,VOLTAIR9E ,DE ,CLEYRE 
,AM]ICAN ,AN>*I/1 ,FEM9I/1 & ,FREE?9K]1 ,) ,ROOTS 9 ,9DIVIDUALISM & ,COLLECTIVISM 

,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #ahff -- ,JUNE #b1 #aiab 

,DESCRIPTION 3 ,YET ! ASCETIC ALSO HAD ! S\L ( A POET4 ,9 H] POETRY & EV5 9 H] PROSE1 ,VOLTAIR9E ELOQU5TLY EXPRESS$ A PASSIONATE LOVE ( MUSIC1 ( NATURE1 & ( ,BEAUTY4 7,FROM 3 ,! ,/ORM67 

,TAGS 3 AM]ICAN1 AN>*I/1 FEM9I/1 ANTI/ATE1 FREE?9K]1 ESSAYI/1 9DIVIDUALI/1 LECTUR]4 

,QUOTES 3 
0,!RE IS NOT UPON ! FACE ( ! E>? TODAY A GOV]NM5T SO UTT]LY & %AMELESSLY CORRUPT AS ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,!RE >E O!RS MORE CRUEL1 MORE TYRANNICAL1 MORE DEVA/AT+2 !RE IS NONE SO UTT]LY V5AL40 7,FROM 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS47 
0,IT IS AN ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ?AT A /&+ >MY IS A /&+ M5ACE TO LIB]TY4440 7,FROM 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS47 
0444SO LONG AS ! PEOPLE DO NOT C>E TO EX]CISE !IR FRE$OM1 ?OSE :O WI% TO TYRANNIZE WILL DO SO2 = TYRANTS >E ACTIVE & >D5T1 & WILL DEVOTE !MSELVES 9 ! NAME ( ANY NUMB] ( GODS1 RELIGI\S & O!RWISE1 TO PUT %ACKLES UPON SLEEP+ M540 7,FROM 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS47 
0,= ! BASIS ( ALL POLITICAL ACTION IS CO]CION2 EV5 :5 ! ,/ATE DOES GOOD ?+S1 IT F9ALLY RE/S ON A CLUB1 A GUN1 OR A PRISON1 = ITS P[] TO C>RY !M ?R\<470 7,FROM 3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION47 
0444POLITICAL ACTION IS NEV] TAK51 NOR EV5 CONTEMPLAT$1 UNTIL SLUMB]+ M9DS HAVE FIR/ BE5 >\S$ BY DIRECT ACTS ( PROTE/ AGA9/ EXI/+ CONDITIONS40 7,FROM 3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION47 
0444,LIFE CRIES TO LIVE1 & ,PROP]TY D5IES ITS FRE$OM TO LIVE2 & ,LIFE WILL NOT SUBMIT40 7,FROM 3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION47 
0444! DOCTR9E ( FREE-WILL HAS RAIS$ UP FANATICS & P]SECUTORS1 :O1 ASSUM+ ?AT M5 MAY BE GOOD UND] ALL CONDITIONS IF !Y M]ELY WI% TO BE SO1 HAVE S\<T TO P]SUADE O!R M5'S WILLS ) ?REATS1 F9ES1 IMPRISONM5TS1 TORTURE1 ! SPIKE1 ! :EEL1 ! AX1 ! FAGOT1 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M GOOD & SAVE !M AGA9/ !IR OBDURATE WILL40 7,FROM 3 ,! ,DOM9ANT ,IDEA47 
0,:AT1 !N1 W\LD ,I HAVE8 Y\ ASK4 ,I W\LD HAVE M5 9VE/ !MSELVES ) ! DIGNITY ( AN AIM HI<] ?AN ! *ASE = WEAL?2 *OOSE A ?+ TO DO 9 LIFE \TSIDE ( ! MAK+ ( ?+S1 & KEEP IT 9 M9D1 --- NOT = A DAY1 NOR A YE>1 BUT = A LIFE-TIME40 7,FROM 3 ,! ,DOM9ANT ,IDEA47 
0,WE >E SO FREE6 & SO BRAVE6 ,WE DON'T HANG ,BRUNOS AT ! /AKE ANY MORE = HOLD+ H]ETICAL OP9IONS ON RELIGI\S SUBJECTS4 ,NO6 ,BUT WE IMPRISON M5 = DISCUSS+ ! SOCIAL QUE/ION1 & WE HANG M5 = DISCUSS+ ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION60 7,FROM 3 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,T5D5CY ( ,FREE?\<T47 
0444! LAW MAKES T5 CRIM9ALS :]E IT RE/RA9S ONE40 7,FROM 3 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,T5D5CY ( ,FREE?\<T47 

