,9DU/RIALISM & ITS ,DISCONT5TS ,! ,LUDDITES & !IR ,9H]ITORS #bac ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN ,TEXT 3 ,NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 ,M>Y ,WOLL/ONECRAFT ,%ELLEY GAVE US A CLASSIC W>N+ AB\T ! HUBRIS ( TE*NOLOGY'S COMBAT AGA9/ NATURE4 ,H] LATE ,GO?IC NOVEL1 ,FRANK5/E91 OR ! ,MOD]N ,PROME!US 7#a#h#a#h71 DEPICTS ! REV5GE NATURE TAKES UPON ! PRESUMPTION ( 5G9E]+ LIFE FROM ! DEAD4 ,VICTOR ,FRANK5/E9 & HIS CREATION P]I%1 ( C\RSE2 HIS 0,ADAM0 IS AS DOOM$ AS HE IS4 ,IF ?IS MON/] CANNOT BE SAV$ BY HIS FA!R_/CREATOR1 H[EV]1 TODAY'S CYBORG_/ROBOT_/,>TIFICIAL ,9TELLIG5CE PRODUCTS DO EXPECT TO BE SAV$4 ,= ?OSE AT ! =EFRONT ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION TODAY1 !RE WILL BE NO RETURN TO A PREVI\S1 MON/]-FREE /ATE4 ,FROM \R HYP]-TE* WORLD WE CAN LOOK BACK TO ,M>Y ,%ELLEY'S TIME & SEE ! PROTOTYPE1 ! >RIVAL ( MOD]N TE*NO-9DU/RIAL REALITY4 ,BETWE5 #ah & #a#h#b1 ,5GL& UND]W5T ! /RA9S1 /ORMS & *ALL5GES ( ! ASC5DANT ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,WE >E LIV+ ) ! \TCOME ( ?AT DECISIVE BATTLE-GR\ND TIME4 ,UGO ,P]ONE PUT IT ?IS WAY3 0,ONE DAY ! BIG ,O ) :I* ! ,OTTOC5TO . BEG9S EXPLOD$1 & PHILOSOPHY AS ! GREAT TALE ( TOTALITY />T$ TO BE AB&ON$4 ,! AGE ( SPECIALIZATIONS BEGAN4440 .<#a.> ,( C\RSE1 FEW *ANGES HAPP5 OV]NIPLY UPW>D S9CE ! E>LY #a#g#hS4 .<#b.> ,& ONE C\LD EASILY LOOK MU* FUR!R BACK1 TO DE=E/ATION 9 ,NEOLI?IC & ,BRONZE ,AGE TIMES1 TO F9D \T :Y MANY MOORS & HEA?L&S >E N[ B>R54 .<#c.> ,BUT IT IS 9 ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY ?AT P[] WAS PASS+ FROM ! H&S ( ! TITL$ L&[N]S TO ?OSE :O [N$ ! FACTORIES & F\NDRIES4 ,MU* MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 ! TIME & SPACE ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE W]E FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]$4 ,AS ! EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S BE=E ! LAW BEGAN TO EM]GE1 SO DID ! REALITY ( AN UNPREC$5T$ SUBJUGATION OR DOME/ICATION4 ,NO?+ 9 ! CANON ( ! 7FAIRLY REC5T7 ,5LI$ ANYONE = ?IS4 ,! ROAD TO COMPLETE MA/]Y ( ! PHYSICAL & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5TS WAS 9DE$ OP5+1 AS ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM BECAME1 9 ,TOYNBEE'S WORDS1 0! SOLE DOM9ANT 9/ITUTION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,WE/]N LIFE40 .<#d.> ,! PICTURE ?US PRES5T$ WAS LAD5 ) F> MORE PA9 & ABS5CE ?AN PROMISE4 ,) ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BEG9S ! W9T] ( ! ,WE/4 .<#e.> ,SP5GL]'S CONCLUSION IS MORE APT ?AN HE KNEW4 ,IT WAS NOT A BEG9N+1 BUT ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D4 ,DICK5S' DEPICTION ( ,COKET[N 9 ,H>D ,TIMES DID MU* TO CAPTURE ! REP]CUSSIONS ( 9DU/RIALISM3 ! NEW MASS SOCIETY1 RUL$ BY ! REGIME ( ! FACTORY & ITS PACE1 ITS POLLUT$ & DESPOIL$ L&SCAPE1 ITS 9HABITANTS ANONYM\S & DEHUMANIZ$4 ,SP5GL] SAW H[ 0! MA*9E WORKS & =CES ! MAN TO COOP]ATE10 R5D+ NATURE B5EA? HIM AS ?IS 0,FAU/IAN0 MA*9E PASSION ALT]S ! FACE ( ! E>?4 .<#f.> ,!RE WAS A LONG LEAD-9 TO ! PIVOTAL DEVELOPM5TS1 A LONG PROCESS ( ME*ANIZATION & PRIVATIZATION4 ,9 ,5GL&1 MORE ?AN SIX MILLION ACRES ( OP5 FIELD & COMMON PA/URE W]E 5CLOS$ BETWE5 #agf & #a#h#d#d4 .<#g.> ,! PRESSURES ( ! NEW 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY W]E 9CREAS+ 5ORM\SLY1 PU%+ ! DISPOSSESS$ REL5TLESSLY T[>D ! DESPOTIC MILLS & M9ES4 ,NEW P[]-DRIV5 %E>+ FRAMES & FULLY ME*ANIZ$ SP9N+ MA*9ES 5CROA*$ ON ! RELATIVE AUTONOMY ( FAMILY-BAS$ H&LOOM WEAV]S1 = EXAMPLE4 ,BY ! #a#h#bS ! PACE ( *ANGE WAS DIZZY+4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! LATE #a#h? C5TURY1 ,5LIGUM5TS AGA9/ SEV]E *ALL5GES TO POPUL> PR]OGATIVES4 ,AL?\< ! DAWN ( #aLY IDEALISM ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS BETRAY$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN T]ROR4 ,9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 H[EV]1 0! SOLID>ITY ( ! COMMUNITY .<&.> ! EXTREME ISOLATION ( ! AU?ORITIES0 W]E /ILL POLITICAL REALITIES4 .<#h.> ,AT ISSUE1 9 AN UNPREC$5T$ WAY1 IS A NEW /ATE ( BE+1 UNT\*$ BY POLITICAL CLAIMS & RE=M EF=TS3 A WORLD BECOM+ DECISIVELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! QUANTUM LEAP 9 DIVISION ( LABOR :I* IS 9DU/RIALISM MEANS ! G5]IC 9T]*ANGEABILITY ( P>TS -- & PEOPLE4 ,FROM ID5TITY & P>TICUL>ITY TO ! /AGE1 9 ,JOSEPH ,GABEL'S T]M1 ( 0MORBID RATIONALISM40 .