,*APT] #f 
,ZOMIA3 ,A ,TOPOGRAPHY ( ,POSITIONALITY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,V,I4 ,ZOMIA3 ,A ,TOPOGRAPHY ( ,POSITIONALITY 

,IT IS WOR? QUOT+ ! CLOS+ PASSAGES ( ,TACITUS'S ,G]MANIA 9 FULL3 

,H]E ,SUEBIA 5DS4 ,I DO NOT KN[ :E!R TO CLASS ! TRIBES ( ! ,PEUC9I1 ,V5$I1 & ,F5NI ) ! ,G]MANS OR ) ! ,S>MATIANS4 ,! ,PEUC9I1 H[EV]1 :O >E SOMETIMES CALL$ ,BA/>NAE .<>\ND PRES5T-DAY ,SLOVAKIA OR WE/]N ,UKRA9E.>1 >E LIKE ,G]MANS 9 !IR LANGUAGE1 MANN] ( LIFE1 & MODE ( SETTLEM5T & HABITATION4 ,SQUALOR IS UNIV]SAL AMONG !M & !IR NOBLES >E 9DOL5T4 ,MIX$ M>RIAGES >E GIV+ !M SOME?+ ( ! REPULSIVE APPE>ANCE ( ! ,S>MATIANS4 ,! ,V5$I .<>\ND PRES5T-DAY ,BEL>US.> HAVE ADOPT$ MANY ,S>MATIAN HABITS2 = !IR PLUND]+ =AYS TAKE !M OV] ALL ! WOOD$ & M\NTA9\S HI<L&S ?AT LIE BETWE5 ! ,PEUC9I & ! ,F5NI4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y >E ON ! :OLE TO BE CLASS$ AS ,G]MANS2 = !Y HAVE SETTL$ HOMES1 C>RY %IELDS1 & >E FOND ( TRAVEL+--& TRAVEL+ FA/--ON FOOT1 DIFF]+ 9 ALL !SE RESPECTS FROM ! ,S>MATIANS1 :O LIVE 9 WAGONS OR ON HORSEBACK4 ,! ,F5NI .<>\ND PRES5T-DAY ,LI?UANIA.> >E A/ONI%+LY SAVAGE & DISGU/+LY POOR4 ,!Y HAVE NO PROP] WEAPONS1 NO HORSES1 NO HOMES4 ,!Y EAT WILD H]BS1 DRESS 9 SK9S1 & SLEEP ON ! GR\ND4 ,!IR ONLY HOPE ( GETT+ BETT] F>E LIES 9 !IR >R[S1 :I*1 = LACK ( IRON1 !Y TIP ) BONE4 ,! WOM5 SUPPORT !MSELVES BY HUNT+1 EXACTLY LIKE ! M52 !Y ACCOMPANY !M EV]Y:]E & 9SI/ ON TAK+ !IR %>E 9 BR++ D[N ! GAME4 ,! ONLY WAY !Y HAVE ( PROTECT+ !IR 9FANTS AGA9/ WILD BEA/S OR BAD WEA!R IS TO HIDE !M UND] A MAKE%IFT COV]+ ( 9T]LAC$ BRAN*ES4 ,SU* IS ! %ELT] TO :I* ! Y\NG FOLK COME BACK & 9 :I* ! OLD MU/ LIE4 ,YET !Y C\NT !IR LOT HAPPI] ?AN ?AT ( O!RS :O GROAN OV] FIELD-LABOR1 SWEAT OV] H\SE-BUILD+1 OR HAZ>D !IR [N & O!R M5'S =TUNES 9 ! HOPE ( PR(IT & ! FE> ( LOSS4 ,UNAFRAID ( ANY?+ ?AT MAN OR GOD CAN DO TO !M1 !Y HAVE REA*$ A /ATE ?AT FEW HUMAN BE+S CAN ATTA93 = !SE M5 >E SO WELL CONT5T ?AT !Y DO NOT EV5 NE$ TO PRAY = ANY?+4 ,:AT COMES AFT] !M IS ! /UFF ( FABLES--,HELLUSII & ,OXIONES ) ! FACE & FEATURES ( M51 ! BODIES & LIMBS ( ANIMALS4 ,ON SU* UNV]IFIABLE /ORIES ,I %ALL EXPRESS NO OP9ION4 .<#h#b.> 

,AS ! ,ROMAN HI/ORIAN'S GAZE MOVES F>!R & F>!R FROM ! B\ND>IES ( ! EMPIRE1 PASS+ ?R\< DIM9I%+ R+S ( /ATE 9FLU5CE1 PATRI>*Y1 HI]>*Y1 CAPITALI/ VALUES1 & SCI5TIFIC C]TA9TY PROGRESSIVELY DISAPPE>4 

,5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9I/ EXPLANATIONS = /ATE =MATION T5D TO FOCUS ON ORIG9AL /ATES4 ,BECAUSE ORIG9AL /ATES HAD ! C>DS /ACK$ AGA9/ !M MORE ?AN SUBSEQU5T /ATES1 ) /ATE =MATION BE+ SO ACTIVELY RESI/$1 WE CAN ACCEPT ?AT ! FIR/ /ATES >OSE )9 A N>R[ RANGE ( ECOLOGICAL NI*ES--?OSE ?AT PRES5T$ ! FEWE/ DISADVANTAGES--)\T ASSUM+ ?AT ! GEOGRAPHY DET]M9$ ! /ATE4 