,BIOGRAPHY 3 

  

,VOLTAIR9E ,DE ,CLEYRE #a ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE 

BY ,%>ON ,PRESLEY 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN CALL$ H] 0! MO/ GIFT$ & BRILLIANT AN>*I/ WOMAN ,AM]ICA EV] PRODUC$40 ,YET TODAY ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE IS VIRTUALLY UNKN[N EV5 AMONG LIB]T>IANS4 ,%E IS DISCUSS$ ONLY BRIEFLY 9 HI/ORIES ( ,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM & IS NOT EV5 M5TION$ AT ALL 9 ! MORE G5]AL /UDIES ( ,JAMES ,JOLL1 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 & ,DANIEL ,GU]94 ,?\< H] WRIT+ WAS BO? VOLUM9\S & P[]FUL1 %E APPE>S 9 ONLY ONE MOD]N AN>*I/ AN?OLOGY4 ,ONLY TWO REC5T COLLECTIONS ( ,AM]ICAN RADICAL ?\<T 9CLUDE H] CLASSIC 0,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS02 &1 IRONICALLY1 NEI!R IS PRIM>ILY AN>*I/ 9 CONT5T4 

,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE WAS1 9 ! WORDS ( H] BIOGRAPH]1 ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 0,A BRIEF COMET 9 ! AN>*I/ FIRMAM5T1 BLAZ+ \T QUICKLY & SOON =GOTT5 BY ALL BUT A SMALL CIRCLE ( COMRADES :OSE LOVE & DEVOTION P]SI/$ LONG AFT] H] DEA?40 ,BUT 0H] MEMORY10 CONT9UES ,AVRI*1 0POSSESSES ! GL[ ( LEG5D40 

,BORN 9 A SMALL VILLAGE 9 ,MI*IGAN 9 #a#h#f#f1 ,VOLTAIR9E1 PLAGU$ ALL H] LIFE BY POV]TY1 PA91 & ILL HEAL?1 DI$ PREMATURELY AT ! AGE ( #de 9 #a#i#a#b4 ,! %ORT SPAN ( H] LIFE1 5D+ BE=E ! GREAT EV5TS ( ! #b? C5TURY1 IS1 9 ,AVRI*'S OP9ION1 ! MAJOR REASON :Y ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE HAS BE5 OV]LOOK$1 UNLIKE ! LONG]-LIV$ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN4 

,! /R5G? ( WILL & 9DEP5D5CE ( M9D ?AT SO /RONGLY *>ACT]IZ$ ?IS REM>KABLE WOMAN MANIFE/$ !MSELVES E>LY 9 ,VOLTAIR9E'S LIFE4 ,=C$ 9TO A ,CA?OLIC CONV5T S*OOL AS A TE5AG]1 %E *AF$ AT ! /IFL+1 AU?ORIT>IAN ATMOSPH]E & WAS LAT] TO SPEAK ( ! 0! :ITE SC>S ON MY S\L0 LEFT BY ?IS PA9FUL EXP]I5CE4 ,BRUIS$ BUT UNBROK51 ,VOLTAIR9E EM]G$ AN A!I/ & SOON GRAVITAT$ T[>D ! FL\RI%+ FREE?9K]'S MOVEM5T4 ,9FLU5C$ BY ,CL>5CE ,D>R[1 %E FLIRT$ BRIEFLY ) SOCIALISM1 BUT H] DEEP-RUNN+ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SPIRIT SOON REJECT$ IT 9 FAVOR ( AN>*ISM4 