<#i.> ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT NOT$ ?AT UP TO ! 5D ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 0LIFE DOES NOT EXI/3 ONLY LIV+ BE+S40 .<#a.> ,! /AKES W]E AS HI< AS !Y C\LD BE1 ! 5SU+ /RUGGLE A WORLD-HI/ORICAL ONE 9 ?IS FIR/ 9DU/RIALIZ+ NATION4 ,IT'S CLE> ?AT ,EMILE ,DURKHEIM HAD IT 5TIRELY WRONG :5 HE PROCLAIM$ ?AT 09 ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES 444 SOCIAL H>MONY COMES ESS5TIALLY FROM ! DIVISION ( LABOR40 .<#a#a.> ,! M>* ( ! FACTORIES WAS A SU/A9$ ATTACK ON IRREGUL> WORK R\T9ES1 9 FAVOR ( ! TIME-DISCIPL9$ WORK 5VIRONM5T4 .<#a#b.> ,C5TRALIZ$ PRODUCTION AIM$ AT CONTROL OV] RECALCITRANT & DEC5TRALIZ$ WORK]S4 ,BY ITS NATURE IT DEM&$ DISCIPL9E & REGIM5TATION4 ,H]ET(ORE ! CU/OM>Y & NUM]\S HOLIDAYS FROM WORK W]E SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! CELEBRATION ( ,SA9T ,MONDAY1 A DAY ( RECOV]Y & PLAY FOLL[+ A TYPICAL WEEK5D'S DR9K+4 ,5%R9$ 9 CU/OM & LONG-/&+ LOCAL TRADITION1 ! POPUL> CULTURE -- ESPECIALLY AMONG >TISANS -- WAS 9DEP5D5T & CONTEMPTU\S ( AU?ORITY4 ,H5CE FACTORY S]VITUDE DID NOT EXACTLY BECKON4 ,F4,M4,L4 ,?OMPSON NOT$ ?AT IT WAS 0EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO F9D SATISFACTORY WORK]S10 & ?AT 0EV5 HI<] WAGES W]E NOT 5\< 9 !MSELVES40 .<#a#c.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ! RELUCTANCE ( WEAV]S 7MANY ( !M WOM57 TO LEAVE !IR HOMES HAS BE5 WIDELY DOCUM5T$4 .<#a#d.> ,BUT AT LEA/ AS E>LY AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! P]IOD UND] REVIEW1 ! BEG9N+S ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! H&ICRAFT >TISAN & ! YEOMAN F>M] C\LD BE SE54 0,! SMALL AGRICULTURAL CLO?-MAK+ H\SEHOLD UNITS444 EA* SO EASILY ID5TIFIABLE BY ITS T5T] ( :ITE CLO? -- W\LD BE GONE 9 A FEW YE>S10 OBS]V$ ,ROB]T ,REID4 .<#a#e.> ,MAN*E/]1 ! WORLD'S FIR/ 9DU/RIAL CITY1 WAS ONE CONTE/$ GR\ND1 AMONG MANY O!R ,5GLI% LOCALES1 AS EV]Y?+ WAS AT /AKE & ! E>? WAS MADE TO %IFT4 ,BY ! LATE #a#h#bS1 ,?OMAS ,C>LYLE WROTE ?IS SUMM>Y3 0,W]E WE REQUIR$ TO *>ACT]IZE ?IS AGE ( \RS BY A S+LE EPI!T1 WE %\LD BE TEMPT$ TO CALL IT1 NOT AN ,H]OICAL1 ,DEVOTIONAL1 ,PHILOSOPHICAL1 OR ,MORAL ,AGE1 BUT ABOVE ALL O!RS1 ! ,ME*ANICAL ,AGE40 .<#a#f.> ,! WIDESPREAD 0HATR$ ( AU?ORITY & CONTROL0 .<#a#g.> & 0G5]AL LEVEL+ S5TIM5T0 .<#a#h.> MEANT ?AT RESI/ANCE WAS P[]FUL & C]TA9LY PR$AT$ ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY4 ,! ,NOR?UMB]L& M9]S DE/ROY$ PIT-HEAD GE> ) REGUL>ITY DUR+ CLA%ES ) [N]S1 LEAD+ TO ! PASSAGE ( NO LESS ?AN EI ,! BRIEFE/ SAMPL+ REVEALS ! RANGE ( LATE #a#h? C5TURY CONTE/ATION3 ! ANTI-TOLL ,BRI/OL BRIDGE RIOTS ( #a#g#i#c1 ! GREAT FOOD RIOT YE> ( #agie 7:5 GR\PS ( WOM5 WAYLAID %IPM5TS ( CORN1 & ATTACK$ GOV]NM5T PRESS GANGS SEEK+ TO KIDNAP M5 = MILIT>Y S]VICE71 & NAVAL MUT9IES AT ,PORTSM\? & ! ,NORE 9 #a#g#i#g1 TO CITE ONLY A FEW PROM95T EXAMPLES4 .<#b.> ,MA*9E-BREAK+ & 9DU/RIAL >SON SOON BECAME FOCUS$ TACTICS AGA9/ ! RAVAGES ( 9DU/RIALISM1 & TO SOME (T5 H>D-TO-P9PO9T DEGREE1 AGA9/ 9DU/RIALISM ITSELF4 ,SU* =MS ( COMBAT >E SE5 AMONG ! WE/ ,5GL& 0%E>M5 & CLO?+ WORK]S1 9 ! ,LUDDITE RESI/ANCE0 TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( ME*ANIZ$ DEVICES BETWE5 #agii & #a#h#c4 .<#b#a.> ,?IS WAS ALSO ! TIME 7#a#h#a-#a#h#b7 ( ! UND]GR\ND WORK]S' MOVEM5T KN[N AS ! ,BLACK ,LAMP1 9 ! ,WE/ ,RID+ ( ,YORK%IRE4 ,NOT CO9CID5TALLY1 ! #a#g#iS WAS ! GOLD5 AGE ( ! ,LANCA%IRE H&LOOM WEAV]S1 :OSE AUTONOMY WAS ! BACKBONE ( RADICAL OPPOSITION TO ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,M>X'S IDEA ( REVOLUTION WAS SEV]ELY LIMIT$1 CONF9$ TO ! QUE/ION ( :I* CLASS W\LD RULE ! WORLD ( MASS PRODUCTION4 ,BUT EV5 ON ?OSE T]MS HE COMPLETELY FAIL$ TO PR$ICT :I* GR\PS W]E MO/ LIKELY TO CON/ITUTE A REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,9/EAD ( BECOM+ RADICALIZ$1 FACTORY WORK]S W]E DOME/ICAT$ TO A F> GREAT] DEGREE ?AN ?OSE :O HELD \T AGA9/ 0PROLET>IANIZATION40 ,! QUIESC5CE ( FACTORY WORK]S IS WELL KN[N4 ,IT WASN'T UNTIL ! #a#h#bS ?AT !Y W]E FIR/ DRAWN 9TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! PROGRESS ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 .