,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,POLITICAL ,LEGACY ( ,CA/ORIADIS ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS ,TEXT 3 ,PREFACE3 ,AUTONOMY & ! ,FRAUDUL5T ,SELF ,BY ,M>K ,MASON ,I AM :AT IS M9E4 ,P]SONALITY IS ! ORIG9AL P]SONAL PROP]TY4 @9 ,NORMAN ,O4 ,BR[N ,! SPECT] ( GLOBAL PLUTOCRATIC RULE IS MA9TA9$ BY A SY/EM ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION CONTROLL$ BY WEAL?Y CAPITALI/ ELITES4 ,SOCIAL REPRODUCTION IS ?AT PROCESS BY :I* ! PASSIVE M5TALITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS MA9TA9$ ACROSS G5]ATIONS BY 9/ITUTIONS :I* CLAIM TO $UCATE & 9=M4 ,! /ATE-RUN S*OOL+ SY/EMS 9DOCTR9ATE ! Y\NG 9TO ! CAGE ( ! OB$I5T CITIZ54 ,! /ATE IS CONTROLL$ BY ! CAPITALI/ OLIG>*Y & ?US CAPITALI/ ELITES CONTROL :AT IS LABEL$ $UCATION3 A MISNOM]4 ,A FRAUD IS P]PETRAT$ UPON ! Y\NG4 ,A FEW *ILDR5 AMONG ! MANY RESI/4 ,CONTROL ( ADULTS BEG9S ) DISCIPL+ ! UNRULY *ILD & ALL *ILDR5 >E UNRULY4 ,EV]Y *ILD BORN FREE2 EV]Y ADULT 5SLAV$4 ,AS ,CA/ORIADIS REM9DS US1 ELECTIONS >E =MS ( SLAV]Y MASQU]AD+ AS DEMOCRACY4 ,GOV]NM5T IS A MASQU]ADE4 ,S*OOL+ IS ! FITT+ ( ! FALSE MASK UPON ! UNW>Y *ILD4 ,! *ILD BECOMES ! ADULT WE>+ A MASK ( FALSE CIVILITY & FALSE AUTONOMY4 ,! NOTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS A SOCIAL CON/RUCT CREAT$ & MANUFACTUR$ TO SPECIFICATIONS E/ABLI%$ BY ! P[] ELITE4 ,! AUTONOMY PROJECT IS ! TW(OLD WORK ( UNDO+ ! DAMAGE DONE TO ADULTS & ! CREATION ( AUTONOM\S ZONES = *ILDHOOD DEVELOPM5T FREE FROM /ATE CONTROL4 ,! S*OOL+ 9DOCTR9ATION SY/EM1 9 CONJUNCTION ) CORPORATE MASS M$IA1 CORPORATE PUBLIC RELATIONS1 & ! CORPORATE CONTROL ( ALL LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T CREATES ILLUSIONS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,WE LIVE UND] ! CRU%+ OPPRESSION ( A CAPITALI/ KLEPTOCRACY4 ,! POLICE >E HIR$ TO USE PHYSICAL VIOL5CE TO MA9TA9 ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY & PRIVATE WEAL?4 ,S*OOL TEA*]S >E HIR$ TO USE PSY*OLOGICAL VIOL5CE TO 9DOCTR9ATE VULN]ABLE *ILDR54 ,S*OOL+ IS *ILD ABUSE 9 ! S*OOLH\SE = ! PURPOSE ( PREP>+ *ILDR5 = A LIFETIME ( ADULT ABUSE AT ! WORKPLACE4 ,ABUSE ( P[] IS NORMALIZ$4 ,ABUSE ( P[] IS =CEFULLY UBIQUIT\S1 UNEXAM9$ & UN?9KABLE1 & P]NICI\SLY 9VISIBLE4 ,!RE IS NO?+ NORMAL AB\T NORMAL4 ,9V]SION4 ,IT IS NO SMALL MATT] ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS WAS A PSY*OANALY/ CONC]N$ ) ! OP]ATION ( PUBLIC OP9ION & ! SOCIAL M9D AS WELL AS ! M9D ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! %IFT FROM SOCIAL ORGANIZATION *>ACT]IZ$ BY HI]>*Y TO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION *>ACT]IZ$ BY DIRECT DEMOCRACY 5TAILS A MASSIVE 9VISIBLE TRANS=MATION ( CONSCI\SNESS NOT A*IEV$ ?R\< ! ACCUMULATION ( FACTS ALONE4 ,! PSY*OLOGICAL TRAJECTORY FROM *ILDHOOD WILL-TO-AUTONOMY ?AT IS D]AIL$ BY CO]C$ 9FANTILIZATION1 FOLL[$ BY ! WORK ( ! ADULT TO R$ISCOV] AUTONOMY 7RE9TEGRATION2 RECOV]Y ( ,SELF71 IS MANIFE/$ BY ! RE-APPE>ANCE ( ACTIVE POLITICAL AG5CY4 ,DANG]\S PRES5CE4 0,! ,P]SONAL IS ,POLITICAL40 0,! ,POLITICS ( ,EXP]I5CE40 0,FRE$OM FROM ! ,KN[N40 0,APOCALYPSE &_/OR ,METAMORPHOSIS0 0,J\RNEY TO ,IXTLAN0 0,! ,RE-5*ANTM5T ( ! ,WORLD0 0,KOYAANISQATSI0 ,IMAG9>Y1 HEGEMONY1 IDEOLOGY1 5CULTURATION_/SOCIALIZATION1 SOCIAL REPRODUCTION1 EGO1 P]SONA1 SELFHOOD1 9DOCTR9ATION1 PROPAG&A1 DELUSIONS1 D5IAL1 DISPLACEM5T1 SOMNAMBULISM1 WOKE1 FALSE WOKE1 SUBT]FUGE1 ,P,T,S,D1 TRAUMA1 IMAGO1 P>5T-*ILD DYAD1 REGRESSION1 AG5CY1 SELF-ACTUALIZATION4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! ,SELF IS ?AT IT DOES NOT BELONG TO US1 RA!R1 IT IS A MANIFE/ATION WE BEHOLD4 ,! BODY POLITIC4 ,! COLLECTIVE UNCONSCI\S & UNCONSCI\S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,?ANATOS & ,]OS4 ,ID5TITY IS POLITICAL4 ,AG5CY IS ?AT *>ACT] ( ! P]SON ATTUN$ TO CLASS OPPRESSION & 5GAG$ 9 ! /RUGGLE T[>DS ! AUTONOMY ( ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,IMAG9>Y AS A N\N TAKES ON ! BROAD L&SCAPE ( ! UNSE5 PSY*OLOGY ( SY/EMS ( 9DOCTR9ATION 7FUNDAM5TAL VALUES1 BELIEFS1 & ATTITUDES1 MO/LY UNCONSCI\S7 & PROPAG&A 7PRODUCTS ( EV5T-BAS$ LIES1 SUBT]FUGE1 BLAME-%IFT+1 & DI/RACTION74 ,:AT IS ID5TIFICATION & ! PSY*OLOGICAL EXP]I5CE ( SUBJECTIVITY AS IT P]TA9S TO V>I\S SOCIOECONOMIC P[] SY/EMS8 ,! AUTONOM\S ,SELF IS NOT A*IEV$ BY ! M]E ADDITIVE FUNCTION ( ACCUMULAT+ 9=MATION1 AL?\< ?IS IS NECESS>Y1 BUT RA!R IT IS A QUALITATIVE %IFT ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,FROM ! EXT]NAL O!R-ORI5T$ SELF TO AN 9T]NAL C5T]+ ( SELF ?AT MU/ BE %>PLY DI/+UI%$ FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! N>CISSI/4 ,! 9T]NAL WEIY4 ,P>ADISE ,LO/4 ,LO/ ,HORIZON4 ,! L&SCAPE ( P]PETUAL PO/PONEM5T4 ,! SE>* ( ! NEW AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE IS ! WORK ( EXP]IM5T+ ) & DISCOV]+ PSY*OLOGICAL & BODILY TACTICAL ME*ANISMS AGA9/ ! P>5T-*ILD DYAD4 ,! 9/ITUTIONS ( MOD]N ,WE/]N SOCIETY >E NOT DEMOCRATIC BECAUSE ! PEOPLE DO NOT KN[ :AT DEMOCRACY IS4 ,P>5TS DO NOT TEA* DEMOCRACY BECAUSE !Y DO NOT KN[ :AT DEMOCRACY IS4 ,S*OOLS DO NOT TEA* DEMOCRACY OR ALL[ 9 9 ANY MEAN+FUL =M4 ,S*OOLS TEA* OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY4 ,WORK ORGANIZ$ BY CAPITALISM TEA*ES OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY4 ,! MASS M$IA DOES NOT TEA* DEMOCRACY4 ,IT TEA*ES CONSUM]ISM & J+OISM4 ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF DOES NOT TEA* DEMOCRACY1 BUT RA!R 9/EAD IT TEA*ES A P>5T-*ILD P[] DYNAMIC4 ,RELIGION1 AGA91 DOES NOT TEA* DEMOCRACY2 9/EAD DEM&+ SELF-%AM+ OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY4 ,ALL DOMA9S ( MOD]N SOCIETY DEM& & REW>D ! 9FANTILIZ$ C>E]I/1 OR CYNICAL OPPORTUNI/1 :O ACTIVELY SELECTS BETWE5 DOLL> SECUL>ISM & !OCRATIC DELUSIONS4 ,! AN>*O-!RAPEUTIC VALUE ( A GREAT V>IETY ( AUTONOM\S ZONES %\LD NOT BE IGNOR$4 ,! AUTONOMY PROJECT IMAG9$ BY ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS =MS ! F\NDATION ( /RUGGLES T[>DS A TRUE1 EGALIT>IAN DEMOCRATIC COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,9 HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO \R COMPREH5SION ( ! DYNAMICS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! POLIS1 ,CA/ORIADIS EXHUM$ 9SIE ACCURATELY1 S5SITIVELY1 C\RAGE\SLY1 & ) S*OL>LY CL>ITY BR\9SKI4 ,SU* WORK BE>S WITNESS TO ! MOD]N HUMAN CRISIS MANIFE/$ 9 ! URG5CY TO REVEAL PR(\ND TRU?S AB\T ! BREA?TAK+1 BRUTAL BETRAYAL ( ! Y\NG4 ,IT IS ) GREAT IRONY ?AT ,SOCRATES WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? ON ! FALSE *>GE ( HAV+ CORRUPT$ ! Y\? ( ,A!NS4 ,\T ( ! WORK ( ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 WE RECOV] ! LO/ TRU?S ( ! ,ORACLES AT ,DELPHI4 ,LIFE \T ( BALANCE4 ,9TRODUCTION ,! ESSAYS ?AT COMPILE ?IS %ORT BOOK HAVE BE5 WRITT5 9 ! LA/ C\PLE ( YE>S1 BUT ONLY REC5TLY ,I TOOK ! DECISION TO GA!R !M TOGE!R 9TO A PAMPHLET4 ,I DECID$ TO DO SO 9 ORD] TO PRES5T MY SUBJECTIVE VIEW ON ! POLITICAL LEGACY ( ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 9 ! #b#a/ C5TURY1 S9CE ,I BELIEVE ?AT HIS ?\+ TO O!R POLITICAL ?9K]S & PHILOSOPH]S4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS ,I HAVE D$ICAT$ SEV]AL ESSAYS ON HIS IMPORTANCE1 :I* N[ ,I PRES5T 9 A MORE SY/EMIZ$ MANN] 9 ?IS PUBLICATION4 ,I HAVE ?\TICUL> MOM5T IS ! ,COVID-#a#i P&EMIC & ! FACT ?AT HALF ( ! PLANET HAS BE5 PLAC$ UND] A QU>ANT9E4 ,I F9ALLY F\ND ! TIME TO REVISIT ?IS OLD IDEA ( M9E4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY1 N[ IS ! RIANT9E4 ,& WE %\LD USE ! MAXIMUM ( ?IS TIME TO $UCATE \RSELVES4 ,IT IS 9 SU* MOM5TS ?AT ! LIMITATIONS ( CAPITALISM & /ATE MANAGEM5T HAVE BE5 EXPOS$ & WE %\LD 9DULGE 9TO ALT]NATIVE VISIONS & POLITICAL PROJECTS4 ,WE %\LD PATI5TLY >M \RSELVES ) KN[L$GE & VISION>Y ?9K+4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO ,IOANNA ,M>AVELIDI = 9TRODUC+ ME TO ! WORK ( ,CA/ORIADIS T5 YE>S AGO4 ,!N A HUGE ?ANK Y\ TO ,M>K ,MASON = $IT+ & PREFAC+ ?IS PAMPHLET & TO ,GEORGE ,*ELEBIEF = ! DESIGN ( ! CURR5T PUBLICATION4 ,ALSO1 ,I HAVE TO ?ANK ,DAVID ,AMES ,CURTIS = ! HELP HE PROVID$ 9 MY FIR/ /EPS 9TO ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,CA/ORIADIS & ! BOOKS HE SUGGE/$ ,I %\LD BEG9 ) ?IS J\RNEY4 ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO ?ANK ALL ?OSE ?AT HAVE HELP$ ME DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY TO DEVELOP MY POLITICAL ?\Y4 ,:Y ,CA/ORIADIS IS ,/ILL ,IMPORTANT ,TODAY ,9T]VIEW ) ,YAVOR ,T>9SKI ,EXC]PTS FROM AN 9T]VIEW CONDUCT$ BY ,IR9A ,N$EVA = ! ,BULG>IAN ,NATIONAL ,RADIO & AIR$ ON #c4#b4#b#a#e4 ,:Y IS ,CA/ORIADIS IMPORTANT = Y\ ALMO/ #b YE>S AFT] HIS DEA?8 ,ACCORD+ TO ME ! ANALYSIS (F]$ BY ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS REMA9S1 #b YE>S LAT]1 AS RELEVANT AS BE=E4 ,?IS IS SO BECAUSE HE MANAGES TO DETECT ) HI< ACCURACY ! PROBLEMS ?AT /ILL SURR\ND US TODAY & AS A RESULT ( :OM PEOPLE DO NOT LIVE WELL4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( HIS WRIT+S HE REVEALS ! 9H]5T PROBLEMS ( BUREAUCRACY1 ! LOGIC ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION1 ! CONSUM]I/ CULTURE & ! CAPITALI/ IDEA ( UNLIMIT$ ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,?IS CRITICISM ( HIS REMA9S EVID5TLY ABREA/ ) \R TIME4 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT ASPECT ( HIS ?\I\S MY?S 9 ANCI5T SOCIETIES WAS A SIGN ( IGNORANCE1 :]EAS = ,CA/ORIADIS EV]Y SOCIETY1 TO BE ABLE TO FUNCTION AS SU*1 NE$S A SET ( SIGNIFICATIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM EV]Y SOCIETY CREATES ITS [N SIGNIFICATIONS & ! ONES ( CONSUM]ISM & POLITICAL REPRES5TATION >E NOT GOOD 5\< AS SOCIAL B9D]S4 ,MAYBE WE CAN EV5 SAY ?AT !Y >E AMONG ! WOR/ HUMANITY HAS EV] KN[N & BECAUSE ( ?IS \R SOCIETIES >E DEGRAD$4 ,ONE CAN SUGGE/ ?AT MO/ ( ! CLASSIC IDEOLOGIES ?AT WE KN[1 SU* AS ,CAPITALISM1 ,COMMUNISM & EV5 ,AN>*ISM 7AT LEA/ TO A C]TA9 DEGREE71 P>TICIPATE 9 ! CURR5T IMAG9>Y - 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y T5D TO LIMIT SOCIAL /RUGGLES TO FIIANISM4 ,WE SAW ?AT EV5 PEOPLE :O CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,WE/]N MIDDLE CLASS1 :O LEAD SO-CALL$SATISFY+ CONSUM]I/ LIFE/YLES1 *OSE 9/EAD TO GO TO A =EIGN PLACE :]E !RE IS DANG] = !IR LIFE1 :]E !Y WILL HAVE TO KILL & LIVE 9 MIS]Y4 ,& ALL ( ?IS BECAUSE !Y C\LDN'T F9D MEAN+ 9 !IR RELATIVELY COZY LIVES & W5T TO SE>* = MEAN+ 9 ,GOD4 ,TO ?IS /ATE ( 9SIGNIFICANCE ,CA/ORIADIS SUGGE/S TO DECON/RUCT ! CURR5T SIGNIFICATIONS & R$ISCOV] ?OSE ( ! PROJECT ( ,AUTONOMY4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! CONCEPT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS ACTIVE CITIZ5 9 ! CLASSIC S5SE ( ! T]M1 AS ONE ?AT IS ACTIVELY 9T]E/$ & 9VOLV$ 9 ! PUBLIC AFFAIRS ?AT AFFECT HIS EXI/5CE4 ,I WILL QUOTE ,CA/ORIADIS H]E1 :5 REG>D+ ! ,A!NIAN ,DEMOCRACY 0,:AT W]E ! ,A!NIANS UP TO8 ,9DE$1 SOME?