,AS ) ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ! HANG+ ( ! ,HAYM>KET M>TYRS MADE A PR(\ND IMPRESSION ON ,VOLTAIR9E & WAS ! MAJOR IMPETUS 9 H] TURN T[>D AN>*ISM4 ,9 #a#h#h#h1 %E ?REW H]SELF 9TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 D$ICAT+ H]SELF PASSIONATELY & UNCEAS+LY TO ! CAUSE ( LIB]TY = ! RE/ ( H] LIFE4 

,?\< SELDOM 9 ! PUBLIC LIMELI<T--UNLIKE ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 %E %RANK FROM NOTORIETY--,VOLTAIR9E WAS A POPUL> SPEAK] & AN UNTIR+ WRIT]4 ,9 SPITE ( F9ANCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT =C$ H] TO WORK LONG H\RS1 & DESPITE A PR(\NDLY UNHAPPY LIFE1 :I* 9CLUD$ SEV]AL NE>-SUICIDES1 & ALMO/ FATAL ASSASS9'S BULLET1 & A NUMB] ( ILL-FAT$ LOVE AFFAIRS1 %E AU?OR$ HUNDR$S ( POEMS1 ESSAYS1 /ORIES1 & SKET*ES 9 H] ALL-TOO-BRIEF LIFE4 ,HI<LY PRAIS$ BY H] COLLEAGUES = ! ELEGANCE & /YLI/IC BEAUTY ( H] WRIT+1 ,VOLTAIR9E POSSESS$1 9 ,AVRI*'S OP9ION1 0A GREAT] LIT]>Y TAL5T ?AN ANY O!R ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/10 SURPASS+ EV5 ,B]KMAN1 ,GOLDMAN1 & ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK]4 ,GOLDMAN H]SELF BELIEV$ ,VOLTAIR9E'S PROSE TO BE DI/+UI%$ BY AN 0EXTREME CL>ITY ( ?\<T & ORIG9ALITY ( EXPRESSION40 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ONLY ONE COLLECTION ( H] WRIT+S1--,! ,SELECT$ ,WORKS ( ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE1 $IT$ BY ,B]KMAN & PUBLI%$ BY ,MO!R ,E>? 9 #a#i#a#d--WAS EV] PUT TOGE!R1 LEAV+ MU* F9E MAT]IAL BURI$ 9 OBSCURE J\RNALS4 

,BO? ,VOLTAIR9E'S LIFE & H] WRIT+S REFLECT1 9 ,AVRI*'S WORDS1 0AN EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$ 9DIVIDUAL40 ,?\< AN A!I/1 ,VOLTAIR9E HAD1 ACCORD+ TO ,GOLDMAN1 A 0RELIGI\S ZEAL :I* /AMP$ EV]Y?+ %E DID444,H] :OLE NATURE WAS ?AT ( AN ASCETIC40 0,BY LIV+ A LIFE ( RELIGI\S-LIKE AU/]ITY10 SAYS ,AVRI*1 0%E BECAME A SECUL> NUN 9 ! ,ORD] ( ,AN>*Y40 ,9 DESCRIB+ ?AT P]SI/5CE (WILL ?AT 9SPIR$ H]1 ! AN>*I/ POET ,SADIKI*I ,H>TMANN DECL>$1 0H] :OLE LIFE SEEM$ TO C5T] UPON ! EXALTATION OV]1 :AT %E SO APTLY CALL$1 ! ,DOM9ANT ,IDEA4 ,LIKE AN AN*ORITE1 %E FLAY$ H] BODY TO UTT] MORE & MORE LUCID & CONV9C+ >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( DIRECT ACTION40 