,! 9ADEQUACY ( ! DET]M9I/ L5S BECOMES EV5 MORE EVID5T :5 ONE EXAM9ES SECOND>Y /ATE =MATION4 ,A MAP ALONE--COD$ TO 9DICATE RA9FALL1 SOIL TYPE1 ELEVATION1 & O!R DATA--C\LD NOT ALL[ US TO PR$ICT ) HI< ACCURACY :I* P>TS ( NOR!RN ,AFRICA1 ,EUROPE1 & WE/]N ,ASIA W\LD BE /ATELESS1 & TO :AT DEGREE1 9 ! FIR/ MILL5NIUM ( ! CURR5T ]A4 ,GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS 9 ! ,BALTIC C\NTRIES1 ! PLA9S TO ! NOR!A/ ( ! ,C>PA?IANS1 OR ! ,MA<REB W]E NO MORE HO/ILE TO /ATE =MATION ?AN !Y W]E 9 ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA1 ,5GL&1 OR ! ORIG9AL ,RUSSIAN T]RITORIES4 ,FROM ! ,*]USCI TO ! ,F5NI1 PEOPLES ACROSS ,EUROPE RESPOND$ TO ! PRESSURES & 9FLU5CES EX]T$ BY ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE & SUBSEQU5T /ATES1 & POSITION$ !MSELVES ACCORD+LY4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT A /ATE'S 9FLU5CE DIM9I%ES SMOO?LY ) DI/ANCE & ?AT AN>*Y !RE=E IS A REACTIVE FUNCTION ( REMOT5ESS FROM EXI/+ /ATES4 ,FI]CELY AN>*IC SOCIETIES HAVE EXI/$ & ?RIV$ DIRECTLY NEXT TO OR EV5 9 ! MID/ ( ! CLAIM$ BORD]S ( P[]FUL /ATES4 ,SPEAK+ ( ,ZOMIA1 ! HI<L& >EA ?AT EXT5DS ACROSS ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT WRITES3 

,AFT] A DEMOGRAPHIC COLLAPSE FOLL[+ A FAM9E1 EPIDEMIC1 OR W> .<BROADLY SPEAK+1 /ATE EFFECTS.>--IF ONE W]E LUCKY 5\< TO HAVE SURVIV$--SWIDD5+ .<! PRACTICE ( %IFT+ & DIV]SIFI$ AGRICULTURE G5]ALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) /ATELESS PEOPLES 9 ! REGION.> MI<T BECOME ! NORM1 RI<T !RE ON ! PADI PLA94 ,/ATE-RESI/ANT SPACE WAS !RE=E NOT A PLACE ON ! MAP BUT A POSITION VIS-A-VIS P[]2 IT C\LD BE CREAT$ BY SUCCESSFUL ACTS ( DEFIANCE1 BY %IFTS 9 F>M+ TE*NIQUES1 OR BY UNANTICIPAT$ ACTS ( GOD4 ,! SAME SPOT C\LD OSCILLATE BETWE5 BE+ HEAVILY RUL$ OR BE+ RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T1 DEP5D+ ON ! REA* ( ! PADI /ATE & ! RESI/ANCE ( ITS W\LD-BE SUBJECTS4 .<#h#c.> 

,ADDITIONALLY1 0! *OICE BETWE5 PADI PLANT+ .<NECESS>Y = /ATE =MATION BUT NOT 9EVITABLY ASSOCIAT$ ) IT.> & SWIDD5+ IS MORE LIKELY TO BE A POLITICAL *OICE ?AN A M]E COMP>ATIVE CALCULATION ( CALORIES P] UNIT ( LABOR40 .<#h#d.> ,ELSE:]E1 = EXAMPLE DISCUSS+ ,*9 ATTEMPTS TO RESI/ & AVOID ,BRITI% DOM9ATION1 ,SCOTT DRIVES HOME ! PO9T ?AT ! POLITICAL *OICE ( RESI/ANCE1 & ! V]Y CON/RUCTION ( A SOCIETY'S FABRIC1 (T5 TRUMP$ ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS4 

,A /ATELESS SOCIETY 9 ,ZOMIA C\LD PRACTICE PADI .<RICE.> PLANT+ AS EASILY AS SWIDD5+1 BUT ! CLOS] AN AN>*IC SOCIETY IS TO A /ATE1 ! MORE IT REQUIRES A WIDE RANGE ( DEF5SIVE ADVANTAGES--PROM95T AMONG !M1 GEOGRAPHY & SUBSI/5CE TE*NIQUES--9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,?US1 AS /ATE P[] GR[S 9 HI/ORY1 ! MORE IT APPE>S ?AT 9ACCESSIBLE GEOGRAPHY OR SUPPOS$LY PRIMITIVE MODES ( PRODUCTION DET]M9E AN>*IC SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ?\< 9 REALITY !Y >E ONLY 5ABL+ FEATURES (T5 S\<T \T BY /ATELESS SOCIETIES AS A REFLECTION ( !IR DECISION TO RESI/ /ATE P[]4 