<#b#b.> 0,CLASS0 AS A SOCIAL T]M BECAME P>T ( ! LANGUAGE 9 ! #a#h#bS1 A BYPRODUCT ( ! RISE ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 ACCORD+ TO ,ASA ,BRIGGS4 .<#b#c.> 0,IT WAS BETWE5 #ahae & #ahb ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS BORN10 AS ,H>OLD ,P]K9 HAD IT1.<#b#d.> BUT ! DI/9CTIVE CONSCI\SNESS DID NOT1 AS NOT$1 MEAN A MILITANT1 MU* LESS A RADICAL ORI5TATION DUR+ ! PIVOTAL TWO DECADES UND] REVIEW4 ,A WORK]I/ ID5TITY WAS 0SC>CELY 9VOLV$0 9 ! ,LUDDITE RIS+S BETWE5 #ah & #a#h#b4 .<#b#e.> ,! MO/ SU/A9$ ,LUDDITE DE/RUCTION ( NEWLY 9TRODUC$ TEXTILE MA*9]Y OCCURR$ BETWE5 #ahaa & #ahaf & TOOK ITS NAME FROM ,N$ ,LUDD1 A Y\NG FRAME-WORK KNITT] 9 ,LEICE/]%IRE :O HAD AN AV]SION TO CONF9EM5T & DRUDGE WORK4 ,MORE ?AN JU/ ID5TIFICATION ) ,N$'S FAM\S FRAME-SMA%+ EPISODE1 ,LUDDISM MAY BE PROP]LY UND]/OOD AS A WIDELY-HELD N>RATIVE OR VISION4 .<#b#f.> ,AT ! HE>T ( ?IS %>$ \TLOOK WAS A GR\ND$ UND]/&+ ( ! CORROSIVE NATURE ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS4 ,! FOCUS IS UND]L9$ 9 ,ROB]T ,REID'S WOND]FULLY-TITL$ ,L& ( ,LO/ ,CONT5T1 :]E9 HE DESCRIBES A ,LUDDITE ATTACK ON ! HOSI]Y WORK%OP ( ,$W>D ,HOLL+SWOR? ON ! NI* #a#a1 #a#h#a#a4 ,HAV+ SUCCESSFULLY BREA*$ ,HOLL+SWOR?'S =TIFI$ WORKS1 FRAME-BREAK+1 @5 LA ,N$1 5SU$4 ,! >M$ WORK]S PROCE$$ 0SELECTIVELY4 ,ONLY ! WIDE MA*9ES :I* KNITT$ ! BROAD]1 *EAP] CLO? CAME UND] ! DE/RUCTIVE HAMM]40 .<#b#g.> ,SU* T>GET+ EXHIBITS A COMBATIVE HO/ILITY TO /&>DIZATION & /&>DIZ$1 MASS-PRODUC$ LIFE1 HALLM>KS ( 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS WRIT L>GE4 .<#b#h.> ,BYRON1 ! MO/ FAM\S POET ( ! AGE1 WAS MOV$ TO WRITE1 0,D[N ) ALL K+S BUT ,K+ ,LUDD60 .<#b#i.> ,MORE IMPORTANT WAS ! V]Y WIDESPREAD SUPPORT = ,LUDDITE ACTIONS4 ,ACROSS ! >EA1 ACCORD+ TO ,E4 ,P4 ,?OMPSON1 0ACTIVE MORAL SANCTION . GIV5 BY ! COMMUNITY TO ALL ,LUDDITE ACTIVITIES %ORT ( ACTUAL ASSASS9ATION40 .<#c.> ,WOM5 DID NOT PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 ! MA*9E-BREAK+ ATTACKS1 BUT W]E V]Y MU* A P>T ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! ,APRIL #ahab ASSAULT ON ! ,BURTON P[]-LOOM MILL 9 ,MIDDLETON1 WOM5 W]E CONSPICU\SLY PRES5T2 FIVE W]E *>G$ ) RIOT & BREAK+ W9D[S4 .<#c#a.> ,P>ALLEL EXAMPLES ( MILITANCY W]E ! ,EA/ ,ANGLIAN BREAD RIOTS ( #a#h#a#e1 & ! VICTORI\S FIVE-MON? SEAM5'S /RIKE 9 ! SAME YE> ?AT P>ALYZ$ COAL-%IPP+ PORTS & ! EA/ COA/ COAL TRADE4 ,FRAME-BREAK+ HAD BE5 MADE A HANG+ (F5SE 9 #a#h#a#b1 & REPRESSION HIT ITS HI< PO9T 9 #ahag ) SUSP5SION ( HABEAS CORPUS RIS 9 #a#h#a#e1 A LONG ]A BEGAN ?AT WAS DECISIVELY C5T]$ ON POLITICAL RE=M 7E4G4 RE=M ( P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION7 & TRADE UNIONISM4 ,UNIONS1 !N AS N[1 EXI/ TO BROK] ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 [N]S & WORK]S4 ,A MORE OR LESS SCATT]$1 9DEP5D5T & (T5 RECALCITRANT POPULATION BECOMES COMB9$1 REPRES5T$1 & DISCIPL9$ VIA UNIONISM4 .<#c#b.> ,?IS IS MU* LESS SOME K9D ( CONSPIRACY ?AN AN ACCOMMODATION TO ! GREAT PRESSURES PU%+ 9DU/RIAL WAGE-SLAV]Y4 ,AS E>LY AS ,LORD ,HOLL&'S #ahab EF=TS TO *ANNEL ,LUDDITE 5]GY 9 A RE=M DIRECTION1 !RE HAD BE5 9T]E/ 9 SOMEH[ MOV+ IT AWAY FROM ITS REAL FOCUS4 ,LUDDISM HAD TO DO ) SOME?+ 9COMP>ABLY MORE BASIC ?AN POLITICS & UNIONS1 BUT IT FAIL$ 9 ITS FRONTAL ASSAULT4 ,A MAJOR LATE-9N+ T>GET WAS ,JOHN ,HEA?COTE'S LACE FACTORY AT ,LONGBOR\< 9 ,JUNE #a#h#a#f1 & ! ,FOLLY ,HILL & ,P5TRICK RIS+S A YE> LAT] 0CAN BE REG>D$ AS ! LA/ FLICK] ( ,LUDDISM 9 ITS DESP]ATE1 VIOL5T & POLITICAL PHASE40 .<#c#c.> ,?IS LA/ ADJECTIVE REF]S TO A KEY ASPECT ( ! DEFEAT ( MA*9E DE/RUCTION3 ITS DIV]SION 9TO RE=M *ANNELS4 ,OPPOSITIONAL 5]GIES C\LD /ILL BE F\ND1 BUT FROM ?IS PO9T ON !Y W]E MORE (T5 9 EVID5CE 9 MORE APPROV$ CONTEXTS4 ,9 ,BRI/OL1 = EXAMPLE1 0GANGS ( DISORD]LY FELL[S !RE ASSEMBL$1 ?R[+ /9K+ FI%1 DEAD CATS1 DOGS1 RATS1 & O!R (F5SIVE MISSILES0 DUR+ AN ELECTION CAMPAIGN4 .<#c#d.> ,! 0,SW+0 RIOTS ?R\<\T S\!A/ ,5GL& 9 #a#h#c-#a#h#c#a H>K5$ BACK TO ANTI-9DU/RIAL MILITANCY4 ,AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S RES5T$ ?RE%+ MA*9ES ?AT W]E TURN+ F>MS 9TO FACTORIES2 !Y RESORT$ TO DE/ROY+ !M & BURN+ [N]S' PROP]TY4 .