0,! ,DOM9ANT ,IDEA10 WROTE ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 9 H] COMMEMORATIVE ESSAY1 ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE1 0WAS ! ,LIETMOTIF ?R\< ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE'S REM>KABLE LIFE4 ,?\< %E WAS CON/ANTLY H>ASS$ BY ILL-HEAL?1 :I* HELD H] BODY CAPTIVE & KILL$ H] AT ! 5D1 ! ,DOM9ANT ,IDEA 5]GIZ$ ,VOLTAIR9E TO EV] GREAT] 9TELLECTUAL EF=TS1 RAIS$ H] TO ! SUPREME HEI<TS ( AN EXALT$ IDEAL1 & /EEL$ H] ,WILL TO CONQU] EV]Y H&ICAP 9 H] TORTUR$ LIFE40 

,YET ! ASCETIC ALSO HAD ! S\L ( A POET4 ,9 H] POETRY & EV5 9 H] PROSE1 ,VOLTAIR9E ELOQU5TLY EXPRESS$ A PASSIONATE LOVE ( MUSIC1 ( NATURE1 & ( ,BEAUTY4 0,) ALL H] DEVOTION TO H] SOCIAL IDEALS10 SAYS ,EMMA1 0%E HAD ANO!R GOD--! GOD ( ,BEAUTY4 ,H] LIFE WAS A CEASELESS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO2 ! ASCETIC DET]M9$LY /IFL+ H] LONG+ = BEAUTY1 BUT ! POET 9 H] DET]M9$LY YE>N+ = IT1 WOR%IP+ IT 9 UTT] AB&ONM5T4440 

,ANO!R MANIFE/ATION ( ,VOLTAIR9E'S COMPLEX NATURE WAS H] ABILITY TO BE BO? RATIONAL & COMPASSIONATE1 A COMB9ATION ?AT ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]1 LIKE SOME MOD]N-DAY 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S1 ?\<T L$ TO 9CONSI/5CY & AMBIVAL5CE4 ,VOLTAIR9E DIDN'T SEE IT ?AT WAY4 0,I ?9K IT HAS BE5 ! GREAT MI/AKE ( \R PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY \R ,AM]ICAN ,AN>*I/S REPRES5T$ BY ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK]1 TO DISCLAIM S5TIM5T10 %E DECL>$4 ,9 H] ESSAY 0,:Y ,I AM AN ,AN>*I/10 %E WROTE1 0,IT IS TO M5 & WOM5 ( FEEL+ ?AT ,I SPEAK444,NOT TO ! %ALL[ EGOTI/ :O HOLDS HIMSELF AP>T & ) ! PH>ISEEISM ( 9TELLECTUALITY1 EXCLAIMS1 ',I AM MORE JU/ ?AN ?\'2 BUT TO ?OSE :OSE EV]Y FIB] ( BE+ IS VIBRAT+ ) EMOTION AS ASP5 LEAVES QUIV] 9 ! BREA? ( ,/ORM6 ,TO ?OSE :OSE HE>TS SWELL ) A GREAT PITY AT ! PITIFUL TOIL ( WOM51 ! WE>9ESS ( Y\NG *ILDR51 ! H&CUFF$ HELPLESSNESS ( /RONG M560 

,BUT ,VOLTAIR9E WAS NO EMOTIONAL S5TIM5TALI/1 WANT+ 9 S]I\S >GUM5TS4 ,?\< ,TUCK] BECAME 9CREAS+LY SKEPTICAL ( H] TAL5TS1 MO/ ( H] ASSOCIATES CONSID]$ H] A BRILLIANT ?9K]4 ,M>CUS ,GRAHAM1 $ITOR ( ,MAN61 CALL$ H] 0! MO/ ?\<TFUL WOMAN AN>*I/ ( ?IS C5TURY10 :ILE ,GEORGE ,BR[N1 ! AN>*I/ ORATOR1 DECL>$ H] 0! MO/ 9TELLECTUAL WOMAN ,I EV] MET40 ,JOSEPH ,KUC]A1 H] LA/ LOV]1 PRAIS$ H] LOGICAL1 ANALYTIC M9D4 ,AVRI* HIMSELF1 A C>EFUL HI/ORIAN NOT GIV5 TO UNDUE PRAISE1 CONCLUDES ?AT %E WAS A 0FIR/-RATE 9TELLECT40 

