+ HORIZONTAL 9T]NAL RELATIONS AS A MEANS = AVOID+ CONQUE/ & CO-OPTATION BY A /ATE74 

,! *IEFS ( CONQU]$ E?NIC GR\PS W]E ALSO 9CLUD$ 9TO ! TOP GOV]NM5TAL /RATA ( ,KUBA1 ,LUBA1 & ,LUNDA /ATES4 ,BUT !Y W]E =C$ TO RECOGNIZE ! RUL]S .<444.> AS SUPREME *IEFS4 ,SOMETIMES1 !SE NEW RELATIONS W]E REGI/]$ ?R\< REAL .<OR.> SYMBOLIC MATRIMONIAL RITUALS BETWE5 ! SUPREME *IEF & *IEFS ( CONQU]$ PEOPLES4 .<#d#i.> 

,9T]E/+LY1 ?IS SYMBOLIC MATRIMONIAL RITUAL %[S A P>ALLEL ) ! IMMIXTIO MANUUM RITUAL 9 ! VASSALAGE C]EMONIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 AS PO9T$ \T BY ,JACQUES ,LE ,G(F4 .<#e.> 

,!SE /ATES ALSO HAD >MIES1 LAW C\RTS1 SECRET FRAT]NITIES1 C\NCILS ( NOBLES1 & ! 9/ITUTIONS ( S]VILITY & CLI5TAGE4 ,! >MIES W]E NOT REGUL>IZ$1 BUT FUNCTION$ AS A 0HOME GU>D10 ) ALL ! ADULT MALES ( A C]TA9 AGE GR\P LIABLE TO BE CALL$ 9TO S]VICE4 ,9 ! ,KUBA /ATE1 UNLIKE ! O!R TWO1 0A NUMB] ( W> LEAD]S .<444.> CONS]V$ !IR PO/S 9 PEACETIME40 ,9 ALL ?REE CASES1 H[EV]1 ! >MIES W]E AT ! S]VICE ( ! GOV]NM5T1 BE+ 0US$ = T]RITORIAL USURPATION1 W> ROBB]Y EXP$ITIONS1 SUPPRESSIONS ( REVOLT$ VASSALS1 & SO ON40 .<#e#a.> 

,! LAW C\RTS W]E MO/ EXT5SIVE 9 ! ,KUBA /ATE1 ) A MULTI-/EPP$ /RUCTURE SPANN+ VILLAGE1 PROV9CE1 & CAPITAL4 ,! HI<E/ JUDGES W]E ! P>AM\NT RUL] & ! HEAD ( ! C\NCIL4 ,!RE W]E ALSO 0DIFF]5T JUDGES = MAK+ DECISIONS ON DEF9ITE CRIMES & CASES3 ON SORC]Y1 ON KILL+S1 ON FI<TS & MUTILATIONS1 ON /EAL+1 ON H]ITAGE1 ON TRADE & SO ON40 .<#e#b.> ,! SECRET FRAT]NITIES1 = !IR P>T1 EXECUT$ ! S5T5CES4 ,9 E>LY /ATES ON MULTIPLE CONT95TS1 SU* FRAT]NITIES PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 BACK+ UP :AT WAS O!RWISE A WEAK /ATE P[]1 BO? SYMBOLICALLY & PHYSICALLY4 ,A FAM\S EXAMPLE IS ! CULT ( ,>ES 9 ! ,A!NIAN CITY-/ATE1 :I* C>RI$ \T EXECUTIONS ON ! HILL ( ,>EOPAGUS4 

,SOMETIMES ! SECRET FRAT]NITIES COMPRIS$ Y\NG M5 RECRUIT$ TO SUPPORT ! OLD M5 :O OCCUPI$ ! POSITIONS ( JUDGES & RUL]S4 ,RECRUITS W]E GIV5 ! PRIVILEGE ( BE+ SANCTION$ TO COMMIT :AT W\LD O!RWISE BE BLOOD CRIMES1 A GREAT P[] BO? SYMBOLICALLY & PSY*OLOGICALLY 7& ALSO QUITE REVEAL+ 9 T]MS ( ! PSY*OLOGY ( /ATE SUPPORT]S3 ! 0ANTI-SOCIAL ELEM5TS0 ?AT APOLOGI/S = ! ,/ATE ALWAYS W>N US AGA9/ HAVE FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ BE5 ! AG5TS ( ! ,/ATE ITSELF74 ,O!R TIMES !Y W]E P[]-HOLD]S 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,!IR ANONYMITY PLAY$ MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS3 RITUALIZ+ ! MY/ICAL EXECUTION ( JU/ICE & 5C\RAG+ ! VIEW ?AT JU/ICE WAS ! DISP5SATION ( A DIV9E PR9CIPLE & NOT ! POLITICALLY MOTIVAT$ ACTION ( SPECIFIC PEOPLE ) NAMES & FACES2 EXCUS+ ! FAMILIES ( ! EXECUT$ FROM ! OBLIGATION = V5GEANCE1 9 CASES :]E !Y SUPPORT$ ! JU/ICE PROCESS2 & PROTECT+ ! EXECUTION]S FROM V5GEANCE1 9 CASES :]E ! FAMILIES ( ! EXECUT$ W]E DEFIANT4 ,?IS LA/ ELEM5T IS P]HAPS ! ONLY ONE ?AT HAS REMA9$ UN*ANG$ TODAY1 :5 /ATE EXECUTION]S >E /ILL FACELESS1 & POLICE 9 ANTI-T]RORISM OR O!R HI<-PR(ILE OP]ATIONS ( A POLITICAL NATURE COV] !IR FACES & BADGE NUMB]S4 