+ V]Y 9T]E/+4 ,IT'S ! ,GREEKS :O 9V5T$ ELECTIONS4 ,IT'S A HI/ORICALLY ATTE/$ FACT4 ,P]HAPS !Y W]E WRONG1 BUT !Y 9V5T$ ELECTIONS6 ,:O WAS BE+ ELECT$ 9 ,A!NS8 ,! MAGI/RATES W]5'T BE+ ELECT$4 ,! MAGI/RATES W]E BE+ APPO9T$ BY DRAW+ LOTS OR BY ROTATION4 ,= ,>I/OTLE1 REMEMB]1 A CITIZ5 IS SOMEONE :O IS CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ & BE+ GOV]N$4 ,EV]YONE IS CAPABLE ( GOV]N+1 SO LOTS >E DRAWN4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE POLITICS IS NOT ! BUS9ESS ( SPECIALI/S4 ,!RE IS NO SCI5CE ( POLITICS4 ,!RE IS OP9ION1 ! DOXA ( ! ,GREEKS2 !RE'S NO EPI/IMI40.<#a.> ,! POLITICS IS NOT = SPECIALI/S1 BUT TODAY WE SEE EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE4 ,CAN POLITICS BE RETURN$ 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE SO !Y CAN BE FREE1 BE ABLE TO ?9K & *ASE !IR DREAMS )\T ALL ?IS TO BE DRESS$ 9 DIFFICULT T]M9OLOGIES ?AT REQUIRE SPECIALI/S8 ,WON'T SOCIETY BECOME DUMB] IF ! POLITICIANS >E NOT EXP]TS8 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT = ,CA/ORIADIS DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS NOT A F9AL GOAL4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM IT IS A NECESS>Y PRECONDITION = AUTONOMY TO EXI/1 BUT IT IS NOT ! ONLY ONE4 ,N[ADAYS ! SOCIAL IMAG9>Y IS DOM9AT$ BY HET]ONOMY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* !RE IS_/>E EXTRA-SOCIAL S\RCE_/S ?AT NAVIGATE \R LIVES BEYOND \R REA*1 LIKE POLITICIANS1 HI/ORIC NECESSITY1 GODS OR TRADITIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE CAN LIVE 9 A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY 9 :I* CONTRADICTORILY1 PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT C]TA9 ?+S %\LDN'T BE DONE BECAUSE ( ! DEM&S ( ! GODS4 ,SO IF PEOPLE >E TO TAKE ON ! ROAD T[>DS AUTONOMY !Y %\LD BREAK ) ! IMAG9>Y ( HET]ONOMY4 ,CA/ORIADIS TRIES TO DEMON/RATE DUR+ ALL ( HIS LIFE ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 \R SOCIETIES IS \R [N ACT4 ,HE SPEAKS = HI/ORY AS CREATION1 NOT 9 A MY/IC1 RELIGI\S S5SE1 BUT ON ! IMAG9>Y LEVEL4 ,IT IS A MATT] ( *OICE4 ,IT IS NOT CO9CID5TAL ?AT HE GIVES AS EXAMPLES = AUTONOM\S SOCIETIES1 OR AT LEA/ SU* ?AT GET CLOSE 5\< TO EXP]I5CE AUTONOMY1 ! ,A!NIAN ,POLIS & ! SELF-MANAG$ CITY-/ATES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,AL?\< HE WAS AW>E ( O!R CASES ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 9 !SE TWO HE SAW ?AT ! PEOPLE W]E NOT GUID$ BY SOME PRE-DET]M9$ F9AL GOAL4 ,9/EAD !Y 5GAG$ 9 :AT ,CA/ORIADIS CALLS CON/ANT 9T]ROGATION4 ,?IS IS ! BASIS ( PHILOSOPHY4 ,:AT HE CALL$ SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY MEANS JU/ ?AT3 ! 9DIVIDUAL SIMULTANE\SLY AS AN ACTIVE CITIZ51 CON/ANTLY 9T]F]+ ) PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 & AS PHILOSOPH]1 CON/ANTLY D\BT+ ALL TRADITIONS & NORMS1 NOT NECESS>ILY REFUS+ !M1 BUT BE+ ABLE TO DET]M9E !M AS RI AB\T RE>RANG+ SOCIETY FROM ! BOTTOM-UP !Y IMM$IATELY ASK TO KN[ IF ?IS HAS HAPP5$ SOME:]E ELSE & H[ IT WORK$ \T4 ,?IS IS WRONG4 ,S9CE WE CAN IMAG9E IT1 WE CAN ALSO IMPLEM5T IT 9 PRACTICE4 ,! ?+ IS TO TAKE ! DECISION & !N ! NECESS>Y ACTIONS TO *ANGE ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY - A COMPLETE P>ADIGM %IFT4 ,CA/ORIADIS 9 ! ,CONTEXT ( PO/-,SOCIALI/ ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ,IT'S TRUE ?AT 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE AT ! MOM5T1 PEOPLE CAN'T ?9K ( ANY?+ ELSE EXCEPT A LIB]AL CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ELSE HAS DISAPPE>$ FROM ! HORIZON4 .<444.> ,Y\ CAN'T EV5 PRON\NCE A WORD :I* />TS ) ',S'4 - 5\< ( IT4 ,ANY WORD4 ,?IS IS ! NEGATIVE SIDE ( IT4.<#b.> @9 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS ,?IS YE> M>KS ! N9ETY-EI S9CE ! BIR? ( ! PHILOSOPH] ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS AS WELL AS TW5TY-?REE YE>S FROM HIS DEA?4 ,?IS TIME REPRES5TS A LONG P]IOD 9 :I* MU* HAS *ANG$ BUT SOME:AT HIS ?\ISIAN Y\?1 9FLU5C$ TO A L>GE EXT5T BY ,CA/ORIADIS & HIS ASSOCIATES1 *ALL5G$ ! DOM9ANT & BANKRUPT SIGNIFICATIONS ( ?AT P]IOD1 PROPOS+ 9/EAD A NEW & RADICAL N>RATIVE ROOT$ 9 ONE DEMOCRATIC TRADITION4 ,BUT IF DRA/IC *ANGES HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 :]E ,CA/ORIADIS LIV$ & WORK$1 SU* *ANGE HAS UNFOLD$ ALSO1 IF NOT EV5 TO A HI<] DEGREE1 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,MU* CAN BE SAID AB\T ?AT BUT ,I WILL LIMIT MYSELF TO A FEW NOTES H]E4 ,! PO/-,SOVIET ]A CAME ) PROMISES = BLURRY NOTIONS ( 0FRE$OM0 ?AT IRRITAT$ ! SOCIAL IMAG9>Y AFT] MANY DECADES UND] ! IRON GRIP ( C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUSES4 ,BUT ! *ANGES ?AT CAME BR\ EXPLANATION = ! GROTESQUE =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,= ,CA/ORIADIS1 ! )DRAWAL ( PEOPLE FROM ! PUBLIC SPH]E & ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONFLICT ALL[S ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & M$IA OLIG>*Y TO ESCAPE ALL PUBLIC CONTROL4.<#c.> ,!SE PROCESSES >E BE+ UNFOLD$ 9 EXTREME RAPIDITY 9 ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE :]E PEOPLE HAVE FIR/-H&$LY EXP]I5C$ BO? ,SOVIET-/YLE SOCIALISM 7/ATE CAPITALISM7 & CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 ,AS A RESULT ( !SE SOCIAL CONDITIONS ! IMAG9>IES ( !SE SOCIETIES W]E SUBM]G$ 9TO DEEP CYNICISM1 >GUABLY WORSE ?AN ! ALI5ATION ( ! ,WE/]N CONSUM]I/ CULTURE4 ,?US1 REGIMES >E BE+ PRODUC$ :OSE IRRATIONALITY IS PU%$ TO ! EXTREME1 & :I* >E RIDDL$ ) UNSEE+LY UNHIDD5 /RUCTURAL CORRUPTION4 ,9 ?IS SIGNIFICATION-LESS 5VIRONM5T TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGICAL PROJECTS SEEM IMPOT5T TO PROVIDE G]MS = ! EM]G5CE ( NEW SIGNIFICATIONS :I* C\LD GIVE ONCE AGA9 LIFE TO !SE SOCIETIES :I* HAVE DESC5D$ 9TO DEEP CYNICAL LE?>GY4 ,9/EAD1 !Y >E (T5 US$ AS TOOLS BY ELITI/ CIRCLES TO ABDICATE FROM BROAD PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,BESIDES ?IS1 = DECADES ! E/ABLI%$ P[]S 9 !SE C\NTRIES HAVE EX]CIS$ !IR IRON GRIP ON P[] UND] ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,?US LOCAL POPULATIONS HAVE GR[N EXTREMELY W>Y1 IF NOT EV5 HO/ILE1 T[>DS NOTIONS SU* AS PEOPLE P[]1 9T]NATIONALISM & REVOLUTION4 ,MEAN:ILE ! PO/-SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5TS1 9 !IR EF=TS AT 5=C+ !IR NEW ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY1 MADE EV]Y?+ 9 !IR P[]S TO ]ASE ! PA/4 ,?US EXTREME TRIBAL NATIONALISM ROSE AMONG ! LOCAL POPULATIONS TO FILL ! GAP LEFT FROM ?IS S5SE ( UPROOT$NESS4 ,ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL ACTIVITIES REMA9$ TO !IR BIGG] P>T 5TRAPP$ 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL N>RATIVES ( TIMES LONG GONE1 REF]R+ TO REALITIES ( ! #a#i? & #b? C5TURIES1 NOT CORRESPOND+ TO ! NEW TEMPORALITIES4 ,?US1 DISS5T+ VOICES W]E *ANNEL$ ?R\< IDEOLOGICAL SECTS ?AT FIT ! DESCRIPTION GIV5 BY ,CA/ORIADIS AS GR\PS ?AT SET UP AS AN ABSOLUTE A S+LE SIDE1 ASPECT1 OR PHASE ( ! MOVEM5T IT /EMS FROM1 MAK+ ?IS ASPECT ! TRU? ( ! DOCTR9E & ! TRU? AS SU*1 SUBORD9AT+ EV]Y?+ ELSE TO IT &1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ITS 'FAI?FULNESS' TO ?IS ASPECT1 SEV]S ITSELF RADICALLY FROM ! WORLD1 LIV+ H5CE=? 9 'ITS' [N WORLD4.<#d.> ,SOME:]E 9 ?IS H>% 5VIRONM5T ,I WAS 9TRODUC$ TO ! ?\*IES1 9 !IR NEW LIB]AL CLO?+1 ) ! NON-IDEOLOGICAL P>ADIGM ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 W]E IMPRESSIVE4 ,EV5 MORE SO WAS ITS RADICAL BREAK ) ECONOMISM ?AT HAS LEFT SU* CORROSIVE EFFECTS ON ! IMAG9>Y ( ! ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN PEOPLE4 ,AS ,CA/ORIADIS NOT$1 ! DOCTR9E ( ! SOCIALI/ REGIMES BORR[$ HEAVILY FROM CAPITALISM'S IMAG9>Y ?AT BASES ALL ( SOCIAL LIFE ON ! IDEA ?AT ECONOMIC 0BETT]M5T0 WAS ! ONLY ?+ ?AT C\NT$ OR ?AT W\LD YIELD ! RE/ BY ADDITION4 ,?IS IMAG9>Y CONT9U$ TO BE VULG>LY PU%$ =EWORD BY ! PRO-,WE/]N OLIG>*IES ?AT TOOK P[] 9 ! PO/-SOVIET ]A4 ,?US1 ECONOMISM S$IM5T$ AMONG L>GE SECTIONS ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES REPLAC+ CITIZ5S ) TAXPAY]S & DULL+ CREATIVITY ) CYNICAL CONSUM]ISM4 ,! PROJECT ( AUTONOMY1 ADVOCAT$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS1 REPRES5T$ A RADICAL BREAK ) IT1 AS WELL AS ) TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGICAL SECT>IANISM !REBY PLAGU+ ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,IT ALSO (F]$ ROOT$NESS 9 ONE DEMOCRATIC HI/ORICAL TRADITION :I* WAS TO REPLACE ! %ALL[ TRIBAL NATIONALISM4 ,CA/ORIADIS CALL$ = PEOPLE TO 5GAGE 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS & TO RECREATE ! PUBLIC SPACE & TIME ?AT HAS BE5 SEV]ELY & CONT9U\SLY DEGRAD$ BY ! P>TY COMMISS>S ( ! PA/ & ! BUS9ESS OLIG>*S ( ! PRES5T4 ,IT IS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS'S ?\KET HAVE MADE IT DIFFICULT = SU* IDEAS TO MAKE IT ?R\<4 ,9/EAD1 HIS ?\IAN CONTEXT 9 :I* ,I HAVE SP5T MO/ ( MY LIFE3 ?R\< ACTIVI/ *ANNELS & 9T]NATIONAL EX*ANGE ( IDEAS ) SOCIAL MOVEM5TS FROM NEIS HIS IDEAS HAVE BEGUN TO REA* A GR[+ NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 BOOKS ( HIS >E BE+ PUBLI%$1 & POLITICAL ACTIVITIES >E TAK+ PLACE MO/ 9FLU5C$ BY HIS CONCEPTS ( AUTONOMY & DEMOCRACY4 ,A NEW G5]ATION ( POLITICAL ?\T ( ! WORLD ?AT ONLY TIME WILL %[ :AT ALT]NATIVE PROJECTS WILL APPE> 9 ! FUTURE & :AT EFFECT !Y WILL CA/ ON !SE SOCIETIES4 ,SELF-,LIMITATION & ,DEMOCRACY .<,F.>OR ! IMPULSE ( M]E APPETITE IS SLAV]Y1 :ILE OB$I5CE TO A SELF-PRESCRIB$ LAW IS LIB]TY4 .<#e.> ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU ,! PHILOSOPH] ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS HAS (T5 BE5 CR$IT$ ) SAY+ ?AT 0DEMOCRACY IS ! REGIME ( SELF-LIMITATION40.<#f.> ,BUT S9CE = HIM ! ONLY TRUE DEMOCRATIC =M IS DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ?IS CLAIM MIY MEAN+ ( ! T]M DEMOCRACY IS POLITICAL1 BE+ BE=E ALL A REGIME 9 :I* ALL CITIZ5S >E CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ & BE+ GOV]N$ -- ) BO? T]MS 7DEMOCRACY & SELF-LIMITATION7 ?US BE+ 9SEP>ABLE4 ,DEMOCRACY1 9 O!R WORDS1 IS UND]/OOD AS A =M ( EXPLICIT SOCIETAL SELF-9/ITUTION1 ?R\< REFLECTIV5ESS & SELF-LIMITATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CA/ORIADIS1 DEMOCRACY IS NOT M]E PROCESS = COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+ ?AT CAN EXI/ 9 P>ALLEL TO OR )9 NON-DEMOCRATIC OLIG>*IC FRAMEWORKS1 AS PROPOS$ BY ?9K]S LIKE ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS OR ,*ANTAL ,M\FFE4.<#g.> ,= HIM1 DEMOCRACY IS RA!R ! BASIS ( ! PROJECT ( AUTONOMY -- A SOCIAL CONDITION 9 :I* SOCIETY RECOGNIZES NO EXT]NAL LIMITS TO ITS 9/ITUT+ P[]4 ,?AT IS1 UNLIKE DIFF]5T =MS ( :AT ,CA/ORIADIS CALLS 0HET]ONOMY10 SOCIETIES :]E LAWS & REGULATIONS >E D]IV$ FROM EXTRA-SOCIAL S\RCES LIKE CAPITALI/ M>KETS1 NATION-/ATES1 GODS1 HI/ORIC NECESSITY1 ETC41 A DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY'S SOLE LIMITS RESULT FROM ITS SELF-LIMITATION ?R\< COLLECTIVE POSIT+ ( ! LAW4 ,CA/ORIADIS OBS]VES ?AT 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS ?AT SUGGE/ :AT CANNOT BE DONE1 BUT ALSO :AT %\LD HAPP51 >E :AT MAKE SOCIETY FUNCTION4 ,)\T SU* REGULATIONS1 ! ?\ ,HIS EMPHASIS ON DEMOCRACY IS1 9 ?IS S5SE1 NOT A REJECTION ( ORGANIZATION & LEGISLATION1 BUT ( C]TA9 S\RCES ( ORGANIZATION & LEGISLATION4 ,=MS ( ,SOCIAL ,LIMITATION ,EV]Y SOCIETY DOES NOT ONLY (F]1 BUT 9 SOME WAY IT 5=CES C]TA9 ROLES1 VALUES1 BELIEFS1 WAYS ( LIFE1 ETC TO ITS 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S4 ,EA* SOCIETAL =M PROVIDES ONLY A C]TA9 SET ( POSSIBILITIES TO ITS POPULATION1 S9CE ONE CANNOT BE EV]Y?