,VOLTAIR9E'S POLITICAL /ANCE 9 ! AN>*I/ SPECTRUM WAS NO LESS WELL UND]/OOD4 ,AVRI* DISPELS ! MY? CREAT$ BY ! ]RONE\S CLAIMS ( ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN ?AT ,VOLTAIR9E BECAME A COMMUNI/ AN>*I/4 ,9 #a#i#g1 PO9TS \T ,AVRI*1 ,VOLTAIR9E REPLI$ TO ,EMMA'S CLAIM1 SAY+1 0,I AM NOT N[ & NEV] HAVE BE5 AT ANY TIME A ,COMMUNI/40 ,BEG9N+ AS A ,TUCK]ITE 9DIVIDUALIS1 ,VOLTAIR9E TURN$ 9 ! #a#h#iS TO ! MUTUALISM ( ,DY] ,LUM4 ,BUT %E EV5TUALLY GREW TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT NEI!R 9DIVIDUALISM NO COLLECTIVISM NOR EV5 MUTUALISM WAS 5TIRELY SATISFACTORY4 0,I AM AN ,AN>*I/1 SIMPLY1 )\T ECONOMIC LABELS ATTA*$10 %E WAS F9ALLY TO DECL>E4 

,UNHYPH5AT$ AN>*ISM OR 0AN>*ISM )\T ADJECTIVES0 HAD O!R ADH]5TS AS WELL--,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,MAX ,NETTLAU1 & ,LUM AMONG !M4 ,!SE ADVOCATES ( NONSECT>IAN AN>*ISM TRI$ TO PROMOTE TOL]ANCE = DIFF]5T ECONOMIC VIEWS )9 ! MOVEM5T1 BELIEV+ ?AT ECONOMIC PREF]5CES W\LD V>Y ACCORD+ TO 9DIVIDUAL TA/ES & ?AT NO ONE P]SON OR GR\P HAD ! ONLY CORRECT SOLUTION4 0,!RE IS NO?+ UN-,AN>*I/IC AB\T ANY ( .<!SE SY/EMS.>10 DECL>$ ,VOLTAIR9E1 0UNTIL ! ELEM5T ( COMPULSION 5T]S & OBLIGES UNWILL+ P]SONS TO REMA9 9 A COMMUNITY :OSE ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS !Y DO NOT AGREE TO40 

,VOLTAIR9E'S PLEA = TOL]ANCE & COOP]ATION AMONG ! AN>*I/ S*OOLS /RIKES A MOD]N NOTE1 MAK+ US REALIZE H[ LITTLE ?+S HAVE *ANG$4 ,FACTIONALISM RAGES YET1 ) F]V5T APO/LES /ILL ALL TOO EAG] TO READ ! O!R SIDE 7:E!R 0AN>*O-CAPITALI/0 OR 0AN>*O-COMMUNI/07 \T ( ! AN>*I/ FOLD4 ,! NOTION ?AT ! PLURALI/IC AN>*I/ SOCIETIES 5VISION$ BY PEOPLE LIKE ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE MI<T 9 FACT BE ! MO/ REALI/IC EXPECTATION AB\T HUMAN NATURE SEEMS EV5 MO/ LO/ ON AN>*I/S TODAY ?AN 9 H] TIME4 

