,*APT] #g 
,! ,G]MAN ,CRISIS 7#a#h#g7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

,:OSOEV] M5TIONS ! ,/ATE1 IMPLIES =CE1 OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION1 9JU/ICE -- ALL !SE BR\<T TOGE!R AS A SY/EM >E ! MA9 CONDITION ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,! ,/ATE HAS NEV] HAD1 & NEV] CAN HAVE1 A MORALITY4 ,ITS ONLY MORALITY & JU/ICE IS ITS [N 9T]E/1 ITS EXI/5CE1 & ITS OMNIPOT5CE AT ANY PRICE2 & BE=E ITS 9T]E/1 ALL 9T]E/ ( ,HUMANITY MU/ /& 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,! ,/ATE IS ! NEGATION ( ,HUMANITY4 ,IT IS ?IS 9 TWO WAYS3 ! OPPOSITE ( HUMAN FRE$OM & HUMAN JU/ICE 79T]NALLY71 AS WELL AS ! =CIBLE DISRUPTION ( ! COMMON SOLID>ITY ( MANK9D 7EXT]NALLY74 ,! ,UNIV]SAL ,/ATE1 REPEAT$LY ATTEMPT$1 HAS ALWAYS PROV$ AN IMPOSSIBILITY1 SO ?AT1 AS LONG AS ! ,/ATE EXI/S1 ,/ATE WILL EXI/ -- & S9CE EV]Y ,/ATE REG>DS ITSELF AS ABSOLUTE1 & PROCLAIMS ! ADORATION ( ITS P[] AS ! HI<E/ LAW1 TO :I* ALL O!R LAWS MU/ BE SUBORD9AT$1 IT !RE=E FOLL[S ?AT AS LONG AS ,/ATE EXI/ W>S CANNOT CEASE ,EV]Y ,/ATE MU/ CONQU]1 OR BE CONQU]$4 ,EV]Y ,/ATE MU/ BUILD ITS P[] ON ! WEAKNESS OR1 IF IT CAN DO IT )\T DANG] TO ITSELF1 ON ! DE/RUCTION1 ( O!R ,/ATES4 

,TO /RIVE = ,9T]NATIONAL JU/ICE1 LIB]TY1 & P]PETUAL PEACE & AT ! SAME TIME TO UPHOLD ! ,/ATE1 IS CONTRADICTORY & NAIVE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ALT] ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE IT IS JU/ ?IS NATURE ?AT CON/ITUTES ! ,/ATE2 & ,/ATES CANNOT *ANGE !IR NATURE )\T CEAS+ TO EXI/4 ,IT ?US FOLL[S ?AT !RE CANNOT BE A GOOD4 JU/1 VIRTU\S ,/ATE4 ,ALL ,/ATES >E BAD 9 ?AT S5SE1 ?AT !Y1 BY !IR NATURE1 BY !IR PR9CIPLE BY !IR V]Y F\NDATION & ! HI<E/ IDEAL ( !IR EXI/5CE1 >E ! OPPON5TS ( HUMAN LIB]TY1 MORALITY & JU/ICE4 ,& 9 ?IS REG>D !RE IS1 ONE MAY SAY2 :AT ONE LIKES1 NO GREAT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! B>B>IC ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE & ! CIVILIZ$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,:]E9 LIES ! ONLY DIFF]5CE8 ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>DOM DOES OP5LY :AT ! O!RS DO UND] ! MASK ( HYPOCRISY4 ,CZ>DOM ) ITS UNDISGUIS$ POLITICAL ME?OD1 & ITS CONTEMPT = HUMANITY1 IS ! ONLY GOAL TO :I* ALL /ATESM5 ( ,EUROPE SECRETLY BUT 5VY+LY ASPIRE4 ,ALL ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE DO ! SAME AS ,RUSSIA1 AS F> AS PUBLIC OP9ION1 & ESPECIALLY AS F> AS ! REAWAK5$ BUT V]Y P[]FUL SOLID>ITY ( ! PEOPLE ALL[ !M -- A PUBLIC OP9ION & SOLID>ITY :I* CONTA9 9 !MSELVES ! GEMS ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ,/ATES4 ,!RE IS NO 0GOOD0 ,/ATE ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ! SE ?AT >E P[]LESS4 ,& EV5 !Y >E QUITE CRIM9AL 5\< 9 !IR DREAMS4 ,HE :O WANTS FRE$OM1 JU/ICE1 & PEACE1 HE :O WANTS ! 5TIRE 7ECONOMIC & POLITICAL7 LIB]ATION ( ! MASSES1 MU/ /RIVE = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATES1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIV]SAL F$]ATION ( FREE GR\PS = ,PRODUCTION4 