+ NOR DO :ATEV] HE WANTS4 ,?US1 WE CAN SPEAK H]E ( LIMITATION1 BUT DESPITE ! NEGATIVE CONNOTATIONS ( ?IS T]M1 IT MO/ C]TA9LY ALSO C>RIES A POSITIVE TRAIT3 BY =BIDD+ C]TA9 ?+S1 SOCIETY SIMULTANE\SLY DRAWS PATT]NS ( :AT %\LD BE DONE1 !RE=E GIV+ DI/+UI%$ MEAN+ TO ITS =M ( LIFE4 ,EV]Y SOCIAL ORD] DET]M9ES DIFF]5T S\RCES = ?IS PROHIBITION4 ,BUT :AT CULTIVAT+ AN AUTONOM\S1 ESS5TIALLY DEMOCRATIC SETT+ MEANS IS ?AT ! LIMITATIONS WILL BE SELF-IMPOS$ BY SOCIETY 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,9 HET]ONOMY1 ON ! O!R H&1 PROHIBITION IS BE+ SET EXTRA-SOCIALLY4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT SU* EXTRA-SOCIAL S\RCES 7I4E4 S\RCES ?AT >E EXT]NAL TO ! ACTUAL & LIV+ SOCIETY1 SU* AS GODS1 NATION-/ATES1 F\ND+ H]OES OR NATURAL LAWS :5 !Y >E PRES5T$ AS IMMUNE FROM HUMAN 9FLU5CE.<#i.>71 >E NOT 9 SOME WAY CONNECT$ TO OR REA*ABLE BY SOCIETY1 BUT ?AT !Y MONOPOLIZE P[]1 TAK+ IT AWAY FROM ! G5]AL POPULACE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CA/ORIADIS1 !Y >E /ILL A PRODUCT ( SOCIETY'S SELF-CREAT+ CAPACITY4.<#a.> ,IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS RELAT$NESS ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL %IFT IS EV5 CONCEIVABLE4 ,( C\RSE1 AL?\< EV]Y SOCIETY IS BAS$ ON SOME SET ( LIMITATIONS1 PEOPLE DO NOT ALWAYS ABIDE BY !SE4 ,HI/ORY IS FILL$ ) EXAMPLES ( S+LE 9DIVIDUALS1 COMMUNITIES1 & EV5 :OLE SOCIETIES ?AT BREAK AWAY FROM E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL NORMS & PROHIBITIONS4 ,! QUE/ION IS 0:Y08 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT IS >GU$ BY MANY CRITICS ( AUTONOMY1 PEOPLE TRANSGRESS+ POPUL> LIMITATIONS IS NOT A PH5OM5ON LIMIT$ TO ! SEEM+LY *AOTIC DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,9 FACT1 IT CAN BE >GU$ ?AT1 P>ADOXICALLY1 ?IS TR5D IS MORE COMMON UND] HET]ONOMY1 DUE TO ITS NON-P>TICIPATORY *>ACT]1 BECAUSE PEOPLE 9 ?OSE SOCIETIES FEEL ALI5AT$ FROM ! LAWS & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS P>ADOX IS DUE TO ! DI%>MONI\S RELATION BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVITY4 ,NO MATT] :AT ROLES SOCIETY DICTATES TO ITS S+UL> MEMB]S1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE SOME AMONG !M :O WILL BE BREAK+ ) ! PROHIBITIONS4 ,9DE$1 ONE'S 9DIVIDUALITY IS NEV] COMPLETELY DET]M9$ BY ! ROLE ?AT IS BE+ ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM OR H]4 ,9 FACT1 !SE OV]/EPP+S ( LIMITATIONS1 ! BREAK+ ( ! NORM1 POT5TIALLY CONTA9 ! G]MS ( NEW POSSIBILITIES & CAN BECOME ! SE$S ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,UND] HET]ONOMY1 H[EV]1 LIMITATIONS >E MISLEAD+LY CONCEIV$ AS D]IV+ FROM A S\RCE \TSIDE ( \RSELVES1 (T5 D]IV+ FROM N>R[ MANAG]IAL ELITES1 :O >E ! ONLY ONES ABLE TO 9T]V5E & ALT] !M4 ,?IS IS SO BECAUSE ! HET]ONOM\S REGIMES >E BAS$ ON ! SKEPTICISM ( ! ABILITY ( L>GE COLLECTIVITIES TO CONSCI\SLY DET]M9E !IR DE/9IES4 ,?US1 DESPITE ! HI/ORIC DEMOCRATIC EXP]I5CES ( AUTONOMY1 SU* AS ! ,A!NIAN ,POLIS1 OR ! #aief ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 AS %ORT AS !Y MI 9ABILITY = SELF-9/ITUT+ BE+ CON/ANTLY REPRODUC$ BY G5U9ELY HET]ONOM\S 5TITIES LIKE ! ,/ATE OR ! CAPITALI/ M>KET TO JU/IFY !IR [N EXI/5CE4 ,DEMOCRACY1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS BAS$ ON ! REJECTION ( FIX$ & OBJECTIVE LAWS1 ACTIONS1 & ?\Y4 ,= 9/ANCE1 9 REG>D TO ! ABS5CE ( A 0NORM ( NORMS10 ,CA/ORIADIS REF]S TO ! ,GREEK CONCEPT ( HUBRIS4.<#a#a.> ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 HUBRIS DOES NOT SIMPLY PRESUPPOSE FRE$OM1 BUT ! NONEXI/5CE ( FIX$ NORMS1 ! ESS5TIAL VAGU5ESS ( ! ULTIMATE SOCIAL BE>+S ( \R ACTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE >E DE/9$ TO RUN AMOK1 BUT ?AT !RE IS ! SPACE = US TO CREATE \R MEAN+S1 LAWS & LIMITATIONS \RSELVES1 S9CE AS ,CA/ORIADIS SUGGE/S1 HUBRIS EXI/S :]E ! ONLY 'NORM' IS SELF-LIMITATION4.<#a#b.> ,CA/ORIADIS SUGGE/S ?AT DESPITE ! DANG] ( MON/R\S ACTS ?AT DEMOCRACY PRES5TS1 DEMOCRACY SIMULTANE\SLY OP5S ! POSSIBILITY = SELF-CRITICISM & SELF-EVALUATION1 :I* >E AT ! CORE ( SELF-LIMITATION4.<#a#c.> ,TRACES ( SU* CRITICAL REEVALUATION C\LD BE F\ND 9 ! ,EURIP$EAS'S PLAY 0,! ,TROADES0 7,! ,TROJAN ,WOM571 PRODUC$ 9 #dae ,B,C DUR+ ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! CRITICAL COMM5T>Y ( ONE ,A!NIAN ON HIS FELL[ CITIZ5S & ! SLAU AFT] ! MASSACRE1 W>N+ ! ,A!NIANS ) ! WORDS 0SU* MON/]S1 WE >E04 ,HE SUGGE/S ?AT AL?\< ! PEOPLE ( ,A!NS CAN DECIDE & DO C]TA9 ?+1 !Y %\LDN'T ALWAYS IMPLEM5T IT 9 PRACTICE1 IT IS 9 UP TO !M TO DET]M9E :I* ACT IS 0MON/R\S0 & :I* NOT4 ,DEMOCRACY & ,SELF-,LIMITATION ,SELF-LIMITATION )9 DEMOCRACY DECISIVELY %APES ! RELATION BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL & COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+4 ,AN AUTONOM\S SOCIETY ALL[S ALL ITS 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S TO DIRECTLY P>TICIPATE 9 DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES1 GIV+ !M SPACE TO EXPRESS !IR VIEWS1 NE$S & PROPOSALS4 ,H]E LIES ! MO/ POSITIVE ASPECT ( ! DEMOCRATIC SELF-LIMITATION3 IT POT5TIALLY PR$ISPOSES SOCIETY T[>DS LAWFULNESS4 ,BY ALL[+ ALL CITIZ5S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! %AP+ ( EV]Y LAW & REGULATION1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY MAKES ! CITIZ5RY ! ONLY CREATOR ( SOCIAL LIMITATIONS1 ?US MAK+ ! NE$ ( TRANSGRESSION ( ?OSE LIMITS LESS LIKELY4 ,H[EV] !RE WILL BE TIMES & TOPICS ON :I* UNANIMITY WILL NOT BE REA*$ & SOME P>TICUL> OP9IONS WILL BE CONTRADICT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE WILL4 ,9 SU* CASES1 ?OSE ?AT DISAGREE ) ! GIV5 DECISION WILL HAVE TO COMPLY ) IT1 REG>DLESS ( ! DEGREE ( !IR DISAGREEM5T4 ,DEMOCRATIC DECISIONS >E R>ELY UNANIM\S1 & H[EV] WE MAY ORGANIZE PROCESSES TO GIVE EV]YONE ! OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS !IR VIEWS1 MAKE !IR NE$S KN[N & UND]/OOD1 & PRES5T !IR >GUM5TS !SE WILL /ILL SOMETIMES BE CONTRADICT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE WILL4 ,?IS MEANS NOT JU/ ?AT :AT AN 9DIVIDUAL WI%ES DOES NOT OCCUR1 IT ALSO MEANS ?AT 9DIVIDUALS WILL SOMETIMES BE REQUIR$ TO COMPLY ) LAWS ) :I* !Y DO NOT AGREE4 ,SOME >GUE ?AT ?IS MEANS ?AT !RE IS AN 9]ADICABLE ELEM5T ( HET]ONOMY EV5 )9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY1 BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 DECISIONS ?AT >E MADE )\T ANY 9PUT BY ?OSE :O >E AFFECT$ BY !M1 & ?OSE 9 :I* ALL AFFECT$ HAVE ! EFFECTIVE OPPORTUNITY TO P>TICIPATE4 ,! T]M 'HET]ONOMY' IS BE/ RES]V$ = ! =M]4 ,& AL?\< AUTONOMY IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! LATT]1 IT 9EVITABLY MEANS ?AT SOMETIMES 9DIVIDUALS >E =C$ TO OBEY LAWS !Y W\LD NOT HAVE *OS5 = !MSELVES1 O!RWISE WE CANNOT TALK ( DECISION-MAK+4 ,ONE EXAMPLE = SU* A RELATION IS ,SOCRATES' ATTITUDE T[>DS ! LAWS & 9/ITUTIONS ( ,ANCI5T ,A!NS4 ,HE P]CEIV$ ! REGULATIONS ( ! POLIS AS HIS [N1 & FELT OBLIG$ TO SUBMIT TO !M1 EV5 :5 HE /RONGLY DISAGRE$4 ,?IS ATTITUDE D]IV$1 TO A L>GE DEGREE1 FROM HIS RECOGNITION ( & GRATITUDE = ! CITY'S ROLE 9 HIS $UCATION1 NOT TO M5TION ! POSSIBILITIES IT GAVE HIM TO LEAD TRULY FREE LIFE4 ,HE KNEW ?AT HE HAD JO9$ ! ,A!NIAN POLIS VOLUNT>ILY & HAD ! RITICIPATE 9 ITS SELF-9/ITUT+1 :I* MADE HIM RECOGNIZE HIMSELF AS A P>T ( ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVE1 EV5 :5 DISAGREE+ ) SOME ( ! COLLECTIVE DECISIONS4 ,SUBMISSION TO LAWS & REGULATIONS1 H[EV]1 CAN NEV] BE COMPLETELY GU>ANTE$4 ,HET]ONOM\S APPROA*ES TYPICALLY PRESCRIBE SEV]E PUNI%M5T TO ! TRANSGRESSORS ?R\< APP>ATUSES ( OPPRESSION4 ,9 SU* CASES1 DESPITE ! P5AL ?REAT1 !RE IS /RONG DRIVE AMONG PEOPLE TO TRANSGRESS LAWS1 S9CE !Y DON'T HAVE EV5 ! SLIT 9 !IR %AP+1 & ?US FEEL ALI5AT$ FROM !M4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT 9 ! DEMOCRATIC CONDITIONS ( AUTONOMY1 OB$I5CE TO REGULATIONS WILL BE 5TIRELY VOLUNT>Y4 ,BUT BECAUSE ( ! P>TICIPATORY NATURE ( SELF-LIMITATION CITIZ5S WILL FEEL1 TO A L>G] DEGREE1 SOCIAL PROHIBITIONS AS !IR [N & WILL BE LESS TEMPT$ TO OV]PASS !M4 ,?IS DOES NOT DISMISS ! FACT ?AT EV5 UND] DEMOCRACY1 9 ITS MO/ PURE DIRECT =M1 SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO BE ABLE TO IMPOSE ITS COLLECTIVE DECISIONS ON ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS ?AT WILL /ILL PROCE$ 9 TRANSGRESS+ !M4 ,ON ! ,CONTAM9ATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PROJECT ,AL?\< DEMOCRACY IS UN?9KABLE )\T SELF-LIMITATION1 9 C]TA9 HI/ORIC MOM5TS MULTIPLE CONTAM9ATIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+ TOOK PLACE ?AT PULL$ !SE CONCEPTS AP>T4 ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 G5]AL1 & SPECIFICALLY ,M>XISM & ,M>X HIMSELF1 W]E FROM ! BEG9N+ /EEP$ 9 AN ATMOSPH]E 9 :I* ! GR[? ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 WORK]-MANAG$ ECONOMIC GR[?1 WAS MADE ! UNIV]SAL CRIT]ION = SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 ,= !SE ?9K]S & ACTIVI/S1 PRODUCTION WAS CONSID]$ ! MA9 LOCUS ( ALL PUBLIC LIFE1 & ! IDEA ?AT PROGRESS C\LD & W\LD GO ON 9DEF9ITELY WAS TAK5 = GRANT$4.<#a#d.> ,?IS EMBRACE ( ! CAPITALI/ IMAG9>Y CONTAM9AT$ ! WORK+ CLASS' PROJECT ( AUTONOMY4 ,AN AUTONOM\S SOCIETY IS COMPLETELY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! IDEA ( MA/]Y1 ADVOCAT$ BY CAPITALISM'S P>ADIGM ( UNLIMIT$ ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,RA!R1 AN AUTONOM\S1 DE-ALI5AT$ SOCIETY W\LD BY NATURE TAKE UP ! ROLE ( /EW>D ( ! PLANET4 ,CA/ORIADIS SUGGE/S ?AT1 IF ! PROJECTS ( AUTONOMY & ECONOMIC GR[? HAVE CONTAM9AT$ EA* O!R1 !N ONE MU/ KN[ H[ TO DI/+UI% !M1 :I* IS 9 NO WAY AN EASY TASK4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE MU/ MAKE *OICE BETWE5 MAT]IAL PROGRESS OR 5VIRONM5TALLY-M9D$ PRIMITIVISM4 ,WE >E NOT TALK+ ( AB&ON+ SCI5TIFIC RESE>* ON ! PRETEXT ?AT SOME V]Y DANG]\S ?+S MIE NONE!LESS SOME V]Y DANG]\S \TCOMES ?AT CAN RESULT FROM ! TRANSITION FROM RESE>* TO ITS ECONOMIC APPLICATION1 :I* RAISES QUE/IONS ?AT MUSE BE DEMOCRATICALLY NEGOTIAT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE4 ,?IS IS :]E DEMOCRATIC SELF-LIMITATION COMES 94 ,TODAY1 MORE ?AN EV]1 ! QUE/ION ( SETT+ CONTROLS ON ! EVOLUTION ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY IS POS$ 9 RADICAL & URG5T MANN]4 ,! UNRE/RA9$ DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOSCI5CE1 DRIV5 SOLELY BY COMPETITION1 PROVES TO BE DE/RUCTIVE = ! PLANET AS WELL AS = US1 CREAT+ A CRISIS ( AN EXI/5TIAL *>ACT]4 ,CA/ORIADIS CALLS = BREAK+ ! CURR5TLY PREVAIL+ ILLUSION ( OMNIPOT5CE ?AT HUMANITY FEELS4.<#a#e.