<#c#e.> ,!IR DIRECT ACTION & COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION M>K$ !M AS AGRICULTURAL ,LUDDITES4 ,ANO!R1 & PRETTY MU* F9AL \TBREAK WAS ! ,PLUG RIOTS 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#d#b1 :5 A ?\S& >M$ WORK]S HELD ,MAN*E/] = SEV]AL DAYS 9 A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,BUT ! SECOND & ?IRD G5]ATION CAME TO ACCEPT AS NATURAL ! CONF9EM5T & DESKILL+ ( 9DU/RIAL LABOR4 ,ONLY />VATION C\LD CONQU] A FEW HOLD\TS1 NOTABLY H&LOOM WEAV]S1 T]RIBLY \TFLANK$ BY ! FACTORIES4 ,:AT HAPP5$1 OR FAIL$ TO HAPP51 9 ! TURN+ PO9T YE>S ( #ah TO #ahb SEAL$ PEOPLE'S FATE4 ,! ULTIMATE VICTOR WAS A NEW1 MU* DEEP] LEVEL ( DOME/ICATION4 ,! ,LUDDITE *ALL5GE TO ! NEW ORD] /OOD \T1 & CONT9UES TO 9SPIRE4 ,ANO!R1 SOME:AT NEGLECT$ ASPECT OR CURR5T WAS ?AT ( RELIGI\S UTOPIANISM1 KN[N AS MILL5>IANISM4 ,?IS MOVEM5T 7OR MOVEM5TS7 %$ VIRTUALLY ALL ASSOCIATION ) TRADITIONAL RELIGI\S BELIEF4 ,IT WAS DI/ANT FROM ?AT AG5T ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL&1 & TURN$ ITS BACK7S7 ON ! ,C ( ,E'S MA9 RIVAL1 ,ME?ODISM 7AKA ,DISS5T+ OR ,NON-,CON=MI/74 ,! MILL5NIALS W]E ANTI-CL]ICAL & EV5 AT TIMES ANTI-,*RI/IAN4 .<#c#f.> ,!Y PROMIS$ A VA/ TRANS=MATION2 !IR PROPHETS ?REAT5$ TO 0TURN ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N10 SIMIL> TO ! AIMS ( SECUL> REVOLUTION>IES4 .<#c#g.> ,MILL5>IANISM WAS 0DIRECT$ TO ! DE/RUCTION ( EXI/+ SOCIETY10 & ! REIGN+ AU?ORITIES BELIEV$ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT 0MIK (F ! EXPLOSIVE MIXTURE ( SOCIAL DISCONT5T & RADICAL S5TIM5T0 !N PREVAIL+4 .<#c#h.> ,! ,ME?ODI/ LEAD]%IP RECOIL$ 9 HORROR FROM ! ,LUDDITE MOM5TUM & LIKEWISE FROM ! MANY FACES ( MILL5>IAN EXTREMISM1 SOME NUMB] ( :I* W]E BREAKAWAYS FROM ,ME?ODISM4 ,! ,PRIMITIVE ,ME?ODI/ ,CONNECTION WAS /EADILY GR[+1 ALONG ) ! 0MAGIC ,ME?ODI/S0 ( ,DELAM]E ,=E/1 & ! 0,KIRKGATE SCREAM]S0 ( ,LE$S1 AMONG ! MANY DISAFFECT$ (F%OOTS4 .<#c#i.> ,SOME ( !SE 7& O!R SIMIL> GR\PS7 W]E EXPLICITLY REF]R$ TO AS ,RANT]S1 RECOGNIZ+ A L9K TO ! ,RANT]S 7& ,DIGG]S7 ( ! #a#g? C5TURY MILL5>IANI/ REBELLION4 ,ALREADY 9 ! #a#g#iS 0*EAP REPR9TS ( LONG-BURI$ WORKS ( ,RANT] & ,ANT9OMIAN . COMPLEXION0 W]E CIRCULAT+4 .<#d.> ,! ,SCOTTI% ,BU*ANITES1 FOLL[]S ( ,ELSPE? ,SIMPSON ,BU*AN1 WI%$ TO HOLD ALL ?+S 9 COMMON & REJECT$ ! BONDS ( (FICIAL M>RIAGE4 ,! ,WROEITES W]E L>GELY WOOL-COMB]S & H&LOOM WEAV]S1 FID1 W]E ON ! FI]Y SIDE2 9 #ahf ,MORISON PREA*$ ! CONFISCATION ( 0ALL ! PROP]TY & L& BELONG+ TO ! RI*40 .<#d#a.> ,RI*>D ,BRO!RS ( ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0N[ IS ! :ORE ( ,BABYLON FALL+0 & ! FUTURE WILL SEE 0NO MORE W>1 NO MORE WANT40 .<#d#b.> ,ROB]T ,W$D]BURN1 A BLACK SAILOR1 ATTRACT$ ! 0MO/ EXTREME & IMPOV]I%$ RADICALS0 TO HIS ,LONDON *APEL4 .<#d#c.> ,! MILL5>IAN IMPULSE WAS BY NO MEANS AN ISOLAT$1 CRANKY1 OR UNREPRES5TATIVE PASSION4 ,9 ! #a#g#iS IT EM]G$ 0ON A SCALE UNKN[N S9CE ! #a#g? C5TURY10 JUDG$,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON4 .<#d#d.> 0,FROM ! #a#g#iS TO AT LEA/ ! #a#h#cS RADICAL MILL5>IANISM C\LD POSE A REAL ?REAT0 TO ! DOM9ANT SY/EM1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT DID NOT ACCEPT ! RUL+ P>ADIGM OR P>TICIPATE )9 IT4 .<#d#e.> ,IT WAS AN ACTIVE CRITIQUE ( ! DEEP ASSUMPTIONS ( ! RUL+ ORD]4 ,DOME/IC S]VANTS & SMALL %OPKEEP]S W]E AMONG ! ADH]5TS1 AS WELL AS >TISANS & O!R DISPOSSESS$ CRAFTSPEOPLE :O W]E ! SPE>HEAD ( ! ,LUDDITE RANKS4 ,& 9 #ahac A ,NEW ,CONNECTION M9I/]1 ,GEORGE ,BEAUMONT1 WAS *>G$ ) 9SPIR+ ! ,LUDDITE ATTACKS 9 ! ,HUDD]SFIELD >EA4 ,?OMAS ,SP5CE WAS AN 9FLU5TIAL1 APOCALYPTIC FIGURE :O F\ND 9SPIRATION 9 ! #a#g? C5TURY VISION>IES4 ,HE REPR9T$ A ,DIGG] TRACT FROM ?AT ]A BY ,G]ALD ,W9/ANLEY1 & LIKEWISE ATTACK$ PRIVATE PROP]TY AS /&+ AGA9/ ,GOD'S COMMON /OREH\SE4 ,SP5CE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT 0,GOD WAS A V]Y NOTORI\S ,LEVEL]0 & ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y = HUMBLE M5 TO TURN ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N4 .<#d#f.