,/ATES1 !N1 USUALLY >OSE 9 GEOGRAPHICAL SETT+S :]E ! MASSIVE1 IRRIGAT$ CULTIVATION ( ! LOCAL C]EAL 7RICE1 :EAT1 MAIZE1 ETC47 WAS FEASIBLE1 ?\< !Y W]E (T5 P>ASITES TO 9NOVATION RA!R ?AN ! ORIG9AL >*ITECTS ( IRRIGATION1 CITY-BUILD+1 & AGRICULTURE4 ,ONCE !Y HAD LAT*$ ONTO A SUBJECT POPULATION !Y C]TA9LY 5C\RAG$ !SE ACTIVITIES & MODULAT$ !M TO 5C\RAGE C5TRALIZATION4 ,PRESUMABLY1 SOCIETIES ?AT EVOLV$ TO BECOME ANTI-/ATE RA!R ?AN M]ELY /ATELESS1 LE>N$ TO REJECT SU* ACTIVITIES & DEVELOP O!RS ?AT W\LD GIVE !M SYMBOLIC & TE*NICAL ADVANTAGES 9 !IR FI<T AGA9/ /ATE AU?ORITY4 

,MANY /ATES COLLAPS$ DUE TO PROBLEMS ( !IR [N CREATION1 SU* AS FAM9E1 EPIDEMICS1 & W>F>E4 .<#h#e.> ,BUT !Y USUALLY CAME BACK1 & OV] TIME1 DEMON/RAT$ !IR DOM9ANCE )9 A N>R[ ECOLOGICAL NI*E4 ,PEOPLES DET]M9$ TO BE /ATELESS !RE=E DEVELOP$1 ) TIME1 AN ID5TIFICATION ) OPPOSITE SUBSI/5CE PRACTICES1 SU* AS =AG+1 HUNT+1 SWIDD5+1 & PA/ORALISM1 & ) OPPOSITE ECOLOGICAL NI*ES1 SU* AS M\NTA9S1 DES]TS1 =E/S1 & SWAMPS4 

,TO C\NT]ACT ?IS MIGRATION1 BO? PHYSICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL1 AWAY FROM ! REALMS ( ITS DOM9ATION1 ! E>LY /ATE HAD TO DEVELOP ORGANIZATIONAL & IDEOLOGICAL TOOLS TO RETA9 ITS SUBJECTS4 ,AS ,SCOTT AMPLY DEMON/RATES1 ! /ATES ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA HAVE HI/ORICALLY BE5 OBSESS$ ) CAPTIVAT+ !IR [N POPULATIONS4 ,HE QUOTES DOZ5S ( ADAGES & /RATAGEMS FROM ALL ! /ATES ( ! REGION1 ALL SIMIL> TO ! FOLL[+1 TAK5 FROM A 0,*9ESE MANUAL ON GOV]NANCE0 FROM OV] A ?\S& YE>S AGO3 0,IF ! MULTITUDES SCATT] & CANNOT BE RETA9$1 ! CITY-/ATE WILL BECOME A M\ND ( RU9S40 .<#h#f.> 

,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 TRI$ TO ACCOMPLI% ! SAME OBJECTIVES AS ! M&ALA /ATES ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 ,MANY E>LY ,CA?OLIC SA9TS W]E CIVILIZ]S & CULTIVATORS :OSE MIRACLES >E RELAT$ TO ACTS ( SETTLEM5T1 DE=E/ATION1 CLE>+1 DRA9+1 & PLANT+1 TAM+ ! WILD]NESS ?AT HAD ONCE AGA9 COME TO COV] ,EUROPE 9 ! FRE$OM ( ! ,D>K ,AGES4 .<#h#g.> ,9 ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA1 MANY PIONE]+ VILLAGES CORRESPOND$ TO ! SAGR]A MODEL1 9 :I* A NEWLY CON/RUCT$ *UR* W\LD AUTOMATICALLY GA9 [N]%IP OV] ! L&S )9 A C]TA9 DI/ANCE FROM ITS WALLS4 ,! PEASANTS WORK$ ! *UR* L&S1 & ALSO C>RI$ \T SUBSI/5CE ACTIVITIES 9 ! UNCLAIM$ =E/S & FIELDS BEYOND ! SAGR]A4 ,! MODEL WAS1 FUNDAM5TALLY1 A RELIGI\S PROTECTION RACKET4 ,BY LIV+ )9 ! SAGR]A 7& WORK+ ITS FIELDS71 ! PEASANTS PROTECT$ !MSELVES FROM ACTS ( RAID+ OR USURPATION BY NOBLES 7COMMON]S W]E NOT1 CONTR>Y TO CURR5T MISCONCEPTIONS1 P[]LESS BE=E NOBLES1 BUT SMALL] GR\PS ( PEASANTS MI<T HAVE A H>D] TIME GETT+ !IR COMMUNE (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ BY ROYAL AU?ORITY1 :I* BAS$ MU* ( ITS E>LY P[] ON ITS FUNCTION ( >BIT] BETWE5 ! NOBILITY & ! COMMON]S74 ,ESPECIALLY 9 MORE M\NTA9\S & RURAL REGIONS ?R\<\T ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 A PR9CIPAL DIFF]5CE DI/+UI%+ ,*RI/IAN FROM PAGAN PEASANTS WAS :E!R !Y SUBMITT$ TO ! PROTECTION RACKET & AGRE$ TO LIVE 9 ! ,*UR*'S %AD[1 OR :E!R !Y TRI$ TO MA9TA9 AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES4 ,!IR RELIGI\S PRACTICES--CONSI/5TLY SYNCRETIC & (T5 CROSS+ ! L9E 9TO BLASPHEMY1 H]ESY1 & POLY!ISM--W]E F> FROM SUFFICI5T TO QUALIFY !M AS BELIEV]S4 