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE >E1 AS HE SUGGE/S1 PRIVILEG$ 9HABITANTS ( A PLANET ?AT IS P]HAPS UNIQUE 9 ! UNIV]SE4 ,BUT \R V]Y EXI/5CE IS DEP5D5T ON IT & ON C]TA9 FRAGILE CONDITIONS1 :I* \R CIVILIZATION IS AB\T TO DISRUPT & EV5 DE/ROY4 ,TO AVOID ! UPCOM+ CATA/ROPHE HUMANITY NE$S TO RECONSID] ALL ! VALUES & HABITS ?AT RULE OV] US4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE %\LD AB&ON KN[L$GE & SCI5CE & RETURN TO PRIMITIVE =MS ( EXI/5CE1 AS SOME MOD]N LIFE/YLI% TR5DS SUGGE/4 ,GIV+ !M UP MEANS R5\NC+ \R ABILITY TO BE FREE4 ,BUT ! TRICKY P>T IS ?AT1 AS ,CA/ORIADIS EXPLA9S1 KN[L$GE IS LIKE P[] - IT REQUIRES CAUTION4 ,WE %\LD1 !RE=E1 AT LEA/ ATTEMPT TO COMPREH5D :AT \R RESE>*]S >E 9 ! PROCESS ( DISCOV]+ & BE ATT5TIVE TO ! POSSIBLE REP]CUSSIONS ( :AT WE >E AB\T TO LE>N4 ,H]E ! QUE/ION ( DEMOCRACY >ISES AGA91 9 MULTIPLE =MS4 ,UND] ! PRES5T OLIG>*IC ORD]1 & )9 CURR5T HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES1 ! F9AL SAY OV] ALL !SE MATT]S IS 9 ! H&S ( COMPET+ POLITICIANS1 CORRUPT$ BUREAUCRATS OR BUS9ESS OLIG>*S1 ) N>R[ TE*NOSCI5TI/S AS !IR ADVIS]S4 ,SOCIETY-AT-L>GE IS ?US BE+ EXCLUD$ FROM ! POLITICAL DET]M9ATION ( H[ %\LD ACQUIR$ KN[L$GE BE US$1 & :AT GOALS MU/ BE SET BE=E FUTURE SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,SELF-,LIMITATION & ,$UCATION ,AMONG ! MA9 EXCUSES = ! EXCLUSION ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC FROM DECISION-MAK+ ON MATT]S ( SUPPOS$LY SCI5TIFIC *>ACT] IS ! PUBLIC'S LACK ( APPROPRIATE $UCATION 9 !SE MATT]S4 ,?IS >GUM5T IS ESS5TIALLY P>ADOXICAL1 H[EV]1 S9CE1 MO/ (T51 CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES & BUS9ESSM5 !MSELVES LACK SU* KN[L$GE1 & >E DRIV5 SOLELY BY HUNG] = P[]4 ,9 A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY1 ! C5TRALITY ( $UCATION IS BEYOND DISCUSSION4 ,9 A S5SE1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS AN IMM5SE 9/ITUTION ( CONT9U+ $UCATION1 A P]MAN5T PROCESS ( SELF-$UCATION = ITS CITIZ5S1 & IT C\LD NOT FUNCTION )\T ?AT4 ,A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY HAS TO APPEAL CON/ANTLY TO ! LUCID ACTIVITY & ! OP9ION ( ALL CITIZ5S1 S9CE BY ITS ESS5CE IT IS ( REFLECTIVE *>ACT]4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( :AT TAKES PLACE TODAY1 ) ! REIGN ( PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS & ALL K9DS ( 0EXP]TS40 ,! ISSUE ( $UCATION CANNOT BE RESOLV$ BY M]E 0$UCATIONAL RE=M10 AS IS (T5 ADVOCAT$ BY P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5TS ( V>I\S SORTS1 S9CE1 AS ,CA/ORIADIS SUGGE/S1 $UCATION BEG9S ) ! BIR? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & CONT9UES UNTIL !IR DEA?4.<#a#f.> ,$UCATION TAKES PLACE EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS4 ,IT IS EMBODI$ BY ! EV]YDAY LIFE & CULTURE TAK+ PLACE )9 ! CITY4 ,HE 9VITES US TO COMP>E ! $UCATION ,A!NIAN CITIZ5S RECEIV$ :5 !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! POLIS OR ATT5D$ P]=MANCES ( TRAG$IES ) ! K9D ( $UCATION A TELEVISION VIEW] OR ELECTORAL VOT] RECEIVES TODAY4 ,!RE=E DET]M9+ C]TA9 LIMITATIONS REQUIRES FIR/ & =EMO/ ! $UCATIVE 9CLUSION ( ALL ( SOCIETY 9TO POLITICAL AFFAIRS SO AS SELF-LIMITATION TO BE POSSIBLE4 ,ECOLOGY & ,DEMOCRACY ,! ABOVE SAID PROVIDES US ) ! BASIS TO RE?9K ! WAY WE VIEW ECOLOGY - A T]M TIS POLITICAL ELITES1 5VIRONM5TAL SCI5TI/S & EXP]TS HAVE BE5 DISCUSS+ & DECID+ ON ! /ATE ( ! 5VIRONM5T BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS4 ,FROM ! #ai ? C5TURY & ONW>DS HUNDR$S1 IF NOT EV5 ?\S&S1 ( 5VIRONM5TAL TREATIES HAVE BE5 SIGN$ 9 ?IS MANN]1 ) RESULTS ?AT CAN BE LABEL$ AS QUE/IONABLE AT BE/4.<#a#g.> ,! RE/ ( SOCIETY IS SUPPOS$ TO CONCEIVE ( ECOLOGY 9 ROMANTICIZ$1 SEMI-MY?OLOGIZ$ 0LOVE ( NATURE40 ,CA/ORIADIS 9SI/S ?AT ECOLOGY IS1 ABOVE ALL1 ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL4 ,HE >GUES ?AT SCI5CE IS1 BY ITSELF1 9CAPABLE ( 7& NOT SUPPOS$ TO7 SETT+ ITS [N LIMITS & GOALS4 ,IF SCI5TIFIC RESE>* IS SET TO DISCOV] SOME?+1 IT WILL DO SO1 EV5 IF ?AT MEANS F9D+ A WAY TO DE/ROY ! PLANET4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT SCI5CE IS 9H]5TLY FLAW$1 BUT ?AT IT DOES NOT BY ITSELF 9CLUDE DEMOCRATIC DELIB]ATION ?AT CAN DET]M9E :AT IS 0GOOD0 & :AT 0WRONG04 ,9 O!R WORDS1 SCI5TIFIC RESE>* HAS AN ESS5TIALLY SOCIAL *>ACT]4 ,ECOLOGY IS NEI!R SCI5TIFIC1 NOR TE*NOPHOBIC4 ,IT IS1 ABOVE ALL1 ! NECESSITY ( SELF-LIMITATION ( ! HUMAN SOCIETIES 9 RELATION TO ! 5VIRONM5T1 ON :OSE FRAGILE CONDITIONS ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( HUMANITY DEP5DS4 ,CA/ORIADIS TRACES ?IS LOGIC BACK TO ! ANCI5T ,GREEK ATTITUDE4 ,HE >GUES ?AT !IRS WAS NOT BAS$ ON BALANCE & H>MONY ) NATURE1 BUT FROM ! RECOGNITION ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL LIMITS ON \R ACTIONS & ! NE$ ( SELF-LIMITATION4 ,BUT1 = ECOLOGY TO OV]COME CURR5T 5VIRONM5TALISM & MOVE T[>DS A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION1 ACCORD+ TO ,CA/ORIADIS1 IT MU/ AIM AT PROVOK+ PR(\ND *ANGES 9 ! PSY*OSOCIAL ATTITUDE T[>D LIFE ( ! MOD]N HUMAN1 OR 9 O!R WORDS1 9 HUMANITY'S IMAG9>Y4.<#a#h.> ,! IDEA ?AT ! SOLE GOAL ( LIFE IS TO PRODUCE & TO CONSUME MORE--AN IDEA ?AT IS BO? ABSURD & DEGRAD+ = HUMAN BE+S--MU/ BE *ALL5G$ & AB&ON$2 ! CAPITALI/ IMAG9>Y ( PSEUDO-RATIONAL PSEUDO-MA/]Y1 & ( UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION1 MU/ BE AB&ON$4 ,MOREOV]1 ,IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SU* A PR(\ND *ANGE CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY PEOPLE WORK+ ON GRASSROOTS LEVEL4 ,A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 OR ONE ORGANIZATION1 CAN1 AT BE/1 ONLY PREP>E1 CRITICIZE1 9CITE1 SKET* \T POSSIBLE ORI5TATIONS & PROVOKE ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVITY TO *ANGE4 ,?US ONE ECOLOGICAL1 ESS5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y1 APPROA* CAN ONLY BE SOCIAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,DEGR[? & ,SELF-,LIMITATION ,AN IMPORTANT TR5D AMONG ECOLOGICAL CIRCLES N[ADAYS HAS BECOME ! 0DEGR[? P>ADIGM40 ,IT IS BAS$ ON A !ORY ( RADICAL R$UCTION ( HUMAN IMPACT ON NATURE ?R\< DELIB]ATE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,TO SOME EXT5T IT IS 9FLU5C$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS' CRITIQUE ( ! OBSESSION ) ECONOMIC EXPANSION1 F\ND AMONG CAPITALI/1 AS WELL AS SOCIALI/1 REGIMES4.<#a#i.> ,ONE PROBLEM ) ?IS TR5D1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT IT PLACES ( ECONOMIC %R9KAGE AT ! C5T] ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 AS ! V]Y NAME DE-GR[? SUGGE/S4 ,?IS MOVEM5T (T5 FOCUSES ON ! TE*NICAL P>T ( H[ SU* PROCESS CAN TAKE PLACE1 RA!R ?AN ON H[ TO RADICALLY RE/RUCTURE ! ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4.<#b.> ,?US1 PEOPLE FROM ?IS T5D5CY HAVE (T5 F\ND !MSELVES PROPOS+ RE=MS )9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y REGIME1 AS HAVE HAPP5$1 9 SIMIL> MANN]1 ) ADVOCATES ( ! COMMONS4 ,9 ?IS WE CAN DETECT REPRODUCTION ( ! PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC FOLLY ( TE*NO-FIXES BEYOND POLITICS4 ,CA/ORIADIS' NOTION ( SELF-LIMITATION DIFF]S SIGNIFICANTLY 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,:ILE RECOGNIZ+ ! IMM5SE IMPORTANCE ( DEGR[+ \R ECONOMIES TO 5VIRONM5TALLY S\ND LEVELS1 IT NONE!LESS SUGGE/S ?AT ?IS PROCESS %\LD BE PREC$$ BY ! DE-SCAL+ ( POLITICAL P[]1 I4E4 FROM OLIG>*IC TO DIRECT-DEMOCRATIC4.<#b#a.> ,9 A S5SE1 DEGR[? CAN BE VIEW$ AS SELF-LIMITATION ?AT IS RE/RICT$ TO ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 :I* BY ITSELF IS PROBLEMATIC 9 SEV]AL1 MUTUALLY SUPPLEM5T+1 WAYS IF IT IS NOT 9CLUD$ 9TO ONE HOLI/IC POLITICAL PROJECT ?AT 5COMPASSES ALL SPH]ES ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,FIR/1 IT P>TICIPATES 9 ! CURR5T IMAG9>Y ( ECONOMISM1 VIEW+ ! ECONOMY AS ! HIR[S ! POSSIBILITY ( RADICAL SOCIAL ALT]ATION TO ALT]NATIVE =MS ( CONSUMPTION1 R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES1 5VIRONM5TALLY S\ND PRODUCTION ME?ODS ETC4 )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT !IR SCALE OR :O ! B5EFICI>IES FROM SU* PRACTICES MIGET IS TO DE-SCALE ! ECONOMIC FOOTPR9T ( HUMANITY OV] ! 5VIRONM5T1 !N ALL POLITICAL /RATEGIES CAN BE US$4.<#b#b.> ,?IS BY ITSELF IS V]Y PROBLEMATIC4 ,5VIRONM5TAL SU/A9ABILITY C\LD BE 5=C$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME 7LIKE ECO-FASCISM7 TO ! EXP5SE ( DEMOCRATIC & HUMAN RI ,?IS C\LD MEAN ?AT ! CURR5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS MIACT] ( TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,?US DEGR[+ ! DE/RUCTIVE IMPACT ( ONE HUMAN SPH]E ?R\< ECONOMIC MEANS ALONE WILL SIMPLY NOT SUFFICE4 ,!RE IS NE$ ( G5]AL DESCAL+1 ) AU?ORITY AS ! MA9 T>GET = DE-ESCALATION1 DEC5TRALIZ+ IT D[N TO ! V]Y GRASSROOTS1 :]E PEOPLE !MSELVES TO RE?9K !IR RELATION%IP ) NATURE & ) !MSELVES4 ,CONCLUSION ,DEMOCRACY1 AS 9SEP>ABLE P>T ( ! PROJECT ( ,AUTONOMY1 IS ! DUAL SELF-LIMITATION ( 9TRASOCIAL REGULATIONS & LAWS1 NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! 9TEGRITY ( \R SOCIETIES ON ! ONE H&2 & ! LIMITS WE SET BE=E \R ACTIVITIES REG>D+ NATURE1 ON ! O!R4 ,BUT TO BE EFFECTIVE1 DEMOCRACY HAS TO BE DETA*$ FROM ! IMAG9>Y SIGNIFICATION ( UNIV]SAL RATIONAL MA/]Y1 :I* HAS BE5 CONTAM9AT+ REVOLUTION>Y ?\S4 ,WE CAN SEE CLE>LY CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMIC GR[? BE+ =C$ ) ! CO/ ( MO/ BASIC DEMOCRATIC RI%E/ PROHIBITION >E ! PEOPLE & COMMUNITIES ?AT /RIVE AT LIMIT+ ! AU?ORITY ( ?OSE ?AT EXPLOIT HUMANITY & NATURE = !IR N>R[ PR(IT4 ,?IS %\LD NOT SURPRISE US S9CE1 AS ,HANNAH ,>5DT SUGGE/S1 ! NOTION ( EV]Y?+ IS POSSIBLE IS AN IDEA ?AT CAN BE F\ND 9 TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES LIKE ,NAZISM4.<#b#d.> ,BUT UNLIKE ! NUM]\S 0AUTONOM\S0 & AN>*I/ TR5DS ?AT SEEK UNLIMIT$ 9DIVIDUAL 9DEP5D5CE 9 AN 9/ITUTIONLESS WORLD1 ! DEMOCRATIC SELF-9/ITUTION PROPOS$ BY ! PROJECT ( ,AUTONOMY 9 ,CA/ORIADIS CAN GIVE BIR? TO REAL POLITICAL FRE$OM = ! CREATIVE CITIZ5S ( A VITAL SOCIETY4 ,?IS REQUIRES1 H[EV]1 ?AT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & POLITICIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS AB&ON ! CONV5I5CE ( HEAVILY IDEOLOGIZ$ ACTIVI/ GR\PS ) SECT>IAN *>ACT] & IMM]SE 9/EAD1 9TO ! PUBLIC AFFAIRS ( !IR CITIES & SOCIETIES1 SELF-ORGANIZ+ ALONGSIDE !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S 9 AN ATTEMPT TO SELF-9/ITUTE ! PUBLIC SPACE ( TOMORR[4 ,SU* MIY CONDITIONS ?AT ALL[ US TO EXI/1 ?OSE SAME CONDITIONS ! CURR5T SY/EM IS 9 ! PROCESS ( DE/ROY+4 ,POLITICAL ,ECOLOGY ,! CLASSICAL SOV]EIGN NATION-,/ATE IS .<444.> ITSELF BECOM+ IRRELEVANT & IMPOT5T AS ! WORLD RAPIDLY COALESCES 9TO SUPRANATIONAL1 SUP]REGIONAL TRAD+ BLOCS :OSE MA9 PURPOSE & PASSION IS NEI!R TO FO/] DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9PUT NOR TO ADDRESS ! FE/]+ & EV5 WORS5+ PROBLEMS ( 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION4 .<#b#e.> @9 ,DAVID ,AMES ,CURTIS ,9TRODUCTION ,TODAY ECOLOGY IS EM]G+ AS MAJOR CONC]N & AS AN ANSW] TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y GR[?-BAS$ POLITICO-ECONOMIC MODEL ?AT IS RESPONSIBLE = ! CREATION ( TANGIBLE 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS & RAPIDLY UNFOLD+ CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,FROM AS E>LY AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY A CONC]N = ! 5VIRONM5T >OSE )9 WE/]N SOCIETIES1 SU* AS ! ROMANTICI/S1 SP>K$ BY ! POLLUTION CAUS$ BY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,N[ADAYS IT IS BE+ EXPRESS$ 9 !ORIES LIKE DEGR[? & SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AS WELL AS 9 ! =M ( POPUL> /RUGGLES AGA9/ CONSUM]I/ CULTURE & CAPITALI/ EXTRACTIVI/ PROJECTS1 H>MFUL TO ! 