> ,ALAS1 ! WORLD WASN'T TURN$ UPSIDE D[N4 ,! CIVILIZ+ MA*9E P]SEV]$ ?R\< ! /ORMS4 ,RELIGION1 9 ITS USUAL ROLE1 TAUS5AL3 ! EVANGELICAL REVIVAL'S CAMPAIGN = 9DU/RIAL DISCIPL9E4 ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE1 ( 0D>K ,SATANIC MILLS0 FAME1 WAS AN 5IGMATIC1 IDIOSYNCRATIC FIGURE :O C]TA9LY PLAY$ A P>T 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,NOT FULLY A MILL5>IAN OR A ,ROMANTIC EI!R1 ,BLAKE TOOK AS HIS C5TRAL !ME 0! NE$ TO RELEASE ! HUMAN SPIRIT FROM BONDAGE40 .<#d#g.> ,/>T+ FROM AN ORI5TATION T[>D CLASS /RUGGLE1 ,BLAKE ULTIMATELY OPPOS$ K+%IP1 & RUL]%IP ITSELF4 .<#d#h.> ,HIS ,SONGS ( ,EXP]I5CE 7#a#g#iS7 PO9T 9 A RADICAL & MILL5>IAN DIRECTION1 & HE PROVID$ A RADICAL CRITIQUE ( ! LIMITS ( ,SW$5BORGIANISM4 ,BUT ,BLAKE CAN BE *>ACT]IZ$ MORE AS A ,JACOB9 RE=M] ?AN A REVOLUTION>Y MILL5NIAL4 ,CONSI/5CY MAY BE H>D TO F9D OV]ALL1 ?\< SOME OBS]VATIONS1 R5D]$ 9 HIS [N 9IMITABLE /YLE1 HIT ! M>K4 ,HE F\ND ! FACTORY & ! WORKH\SE T]RIBLY WRONG &1 AS ) ! ,LUDDITES1 SAW ! DE/RUCTION ( TRADITIONAL WORKMAN%IP AS ! 5D ( WORK+ PEOPLE'S 9TEGRITY4 ,ME*ANIZ$ TIME WAS A P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT T>GET3 0! H\RS ( FOLLY >E MEASUR$ BY ! CLOCK1 BUT ( WISDOM3 NO CLOCK CAN MEASURE10 = EXAMPLE4 .<#d#i.> ,BLAKE'S \TLOOK ON BO? NATURE & WOM5 HAS TO BE SE5 AS QUITE FLAW$4 ,HIS ANTI-FEM9ISM IS H>D TO MISS1 & !RE IS A CONTEMPT = NATURE1 AS FEMALE & !RE=E SECOND>Y TO ! MALE4 ,SOCIAL H>MONY IS A MAJOR GOAL1 BUT H>MONY OR BALANCE ) NATURE1 AS *AMPION$ BY ! ,ROMANTICS OR ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS ( NO 9T]E/ TO ,BLAKE4 .<#e.> ,HE DESIR$ ! 0,IMM$IATE BY ,P]CEPTION OR ,S5SE AT ONCE10 .<#e#a.> BUT IT DID NOT OCCUR TO HIM TO GR\ND ?IS DESIRE 9 ! NON-SYMBOLIC NATURAL WORLD4 ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON CLE>LY W5T TOO F> 9 ASS]T+1 0,NEV]1 ON ANY PAGE ( ,BLAKE1 IS !RE ! LEA/ COMPLICITY ) ! K+DOM ( ! ,BEA/40 .<#e#b.> ,MORE ACCURATE WAS HIS APPRAISAL ?AT FEW 0DELIV]$ SU* %REWD & ACCURATE BL[S AGA9/ ! IDEOLOGICAL DEF5SES ( !IR SOCIETY40 .<#e#c.> ,! FIR/ TWO DECADES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY W]E ! HE>T ( ! ,ROMANTIC P]IOD1 & ! C\RSE ( ?IS LIT]>Y MOVEM5T REFLECTS :AT TOOK PLACE SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY 9 ?OSE YE>S4 ,AT ! BEG9N+1 ,COL]IDGE1 ,WORDSWOR?1 ,%ELLEY & O!RS GAVE VOICE TO 0AN EXPLOSION ( MILL5>IAL & APOCALYPTIC 5?USIASM = ! NEW DAWN40 .<#e#d.> ,WRIT+ 9 #a#h#d1 ,WORDSWOR? RECALL$ ! EXHIL>ATION ( T5 YE>S OR SO E>LI]1 :5 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION ANN\NC$ A NEW WORLD & ! FACTORY SY/EM HAD NOT YET META/ASIZ$3 0,BLISS WAS IT 9 ?AT DAWN TO BE ALIVE1_/,BUT TO BE Y\NG WAS V]Y ,HEAV560 .<#e#e.> ,9 ITS FIR/ BLOOM ESPECIALLY1 ,ROMANTICISM S\ ,R5E ,WELLEK NOT$ ?AT SU* ?9K+ C\LD BE SE5 AS 0AN UPSURGE ( ! UNCONSCI\S & ! PRIMITIVE40 .<#e#g.> ,EV5TS1 SOON TO BE DEF9$ BY ,M>X & O!R 9DU/RIALIZ]S AS ,PROGRESS1 UNDID OPTIMISM & A S5SE ( POSSIBILITIES1 AS WE HAVE SE54 ,SUNNY ,5LIAT$ FROM NATURE & 5T]$ ! /ATE ( MOD]N1 9DU/RIAL SLAV]Y4 ,A GREAT S5SE ( DISAPPO9TM5T OV]TOOK ! E>LI] ASPIRATIONS1 :I* W]E RAPIDLY BE+ DE/ROY$ BY EA* NEW ADVANCE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ONW>D1 DISILLUSIONM5T1 5NUI1 & BOR$OM BECAME C5TRAL TO LIFE 9 ! ,WE/4 ,WILLIAM ,WORDSWOR? ACKN[L$G$ ! EXI/5CE & IMPORTANCE ( A SPIRIT ( WILD NATURE1 :I* ,BLAKE RESI/$ 9 HIM4 ,WORDSWOR? WAS P>TICUL>LY MOV$ BY ! DECL9E ( ! DOME/IC OR PRE-9DU/RIAL MODE ( PRODUCTION & ITS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON ! POOR & ON FAMILIES4 .<#e#h.> ,PRIVATION1 A S5SE ( :AT HAS BE5 LO/1 IS A KEY !ME 9 ,WORDSWOR?4 ,HIS WELL-KN[N DECL9E AS A POET AFT] #ahg SEEMS L9K$ TO ! PESSIMISM1 EV5 DESPAIR1 ?AT BEGAN TO GET ! UPP] H&4 ,HE SAW ?AT ! ,5LI9] TE/IFIES TO ! ]OSION ( VALUES 9 ! ABS5CE ( COMMUNITY4 ,HIS 0,MI*AEL0 POEMS COMPLET$ A S]IES ON AB&ONM5T & MEAN+LESS LOSS4 ,A MAJOR POET :O COLLAPS$ BACK 9TO ,ANGLICAN OR?ODOXY -- AS DID ,WORDSWOR? -- & NATIONALI/ CONS]VATISM4 ,ONE :O KEPT ! LIB]ATORY ,ROMANTIC FLAME BURN+ LONG] WAS ,P]CY ,BYS%E ,%ELLEY4 ,9FLU5C$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,%ELLEY'S ,QUE5 ,MAB 7#a#h#a#c7 CONTA9S !SE L9ES3 ,P[]1 LIKE A DESOLAT+ PE/IL5CE1 ,POLLUTES :ATE'] IT T\*ES2 & OB$I5CE1 ,BANE ( ALL G5IUS1 VIRTUE1 FRE$OM1 TRU?1 ,MAKES SLAVES ( M51 &1 ( ! HUMAN FRAME1 ,A ME*ANIZ$ AUTOMATON4 "9"97,I,I,I1 #a#g#f7 .