,ON ! ORGANIZATIONAL PLANE1 W>F>E WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ & MO/ COMMON MEASURES DEPLOY$ TO A*IEVE & MA9TA9 ! LABOR-P[] /ATES NE$$ = !IR EXI/5CE4 ,?IS 9VOLV$ 0=CIBLY RESETTL+ W> CAPTIVES BY ! T5S ( ?\S&S & BY BUY+ &_/OR KIDNAPP+ SLAVES40 ,BUT AS CAPTIVES RAN (F1 /ATES HAD TO DEVELOP COMPLEM5T>Y ME?ODS4 ,SUBSI/5CE ACTIVITIES & LIV+ \TSIDE ( SANCTION$ VILLAGES W]E PROHIBIT$1 & /ATE PLANN]S DEVELOP$ LEGAL & ECONOMIC ME*ANISMS1 ) ! AIM ( =C+ !IR SUBJECTS TO *OOSE BETWE5 GRA9 CULTIVATION & />VATION4 ,TATTOO+ OR EV5 BR&+ ( SUBJECTS BECAME COMMON 9 C]TA9 PLACES4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( WILD PLACES WAS ANO!R OBVI\S TACTIC1 IF WE ACCEPT ! PA?OLOGICAL M5TALITY ( /ATES & !IR AG5TS4 0,CUT ! =E/S1 TRANS=M ! =E/S 9TO FIELDS1 = !N ONLY WILL Y\ BECOME A TRUE K+10 AS A RUL] 9 ANCI5T ,MALI WAS 9/RUCT$4 .<#h#h.> ,=E/S W]E CLE>$1 H]DS W]E EXT]M9AT$1 M>%ES W]E DRA9$4 ,9 MORE REC5T TIMES1 /ATES HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ADD ! :OLESALE DE/RUCTION ( M\NTA9S TO !IR REP]TOIRE 7FIR/ ) MEGADAM PROJECTS & !N ) M\NTA9TOP REMOVAL M9+74 

,CONTR>Y TO ! MY?OLOGY ( SOCIAL PEACE1 :I* W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE ?AT /ATE EVASION IS A ?+ ( ! PA/1 ?IS W> ON ! WORLD1 ?IS :OLESALE DE/RUCTION ( PLACES ?AT FAVOR UNGOV]NABILITY1 IS A PREOCCUPATION ?AT HAS /AY$ ) /ATES UP UNTIL ! PRES5T DAY4 ,SCOTT NOTES ?AT ! M>%ES ON ! L[] ,EUPHRATES & ! ,PONTIAN M>%ES NE> ,ROME1 EA* ( !M LOCATIONS ?AT HAVE LONG H>BOR$ REBELS1 \TLAWS1 & /ATE EVAD]S RI<T 9 ! MID/ ( TWO ( ! CRADLES ( CIVILIZATION1 W]E DRA9$ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY BY ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 & ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I1 RESPECTIVELY2 HE ALSO M5TIONS ! ,GREAT ,DISMAL ,SWAMP1 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT FOCI ( 9DIG5\S1 ,AFRICAN1 & FUGITIVE ,EUROPEAN RESI/ANCE TO COLONIZATION ON ,NOR? ,AM]ICA'S EA/]N SEABO>D4 .<#h#i.> ,& TO ?IS WE CAN ADD ! DE/RUCTION ( ANO!R AN>*IC ZONE1 ! ,APPALA*IAN ,M\NTA9S1 P>TICUL>LY ! ATTEMPT TO C>RY \T M\NTA9TOP REMOVAL M9+ ON ,BLAIR ,M\NTA91 ! SITE ( A %ORT W> BETWE5 AN 9T]RACIAL GR\P ( COAL M9]S & ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T1 9 #a#i#b#b4 