5VIRONM5T1 HUMAN HEAL? & LOCAL AUT>*Y4 ,ECOLOGY PLAY$ MAJOR ROLE 9 ! ?\K CONTRA/ FROM MO/ ( ! 5VIRONM5TALI/S ( HIS TIME 7& ( TODAY AS WELL74 ,UNLIKE ! WIDESPREAD UND]/&+ ( NATURE AS A COMMODITY1 AS SOME?+ SEP>AT$ FROM SOCIETY1 ,CA/ORIADIS VIEW$ IT 9 DIRECT L9K ) SOCIAL LIFE1 RELATION%IPS & VALUES1 ?US 9CORPORAT+ IT 9 HIS POLITICAL PROJECT4 ,CRITICISM ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,5VIRONM5TAL ,ORGANIZATIONS ,:ILE ,CA/ORIADIS SAW 9 ECOLOGY A REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL1 HE MO/ C]TA9LY DID NOT SAW SU* 9 MO/ MAJOR 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS ( HIS TIME4 ,9/EAD1 HE NOTIC$ ?AT !Y T5D TO DEAL EXCLUSIVELY ) MATT]S ?AT CONC]N /RICTLY ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T.<#b#f.>1 HITIES & 5VIRONM5TALI/ ,N,G,OS ?US P>TICIPATE TO A L>GE DEGREE 9 ! CAPITALI/ IMAG9>Y ?AT VIEWS NATURE AS SEP>AT$ COMMODITY ?AT %\LD BE MA/]$ BY HUMANITY4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS = SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! GRE5 MOVEM5T ! ONGO+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS DOES NOT HAVE POLITICAL SIDE1 & NEI!R IS BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY SPECIFIC SOCIAL /RUCTURES4 ,AS A RESULT ! SOLUTIONS !Y (F] DO NOT OV]COME ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL FRAMEWORK1 9VOK+ 9/EAD TE*NOLOGICAL OR O!R FIXES4 ,! DOM9ANT P]CEPTION AMONG MA9/REAM 5VIRONM5TALI/ CIRCLES IS ?AT ! PRES]VATION ( 0! GREAT \TDOORS0 CAN BE 5TRU/$ TO ! M>KET4 ,C>BON EMISSIONS & POLLUTION >E BE+ VIEW$ AS RIKET-DRIV5 PRICE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! SELF-REGULAT+ CAPITALI/ FALLACY IS BE+ REPRODUC$ AMONG ! RANKS ( ! ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T4 ,T]MS1 SU* AS GRE5 CAPITALISM & SU/A9ABLE DEVELOPM5T1 BECOME C5TRAL POLITICAL PROPOSALS4 ,BECAUSE ( !IR NON-CRITICAL ACCEPTANCE ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y SY/EM1 !SE T5D5CIES T5D TO APPROA* ! V>I\S FACETS ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION AS DISCONNECT$ & NECESS>Y TO BE DEALT ) ONE PIECE AT A TIME1 (T5 BY SCI5TIFIC MEANS1 9/EAD ( AS ONE HOLI/IC ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ) SY/EMIC ROOT-CAUSES1 ?AT %\LD BE DEALT ) POLITICALLY4 ,AS A RESULT1 !IR ACTIVITY (T5 LEADS TO ! CO-OPTATION ( POPUL> MOVEM5TS = ! PROTECTION ( NATURE BY ! SY/EMIC DISC\RSE4 ,GR\PS & ORGANIZATIONS FROM !SE T5D5CIES (T5 T5D TO CALL ON PEOPLE TO SYMBOLICALLY R$UCE !IR IMPACT ON NATURE1 LIKE CALL+ = 9T]NATIONAL DAYS ( CLOS$ LIE DIFF]5T ECO-SOCIALI/ & ECO-,M>XI/ TR5DS4 ,!Y >E MO/ (T5 AN*OR$ 9TO ! METAPHYSICS ( ! /ATE & 9VOKE ! NE$ ( /RONG LEFT P>TIES 9 P[] TO REGULATE HUMAN RELATIONS ) NATURE4 ,AS CAN BE IMAG9$1 ! ELECTORAL SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[] IS AT ! CORE ( !SE T5D5CIES4 ,DESPITE ! QUE/IONABLE EFFECTIV5ESS ( ?IS APPROA*1 !SE T5D5CIES REMA9 5TRAPP$ 9TO HID PRODUCTION AS ! 5G9E ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE >E SEGM5TS ( ! BROAD] 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T :I* ATTEMPT TO BREAK ) /ATISM & CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 !RE'S MU* TO BE CRITICIZ$ AB\T ! CONTEMPOR>Y 9DIVIDUALI/IC IMAG9>Y ( SOME ( !SE T5D5CIES & ( !IR DEVOTION TO SPIRITUALI/IC P]SONAL *ANGE & LIFE-/YLE4 ,DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 ,NEW ,AGE 5?USIA/S & PRIMITIVI/S T5D TO BLAME 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION ON HUMAN CIVILIZATION 9 G5]AL & ADVOCATE RETREAT TO ROMANTICIZ$ NOTIONS ( ! 0NATURAL01 RA!R ?AN TRACE IT TO SPECIFIC POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EMS4 ,DESPITE HIS CRITICISM ( ! 9ABILITY ( ! LEAD+ 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS TO OV]COME ! IMAG9>Y ( CAPITALISM & POLITICAL REPRES5TATION1 ,CA/ORIADIS RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T C]TA9 EVOLUTION 9 ! FIELD ON :I* *ALL5GES1 CONTE/ATIONS1 REVOLTS & REVOLUTIONS >E TAK+ PLACE.<#b#g.>4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM ?IS EVOLUTION TAKES P>T 9 TWO DIM5SIONS3 9 ! 9/ILLATION ( S*EMES ( AU?ORITY ON ! ONE H&2 & 9 ! 9/ILLATION ( S*EMES ( NE$S ON ! O!R4 ,! =M] IS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T :ILE ! LATT]1 BY ! ECOLOGICAL4 ,UNLIKE CLASS-C5T]$ ANALYZES1 ,CA/ORIADIS SAW 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T FROM ! #a#i? C5TURY NOT SIMPLY AN ATTEMPT AT RE%AP+ ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 BUT A DIRECT-DEMOCRATIC *ALL5GE TO DOM9ATION & AU?ORITY ON HOLI/IC1 SOCIOPOLITICAL LEVEL4 ,9 HIS [N WORDS3 ,:AT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ATTACK$ ABOVE ALL WAS ! DIM5SION ( AU?ORITY -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 DOM9ATION1 :I* IS ITS 'OBJECTIVE' SIDE4 ,EV5 ON ?IS PO9T IT LEFT 9 ! %AD[S -- AS WAS ALMO/ 9EVITABLE AT ! TIME -- SOME COMPLETELY DECISIVE ASPECTS ( ! PROBLEM ( AU?ORITY & DOM9ATION1 !RE=E ALSO POLITICAL PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! RECON/RUCTION ( AN AUTONOM\S SOCIETY4 ,SOME ( !SE ASPECTS W]E PUT 9TO QUE/ION LAT] ON1 & ESPECIALLY1 MORE REC5TLY1 BY ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T & ! Y\? MOVEM5T1 BO? ( :I* ATTACK$ ! S*EMATA1 ! FIGURES1 & ! RELATIONS ( AU?ORITY AS !SE EXI/$ 9 O!R SPH]ES ( SOCIAL LIFE4.<#b#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,CA/ORIADIS1 ! ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T ?AT FOLL[$ CONTRIBUT$ ) ANO!R DIM5SION TO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY3 IT PUT 9TO QUE/ION ! V]Y /RUCTURE & NATURE ( HUMAN NE$S1 LIFE/YLE ETC4 ,ECOLOGY CON/ITUTES A CAPITAL BREAK?R\< 9 COMP>ISON ) :AT CAN BE SE5 AS ! UNILAT]AL *>ACT] ( PREVI\S MOVEM5TS4 ,IT *ALL5G$ ! 5TIRE RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! 5VIRONM5T1 RAIS+ AGA9 ! ET]NAL QUE/ION ( :AT IS ! HUMAN PLACE 9 ?IS WORLD4 ,! ,POLITICAL ,ESS5CE ( ,ECOLOGY ,UNLIKE MANY ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 ,CA/ORIADIS DISAGREES ) ! IDEA ?AT ECOLOGY IS BUT ANO!R SCI5TIFIC BRAN* & SUGGE/S 9/EAD ?AT IT IS ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL4 ,HE CONCEIVES IT AS HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) NATURE & ! CORRESPOND+ LIMITATIONS BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,FROM ?IS ,CA/ORIADIS CONCLUDES ?AT ECOLOGY CANNOT BE SCI5TIFIC1 S9CE SCI5CE IS NOT AB\T SETT+ REGULATIONS OR LIMITS BE=E ITS GOALS BUT DISCOV]+ WAYS ( A*IEV+ !M4 ,IF SCI5TIFIC RES\RCES >E MOBILIZ$ TO DISCOV] WAYS TO DE/ROY ! PLANET1 !Y WILL ULTIMATELY DO SO1 NOT BECAUSE !Y >E 0EVIL0 OR BAD HE>T$1 BUT BECAUSE ?IS IS :AT !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO DO4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS WAS SCI5TOPHOBIC1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE 9SI/$ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( MOBILIZ+ ! RES\RCES ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* TO EXPLORE ! IMPACT \R ACTIVITIES HAVE ON ! 5VIRONM5T1 BUT HE KNEW ?AT SCI5CE ALONE IS NOT 5\< TO PROTECT NATURE -- IT NE$S POLITICS4 ,ONLY ?R\< POLITICAL DELIB]ATION ONE CAN DET]M9E :AT %\LD & %\LDN'T BE DONE1 :AT IS 0WRONG0 OR 0RIY CONDITIONS4 ,?IS LOGIC ( HIS C\NT]S ! CONTEMPOR>Y TE*NO-SCI5CE1 ! BELIEF ?AT TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE ALONE CAN GRANT HUMANITY MA/]Y OV] EV]Y?+.<#b#i.>4 ,TODAY ?IS WIDESPREAD TE*NOCRATIC CONCEPT HAS BECOME ! PRACTICAL EQUIVAL5T ( RELIGION4 ,TE*NO-SCI5CE HAS MANAG$ TO RE9=CE ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGICAL MY/IFICATION 9 A TIME 9 :I* AU?ORITY HAS BECOME O/5SIBLY DESACRALIZ$4 ,IF 9 ! PA/ ! P[] ( ! RUL+ ELITES WAS EXPLA9$ ?R\< ITS DIV9E ,GOD-GIV5 ORIG91 TODAY IT RE/S ON ! SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ?AT !Y CLAIM TO POSSES1 & ALL[S !M TO CONT9UE !IR DE/RUCTIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 UNLIKE O!RS1 ,CA/ORIADIS >GUES ?AT TE*NOLOGY TODAY CANNOT BE VIEW$ AS NEUTRAL.<#c.>1 S9CE IT HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ & %AP$ BY ! DOM9ANT CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ?US IT HAS BE5 EMB$D$ ) ITS CORE VALUES ( DOM9ATION & SUBORD9ATION4 ,LIKE RELIGI\S SACRALIZ$ REGIMES ( ! PA/1 CONTEMPOR>Y TE*NOCRACIES CLAIM TO KN[ :AT ! PEOPLE ACTUALLY 0NE$04 ,!Y CAN CALCULATE IT ?R\< ! MEANS ( SCI5CE & DELIV] IT ?R\< ECONOMIC GR[? & EXTRACTION4 ,BUT :AT !Y ACTUALLY DO IS TO EXPRESS ! NE$S1 EMB$D$ 9 ONE SPECIFIC IMAG9>Y4 ,9 REALITY WE CAN SAY ?AT !RE >E NO PR$ET]M9$ NATURAL HUMAN NE$S4 ,EV]Y SOCIETY CREATES ITS NE$S & ! MEANS = !IR SATISFACTION4 ,= ONE TRULY RELIGI\S P]SON ! ULTIMATE NE$ IS TO MAKE A PILGRIMAGE TO A HOLLY 7TO HIS FAI?7 PLACE1 SP5D+ ALL HIS SAV+S IF REQUIR$4 ,= ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE ( CAPITALISM ! NE$ TO CON/ANTLY REPLACE HIS BELONG+S & GADGETS ) NEW] ONCE ?AT >E SLIADIGM TODAY MANAGES TO FUNCTION IT IS SO BECAUSE IT SUCCESSFULLY MANAGES TO PROVIDE ! MEANS = SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S IT FABRICATES4 ,& ! DEBATE BETWE5 ! TWO OPPOS+ FRACTIONS = ! SEATS ( P[] -- ! ,RIKET D]EGULATION AS 5G9E ( GR[?1 :ILE ! LEFTI/ =CES (T5 T5D TO BLAME ! CURR5T CLOSE TIES BETWE5 MULT9ATIONALS & GOV]NM5TS = ! LESS5$ BUY+ P[] ( LOCAL POPULATIONS & PROMISE1 IF ELECT$ TO P[]1 TO FIX ?AT4 ,& BO? SIDES 9SI/ ON ! SCI5TIFIC NATURE ( !IR CLAIMS4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! CURR5T P>ADIGM IS LESS ?REAT5$ BY TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGICAL CRITICISM1 RA!R ?AN FROM ! DANG] ( RUNN+ \T ( OIL1 = EXAMPLE4 ,:AT ,CA/ORIADIS SEES AS PROBLEMATIC 9 ! WAY MOD]N SOCIETIES CONCEIVE ( ! ONGO+ 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS IS ! ABS5CE ( PRUD5CE4 ,! GOV]N+ TE*NOCRATIC IMAG9>Y1 ?AT CONT9UES ITS REIGN MANY YE>S AFT] ! DEA? ( ! PHILOSOPH]1 PREV5TS \R SOCIETIES TO TAKE C]TA9 PRECAUTIONS :5 5GAG+ ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IF SCI5TIFIC RESE>* CANNOT DET]M9E ) C]TA9TY :E!R SPECIFIC ACT OR PROC$URE WILL IRREV]SIBLY H>M ! 5VIRONM5T1 BUT !RE >E D\BTS ( SU* POT5TIALS1 !N PRECAUTION>Y MEASURES 7LIMITATIONS7 %\LD BE DET]M9$ ?R\< DIRECT-DEMOCRATIC MEANS BY ALL CONC]N$1 :I* BY ITS ESS5CE IS POLITICAL PROCESS4 ,?US ECOLOGY AS PRES5T$ ABOVE1 IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CURR5T REPRES5TATIVE OLIG>*IC POLITICAL SY/EM ?AT H9D]S ANY EF=T AT G5U9E DEMOCRATIC DELIB]ATION4 ,IT REQUIRES ! RADICAL ALT]ATION ( SOCIETY'S 9/ITUTIONS SO AS TO 5C\RAGE HUMANITY TO ACT AS /EW>D1 NOT MA/]1 ( ! PLANET & ITS RES\RCES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ECOLOGY MU/ BE CONCEIV$ AS P>T ( WID] REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 BAS$ ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 :I* DIRECTLY *ALL5GES ! CONTEMPOR>Y 9/ITUTIONAL ORD]4 ,CA/ORIADIS SUGGE/S ?AT3 0PR(\ND *ANGES MU/ TAKE PLACE 9 ! PSY*OSOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ,WE/]N MAN1 9 HIS ATTITUDE T[>D LIFE1 9 %ORT1 9 HIS IMAG9>Y4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! SOLE GOAL ( LIFE IS TO PRODUCE & TO CONSUME MORE--AN IDEA ?AT IS BO? ABSURD & DEGRAD+--MU/ BE AB&ON$2 ! CAPITALI/ IMAG9>Y ( PSEUDORATIONAL PSEUDOMA/]Y1 ( UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION1 MU/ BE AB&ON$4 ,?AT IS SOME?