<#e#i.> ,%ELLEY'S ,MASK ( ,AN>*Y 7#a#h#a#i7 IS AN ANGRY CALL TO >MS FOLL[+ ! GOV]NM5T ASSAULT ON PROTE/]S1 KN[N AS ! ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE 7E4G4 0,RISE LIKE ,LIONS AFT] SLUMB]_/,9 UNVANQUI%ABLE NUMB]074 .<#f.> ,BUT HE TOO FLAM$ \T1 LO/ HIS WAY4 ,! ,HYP]ION PROJECT WAS DROPP$1 & A MAJOR WORK1 ,PROME!US ,UNB\ND1 PRES5TS A CONFUS+ PICTURE4 ,BY #ahb HIS PASSION HAD BE5 QUELL$4 ,( >I/OCRATIC L9EAGE1 ,GEORGE ,GORDON1 ,LORD ,BYRON WAS A LIFELONG RADICAL4 ,HE SPOKE \T AGA9/ MAK+ FRAME-BREAK+ A CAPITAL (F5SE1 & DEF5D$ ! IMPOV]I%$4 ,HIS BRAZ51 BISEXUAL BEHAVIOR %OCK$ A SOCIETY HE DESPIS$4 ,) ,*ILDE ,H>OLD & ,DON ,JUAN1 TRANSGRESSORS ESCAP$ !IR 0JU/ DESS]TS0 & 9/EAD W]E GLAM\RIZ$4 ,BYRON SAW NATURE AS A VALUE 9 ITSELF2 HIS NATURE POETRY IS CORRESPOND+LY 9/9CTIVE & IMM$IATE 7AS IS ?AT ( HIS CONTEMPOR>Y1 ,JOHN ,KEATS74 ,HE WAS ! MO/ FAM\S ( LIV+ ,5GLI%M5 BUT SAID GOODBYE TO ,5GL& 9 #a#h#a#f1 FIR/ TO JO9 =CES ) ,C>BON>I P>TISANS 9 ,ITALY1 & LAT] ON ! SIDE ( ,GREEK REBELS1 AMONG :OM HE DI$ 9 #a#h#b#d4 0,I HAVE SIMPLIFI$ MY POLITICS 9TO AN UTT] DETE/ATION ( ALL EXI/+ GOV]NM5TS10 HE HAD DECL>$4 .<#f#a.> ,D9O ,FALLUGA RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SOME CELEBRAT$ ! DEA? ( ,BYRON & :AT HE REPRES5T$4 ,VICTORIAN NOVELI/ ,$W>D ,BULW]-,LYTTON WROTE A FEW DECADES AFT] ! FACT ?AT ?ANKS TO ,BYRON'S DEA? ! CULTURE WAS F9ALLY ABLE TO GR[ UP4 ,IT 0BECOMES ACCU/OM$ TO ! ,MILL10 RA!R ?AN QUIXOTICALLY DEF5D+ ! ,LUDDITES AS ,BYRON DID4 .<#f#b.> ,EXPECTATIONS ( *ANGE DID 9DE$ DIE ) ,BYRON1 IF NOT BE=E4 ,FRU/RATION ) 9DIVIDUAL DISAPPO9TM5TS1 ALSO ) A G5]ALIZ$1 N[ *RONIC CONDITION4 ,N[ ! SOLIT>Y POET BECOMES A TRUE FIXTURE1 TRUE TO ! REALITY ?AT ! POET -- & NOT ONLY ! POET -- IS LOS+ ! LA/ RES\RCE1 ONE'S [N AU?ORITY OV] ONESELF4 ,ANO!R DEEP LOSS ( ?IS ]A1 P]HAPS ! DEEPE/4 ,! AGE ( NO MORE AUTONOMY1 ( NO MORE HOPE ( MAK+ ?+S BASICALLY DIFF]5T4 ,! ,GO?IC NOVEL REPRES5TS ! D>K SIDE ( ,ROMANTICISM4 ,IT HAD BE5 LAUN*$ DECADES E>LI]1 ) ,HORACE ,WALPOLE'S ANTI-,5LIB>IC IMAG9ATIVE FRE$OM40 .<#f#c.> ,A COMMON FEATURE ( MANY ,GO?IC NOVELS IS A LOOK BACKW>D TO A SIMPL] & MORE H>MONI\S WORLD -- A CONNECTION TO ,R\SSEAUIAN PRIMITIVISM4 ,GO?IC'S REVOLT AGA9/ ! NEW ME*ANI/IC MODEL = SOCIETY (T5 IDEALIZES ! M$IEVAL WORLD 7H5CE ! ,GO?IC7 AS ONE ( ORGANIC :OL5ESS4 ,BUT ?IS RA!R GOLD5 PA/ C\LD H>DLY BE RECOGNIZ$ ?R\< ! DI/ORT+ T]ROR ( ! 9T]V5+ YE>S4 ,GO?IC RU9S & HAUNT$ H\SES 9 PR9T REFLECT$ ! PRODUCTION ( REAL RU9S1 REAL NIES4 ,! TRAUMA ( FULLY ,5LIY SETT+S :]E ! SELF IS HOPELESSLY LO/ & ULTIMATELY DE/ROY$4 ,! DEPRAVITY ( ,MAT!W ,LEWIS' ,! ,MONK1 HAIL$ BY ! ,M>QUIS DE ,SADE1 COMES TO M9D1 AS DOES ,M>Y ,%ELLEY'S ,FRANK5/E91 :I* DEMONIZES ITS [N CREATION4 ,SOON1 H[EV]1 ! ,GO?IC BECAME AS ME*ANI/IC A G5RE AS ! SOCIAL ORD] IT REJECT$4 ,ITS =MULAIC PRODUCTS >E /ILL BE+ *URN$ \T4 ,! =MATION ( MALLEABLE *>ACT]1 ADAPTABLE TO ! REGIM5 ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE1 WAS ( OBVI\S IMPORTANCE TO ! V>I\S MANAG]S 9 ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY4 ,H5CE A KEY >GUM5T = SUPPORT ( S*OOLS WAS ?AT !Y W]E 0A =M ( SOCIAL 9SURANCE40 .<#f#d.> ,9 ,]IC ,EVANS' SUMM>Y1 0,BY #ahae ! >GUM5T WAS NOT :E!R $UCATION = ! L[] ORD]S WAS PROP] BUT H[ MU* %\LD BE PROVID$40 .<#f#e.> ,! D9N]W>E MANUFACTUR] ,?OMAS ,W$GWOOD WANT$ A RIGOR\S1 DISCIPL9>Y SY/EM ( $UCATION & TRI$ TO 5LI/ ,WORDSWOR? AS ITS SUP]9T5D5T4 ,HIS RESPONSE1 9 ,! ,PRELUDE1 9CLUDES !SE /++ L9ES3 ,! ,GUIDES1 ! ,W>D5S ( \R FACULTIES1 ,& ,/EW>DS ( \R LABOR1 WAT*FUL M5 ,& SKILLFUL 9 ! USURY ( TIME1 ,SAGES1 :O 9 !IR PRESCI5CE W\LD CONTR\L ,ALL ACCID5TS & TO ! V]Y ROAD ,:I* !Y HAVE FA%ION'D W\LD CONF9E US D[N1 ,LIKE 5G9ES .<#f#f.