,SOCIAL CONFLICT CAN ALSO TURN ONCE CIVILIZ$ T]RITORY 9TO A LIB]AT$ SPACE ( RESI/ANCE1 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 & ILLEGIBILITY4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,CIVIL ,W>1 /ATE P[] 9 ! ,S\? HAD COLLAPS$1 & ?R\< ,RECON/RUCTION1 ! NOR!RN BUREAUCRACY & NOR!RN CAPITALI/S WORK$ ) ! S\!RN PLANT+ >I/OCRACY TO PUT ! =M] SLAVES BACK TO WORK1 EI!R AS WAGE LABOR]S OR AS 5SLAV$ *A9 GANG PRISON]S4 ,! OV]:ELM+ PREF]5CE ( ! NEWLY LIB]AT$ ,AFRICANS1 H[EV]1 WAS TO 5GAGE 9 ILLEGIBLE1 NON-MONET>Y SUBSI/5CE ACTIVITIES LIKE G>D5+1 HUNT+1 & FI%+1 TO FE$ !MSELVES AS COMMUNITIES RA!R ?AN LABOR+ = ! PRODUCTION ( CA% CROPS LIKE RICE & COTTON4 ,! ,/ATE *ANG$ OR BROKE ITS [N LAWS TO DISPOSSESS ,AFRICANS1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS1 & POOR :ITES ( ! NEWLY EXPROPRIAT$ PLANTATIONS1 DRA9$ ! M>%ES & CUT D[N ! P9E B>R5S ?AT (T5 S]V$ AS REFUGE = LIB]AT$ COMMUNITIES1 & 9/ITUT$ A REIGN ( T]ROR ?R\< ! 9DI/+UI%ABLE =CES ( ! POLICE & :ITE VIGILANTES LIKE ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN TO 5=CE RACIAL SEP>ATION & TO TEA* ! CITIZ5RY ?AT FRE$OM WAS ONLY GRANT$ TO ?OSE :O WORK$1 & 0WORK0 MEANT WORK+ = A RI* P]SON & NEV] = ONE'S [N SELF-SUFFICI5CY2 :E!R ! LABOR CONTRACT WAS NEGOTIAT$ ) :IPS & *A9S OR ) SAL>IES & EVICTIONS PROV$ TO BE A M]E DETAIL4 ,9 PLACES LIKE ! ,OGEE*EE ,NECK1 :]E =M] SLAVES EVICT$ ! PLANT] >I/OCRACY & !IR OV]SE]S & COMMUNALIZ$ ! L&1 ! MILIT>Y HAD TO COME 9 TO CRU% ! REBELLION4 .<#i.> 

,URBAN ZONES ( EVASION HAVE OP5$ UP 9 ! CITIES ( MANY MOD]N /ATES1 ) SUBCULTURES1 E?NIC M9ORITIES1 OR L>GE & HET]OG5E\S GR\PS TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( CAPITALI/ DECAD5CE TO TRANS=M 5TIRE NEI<BORHOODS 9TO >EAS :]E C5SUS-TAK+1 TAX- & R5T-COLLECT+1 POLIC+1 ! C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL ( POPUL> CULTURE1 & ! 5=CEM5T ( LABOR DISCIPL9E ALL BECOME DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE4 ,POLICE CAMPAIGNS ( CRIM9ALIZATION & G5TRIFICATION--:I* IS 9/IGAT$ BY /ATE PLANN]S MORE (T5 ?AN IS COMMONLY RECOGNIZ$-->E ! MA91 & USUALLY COMPLEM5T>Y1 ME?ODS = DEMOLI%+ RESI/ANT1 AUTONOM\S1 ILLEGIBLE NEI<BORHOODS & CON/RUCT+ PACIFI$1 /RIAT$1 LEGIBLE RESID5TIAL & COMM]CIAL ZONES 9 !IR PLACE4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO'S ,MISSION ,DI/RICT1 ,H>LEM & ! ,L[] ,EA/SIDE 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,KREUZB]G 9 ,B]L91 ,RAVAL & ,GRACIA 9 ,B>CELONA1 & ! ,CABANYAL 9 ,VAL5CIA1 >E ALL GOOD EXAMPLES ( /ATE EVASION & ! REIMPOSITION ( /ATE CONTROL4 

,A LONG-/&+ TASK ( MUNICIPAL POLICE & BUREAUCRACIES HAS BE5 ! PROHIBITION ( /REET V5D+1 ! DIRECT SALE ( !IR W>ES OR PRODUCE BY SMALL-SCALE >TISANS1 :O LIB]ATE !MSELVES ( ! CO/LY1 DEP5D5CY-CREAT+ BURD5S ( TAXATION1 REGULATION1 & R5T4 ,! PRIM>Y PURPOSE ( SU* /ATE ME*ANISMS IS NEI!R QUALITY CONTROL NOR CONSUM] PROTECTION1 BUT ! PROTECTION ( %OP [N]S & L>GE PRODUC]S1 & ! PROHIBITION ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY4 ,EV5 POOR] URBAN D5IZ5S MI<T LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM ! MONEY ECONOMY & ?US ! SLAV]Y ( WAGE LABOR ?R\< SQUATT+ & DUMP/]-DIV+1 BO? ( :I* >E 9CREAS+LY PROHIBIT$ ?R\< LEGAL & >*ITECTURAL MEANS4 ,! LATT] MI<T 9CLUDE ! DEMOLITION OR SEMI-LEGAL R5T+ ( VACANT UNITS1 AS COMMONLY OCCURS 9 ,SPA9 & ! ,NE!RL&S1 RESPECTIVELY2 & AS F> AS DUMP/]+ IS CONC]N$ ?R\< ! USE ( TRA% COMPACTORS OR UND]GR\ND WA/E /ORAGE4 ,DUMP/]+1 TODAY1 IS ! MALN\RI%$ F9AL HEIR ( A ONCE PR\D TRADITION ( RURAL COMMON+ ?AT 9CLUD$ GLEAN+ 9 ! FIELDS AFT] H>VE/ OR GA!R+ BRU%WOOD 9 ! =E/S 5CLOS$ BY LORDS & L&[N]S1 A PRACTICE ?AT CAME TO BE H>%LY PUNI%$ BY ! ,U,K'S ,BLACK ,ACT & O!R LAWS 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 .<#i#a.> 