+ ONLY M5 & WOM5 CAN DO4 ,A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 OR ONE ORGANIZATION1 CAN1 AT BE/1 ONLY PREP>E1 CRITICIZE1 9CITE1 SKET* \T POSSIBLE ORI5TATIONS40.<#c#a.> ,ECOLOGY IS NOT ,IDEOLOGY ,:5 VIEW$ ?R\< SU* POLITICAL PRISM1 ,CA/ORIADIS W>NS US1 ECOLOGY IS NOT TO BE MADE 9TO AN IDEOLOGY 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE ( ! T]M4.<#c#b.> ,JU/ AS CONTEMPOR>Y TE*NO-SCI5CE HAS BECOME SACRALIZ$1 SO TOO ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ CAN BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A NEW RELIGI\S CULT OR NE(ASCI/ IDEOLOGICAL PROJECT4 ,JU/ AS HUMAN HEAL? WAS TURN$ BY ,NAZI IDEOLOGY 9TO A DOGMA ?AT L$ TO ! EXT]M9ATION ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE ) DISABILITIES1 SO C\LD A SOCIETY1 FAC$ ) 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE1 GIVE BIR? TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME ?AT WILL IMPOSE DRACONIAN RE/RICTIONS ) ! SOLE T>GET ( PRES]V+ NATURE4 ,:AT ,CA/ORIADIS PROPOSES IS TO 9TEGRATE ECOLOGY 9TO BROAD] POLITICAL PROJECT ?AT GOES BEYOND N>R[ CONC]NS = NATURE4 ,SU* POLITICS WILL NOT BE BAS$ ON ROMANTIC1 MY/IC NOTIONS ( ! LOVE = ,MO!R ,GAIA OR ! SUP]IORITY ( ! 0VIRG90 NATURE OV] TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE4 ,9/EAD1 IT WILL TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! BALANCE BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! PLANET1 )\T GLORIFY+ ! ONE & DIM9I%+ ! O!R1 ?US AVOID+ ! DANG] ( CREAT+ DOGMAS4 ,SU* ECOLOGICAL POLITICS WILL BE BAS$ ON ! RECOGNITION ?AT \R SOCIETIES DEP5D ON C]TA9 FRAGILE PLANET>Y CONDITIONS1 & IF WE WANT TO CONT9UE \R EXI/5CE AS SPECIE1 WE WILL HAVE TO F9D COM=TABLE PLACE )9 !M1 )\T H[EV] AB&ON+ TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE P] SE4 ,BECAUSE ( \R DEP5D5CE ON NATURE1 ECOLOGY CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,IF SOCIETY IS TO 9T]V5E ) SU* DELICATE MATT]1 ON :I* DEP5DS ! FUTURE ( EA* ONE ( ITS MEMB]S1 !N ALL ( ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVITY %\LD HAVE A SAY BE=E ONE SU* 9T]V5TION IS UND]TAK54 ,! SPECIFIC1 TE*NICAL WAY 9 :I* SU* A DECISION WILL BE TAK5 IS ( LITTLE IMPORTANCE H]E1 IMPORTANT IS ! PR9CIPLE4 ,IF IT IS TO SAW (F ! BRAN* WE >E CURR5TLY SITT+ ON1 )\T ANO!R ONE 9 SIE ! FALL4 ,SELF-LIMITATION & ,ECOLOGY ,! CONCEPT ( SELF-LIMITATION IS ( KEY IMPORTANCE :5 DISCUSS+ ,CA/ORIADIS'S UND]/&+ ( POLITICAL ECOLOGY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT RECOGNIZES ?AT ! CURR5T 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS IS MAN-MADE4 ,AS ,CA/ORIADIS SUGGE/S1 TODAY ! GREATE/ DANG] = HUMANITY IS HUMANITY ITSELF.<#c#c.>4 ,NO NATURAL CATA/ROPHE EQUALS ! MAN-MADE CATA/ROPHES1 :I* IS MORE EVID5T ?AN EV] ) ! /UBBORN WAY \R SOCIETIES CONT9UE TO FOLL[ ! P>ADIGM ( UNLIMIT$ ECONOMIC GR[?1 9SI/+ ON A LIFE/YLE ?AT SIMPLY CANNOT BE SU/A9$ BY ! F9ITE WORLD WE LIVE 94 ,A LIFE/YLE ?AT IS SICK5+ \R BODIES1 \R M9DS1 & ! FRAGILE PLANET>Y CONDITIONS ?AT MAKE \R EXI/5CE POSSIBLE4 ,SELF-LIMITATION 9 ! CONTEXT ( ECOLOGY IS ?AT !RE IS NO ONE ?AT WILL PROTECT US FROM \RSELVES4 ,\R POLITICAL LEAD]S >E PROV+ UNABLE TO SOLVE ! ONGO+ 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION4 ,DESPITE ! NUM]\S TREATIES SIGN$ BETWE5 RUL+ ELITES & REPRES5TATIVES ( ! BIG BUS9ESS1 ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS SEEMS TO BE DEEP5+4 ,& NEI!R IS ! 9DIVIDUAL1 LIFE/YLI% TACKL+ ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL *ALL5GES ANY MORE PRODUCTIVE4 ,%ORT] %[]S1 CLOS$ LIT1 )\T ACTUALLY *ANG+ SOME?+ ( REAL IMPORTANCE4 ,SELF-LIMITATION COMES TO REM9D US ( \R 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY BE=E \RSELVES1 \R FELL[ HUMAN BE+S & ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT SURR\NDS US4 ,IT /&S = COLLECTIVELY =G$ LAWS1 :I* W]E MADE BY ALL ) ! CONSCI\S UND]/&+ ?AT \R SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS ALL ( US 9DIVIDUALLY1 CANNOT DO JU/ ANY?+2 WE \Y NOT ONLY 9 ! RULES ( 9TRASOCIAL CONDUCT BUT ALSO 9 ! RULES WE ADOPT 9 \R CONDUCT T[>D ! 5VIRONM5T.<#c#d.>4 ,CONCLUSION ,! FUTURE SEEMS UNC]TA91 ESPECIALLY REG>D+ ! ONGO+ 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION ?AT1 IF UNATT5D$1 MAY DEVELOP 9TO EXI/5TIAL CRISIS4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT = ONE TO REMA9 OPTIMI/IC ) ALL ! NEGATIVE PR$ICTIONS & RESE>*ES COM+ FROM ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY4 ,SOME CLAIM ?AT :AT WE NE$ IS NEW TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS AT ! CO/ ( GREAT] ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,BUT AS ,CA/ORIADIS HAS DEMON/RAT$1 ?IS ALONE CANNOT PREV5T ONE ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,:AT ONE SU* EXI/5TIAL CRISIS REQUIRES ABOVE ALL IS ! CREATIVE HUMAN P[] TO DRAW NEW DIRECTION -- A DRA/IC P>ADIGM *ANGE -- TO NAVIGATE HUMANITY T[>DS COMPLETELY NEW DIRECTION1 BAS$ ON COLLECTIVE /EW>D%IP & NOT DOM9ATION4 ,:AT ?IS CREATIVE P[] CAN BR+ 9 ! FUTURE IS1 ABOVE ALL1 A POLITICAL MATT]4 ,AS ,CA/ORIADIS REM9DS US1 .AN1 QUA CREATIVE P[]1 IS MAN :5 HE BUILDS ! ,P>!NON OR ! ,NOT]-,DAME ,CA!DRAL 9 ,P>IS1 AS WELL AS :5 HE SETS UP ,AUS*WITZ OR ! ,GULAG4.<#c#e.> ,IT IS POLITICAL P>TICIPATION 7OR ! ABS5CE ( IT7 ?AT %APES ! VALUES & PR9CIPLES ( NEW EM]G+ SOCIAL =MS4 ,?US IT IS UP TO ALL ( US 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY TO CREATE & CULTIVATE ONE P>ADIGM %IFT ?AT WILL NAVIGATE US T[>DS SU/A9ABLE1 DEMOCRATIC FUTURE4 ,POLITICAL ,ORGANIZ+ 9 ! #b#a/ ,C5TURY ,CONC]N ) ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION HAS MEAN+ ONLY = PEOPLE CONV9C$ ?AT !Y CAN & MU/ /RUGGLE TOGE!R 7H5CE1 BY ORGANIZ+7 & :O DO NOT1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 ASSUME !IR [N DEFEAT IS 9EVITABLE4.<#c#f.> @9 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS ,! PROJECT ( AUTONOMY1 AS >TICULAT$ BY ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 IS A CONCEPT :OSE RELEVANCE IS N[ADAYS RAPIDLY GR[+4 ,I'LL EMPHASIZE ! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & ! SIMIL>ITIES ( !IR ACTIVITIES ) ! PROJECT ( AUTONOMY4 ,TODAY WE >E WITNESS+ ! RISE ( MULTIPLE CRISES1 5COMPASS+ \R SOCIETY1 \R 9DIVIDUAL EXP]I5CES ( LIFE1 AS WELL AS ! V]Y NATURE ?AT IS KEEP+ US ALIVE1 & ?US ! QUE/ION ( :AT IS TO BE DONE IS ( EV]-GR[+ IMPORTANCE4 ,BUT IT SEEMS ?AT ! CONV5TIONAL SOLUTIONS CAN'T BE ( HELP ANYMORE4 ,IF BE=E WE W]E SAY+ ?AT REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY WAS 9 CRISIS1 N[ WE CAN SAY ) GR[+ CONFID5CE ?AT TODAY IT IS ON ITS KNEES4 ,! AB/5TION RATES DUR+ ELECTIONS >E 9 !IR ALL TIME HITIES ACROSS ,EUROPE ?AT W9 ELECTIONS R>ELY GA!R 5\< SEATS TO RULE ALONE1 & >E ?US =C$ TO 5GAGE 9 UN/ABLE COALITIONS TO =M GOV]NM5TS4 ,EV5 ! SO-CALL$ RADICAL LEFT P>TIES1 ?AT CLAIM TO REPRES5T ! MASSIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 DON'T SEEM TO BE ABLE TO 9CREASE !IR MEMB]%IP BASE OR TO 9ITIATE LA/+ SOCIAL MOBILIZATIONS ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,! TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS 7TRADE UNIONS1 AN>*I/ F$]ATIONS ETC471 ON ! O!R H&1 ?AT >E \T ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( P[] & ACT AS !IR OPPOSITION1 >E ALSO 9 CRISIS4 ,TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS FAIL TO 9CREASE !IR MEMB]%IP BASE1 C$+ BACK 9/EAD.<#c#g.>4 ,?IS IS SO DUE TO MANY REASONS1 ! BASIC ONE AMONG :OM IS ?AT ! PROPOSALS !Y >TICULATE >E R>ELY SOME?+ MORE ?AN A REPRODUCTION ( OLD PATT]NS ( ?9K+ & ACT+1 & ?US !Y >E UNABLE TO 9T]ACT ADEQUATELY ) ! CURR5T REALITY4 ,DUE TO ?IS1 NEW =MS ( POLITICAL ACTIVISM >E EM]G+1 ?AT HITICIPAT+ 9 LEGISLATION1 9 GOV]NM5T1 9 JURISPRUD5CE1 &1 F9ALLY1 9 ! 9/ITUTION ( SOCIETY.<#c#h.>4 ,& WE CAN SEE ?AT TODAY'S =MS ( PROTE/S >E T5D+ TO BREAK ) TRADITIONAL =MS ( EXPRESSION ( POPUL> DISSATISFACTION SU* AS /RIKES1 M>*ES1 ETC1 & >E TRY+ 9/EAD TO OP5 PUBLIC SPACES1 :]E 9DIVIDUALS CAN 5GAGE COLLECTIVELY ) PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,9 ! CON/ANT ]UPTIONS ( SOCIETAL CREATIVITY DUR+ REC5T YE>S DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS SUCCESSFULLY CONQU]+ ! IMAG9>Y ( PROTE/]S1 ACTIVI/S1 COMMUNITIES1 NOT LEAV+ A LOT ( SPACE = POLITICAL VANGU>DS ( ANY SORT4 ,SU* W]E ! CASES ( ! ,9DIGNADOS1 ! ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY ,N[ MOVEM5T FROM ,SYNTAGMA ,SQU>E1 ! ,OCCUPY1 ! ,NUIT ,DEB\T1 & N[ADAYS ! ,YELL[ ,VE/S1 :]E REAL ATTEMPTS AT SELF-9/ITUT+ >E MADE4 ,WE CAN EV5 SAY ?AT ! MOD]N =MS ( PROTE/ >E UN?9KABLE \TSIDE ! G5]AL FRAME ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,CONTEXTUALITY ,:AT MAKES !SE NEW =MS /RIK+LY DIFF]5T FROM ! TRADITIONAL ONES IS !IR CONTEXTUAL *>ACT]4 ,! ,IMAG9>Y ( ! TRADITIONAL MOVEM5TS WAS BAS$ ON IDEOLOGIES1 ?US CREAT+ AMONG !M T5D5CY T[>DS ! ADOPTION ( !IR [N N>RATIVES1 9COMPATIBLE & (T5 EV5 QUITE HO/ILE T[>DS ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,AS ,I HAVE %[N ELSE:]E.<#c#i.>1 ?IS RESULTS 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NON-CONTEXTUAL WAY ( ?9K+ & ACT+1 :I* PREV5TS1 OR AT LEA/ MAKES IT V]Y DIFFICULT1 = RADICAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS TO 9T]ACT ) PEOPLE AS WELL AS ) REALITY1 LEAD+ TO POLITICAL SECT>IANISM4 ,CA/ORIADIS NOT$ 9 AN 9T]VIEW1 5TITL$ ,AUTONOMY ,IS AN ,ONGO+ ,PROCESS1 ?AT3 ,AUTONOMY IS AN ONGO+ PROCESS1 :]EBY Y\ ALWAYS HAVE CONT5TS ?AT >E GIV51 BORR[$--Y\ >E 9 ! WORLD1 Y\ >E 9 SOCIETY1 Y\ HAVE 9H]IT$ A LANGUAGE1 Y\ LIVE 9 A C]TA9 HI/ORY4 .<444.>,IT IS 9 ?IS WORLD ?AT WE HAVE TO HAVE A WORKABLE & EFFECTIVE CONCEPT ( AUTONOMY4 ,AUTONOMY DOES NOT MEAN ,I AM TOTALLY SEP>AT$ FROM EV]Y?+ EXT]NAL4 ,&1 9 RELATION TO MY [N CONT5TS1 :I* >E #ii P]C5T BORR[$1 HAVE COME FROM ! \TSIDE1 ,I HAVE A REFLECTIVE1 CRITICAL1 DELIB]ATIVE ACTIVITY1 & ,I CAN TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE SAY YES & NO4.<#d.> ,ONCE SU* P]CEPTION ( AUTONOMY1 ACCORD+ TO ,CA/ORIADIS1 REQUIRES ! AB&ONM5T ( BUREAUCRATIC MEANS ( EXPRESS+ \R IDEAS3 ,TO BREAK ) ! CONCEPTIONS & PRACTICE ( BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS IS ALSO TO BREAK ) TRADITIONAL J>GON1 :I* HAS LO/ ALL MEAN+ = PEOPLE1 & EV5 HAS BECOME AN OBJECT ( D]ISION .<444.> ,WE MU/ TRANS=M \R WAY ( SPEAK+ & WRIT+1 PITILESSLY ELIM9AT+ FROM \R SPEE* & FROM \R TEXTS 9SID] T]MS & A DIDACTIC EXPOSITORY /YLE4.<#d#a.