> ,PRIVATE1 USUALLY ,*RI/IAN S*OOLS RECEIV$ SOME GOV]NM5T FUND+1 BUT A NATIONAL SY/EM ( $UCATION WAS RA!R SL[ 9 >RIV+4 ,FOOD RIOT]S1 ANTI-5CLOSURE F5CE-BREAK]S1 NOT TO M5TION ,LUDDITES1 C\LD 5D UP ON ! GALL[S1 BUT A MOD]N UNI=M$ POLICE =CE WAS NOT IMPLEM5T$ MU* E>LI] ?AN WAS A /&>DIZ$ S*OOL SY/EM4 ,:ILE ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY HAD GREAT NE$ ( LAW 5=CEM5T1 !Y FAC$ ! DEEP-ROOT$ HO/ILITY ( ! MAJORITY4 ,PREVAIL+ S5TIM5T HELD ?AT P]SONAL MORALITY %\LD NOT BE SUBJECT TO SCRUT9Y BY ! >M$ =CE ( SOCIETY & LAW4 ,POLICE W]E OPPOS$ AS 0PAID AG5TS ( ! /ATE :O 9=M$ ON !IR NEI ,UNI=M$ POLICE W]E ON ! /REETS ( ,LONDON ) PASSAGE ( ! ,METROPOLITAN ,POLICE ,ACT ( #a#h#b#i1 BUT /RONG ANTIPA?Y TO ! NEW 9/ITUTION P]SI/$4 ,AT A POLITICAL RE=M RALLY 9 ,COLDBA? ,FIELDS1 ,LONDON 9 #ahcc A /RUGGLE BROKE \T & ?REE (FIC]S W]E /ABB$1 ONE FATALLY4 ,! SUBSEQU5T CORON]'S JURY BR\D =MAL POLIC+ WAS JU/ ONE ASPECT ( AN 5=C$ SOCIAL %IFT ALREADY UND]WAY4 ,9CREAS$ CONTROL ( MORES 9TRODUC$ LAWS AGA9/ 0PUBLIC 9DEC5CY10 & O!R PUNITIVE MEASURES W]E 5%R9$ 9 ! ,VAGRANT ,ACT ( #a#h#b#b4 ,?IS WAS P>T ( ! TRANSITION FROM 0A L>GELY COMMUNAL TO A PRIM>ILY /ATE-ORI5T$1 BUREAUCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ & PR(ESSIONALLY SUPPORT$ CIVIC CULTURE10 9 ! WORDS ( ,M4,J4,D4 ,ROB]TS4 .<#f#h.> ,IDL5ESS WAS A M>K AGA9/ ! OV]ALL 9DU/RIAL FUTURE1 SO ! TREADMILL WAS 9TRODUC$4 7,IDL5ESS AMONG ! RI* WAS QUITE DIFF]5T1 NE$LESS TO SAY4 7 ,UNAU?ORIZ$ FAIRS W]E SUBJECT TO SUPPRESSION1 ?\< !Y %[$ CONSID]ABLE /AY+ P[]2 ! ,VAGRANT ,ACT ( #ahbd WAS AIM$ AT A V>IETY ( POPUL> 5T]TA9M5TS4 ,! \TLAW+ ( 0BLOOD SPORTS0 LIKE COCK-FI ,5CLOSURE MEANT AN ABSOLUTIZATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY2 5JOYM5T WAS 9CREAS+LY PRIVATE & CONF9$4 ,! HOME ITSELF BECOMES MORE SPECIFICALLY DIVID$1 ISOLAT+ FAMILY MEMB]S )9 ! H\SEHOLD4 .<#g.> ,MOVEM5T IS T[>D SEGREGATION ( ! SEXES & ID5TIFICATION ( WOM5 ) DOME/ICITY4 ,! FAMILY & ITS DIVISION ( LABOR BECOME 9TEGRAT$ ) ! TRAJECTORY ( 9DU/RY4 ,CONSUM] DEM& = *EAP MANUFACTUR$ GOODS WAS AN UND]LY+1 EM]G5T KEY TO ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS 0DEM&0 WAS NOT EXACTLY SPONTANE\S2 NEW WANTS W]E N[ V]Y WIDELY ADV]TIS$ & PROMOT$1 FILL+ ! VACUUM ( :AT HAD BE5 TAK5 AWAY4 ,! DECL9E 9 TRADITIONAL SELF-SUFFICI5CY WAS EV]Y:]E APP>5T2 BE] & BREAD W]E N[ MORE (T5 B\DIZ$ GOODS -- & A /&>DIZ$ NATIONAL LANGUAGE -- W]E 9 FULL FL[4 .<#g#a.> ,A /RONG] EMPHASIS ON ! NE$ = REGUL>1 PR$ICTABLE LABOR IS %[N BY ! PREVAL5CE ( FACTORY CLOCKS1 S*$ULES1 & TIMETABLES2 ALSO DOME/IC CLOCKS & P]SONAL WAT*ES1 ONCE LUXURY ITEMS & N[ CONSUM] NECESSITIES4 ,BY ! #a#h#bS1 NO/ALGIC IMAGES W]E BE+ REPRODUC$ US+ ! K9DS ( TE*NOLOGY ?AT ]AS$ ! LO/1 COMMEMORAT$ WORLD4 .<#g#b.> ,AS A RELATIVELY SELF-SU/A9+ >RANGEM5T ( LIFE1 RURAL SOCIETY WAS 5D+1 FA/ BECOM+ A COMM]CIAL ITEM TO BE WI/FULLY CONTEMPLAT$4 ,BULW]-,LYTTON WROTE 9 #ahcc ( ! ASC5DANT /&>DS ( DECORUM & CON=MITY3 0,! ,5GLI% ( ! PRES5T DAY >E NOT ! ,5GLI% ( TW5TY YE>S AGO40 .<#g#c.> ,DIV]SIONS ?AT MANY HAD 5JOY$ ?R\<\T !IR LIVES -- PUBLIC DR9K+1 MANY HOLIDAYS FROM WORK1 BOI/]\S /REET FAIRS1 ETC4 -- W]E SE5 AS DISGRACEFUL & DISGU/+ UND] ! NEW ORD]4 ,AS ! AV]AGE P]SON WAS BE+ SUBDU$ & TAM$1 A FEW W]E LIONIZ$4 ,9DU/RIAL MOD]NITY U%]$ 9 :AT IS SO PROM95T TODAY1 CELEBRITY CULTURE4 ,! FLAMBOYANT ACTOR ,?OMAS ,KEAN WAS AN E>LY />1 BUT NONE SURPASS$ ! FAME ( ,BYRON4 ,HE WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ EV] TO RECEIVE :AT WE W\LD CALL FAN MAIL1 ?AT IS1 UNSOLICIT$ LETT]S ON A MASS SCALE4 .<#g#d.> ,MASSIFI$ LIFE ALSO 9ITIAT$ WIDESPREAD PSY*IC IMMIS]ATION4 ,! BE/-SELL] ( #ahf WAS ,! ,MIS]IES ( ,HUMAN ,LIFE1 TE/IFY+ TO ! L>GE-SCALE ANXIETY & DEPRESSION ?AT HAD ALREADY SET 91 9EVITABLE FRUIT ( MOD]N SUBJUGATION4 ,! DOOR ?AT WAS =C$ OP5 DECISIVELY BETWE5 #ah & #a#h#b1 R\M+ & AN EV]-M\NT+ RISE 9 GLOBAL POPULATION4 ,GLOBALIZ+ 9DU/RIALIZATION IS ! MOTIVE =CE BEH9D BO? DEVELOPM5TS4 ,A DEEP5+ TE*NOLOGICAL DIM5SION BECOMES MORE & MORE IMM]SIVE & DEF9+1 DRIV+ ! LOSS ( MEAN+1 PASSION1 & CONNECTION4 ,?IS TRAJECTORY CONT9UALLY REA*ES NEW LEVELS1 AT AN EV]-ACCEL]AT+ RATE4 ,AS E>LY AS ! #a#i#eS1 NEW TE*NOLOGY WAS HAIL$ BY MANY AS A 0,SECOND ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION40 .<#g#e.> ,9 #aif ,CL>K ,K]R & O!RS ANN\NC$ ?AT 0! WORLD IS 5T]+ A NEW AGE -- ! AGE ( TOTAL 9DU/RIALIZATION40 .<#g#f.> ,AS ! #a#i? C5TURY WAN$1 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 :O DISLIK$ ALL MA*9]Y1 CONCLUD$ ?AT 0,AP>T FROM ! DESIRE TO PRODUCE BEAUTIFUL ?