,FROM ! BEG9N+1 >*ITECTURE HAS BE5 A PR9CIPAL MEANS ( EX]T+ CONTROL1 ORGANIZ+ ! POPULATION SO ?AT IT IS MORE COMPREH5SIBLE TO /ATE SURVEILLANCE & MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO /ATE ADM9I/RATION1 & /RUCTUR+ C]TA9 =MS ( BLACKMAIL & CO]CION 9TO ! FABRIC ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,I GIVE AN AN>*I/ HI/ORY T\R :]E ,I CURR5TLY LIVE 9 ,B>CELONA1 & OV] SEV]AL YE>S ( COMPIL+ RADICAL HI/ORIES & *RONICL+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 ,I HAVE COME ACROSS AN IMPORTANT PATT]N4 .<#i#b.> ,A /RIK+ FEATURE ( ALL /ATE 9T]V5TIONS 9 URBAN >*ITECTURE IS ! REM>KABLE CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ! /RATEGIC 9T]E/ ( EX]T+ MILIT>Y CONTROL OV] ! POPULATION1 ! SOCIOCULTURAL 9T]E/ ( BREAK+ UP AUTONOM\S L[]-CLASS NEI<BORHOODS1 & ! COMM]CIAL 9T]E/ ( SPURR+ LEGIBLE ECONOMIC GR[?1 SOMETIMES TO ! PO9T ?AT !Y BECOME 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ?IS DYNAMIC REFLECTS ! ESS5CE ( ! SOCIAL W> & CAN BE F\ND EV5 9 ! E>LIE/ /ATE 9T]V5TIONS1 AL?\< ! ELEM5T ( ?IS TR9ITY ?AT IS (T5 POSIT$ AS ! F\NDATION OR FUNDAM5TAL CAUSE1 ! PR(IT MOTIVE1 CAN 9 FACT BE CONSID]$ EXTRANE\S 9 ! %ORT T]M4 ,IT IS IC+ ON ! CAKE1 A WAY = /ATE PLANN]S TO COMMUNICATE %>$ 9T]E/S ) ! ECONOMIC ELITE1 & 9 ! LONG RUN1 NECESS>Y = ! /ATE TO FUEL ITS PROCESSES ( P[] ACCUMULATION & SOCIAL CONTROL1 BUT IT IS BY NO MEANS ! S9E QUA NON ( CIVILIZATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 C\NTLESS /ATES HAVE BANKRUPT$ !MSELVES 9 PURSUIT ( ! SOCIAL W>1 & NOT EV]Y /ATE ?AT HAS GONE BANKRUPT HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,NOR HAVE ALL /ATES HELD BACK FROM DE/ROY+ ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES !Y FE$ (F (1 :5 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( ASS]T+ SOCIAL CONTROL4 

,?IS AU?ORIT>IAN CONV]G5CE CAN ALSO 9CLUDE NON-/ATE ACTORS APPLY+ PROGRESSIVE VALUES !Y BELIEVE WILL MAKE ! WORLD A MORE EQUITABLE PLACE1 SU* AS PROGRESSIVE 5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/S :O HELP MOD]N /ATES TO WIPE \T /ATE-RESI/ANT PRACTICES LIKE SWIDD5+ AGRICULTURE1 :I* !Y HYPOCRITICALLY & MYOPICALLY BLAME = L>G] 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 .<#i#c.> 

,A COMMON EXAMPLE ( >*ITECTURAL CONTROL IS ! NE> UNIV]SAL LOCATION 7UND] NON-MOD]N /ATES7 ( GRAN>IES )9 ! CITY WALLS1 :]E !Y WILL BE UND] ! CONTROL ( ! CIVILIZATION'S MORE PRIVILEG$ CA/ES4 ,CONSID]+ ! CITY WALLS !MSELVES1 :I* FREQU5TLY EXHIBIT A /RUCTURE ( TWO OR MORE TI]S1 WE CAN 9TUIT A FEW ?+S AB\T NON-MOD]N /ATES' TREATM5T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! >TISANS & M]*ANTS4 ,!Y W]E PRIVILEG$1 %ELT]$1 CULTURALLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! PEASANTS1 BUT W]E ALSO KEPT CLOSE1 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! RUL]S1 & ?US G5]ALLY OR P>TIALLY PROHIBIT$ FROM AN 9DEP5D5T OR ILLEGIBLE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 