> ,WE CAN CLE>LY SEE1 ?AT ! MASSIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! LA/ DECADE >E NOT TRY+ TO FIT ! PRES5T 9TO C]TA9 IDEOLOGICAL FRAME1 DEVELOP$ 9 DIFF]5T TIME & CONTEXT 7FROM ! PRES5T ONE71 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E /RIV+ AT A*IEV+ GREAT] SYN]GY BETWE5 IDEALS & FLUID CONTEMPORANEITY1 CULM9AT+ 9 ?IS WAY 9TO A G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC T5D5CY4 ,AN EXAMPLE = ?IS WE CAN F9D 9 ACTIVI/ ,BAKI ,Y\SS\F\'S DESCRIB$ ! ,NUIT ,DEB\T MOVEM5T 9 AN 9T]VIEW3 ,?IS MOVEM5T IS MORE OP54 ,WE >E TAK+ ! TIME TO LOOK AT ONE ANO!R1 TO TAKE C>E ( EV]YONE1 TO BE 9CLUSIVE1 TO SP5D MORE TIME DISCUSS+ QUE/IONS - BECAUSE NOT EV]YBODY HAS ! SAME BACKGR\ND4 ,WE ALSO HAVE TO TRY TO REVISIT \R LANGUAGE & \R PRACTICES & TO MAKE \R IDEAS MORE CONTEMPOR>Y4 .<444.> ,WE NE$ TO ADAPT \R IDEAS & ACTIONS TO ! PRES5T TIME4 .<444.> ,?IS IS A V]Y NEW ?+1 & A P>ADOXICAL ONE1 BUT A V]Y P[]FUL ONE4.<#d#b.> ,WE CAN ALSO DETECT IT 9 ! CALL1 ISSU$ BY ! FIR/ ,YELL[ ,VE/ ,ASSEMBLY ( ,ASSEMBLIES3 ,WE >E /R5G!N$ BY ! DIV]SITY ( \R DISCUSSIONS4 ,AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T1 HUNDR$S ( ASSEMBLIES >E DEVELOP+ & PROPOS+ !IR [N DEM&S4.<#d#c.> ,DEMOCRATIC ,9DIVIDUALS & ! ,NE$ = ,ROOTS ,CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL MOVEM5TS DO NOT SUBJECT ! PRES5T M]ELY TO C\NTLESS 9T]PRETATIONS1 BUT IS BE+ EXP]IM5T$ )1 9 SE>* = NEW WAYS TO IMPLEM5T ! PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 EMB$D+ !M 9 ! EXP]I5C+ ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,?R\< ! PUBLIC SPACES1 OP5$ 9 ?IS PROCESS1 IS BE+ CREAT$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ! EM]G5CE ( NEW AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPES1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY ! ONE ,CA/ORIADIS CALLS ! DEMOCRATIC 9DIVIDUAL.<#d#d.>1 :I* ! SOCIETY TODAY IS NOT CAPABLE ( REPRODUC+4 ,HE DETECTS C]TA9 DIALECTIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & DEMOCRATIC 9DIVIDUALS3 .<,W.>E OBVI\SLY %\LD CONDEMN ANY FETI%ISM = ! 'SOVIET' OR 'C\NCIL' TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! 'CON/ANT ELIGIBILITY & REVOCABILITY ( REPRES5TATIVES' >E ( !MSELVES QUITE 9SUFFICI5T TO 'GU>ANTEE' ?AT A C\NCIL WILL REMA9 ! EXPRESSION ( WORK+-CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,! C\NCIL WILL REMA9 SU* AN EXPRESSION = AS LONG AS PEOPLE >E PREP>$ TO DO :ATEV] MAY BE NECESS>Y = IT TO REMA9 SO4444 .<,T.>HE C\NCIL IS AN ADEQUATE =M ( ORGANIZATION3 ,ITS :OLE /RUCTURE IS SET UP TO 5ABLE ?IS WILL TO SELF-EXPRESSION .<( ! WORK]S.> TO COME TO ! =E1 :5 IT EXI/S4.<#d#e.> ,FUR!RMORE1 = ,CA/ORIADIS ?IS DEMOCRATIC 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT BE DETA*$ FROM HIS ORGANIC COMMUNITY4 ,CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE AIMS AT UPROOT+ PEOPLE FROM !IR SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T1 :ILE CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ?R\< ! P>TICIPATORY 9/ITUTIONS !Y E/ABLI%1 AIM AT REBUILD+ !IR COMMUNAL RELATIONS4 ,CA/ORIADIS WRITES ?AT3 ,DIRECT DEMOCRACY C]TA9LY REQUIRES ! PHYSICAL PRES5CE ( CITIZ5S 9 A GIV5 PLACE1 :5 DECISIONS HAVE TO BE MADE4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT 5\<4 ,IT ALSO REQUIRES ?AT !SE CITIZ5S =M AN ORGANIC COMMUNITY1 ?AT !Y LIVE IF POSSIBLE 9 ! SAME MILIEU1 ?AT !Y BE FAMILI> ?R\< !IR DAILY EXP]I5CE ) ! SUBJECT TO BE DISCUSS$ & ) ! PROBLEMS TO BE TACKL$4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 SU* UNITS ?AT ! POLITICAL P>TICIPATION ( 9DIVIDUALS CAN BECOME TOTAL1 ?AT PEOPLE CAN KN[ & FEEL ?AT !IR 9VOLVEM5T WILL HAVE AN EFFECT1 & ?AT ! REAL LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY IS1 9 L>GE P>T1 DET]M9$ BY ITS [N MEMB]S & NOT BY UNKN[N OR EXT]NAL AU?ORITIES :O DECIDE = !M4.<#d#f.> ,RESURG+ ,PASSION = ,POLITICAL ,P>TICIPATION ,S9CE #b#a#a1 ) ! FIR/ WAVE ( PUBLIC ANG] & CREATIVITY1 EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! SOCIAL SEIZURE ( PUBLIC SQU>ES1 MANY SU* UNABAT$ WAVES FOLL[$1 %[+ ! RIS+ URGE = POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,& !Y HAVE DEVELOP$ TODAY 9TO ! =MATION ( CONF$]ATIONS ( LOCAL P>TICIPATORY DECISION-MAK+ BODIES4 ,CA/ORIADIS HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( F$]ALISM = ! CREATION ( A COH]5T DEMOCRATIC PROJECT4.<#d#g.> ,SOME?+ SIMIL> IS HAPP5+ ) ! ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS1 A L>GE P>T ( :I* WAS CORRECTLY CRITICIZ$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS = VIEW+ NATURE 9 A DE-POLITICIZ$ MANN] -- AS COMMODITY4 ,BUT TODAY WE SEE H[ GR[+ NUMB] ( CLIMATE ACTIVI/S >E BEG9N+ TO VIEW PROBLEMS SU* AS POLLUTION & CLIMATE *ANGE 9 A MORE SY/EMIC MANN]1 >TICULAT+ DYNAMIC POLITICIZ$ PROPOSALS 9/EAD1 LIKE ! =MATION ( CITIZ5 ASSEMBLIES.<#d#h.>4 ,9 ALL !SE CASES1 WORK]ISM SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & UPRIS+S1 AS !Y SEEM TO BE 9CREAS+LY AIM+ AT RECLAIM+ POPUL> DEMOCRATIC CONTROL4 ,?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS HAS BE5 >GU+ = LONG TIME AGO3 ,PEOPLE WILL NOT MAKE A REVOLUTION OV] !IR WAGES -- NOT TODAY1 9 ANY CASE2 !Y WILL NOT EV5 MAKE ONE = WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AS SU*1 & RI ,CONCLUSION ,MANY W\LD OBJECT TO :AT HAS BE5 CLAIM$ SO F>1 >GU+ ?AT IF WE AB&ON ! SECURITY ( \R IDEOLOGICAL DOGMAS OR DI/ANCE ) ! LESS POLITICIZ$ SEGM5TS ( SOCIETY1 WE RUN ! RISK ( BE+ ABSORB$ BY ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! CURR5T OLIG>*IC REGIME4 ,BUT SU* FE>S CAN ONLY LEAD TO SELF-M>G9ALIZATION & ELITI/_/DIDACTIC ATTITUDES ?AT LEAD ONLY TO 9ACTION4 ,TO !SE FE>S ,CA/ORIADIS HAS RESPOND$ ) ! FOLL[+3 ,SOMEONE :O IS AFRAID ( COOPTATION HAS ALREADY BE5 COOPT$4 ,HIS . ATTITUDE HAS BE5 COOPT$ -- S9CE IT HAS BE5 BLOCK$ UP4 ,! DEEPE/ REA*ES ( HIS M9D HAVE BE5 COOPT$1 = !RE HE SEEKS GU>ANTEES AGA9/ BE+ COOPT$1 & ?US HE HAS ALREADY BE5 CAUY IDEOLOGY3 ! SE>* = AN ANTICOOPTATION TALISMAN OR FETI%I/IC MAGIC *>M4 ,!RE IS NO GU>ANTEE AGA9/ COOPTATION2 9 A S5SE1 EV]Y?+ CAN BE COOPT$1 & EV]Y?+ IS ONE DAY OR ANO!R4.<#e.> ,9 A SPEE*1 DELIV]$ 9 ,A!NS AT #a#i#h#i.<#e#a.>1 ,CA/ORIADIS SAID ?AT :AT IS PREEM95TLY NE$$ TODAY & SEEMS TO BE MISS+ = ! TIME BE+1 IS PASSION = PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 RESPONSIBILITY1 P>TICIPATION1 TO :I*1 AS IT SEEMS UNTIL N[1 ! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E ANSW]+ ) PROMIS+ SIGNS4 CONTA9+ ! G]MS ( ONE POSSIBLE FUTURE4 ,! QUE/ION IS NOT TO BE TOO IMPATI5T1 5TRAP$ 9 ! IMAG9>Y ( 0ONE-NITICIPAT+ PATI5TLY 9 ! CREATION ( ! BUILD+ BLOCKS ( TOMMORR[4 ,CREAT+ ,A ,NEW ,DEMOCRATIC ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,TYPE ,! PUBLIC1 ! PEOPLE1 WILL F9D A WAY TO CREATE =MS WE CANNOT EV5 IMAG9E1 =MS ?AT C\LD SOLVE PROBLEMS ?AT SEEM 9SUP]ABLE TO US4 ,SO :AT IS NE$$ IS ?IS CON/ANT CREATIVE ACTIVITY FROM ! PUBLIC1 & ?AT MEANS MA9LY EV]YBODY'S PASSION = PUBLIC AFFAIRS .<#e#b.> @9 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS ,) 9EQUALITY & 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION ON ! RISE1 A GR[+ NUMB] ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E /RUGGL+ TO A*IEVE ! RITICIPATE 9 ! DECISIONS ?AT WILL AFFECT !M & POT5TIALLY ALT] ! C\RSE ( ! WORLD2 9 O!R WORDS - DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,ONE (T5 NEGLECT$ BUT ESS5TIAL WAY ( MOV+ CORE DEMOCRATIC VALUES & PR9CIPLES LIKE COOP]ATION1 PASSION = P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY FROM ! M>G9S ( \R COLLECTIVE LIFE T[>DS ITS C5T]1 IS ! ATTEMPT TO CREATE AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE ?AT DEEPLY EMBODIES !M4 ,! IMPLEM5TATION ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY ON A L>G] SCALE IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! WID] SELF-EMP[]M5T ( COMMON PEOPLE 7?OSE1 SITUAT$ 0BEL[074 ,ULTIMATELY1 :O WILL REALIZE 9 PRACTICE A SY/EM BAS$ ON POPUL> P>TICIPATION1 IF NOT ! PUBLIC ITSELF8 ,:O WILL P>TICIPATE 9 ! DIRECT-DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS WE IMAG9E - POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 C\NCILS ETC4 - IF NOT ! PEOPLE !MSELVES8 ,?IS REQUIRES A /RATEGY = 9CLUSIVE SELF-EMP[]M5T OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 *ANG+ ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE ( ! MOD]N HUMAN - :O TODAY IS PR$OM9ANTLY A DIS5GAG$ CONSUM] - 9TO AN ACTIVE CITIZ54 ,SURELY1 ANY SU* PROJECT WILL DEM& A LOT ( TIME & EF=T1 SIMULTANE\SLY ON PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL LEVELS1 9 ORD] TO 5ABLE PEOPLE TO DEVELOP DEMOCRATIC HABITS & CULTURE4 ,?IS IS SOME?+ WIDELY NEGLECT$ BY MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y IDEOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE H]E ?AT PEOPLE WILL NOT />T SUDD5LY COOP]AT+1 %>+ & P>TICIPAT+ DIRECTLY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR COLLECTIVE LIVES1 LIKE ?IS IS EMB$D$ 9 !IR ,D,N,A4 ,WE CAN EV5 ASSUME ?AT 9 CRITICAL SITUATIONS SOCIETY DOES NOT HAVE TIME TO DEVELOP BR& NEW SOLUTIONS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT TURNS DESP]ATELY T[>DS ALREADY EXI/+ /RUCTURES1 EV5 IF !Y >E E/ABLI%$ 9 SMALL SCALE1 & T[>DS POLITICAL PROPOSALS1 ?AT MAY HAVE BE5 HIDD5 FROM ! EYE1 BUT W]E NEV] COMPLETELY VANI%$4 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS W>NS US AB\T ! MOM5TS ( DISAPPO9TM5T & SOCIAL CRISIS1 :5 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( SOCIETY GR[S RAPIDLY3 ,BUT TO BE SOCIALLY EFFECTIVE - ?IS AUTONOM\S MASS ACTION CANNOT REMA9 AMORPH\S1 FRAGM5T$ & DISP]S$4 ,IT WILL F9D EXPRESSION 9 PATT]NS ( ACTION & =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 9 WAYS ( DO+ ?+S & ULTIMATELY 9 9/ITUTIONS :I* EMBODY & REFLECT ITS PURPOSE444 ,IF LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES REMA9 BLISSFULLY UNAW>E ( !SE PROBLEMS & HAVE NOT DISCUSS$ OR EV5 5VISAG$ !M !Y CAN RE/ ASSUR$ ?AT O!RS HAVE4.<#e#c.> ,?US IF WE WANT ONE DAY TO LIVE 9 A NON-HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON SOLID>ITY & DIRECT P>TICIPATION1 WE WILL HAVE TO CREATE ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = ITS EXI/5CE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IF WE WANT VALUES LIKE SOLID>ITY & SELF-MANAGEM5T TO TAKE A C5TRAL PLACE 9 \R LIVES1 SIMPLY DE/ROY+ ! CONTEMPOR>Y SY/EM WON'T SUFFICE3 IT C\LD EV5 UNLOCK 0SUPPOS$LY =GOTT50 B>B>IC 9/9CTS AMONG L>GE SECTIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,9/EAD1 WE WILL NE$ PEOPLE :O >E EMBRAC+ !SE VALUES & PR9CIPLES DEEPLY1 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO CO-EXI/ )\T ! PAT]NALISM ( EXTRA-SOCIAL HI]>*IES 7LIKE /ATE BUREAUCRACIES74 ,& WE WILL NE$ LOTS ( SU* PEOPLE4 ,BUT S9CE \R CONTEMPOR>Y CULTURE DOES NOT HAVE !SE DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC PRIORITIES1 IT WILL BE CRUCIAL TO F9D O!R WAYS ( OP5+ SPACES 9 :I* TO PLANT ! SE$S ( A DIFF]5T CULTURE4 ,?IS LOGIC RESEMBLES TO A C]TA9 DEGREE ,]IK ,OL9 ,WRI4 ,GOOD EXAMPLES = SU* SPACES >E ! AUTONOM\S ZONES1 FUNCTION+ 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! WORLD 7LIKE SOCIAL C5T]S1 COMMUNITY G>D5S1 WORK] COOP]ATIVES1 DEMOCRATIC $UCATIONAL PROJECTS1 H\S+ CO-OPS ETC471 AS WELL AS ONES ON A L>G] SCALE1 LIKE ! ,ZAPATI/AS & ! ,KURDI% DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES4 ,SU* SPACES >E ALREADY /RIV+ TO SATISFY REAL HUMAN NE$S BY 9S]T+ AUTONOMY & SOLID>ITY 9 ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( !IR P>TICIPANTS4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y HET]ONOM\S CULTURE ,EV]Y?