,PROBABLY ,VOLTAIR9E'S BE/-KN[N 9TELLECTUAL CONTRIBUTION IS ! (T5-REPR9T$ ESSAY 0,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS10 9 :I* %E %[S H[ ! IDEAS ( AN>*ISM FOLL[ NATURALLY FROM ! PREMISES ON :I* ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION WAS BAS$4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,REPUBLICANS1 %E SAYS1 0TOOK !IR />T+ PO9T = D]IV+ A M9IMUM ( GOV]NM5T UPON ! SAME SOCIOLOGICAL GR\ND ?AT ! MOD]N ,AN>HCI/ D]IVES ! NO-GOV]NM5T !ORY2 VIZ41 ?AT EQUAL LIB]TY IS ! POLITICAL IDEAL40 ,BUT ! AN>*I/1 UNLIKE ! REVOLUTION>Y REPUBLICANS1 %E GOES ON TO PO9T \T1 CANNOT ACCEPT ! PREMISE ( MAJORITY RULE4 ,ALL GOV]NM5TS1 REG>DLESS ( !IR =M1 SAY ! AN>*I/S1 WILL ALWAYS BE MANIPULAT$ BY A SMALL M9ORITY4 ,%E !N GOES ON TO CITE O!R SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! IDEAS ( ! AN>*I/S & ! REPUBLICANS1 9CLUD+ ! BELIEF 9 LOCAL 9ITIATIVE & 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 0,?IS !N WAS ! ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITION10 %E WRITES1 0?AT PRIVATE 5T]PRISE MANAGES BETT] ALL ?AT TO :I* IT IS EQUAL4 ,AN>*ISM DECL>ES ?AT PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 :E!R 9DIVIDUAL OR COOP]ATIVE1 IS EQUAL TO ALL ! UND]TAK+S ( SOCIETY40 

,ANO!R ( ,VOLTAIR9E'S SPECIAL CONC]NS WAS ! ISSUE ( SEXUAL EQUALITY4 ,9 A TIME :5 ! LAW TREAT$ WOM5 LIKE *ATTEL1 0,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE'S :OLE LIFE10 SAYS ,AVRI*1 0WAS A REVOLT AGA9/ ?IS SY/EM ( MALE DOM9ATION :I*1 LIKE EV]Y O!R =M ( TYRANNY & EXPLOITATION1 RAN CONTR>Y TO H] AN>*I/IC SPIRIT40 ,?AT SU* A BRILLIANT1 UNUSUAL WOMAN W\LD BE A FEM9I/ IS NO SURPRISE4 0,LET EV]Y WOMAN ASK H]SELF10 CRI$ ,VOLTAIR9E1 0,:Y AM ,I ! SLAVE ( ,MAN8 ,:Y IS MY BRA9 SAID NOT TO BE EQUAL ( HIS BRA98 ,:Y IS MY WORK NOT PAID EQUALLY ) HIS8 ,:Y MU/ MY BODY BE CONTROLL$ BY MY HUSB&8 ,:Y MAY HE TAKE MY *ILDR5 AWAY FROM ME8 ,WILL !M AWAY :ILE YET UNBORN8 ,LET EV]Y WOMAN ASK40 0,!RE >E TWO REASONS :Y10 ,VOLTAIR9E ANSW]$ 9 H] ESSAY1 0,SEX ,SLAV]Y10 0& !SE ULTIMATELY R$UCIBLE TO A S+LE PR9CIPLE--! AU?ORIT>IAN SUPREME P[] ,G,O,D-IDEA1 & ITS TWO 9/RUM5TS--! ,*UR*--?AT IS1 ! PRIE/S--& ! ,/ATE--?AT IS1 ! LEGISLATORS444,!SE TWO ?+S1 ! M9D DOM9ATION ( ! ,*UR* & ! BODY DOM9ATION ( ! ,/ATE1 >E ! CAUSES ( ,SEX ,SLAV]Y40 

,!SE !MES ( SEXUAL EQUALITY & FEM9ISM PROVID$ ! SUBJECTS ( FREQU5T LECTURES & SPEE*ES 9 ,VOLTAIR9E'S YE>S ( ACTIVITY1 9CLUD+ TOPICS LIKE 0,SEX ,SLAV]Y10 0,LOVE 9 ,FRE$OM10 0,! ,CASE ( ,WOMAN VS4 ,OR?ODOXY10 & 0,?OSE ,:O ,M>RY ,DO ,ILL40 