,WALLS HAVE ALSO EXI/$ ON A MU* GREAT] SCALE4 ,CONTR>Y TO POPUL> BELIEF1 OR RA!R1 ! BELIEF 9CULCAT$ BY /ATI/ $UCATION1 ! ,GREAT ,WALL ( ,*9A WAS CON/RUCT$ AT LEA/ AS MU* TO KEEP ! EMPIRE'S CITIZ5S 9 AS TO KEEP ! B>B>IANS \T4 

,HADRIAN'S ,WALL1 BUILT BY ! ,ROMANS 9 ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES1 S]V$ ! SAME DUAL PURPOSE4 ,YET WE >E SY/EMATICALLY TAU<T ?AT ! ONLY PURPOSE ( ! WALL WAS TO KEEP \T ! B>B>IANS1 :O ALWAYS REMA9 ON ! WRONG SIDE ( HI/ORY4 ,! /UD5T IS TRA9$ TO VIEW !M FROM ?IS SIDE ( ! WALL4 ,! NE$S ( /ATE >E PRIVILEG$1 :]EAS ! /ATELESS >E PRES5T$ AS DANG]\S1 OPAQUE1 & ULTIMATELY EVIL \TSID]S4 

,SU* WALLS >E ALSO IMPORTANT AS SYMBOLS1 & COMPLEM5T>Y TO ! ,/ATE'S ORGANIZATIONAL EF=TS TO CAPTURE & RETA9 SUBJECTS IS A :OLE >RAY ( IDEOLOGICAL EF=TS ?AT TO ?IS DAY %APE :AT IT MEANS TO BE A /ATE SUBJECT4 ,RELIGION1 HI/ORY1 CITIZ5%IP1 NATIONALITY1 & ID5TITY AS WE KN[ IT ALL TRA9 US TO BE 9CAPABLE ( IMAG9+ \R LIVES \TSIDE ( /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,ALL ( US GR[ UP BELIEV+ ?AT ! ,/ATE IS AN 9EVITABLE & UNIV]SAL EVOLUTION = HUMANK9D ?AT IMPROV$ ! QUALITY ( \R LIVES2 ONLY LAT] >E WE GIV5 ACCESS TO ! 9=MATION ?AT CONFLICTS ) ?IS N>RATIVE1 ONCE IT ALREADY CON/ITUTES \R FUNDAM5TAL WORLDVIEW & S5SE ( SELF4 ,WE GR[ UP LACK+ 9=MATION AB\T CONTEMPOR>Y OR HI/ORICAL /ATELESS PEOPLES4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY NEV] SURPASS ?IS IGNORANCE4 ,/ATES & !IR LEAD]S >E F$ TO US AS ! PROTAGONI/S ( HI/ORY1 & :5 ! /ATELESS CANNOT BE SYMBOLICALLY SUPPRESS$ AS PRIMITIVE1 SAVAGE1 OBSOLESC5T1 IGNORANT1 EVIL1 OR T]RORI/1 !Y >E RELEGAT$ TO ! %AD[Y BACKDROP ( A /AGE ! ,/ATE CLE>LY COMM&S4 

,ANTICAPITALI/S WILL (T5 9SI/ ?AT ! PURPOSE ( PUBLIC $UCATION IS TO PREP>E WORK]S4 ,?IS IS BALD]DA%1 A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( DOGMA OBVIAT+ REALITY4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! LESSON PLAN1 ONCE A PUPIL IS LIT]ATE & KN[S ! MO/ BASIC MA?1 IS IRRELEVANT TO ! TASKS ( ! FUTURE WORK]1 UNLESS WE C\NT ! ABILITIES TO FOLL[ ORD]S1 ACCEPT CONF9EM5T1 & COMPLETE MEAN+LESS TASKS2 H[EV]1 ?OSE SKILLS >E REQUIR$ ( ALL CITIZ5S1 EMPLOY$ OR UNEMPLOY$1 PROLE OR PETTY-B\RGEOISIE4 ,A TYPICAL WORK] HAS ABSOLUTELY NO NE$ TO KN[ AB\T ANCI5T ,EGYPT1 ,WILLIAM ,%AKESPE>E1 OR BASIC *EMI/RY4 ,NO1 ! FUNDAM5TAL PURPOSE ( $UCATION IS TO CIVILIZE *ILDR51 & A L>GE P>T ( ?IS MEANS FILL+ !IR HEADS ) ! LIES ?AT >E NECESS>Y TO MAKE !M ALWAYS VIEW HI/ORY & SOCIETY FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ?AT PRIVILEGES /ATE P[]4 