+S1 ! LEAD+ PASSION ( MY LIFE HAS BE5 & IS HATR$ ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION40 .<#g#g.> ,HIS ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E EXPRESSES A WOND]FUL REV]SAL ( P]SPECTIVE1 9 :I* ,ELL5 SPEAKS FROM A TIME ?AT HAS SET ASIDE ! TE*NO-DESOLATION3 0,& EV5 N[1 :5 ALL IS WON & HAS BE5 = A LONG TIME1 MY HE>T IS SICK5$ ) ?9K+ ( ALL ! WA/E ( LIFE ?AT HAS GONE ON = SO MANY YE>S40 0,SO MANY C5TURIES1 %E SAID1 SO MANY AGES40 .<#g#h.> .<#a.> ,UGO ,P]ONE1 ,! ,POSSIBLE ,PRES5T 7,ALBANY3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS1 #b#a#a71 P4 #f4 .<#b.> ,T4,S4 ,A%TON1 ,AN ,ECONOMIC ,HI/ORY ( ,5GL&3 ! #a#h? ,C5TURY1 VOL4 #c 7,LONDON3 ,ME?U51 #a#i#e#e71 P4 #a#b#e4 .<#c.> ,G4,W4 ,DIMBLEBY1 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,BRITI% ,HEA?L&S & !IR ,SOILS 7,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#b71 E4G4 PP4 #b#i1 #d#d4 .<#d.> ,>NOLD ,J4 ,TOYNBEE1 ,A ,/UDY ( ,HI/ORY1 VOL4 ,I 7,LONDON3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#d-#a#i#e#h71 P4 #h4 .<#e.> ,OSWALD ,SP5GL]1 ,! ,DECL9E ( ! ,WE/1 VOL4 ,I,I 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#b#h71 E4G4 P4 #g#h4 .<#f.> ,IBID41 P4 #e#c4 .<#g.> ,H>OLD ,P]K91 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,MOD]N ,5GLI% ,SOCIETY1 #a#g#h-#a#h#h 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE @& ,KEGAN ,PAUL1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #a#b#e4 .<#h.> ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON1 ,! ,MAK+ ( ! ,5GLI% ,WORK+ ,CLASS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#f71 P4 #e#h#c4 .<#i.> ,JOSEPH ,GABEL1 ,FALSE ,CONSCI\SNESS3 ,AN ,ESSAY ON ,REIFICATION 7,OX=D3 ,BASIL ,BLACKWELL1 #a#i#g#e74 .<#a.> ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 ,! ,ORD] ( ,?+S 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g71 P4 #a#f#a4 .<#a#a.> ,ROB]T ,N4 ,BELLAH1 $41 ,EMILE ,DURKHEIM ON ,MORALITY & ,SOCIETY 7,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#c71 P4 #h#f4 .<#a#b.> ,SOME:AT REC5T S*OL>%IP HAS *ALL5G$ ,A%TON1 ,L&ES & O!RS AS HAV+ OV]G5]ALIZ$ ! IRREGUL>ITY ( PRE-9DU/RIAL WORK HABITS2 E4G4 ,M>K ,H>RISON1 ,CR[DS & ,HI/ORY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h71 *4 #e1 ESP4 P4 #a#a#a4 ,BUT ! OV]ALL DESCRIPTION SEEMS VALID4 .<#a#c.> ,F4,M4,L4 ,?OMPSON1 ,! ,CAMBRIDGE ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITA9 #a#g#e-#a#i#e1 VOL4 #b 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i71 PP4 #a#b#i1 #a#c4 .<#a#d.> ,A%TON1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#a#g4 .<#a#e.> ,ROB]T ,REID1 ,L& ( ,LO/ ,CONT5T3 ! ,LUDDITE ,REVOLT1 #ahab 7,LONDON3 ,HE9EMANN1 #a#i#h#f71 PP4 #b#i#d-#b#i#e4 .<#a#f.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,B5 ,WILSON1 ,DEC5CY & ,DISORD]3 ! ,AGE ( ,CANT #a#g#h#i-#a#h#c#g 7,LONDON3 ,FAB] & ,FAB]1 #b#g71 P4 #c#e#f4 .<#a#g.> ,IBID41 P4 #g#d4 .<#a#h.> ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON1 0,! ,CRIME ( ,ANONYMITY10 9 ,D\GLAS ,HAY ET AL41 $S41 ,ALBION'S ,FATAL ,TREE3 ,CRIME & ,SOCIETY 9 ,EI ,IAN ,R4 ,*RI/IE1 ,/RESS & ,/ABILITY 9 ,LATE ,EI5DON ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d71 PP4 #a#e-#a#e#a4 .<#b.> ,NI*OLAS ,ROG]S1 ,CR[DS1 ,CULTURE1 & ,POLITICS 9 ,GEORGIAN ,BRITA9 7,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h71 P4 #b#b#i4 .<#b#a.> ,?OMPSON 9 ,HAY ET AL41 OP4 CIT41 P4 #b#g#e4 .<#b#b.> ,NEIL ,J4 ,SMELS]1 0,SOCIOLOGICAL ,HI/ORY10 9 ,M4,W4 ,FL9N & ,T4,C4 ,SM\T1 $S41 ,ESSAYS 9 ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY 7,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS1 "9"9#a#h#g#d71 PP4 #c#a-#c#b4 .<#b#c.> ,ASA ,BRIGGS1 0,! ,LANGUAGE ( ',CLASS' 9 ,E>LY ,N9ETE5?-,C5TURY ,5GL&10 9 ,FL9N & ,SM\T1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#e#d4 .<#b#d.> ,P]K91 OP4 CIT41 P4 #b#a#c4 .<#b#e.> ,SMELS]1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #c#a4 .<#b#f.> ,KATR9A ,NAVICKAS1 0,! ,SE>* = ',G5]AL ,LUDD'3 ! ,MY?OLOGY ( ,LUDDISM10 ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY #c3#c 7,AUGU/ #b#e74 .<#b#g.> ,REID1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #e#i-#f4 .<#b#h.> ,! 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