,9 ALL ?REE ,CONGO BAS9 /ATES1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! P>AM\NT RUL] WAS COMPLEM5T$ BY ?AT ( A C\NCIL ( NOBLES4 ,9 ! ,KUBA /ATE1 ?IS C\NCIL HAD A LEAD]4 

,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! C\NCIL & ! .<P>AM\NT RUL].> W]E AMBIGU\S4 ,MEMB]S ( ! C\NCIL \TW>DLY %[$ OB$I5CE BUT !Y W]E V]Y P[]FUL 9 REALITY .<444.>4 ,HAV+ MEET+S NOT LESS ?AN ONCE A WEEK ! C\NCIL DECID$ PRACTICALLY ALL ! IMPORTANT QUE/IONS4 ,! NYIMI .<P>AM\NT RUL] 9 ! ,KUBA /ATE.> WAS ALL[$ ONLY TO SUBMIT PROPOSALS = CONSID]ATION4 ,HE WAS NOT ALL[$ EV5 TO BE PRES5T AT ! SITT+S ( ! C\NCIL4 ,A KIKAAM .<HEAD ( ! C\NCIL 9 ! ,KUBA /ATE.> C\LD MAKE A DECISION OPPOS$ TO ! WILL ( A NYIMI4 .<#e#c.> 

,! P>AM\NT RUL]S W]E ALSO SURR\ND$ BY A L>GE NUMB] ( NOBLE C\RTI]S1 SOME ( :OM PLAY$ A 0CRUCIAL P>T 9 ! /ATE APP>ATUS0 :ILE O!RS W]E ONLY ! BE>]S ( HONOR>Y TITLES4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT :ILE ! P>AM\NT RUL]S MAY SEEM LIKE FIGUREHEADS FROM A MOD]N /&PO9T1 !Y PLAY$ A VITAL ROLE AS 0PRIE/-K+10 :I* WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,X,I4 ,! ASC5DANCE ( ! C\NCIL & O!R 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( LEAD]%IP 9 ! ,KUBA /ATE REFLECT A PU% BY ! ELITE TO EXT5D !IR P[] BEYOND :AT IS ATTA9ABLE ?R\< ! SYMBOLIC & RELIGI\S =MS ( DOM9ATION ?AT >E PREVAL5T 9 E>LY /ATES4 

,! ?REE ,CONGO BAS9 /ATES PRACTIC$ S]VITUDE1 :]EBY W> CAPTIVES1 CONDEMN$ CRIM9ALS1 OR !IR RELATIVES HAD TO TOIL 9 FIELDS1 ACT AS DOME/IC WORK]S1 PORT]S1 P]SONAL S]VANTS1 OR BODYGU>DS4 ,! LABOR !Y PROVID$ WAS M9OR1 F> FROM CON/ITUT+ ! PRIM>Y =M ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 & ! CONDITIONS & LABOR DEM&S !Y FAC$ W]E SIGNIFICANTLY LI<T] ?AN ?OSE ( ! SLAVES UND] ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE OR ! LAT] ,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATES4 ,CLI5TS 7MO/ TYPICAL 9 ! ,BALUBA /ATE7 5JOY$ A MU* HI<] /ATUS ?AN S]VANTS4 ,ATTA*+ !MSELVES TO A NOBLE FAMILY1 !Y PLAY$ ! ROLE ( BODYGU>DS OR ASSI/ANTS4 ,OV] TIME1 ! MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS ( CLI5TS & PATRONS TOOK ON A H]$IT>Y =M4 ,! SOCIETIES ?AT PREC$$ !SE /ATES W]E ALL NON-PATRI>*AL OR ONLY LI<TLY PATRI>*AL1 :]EAS ALL ?REE /ATES PU%$ TO 9/ITUTE MORE PATRI>*AL RELATIONS4 

,!SE 9T]NAL PROCESSES1 P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANT 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,CONGO BAS9 /ATES ?AN !IR PRACTICES ( W>F>E & CONQUE/1 CORRESPOND TO PATT]NS ?AT WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 A SUBSEQU5T *APT]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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