,! SUBJECT ( M>RIAGE WAS ONE ( ,VOLTAIR9E'S FAVORITE TOPICS4 ,?\< %E VALU$ LOVE1 %E TOTALLY REJECT$ =MAL M>RIAGE1 CONSID]+ IT 0! SANCTION = ALL MANN] ( BE/IALITIES0 & ! M>RI$ WOMAN 0A BOND$ SLAVE40 ,H] [N UN=TUNATE EXP]I5CES ) MO/ ( H] LOV]S1 :O1 EV5 )\T ! TIES ( =MAL M>RIAGE1 TREAT$ H] AS SEX OBJECT & S]VANT1 CONV9C$ ,VOLTAIR9E ?AT EV5 LIV+ ) A MAN WAS TO BE AVOID$4 ,:5 %E LE>N$ ?AT ,WILLAIM ,GODW9 & ,M>Y ,WOLL/ONECRAFT 7H] H]O9E7 HAD LIV$ 9 SEP>ATE AP>TM5TS EV5 ?\< !Y W]E LOV]S1 %E WAS DELI<T$4 0,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL %\LD HAVE A ROOM OR ROOMS = HIMSELF EXCLUSIVELY10 %E WROTE TO H] MO!R1 0NEV] SUBJECT TO ! 9TRUSIVE FAMILI>ITIES ( \R PRES5T 'FAMILY LIFE'444,TO ME1 ANY DEP5D5CE1 ANY ?+ :I* DE/ROYS ! COMPLETE SELFHOOD ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IS 9 ! L9E ( SLAV]Y & DE/ROYS ! PURE SPONTANEITY ( LOVE40 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY = ?AT DAY1 ,VOLTAIR9E'S BAD EXP]I5CES ) ! TRADITIONALISM ( H] LOV]S WAS A MIS=TUNE %E %>$ ) ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN4 ,?\< TOTALLY DIFF]5T 9 P]SONALITY--0,VOLTAIR9E DIFF]$ FROM ,EMMA AS POETRY DIFF]$ FROM PROSE10 SAYS ,AVRI*--! LIVES ( ! TWO WOM5 HAD CURI\S P>ALLELS4 ,MO/ ( !IR LOV]S TURN$ \T TO BE DISAPPO9T+LY CONV5TIONAL 9 MATT]S ( SEX ROLES BUT !RE WAS 9 EA* WOMAN'S LIFE AT LEA/ ONE LOV] :O WAS NOT ( ?IS TRADITIONALI/ /RIPE4 ,EA* LOV$ A MAN :O WAS H] 9TELLECTUAL EQUAL & :O TREAT$ H] AS AN EQUAL--= ,VOLTAIR9E1 IT WAS ,DY] ,LUM2 = ,EMMA1 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN4 ,BUT1 SADLY1 BO? WOM5 LO/ !SE M5 AS LOV]S4 ,LUM COMMITT$ SUICIDE 9 #ahic & ,B]KMAN'S #ad YE>S 9 PRISON LEFT PSY*OLOGICAL SC>S ?AT *ANG$ ! NATURE ( HIS PHYSICAL RELATION%IP ) ,EMMA1 IF NOT !IR EMOTIONAL ONE4 

,BUT 9 O!R MATT]S1 ,VOLTAIR9E & ,EMMA HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON4 ,9 FACT1 !Y QUICKLY TOOK A P]SONAL DISLIKE TO EA* O!R4 ,VOLTAIR9E ?\<T ,EMMA FLAMBOYANT1 SELF-9DULG5T1 UNATTRACTIVE1 & DUMPY2 ,EMMA CONSID]$ ,VOLTAIR9E ASCETIC & LACK+ 9 P]SONAL *>M4 ,EMMA CLAIM$ ?AT 0PHYSICAL BEAUTY & FEM99E ATTRACTION W]E )HELD FROM H]10 ANO!R MY ?AT ,AVRI* %[S TO BE FALSE4 ,9 TRU?1 MO/ ( ,VOLTAIR9E'S COMRADES1 BO? M5 & WOM51 F\ND H] BEAUTIFUL1 ELEGANT1 & *>M+4 ,! PHOTOS ( ,VOLTAIR9E 9CLUD$ 9 ,AVRI*'S BIOGRAPHY TE/IFY TO ! TRU? ( !SE VIEWS--PICTUR$ IS A DELICATE WOMAN ) A S(T1 MY/]I\S BEAUTY ?AT WAS 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ,EMMA'S E>?Y ROBU/NESS4 ,EMMA1 A FRI5D ONCE PO9T$ \T1 WAS NOT ABOVE JEAL\SY4 