,AS LONG AS ! ,G]MAN WORK]S /RIVE = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NATIONAL ,/ATE -- H[EV] POPUL> & FREE !Y MAY IMAG9E ?IS ,/ATE 7& !RE IS A F> /OP FROM IMAG9ATION TO REALIZATION1 ESPECIALLY :5 !RE IS ! FRAT]NIZATION ( TWO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ PR9CIPLES1 ! ,/ATE & ! LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE1 9VOLV$7-SO LONG AS !Y SACRIFICE ! LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE TO ! MI<T ( ! ,/ATE1 ,SOCIALISM TO POLITICS1 ,9T]NATIONAL JU/ICE & FRAT]NITY TO PATRIOTISM4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT !IR [N ECONOMIC LIB]ATION WILL REMA9 A BEAUTIFUL DREAM1 LOOM+ 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO REA* TWO OPPOSITE POLES SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,SOCIALISM1 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 PRESUPPOSES ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE2 IT IS !RE= CLE> ?AT HE :O IS 9 FAVOR ( ! ,/ATE MU/ GIVE UP ,SOCIALISM1 & SACRIFICE ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S TO ! POLITICAL P[] ( SOME PRIVILEG$ P>TY4 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY IS =C$ TO SACRIFICE ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALSO !IR POLITICAL LIB]ATION -- OR1 BETTOR EXPRESS$1 !IR LIB]ATION FROM POLITICS -- TO ! SELF-SEEK+ & TRIUMPH ( ! B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS FOLL[S UNQUE/IONABLY FROM ,>TICLES #b & #c ( !IR PROGRAM4 ,! FIR/ ?REE P>AGRAPHS ( ,>TICLE #b >E QUITE 9 ACCORD ) ! ,SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL1 :OSE PROGRAM !Y COPY NE>LY LIT]ALLY4 ,BUT ! F\R? P>AGRAPH ( ! SAME >TICLE1 :I* DECL>ES ?AT POLITICAL LIB]TY IS ! =]UNN] ( ECONOMIC LIB]TY1 5TIRELY DE/ROYS ! PRACTICAL VALUE ( ! RECOGNITION ( \R PR9CIPLES4 ,IT CAN MEAN NO?+ ELSE ?AN ?IS3-0,PROLET>IANS1 Y\ >E SAVES1 ! VICTIMS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & CAPITALISM4 ,Y\ WANT TO LIB]ATE Y\R-SELVES FROM ?IS YOKE4 ,?IS IS GOOD1 & Y\R DEM&S >E QUITE JU/4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO REALIZE !M1 Y\ MU/ HELP US TO ACCOMPLI% ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,AFT]W>DS WE WILL HELP Y\ TO ACCOMPLI% ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,LET US1 !RE=E1 ?R\< ! MI<T ( Y\R >MS E/ABLI% ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 & !N -- & !N WE WILL CREATE A COMMONWEAL? = Y\ SIMIL> TO ! ONE ! ,SWISS WORK]S 5JOY4 

,9 ORD] TO CONV9CE ONESELF ?AT ?IS PREPO/]\S DELUSION EXPRESSES 5TIRELY ! SPIRIT & T5D5CY ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY -- I4E41 !IR PROGRAM1 NOT ! NATURAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S ( :OM ! P>TY CONSI/S ONE NE$ ONLY /UDY ! ?IRD >TICLE ( ?IS PROGRAM1 :]E9 ALL ! 9ITIAL DEM&S1 :I* %ALL BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! PEACEFUL & LEGAL AGITATION ( ! P>TY >E ELABORAT$4 ,ALL !SE DEM&S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! T5?1 :I* HAD NOT EV5 BE5 PROPOS$ BY ! AU?ORS ( ! PROGRAM1 BUT HAD BE5 ADD$ LAT] -- DUR+ ! DISCUSSION1 BY A MEMB] ( ! ,EIS5A* ,CONGRESS -- ALL !SE DEM&S >E ( AN 5TIRELY POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,ALL !SE PO9TS :I* >E RECOMM5D$ AS ! MA9 OBJECT ( ! IMM$IATE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( ! P>TY CONSI/ ( NO?+ ELSE BUT ! WELL-KN[N PROGRAM ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY2 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ) DIRECT LEGISLATOR BY ! PEOPLE1 ABOLITION ( ALL POLITICAL PRIVILEGE2 A CITIZ5 >MY2 SEP>ATION ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 & S*OOL & ,/ATE2 FREE & COMPULSORY $UCATION2 LIB]TY ( ! ,PRESS1 ASSEMBLY1 & COMB9ATION2 CONV]SION ( ALL 9DIRECT TAXATION 9TO A DIRECT1 PROGRESSIVE1 & UNIV]SAL 9COME-TAX4 

,!SE >E ! TRUE OBJECTS1 ! REAL GOAL ( ! P>TY 6 ,AN EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL RE=M ( ! ,/ATE1 ! 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS1 ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AM ,I NOT1 !RE=E1 5TITL$ TO ASS]T ?AT ?IS PROGRAM IS 9 REALITY A PURELY POLITICAL & B\RGEOIS AFFAIR1 :I* LOOKS UPON ,SOCIALISM ONLY AS A DREAM = A F> DI/ANT FUTURE8 ,HAVE #a NOT LIKEWISE A RI<T TO ASSORT ?AT IF ONE W\LD JUDGE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S BY !IR PROGRAM -- ( :I* ,I WILL BEW>E1 BECAUSE ,I KN[ ?AT ! REAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS GO 9F9ITELY FUR !R ?AN ?IS1 PROGRAM -- !N ONE W\LD HAVE A RI<T TO BELIEVE ?AT ! CREATION ( ?IS P>TY HAD NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT AS BL9D & SACRIFIC$ TOOLS T[>DS ! REALIZATION ( ! POLITICAL PLANS ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRACY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #i1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 
,APRIL #i1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,UPDAT$4 

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