,9 REC5T LIT]ATURE1 ,HADRIAN'S ,WALL HAS COME BACK TO US AS ! ,WALL 9 ,GEORGE ,R4,R4 ,M>T9'S ,SONGS ( ,ICE & ,FIRE4 ,AN 9TELLIG5T WRIT]1 ,M>T9 HAS 9CISIVELY DECON/RUCT$ ! ROMANTIC ASPECTS ( /ATE MY?OLOGY4 ,9 HIS WORLDVIEW1 /ATECRAFT IS A BLOODY1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 & CYNICAL AFFAIR4 ,MANY ( HIS MO/ SYMPA!TIC *>ACT]S >E REBELS :O FI<T AU?ORITY OR TRAGIC *>ACT]S :O >E FOOLI%LY D$ICAT$ TO ! %AM PR9CIPLES ! ,/ATE HYPOCRITICALLY ESP\SES4 ,/ATELESS PEOPLE >E (T5 DEPICT$ 9 A POSITIVE LI<T2 ! MO/ PROM95T EXAMPLE CALL !MSELVES ! 0,FREE ,FOLK0 & !Y REF] TO !IR /ATI/ NEI<BORS AS 0KNEEL]S40 ,IT IS CURI\S TO SEE1 AT ! VANGU>D ( ! POPUL> IMAG9>Y1 :I* ASPECTS ( /ATE MY?OLOGY CAN BE DISMANTL$1 & :I* CANNOT4 ,! /ATELESS PEOPLES 9 ,SONGS ( ,ICE & ,FIRE >E /ILL KEPT TO ! M>G9S ( HI/ORY1 & DO NOT HAVE ANY VOICE CAPABLE ( (F]+ AN AN>*IC SOLUTION TO SOCIETY4 ,!Y REMA9 A RELIC4 

,AS = ! ,WALL1 AS BRUTALLY HONE/ AS IS ! PORTRAYAL ( /ATECRAFT 9 !SE NOVELS1 MASS AB&ONM5T ( ! ,/ATE IS NEV] BR\<T UP AS AN OPTION4 0,GO+ SAVAGE0 IS NOT CONSID]$ AS A POSSIBILITY4 .<#i#d.> ,! ,WALL DOES NOT EXI/ TO KEEP ! KNEEL]S 91 BUT ONLY TO KEEP \T ! 0WILDL+S10 & AN EV5 GREAT] EVIL3 ! ,O!RS4 ,! ,O!RS >E A COMPLETELY UNNATURAL MON/ROSITY4 ,:AT REMA9S BEYOND ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !SE NOVELS IS ?AT ! ORIG9 ( MON/]S )9 \R COLLECTIVE IMAG9>Y IS 9 ! V]Y M>G9S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,:E!R ! S\RCE IS ! FABLES ( ANCI5T ,GREEK TRAVEL]S1 ! MORE SCI5TIFIC ACC\NT ( ,TACITUS1 OR ! RACIALIZ$ FANTASY ( WRIT]S LIKE ,J4,R4,R4 ,TOLKI5 & ,C4,S4 ,LEWIS1 MON/]S MAY ONLY ?RIVE :]E CIVILIZATION & /ATE AU?ORITY >E WEAK4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! MON/]S ALSO REPRES5T /ATELESS PEOPLE 7OR MORE BROADLY1 =MS ( LIFE1 S9CE HUMANITY AS DI/9CT FROM ANIMALITY ALSO BLURS BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ! ,/ATE74 ,EVIL1 9 \R IMAG9>Y1 [ES ITS EXI/5CE 5TIRELY TO ! IDEOLOGICAL MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,/ATE4 7,MAK+ A SIMIL> PO9T REG>D+ ! ,E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ,LE ,G(F NOTES ?AT PEASANT MORALITY WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY AN AMBIGUITY BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 9 TOTAL CONTRA/ ) ! MORALI/IC DUALISM ( ! CL]GY4 .<#i#e.> 7 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,M>T91 ?\< HIS VISION IS ADMIRABLE1 HAS DONE NO?+ MORE ?AN GIVE US A MULTICULTURAL FANTASY ) GOOD SAVAGES & EVIL SAVAGES1 BUT 9 ! 5D ! N>RATIVE IS ! SAME ONE ?AT HAS PLAY$ \T--NO1 ?AT WE HAVE BE5 =C$ TO PLAY \T1 & TO SWALL[1 & TO PLAY \T AGA91 UNTIL WE BELIEVE IT1 UNTIL WE CANNOT QUE/ION IT & >E NO LONG] AW>E ( ITS EXI/5CE--= ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 IT IS TRAGICALLY HIL>I\S H[ LIB]ALS SPEAK ( FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 AS ?\< IT W]E A MEAN+FUL CONCEPT4 ,AT A FUNDAM5TAL LEVEL1 ALL EXPRESSION 9 \R CIVILIZATION IS SAY+ ! SAME ?+4 

,:AT W\LD *ANGE IF EV]YONE GREW UP KN[+ ?AT /ATES BUILT WALLS TO KEEP !IR SUBJECTS 91 ?AT A GREAT MOTOR ( HI/ORY WAS ! /ATE NE$ TO CO]CE PEOPLE 9TO BE+ ITS SUBJECTS1 ?AT ALL ( US1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 >E ! DESC5DANTS ( SLAVES1 & ?AT ! ME*ANISMS ( \R 5SLAVEM5T HAVE NEV] DISAPPE>$1 ONLY BE5 ELABORAT$8 

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