,YET1 9 SPITE ( !IR P]SONAL DIFF]5CES1 ,EMMA & ,VOLTAIR9E RESPECT$ EA* O!R 9TELLECTUALLY4 ,= H] P>T1 ,VOLTAIR9E PUBLICLY DEF5D$ ,EMMA ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS1 9CLUD+ ! PASSIONATE PLEA 0,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,FREE ,SPEE*10 :I* ,EMMA NOTES 9 H] COMMEMORATION ( ,VOLTAIR9E4 ,9 ?AT ESSAY1 ,EMMA PAYS ELOQU5T TRIBUTE TO ,VOLTAIR9E4 ,%E WAS1 WRITES ,EMMA1 0A WOND]FUL SPIRIT444BORN 9 SOME OBSCURE T[N 9 ! /ATE ( ,MI*IGAN1 & :O LIV$ 9 POV]TY ALL H] LIFE1 BUT :O BY %E] =CE ( WILL PULL$ H]SELF \T ( A LIV+ GRAVE1 CLE>$ H] M9D FROM ! D>KNESS ( SUP]/ITION--TURN$ H] FACE TO ! SUN1 P]CEIV$ A GREAT IDEAL & DET]M9$LY C>RI$ IT TO EV]Y CORN] ( H] NATIVE L&444,! ,AM]ICAN SOIL SOMETIMES DOES BR+ =? EXQUISITE PLANTS40 

,FROM 3 0,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE10 BY ,%>ON ,PRESLEY1 ,! ,/ORM61 ,W9T]1 #a#i#g#i4 

,WORKS 3 

,AU?OR ( ,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#c#a7 

,AU?OR ( ,BA/>D ,BORN 7,DECEMB] #c#a1 #a#h#i7 

,AU?OR ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION 7,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#g7 

,AU?OR ( ,! ,DOM9ANT ,IDEA 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#i7 

,AU?OR ( ,! ,ECONOMIC ,T5D5CY ( ,FREE?\<T 7,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #a#h#i7 

,AU?OR ( ,! ,ELEV5? ( ,NOVEMB]1 #ahhg 7,NOVEMB] #a#a1 #a#i#a7 

,AU?OR ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] 7,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#g7 

,AU?OR ( ,! ,GODS & ! ,PEOPLE 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#h#i#f7 

,AU?OR ( ,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7,DECEMB] #a#f1 #a#h#i#c7 

,AU?OR ( ,! ,MAK+ ( AN ,AN>*I/ 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#b7 

,AU?OR ( ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#g7 

,AU?OR ( ,SEX ,SLAV]Y 7,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#g7 

,AU?OR ( ,!Y ,:O ,M>RY ,DO ,ILL 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#f7 

,AU?OR ( ,! ,WORM ,TURNS 7,SEPTEMB] #c1 #a#h#i#g7 

,AU?OR ( ,AN>*ISM 7,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE7 7,OCTOB] #a#c1 #a#i#a7 

,AU?OR ( ,! ,NEW ,HOPE 7,M>* #a#e1 #a#h#i#c7 

,AU?OR ( ,COLLECT$ ,POEMS 7,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE7 7,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#g7 

,AU?OR ( ,A ,CORRECTION ON ,AN>*ISM 7,OCTOB] #c#a1 #a#i#g7 

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