+ 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ORGANIZATION ( \R SOCIETY OB/RUCTS SU* PR9CIPLES1 9CULCAT+ 9/EAD SUBMISSION & OB$I5CE T[>DS AU?ORITY1 HET]ONOM\S ACCEPTANCE ( PRE-DET]M9$ TRU?S ETC4 ,?IS IS ! SITUATION 9 ! MOD]N FAMILY1 /ATE APP>ATUS1 CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE1 COMPULSORY $UCATION1 ETC4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE D]IVE \R $UCATION 9 CLASSROOMS1 9 :I* \R ATT5TION IS FOCUS$ ON ! FIGURE ( ! TEA*]1 :I* IS POSITION$ 0ABOVE0 ! /UD5T1 & :]E HORIZONTAL 9T]ACTION BETWE5 /UD5TS DUR+ CLASS TRIGG]S P5ALTIES & PUNI%M5TS4 ,FROM AN E>LY AGE \R IMAG9ATION IS FRAM$1 & \R CREATIVITY DULL$1 BY E/ABLI%$ NORMS1 :I* SU/A9 ! EXI/+ HI]>*ICAL CULTURE4 ,WE >E BE+ TAUE TO DRIFT AWAY FROM ! NORM >E IMPOS$4 ,ANO!R NEGATIVE ASPECT1 :I* GR[S \T ( ?IS TYPE ( RELATION%IPS1 IS ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY TODAY REMA9 /RONGLY 5TRAPP$ 9 ! DOCTR9E ( ECONOMISM1 BY ?9K+ ONLY ( H[ TO GET A JOB1 9/EAD ( H[ TO LIVE 9 A MEAN+FUL MANN]4 ,BY ?9K+ 9 ?IS N>R[ C>E]I/ P>ADIGM1 PEOPLE BEG9 TO VIEW ALL !IR LIFE AS A CON/ANT 9T]ACTION BETWE5 BOSSES & EMPLOYES1 )\T SEE+ ANY ALT]NATIVE4 ,9 SU* A M9DSET !RE IS NO 7OR V]Y LIMIT$7 SPACE = PR9CIPLES LIKE DIRECT P>TICIPATION1 COOP]ATION & SOLID>ITY4 ,9 REALITY1 ?IS P>ADIGM N[ DOM9ATES ! IMAG9ATION ( ! MAJORITY ( WORK+ PEOPLE ALL >\ND ! WORLD1 ) T9Y EXCEPTIONS4 ,BUT IF ?IS IS \R PRES5T SITUATION1 :AT WILL HAPP5 TO \R PR9CIPLES & \R DESIRE TO SPREAD !M8 ,ONE POSSIBLE APPROA* TO OV]COME ?IS OPPRESSIVE P>ADIGM & A*IEVE SUCCESS 9 ! DESIR$ DIRECTION1 IS TO 5ABLE ! GRASSROOTS MOVEM5TS 9 :I* WE P>TICIPATE G5]ATE COOP]ATIVE & DIRECT-DEMOCRATIC P[]4 ,& ?IS CAN HAPP5 MA9LY ?R\< ! EM]G5CE ( PEOPLE ?AT DEEPLY VALUE !SE PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT :AT WILL LEAD TO SU* A *ANGE 9 ! AN?ROPLOGICAL TYPE1 SO AS TO MOVE \RSELVES BEYOND ! PASSIVE CONSUM] & DEVELOP A PROTAGONI/ ROLE 9 ! PUBLIC SPH]E8 ,T[>DS A NEW TRANS=MATIVE /RATEGY ,SURELY !RE IS NO EASY ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,ONE POSSIBLE APPROA* IS ! TRANS=MATION :I* TAKES PLACE 9 SMALL SCALE & LOCAL LEVEL 9ITIATIVES1 SIMULTANE\SLY 9 COORD9ATION ) O!R SIMIL> PROCESSES TAK+ PLACE ELSE:]E4 ,CA/ORIADIS SUGGE/S ?AT SU* COLLECTIVITIES WILL BE ! F]TILE SOIL ON :I* DIRECT DEMOCRACY CAN FL\RI%1 AS ! ANCI5T CITY OR ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES ( FREE F>M]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E 9 !IR TIMES1 & = SIMIL> REASONS4.<#e#e.> ,?IS /RATEGY RE/S ON ! IDEA1 ADVOCAT$ BY ! E>LY AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,ETI5NE DE ,LA ,BOETIE.<#e#f.>1 ?AT :AT IS TRULY NATIVE TO PEOPLE IS ONLY !IR PRIMITIVE1 UNTRA9$ 9DIVIDUALITY1 ! RE/ !Y T5D TO TAKE = GRANT$ ACCORD+ TO :AT !Y >E ACCU/OM$ TO4 ,?US1 ! CREATION ( DIFF]5T CONDITIONS1 FAVORABLE ( A DIFF]5T CULTURE1 IS ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE4 ,9 ORD] = ?IS TRANS=MATION TO HAPP51 WE WILL HAVE TO BEG9 PRACTIC+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY FROM TODAY1 & TO SU* A DEGREE1 ) SU* SUCCESS1 ?AT COMMON PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE IT BY ITS BASIC *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,REA*+ L>G] SCALES DEP5DS ON COLLABORATION BETWE5 V>I\S 9ITIATIVES & PROJECTS SU* AS URBAN DELIB]ATIVE GRASSROOTS 9/ITUTIONS1 WORK]S & CONSUM]S COOP]ATIVES1 TIME BANKS1 SOCIAL OR LOCAL CURR5CIES1 DEMOCRATIC $UCATIONAL PROJECTS1 H\S+ CO-OPS ETC41 ?AT AFFECT DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 FILL+ !M ) AUTONOMY & SOLID>ITY4 ,!IR SUCCESS DEP5DS ON ! COLLABORATION BETWE5 !SE SMALL SCALE PROJECTS1 AS WELL AS ON !IR 9N] ORGANIZATION - ! MA9T5ANCE ( DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES ?R\< V>I\S ME*ANISMS LIKE ROTATION ( POSITIONS1 DI/RIBUTION ( PR(ITS AMONG MEMB]S ACCORD+ TO EF=T & SACRIFICE1 ETC4 ,9 ?IS WAY PEOPLE WILL HAVE ! POSSIBILITY TO EXP]I5CE DIFF]5T $UCAT+1 WORK+1 CONSUM+1 COMMUNICAT+1 BANK+ - 9 O!R WORDS1 LIV+ - MAK+ IT EASI] = !M TO IMAG9E A DIFF]5T WAY ( LIFE & BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO ITS F\NDATIONAL PR9CIPLES & COMMITM5TS4 ,?US1 AMONG ! MA9 GOALS ( ! V>I\S MOVEM5TS = DIRECT DEMOCRACY %\LD BE ! CON/ANT CONNECTION ( SELF-MANAG$ PROJECTS ACROSS V>I\S SOCIAL1 ECOLOGICAL1 ECONOMIC & O!R SPH]ES4 ,BY SAY+ ?IS WE ACKN[L$GE ?AT PEOPLE >E NOT ONLY ECONOMIC BE+S1 BUT SOCIAL1 SEXUAL1 & ABOVE ALL POLITICAL ONES1 AS WELL4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE C\LD SEEK ! E/ABLI%M5T ( REGIONAL NETWORKS = SU/A9ABLE LONG T]M DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTIONS1 BAS$ ON DEMOCRATIC COOP]ATION1 SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY4 ,! CULM9ATION ( ?IS 9CLUSIV5ESS %\LD BE S\IES1 & !REBY CREAT+ CONDITIONS = ! EM]G5CE ( NEW CULTURE4 ,?IS PROJECT IS UNFEASIBLE IF WE CONSID] IT ONLY 9 T]MS ( FUTURE G5]ATIONS1 NEGLECT+ \R LIVES TODAY4 ,I SAY ?IS BECAUSE IT IS AN 5ORM\S ?+ TO ASK PEOPLE TO GIVE UP ! 0H]E-&-N[0 9 ! NAME ( AN UNC]TA9 FUTURE4 ,H[EV]1 WE %\LDN'T AB&ON ! G5]ATIONAL PRISM COMPLETELY1 S9CE MANY /RUGGLES ( ! PA/ HAVE S[N ! SE$S ( WAYS ( LIFE :I* >E BEG9N+ TO FL\RI% TODAY4 ,! AMALGAMATION ( ! TWO CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< A /RATEGY = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW CULTURE1 :I* W\LD TRANS=M 9 PRACTICE \R CURR5T EV]YDAY LIFE1 :ILE 9 ADDITION CREAT+ EXCEPTIONS 70CRACKS07 = ALT]NATIVES MODES ( DIRECT P>TICIPATION1 PROJECT+ 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,T[>DS A NEW AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE ,FROM ! ABOVE WE CAN SUGGE/ ?AT ! PRACTICE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY 5C\RAGES ! CREATION ( A DIFF]5T AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE - 9 ! %ELL ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM - /RIV+ AT 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! /ATE & ! CORPORATE SECTOR4 ,?IS PROCESS 5C\RAGES SELF-EMP[]M5T ( ! 9VOLV$ 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES1 & SIMULTANE\SLY (F]S PRACTICAL EXAMPLES ( H[ SOLID>ITY & COLLABORATION CAN BECOME ! BASIC SIGNIFICANT FRAME ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY CAN S]VE AS A TOOL = DEAL+ ) ! PRES5T CULTURAL *ALL5GES BY TEA*+ US H[ TO CREATE SPACES :I* C\LD HELP US RE?9K \R VALUES1 AS !Y >E TODAY1 & TO OV]COME \R WIDESPREAD & DIS5GAG$ CONSUM]ISM4 ,SU* /EPS C\LD OP5 ! POSSIBILITY = ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE ?AT CAN BECOME PROTAGONI/S - DEEPLY IMPASSION$ = PUBLIC AFFAIRS & ) SOLID>ITY T[>DS ! RE/ ( !IR FELL[ HUMANS & NATURE1 & MOV+ PR9CIPLES LIKE SOLID>ITY & DIRECT P>TICIPATION \T ( ! M>G9S1 & T[>DS ! C5T] ( \R COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL LIVES4 ,OR AS ,CA/ORIADIS PUTS IT 3 ,! PASSION = DEMOCRACY & = FRE$OM1 = PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( DI/RACTION1 CYNICISM1 CON=MISM1 & ! CONSUM] RACE4.<#e#g.> ,!SE NEW PR9CIPLES & VALUES1 /EMM+ FROM ! GRASSROOTS1 CAN REPLACE TODAY'S DOM9ANT CONSUM]ISM & HI]>*Y4 ,BUT POLITICAL MANIFE/OS & READY BLUEPR9TS = ! FUTURE >E NOT SUFFICI5T PRECONDITIONS = ?IS TO HAPP54 ,!SE NEW IDEALS HAVE TO BEG9 P5ETRAT+ EV]Y SPH]E ( \R LIFE4 ,:AT'S NE$$ IS A RANGE ( PASSIONATE PRACTICE1 AS DESCRIB$ H]E4 ,!SE LOCALIZ$ & SMALL-SCALE 9ITIATIVES1 ESPECIALLY :5 !Y COLLABORATE1 CAN HELP MAKE US ALL MORE 9DEP5D5T FROM ! CONTEMPOR>Y DOM9ANT /RUCTURES1 & ALL[ US TO BEG9 LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS ( AN ALT]NATIVE1 PO/-CAPITALI/ & NON-/ATI/ FUTURE4 ,CA/ORIADIS & ,BOOK*93 ,POLITICAL ,SIMIL>ITIES ,! PRIM>Y ?REAT TO NATURE & PEOPLE TODAY COMES FROM C5TRALIZ+ & MONOPOLIZ+ P[] & CONTROL4 .<#e#h.> @9 ,V&ANA ,%IVA ,N[ADAYS CON/ANTLY WE >E BE+ TOLD 0FROM ABOVE0 ?AT WE DON'T HAVE A *OICE BUT TO CON=M TO ! /ATUS QUO4 ,! DOM9ANT P[] 9/ITUTIONS >E DO+ EV]Y?+ !Y CAN TO CONV9CE US ?AT ! SOLUTION TO \R SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS IS GO+ TO BE F\ND 9 ! V]Y SAME POLICIES ?AT HAVE CREAT$ !M 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,! ,T4,I4,N4,A4 .<,!RE IS ,NO ,ALT]NATIVE.> N>RATIVE CONT9UES TO DOM9ATE ! MA9/REAM DISC\RSE2 & ! WIDESPREAD CONSUM]I/ CULTURE1 9 COMB9ATION ) ! LONG-LA/+ REPRES5TATIVE CRISIS1 IS 9FECT+ PEOPLE'S IMAG9>Y ) CYNICISM1 G5]AL CON=MISM & APA?Y4 ,BUT G]MS ( O!R WAYS ( ?9K+ & LIV+ >E TRY+ TO BREAK !IR WAY ?R\< ! PASSIVITY ( PRES5T DAY LOGIC4 ,NEW SIGNIFICATIONS ?AT >E GO+ BEYOND ! CONTEMPOR>Y BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ DISC\RSE1 (F]+ NEW SETS ( REASONS & VALUES1 :I* TO NAVIGATE SOCIETAL LIFE AWAY FROM ! DE/RUCTIV5ESS ( CON/ANT ECONOMIC GR[? & CYNICAL APA?Y4 ,) POPUL> DISSATISFACTION ( ! PRES5T ORD] ( ?+S ON ! RISE WE CAN DI/+UI% TWO SIGNIFICATIONS ?AT (F] A RADICAL BREAK ) ! PRES5T NORMALITY3 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !RE IS GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 POLITICAL P>TICIPATION & DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,N[ADAYS IT IS BECOM+ ALMO/ UN?9KABLE TO ?9K ( POPUL> UNRE/ \TSIDE ( ! G5]AL FRAME ( DEMOCRACY3 FIR/1 ! DEM&S ALMO/ ALWAYS REVOLVE >\ND MORE CITIZ5 9VOLVEM5T 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R2 SECOND1 ! WAY ( ORGANIZ+ POPUL> /RUGGLE = A LONG TIME HAS . ! C5TRALISM ( ! TRADITIONAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 9SI/+ 9/EAD ON SELF-ORGANIZATION & COLLABORATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ECOLOGY IS EM]G+ AS MAJOR CONC]N & AS AN ANSW] TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y GR[?-BAS$ POLITICO-ECONOMIC MODEL ?AT IS RESPONSIBLE = ! CREATION ( A TANGIBLE 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS & RAPIDLY UNFOLD+ CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,IT IS BE+ EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( POPUL> /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITALI/ EXTRACTIVI/ PROJECTS1 H>MFUL TO ! 5VIRONM5T1 HUMAN HEAL?1 AS WELL AS TO LOCAL AUTONOMY4 ,IT ALSO TAKES ! =M ( RESI/ANCE TO CONSUM]I/ CULTURE1 BO? ( :I* BOO/ 9NOVATIVE NEW !ORIES LIKE DE-GR[?4 ,AMONG ! DIV]SE SPECTRUM ( ?9K]S ?AT N[ADAYS >E DEVELOP+ !SE NEW SIGNIFICATIONS WE CAN DI/+UI% ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS & ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 AS TWO ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL4 ,BO? EM]G$ FROM ! ,LEFT & ?R\< !IR ?\4 ,N[ADAYS !IR LEGACY IS BE+ C>RI$ ON BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & /RUGGLES ?AT PLACE !SE TWO SIGNIFICATIONS AT ! HE>T ( !IR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES4 ,CA/ORIADIS'S ?\ UPRIS+S ACROSS ,EUROPE ( ! LA/ YE>S & ESPECIALLY ) ! SO CALL$ 0,MOVEM5T ( ! ,SQU>ES0 7ALSO KN[N AS ,! ,9DIGNADOS71 ?AT WAS DRIV5 NOT BY 0PURE0 IDEOLOGIES BUT BY PASSION = POLITICAL ACTION & CRITICAL ?9K+1 :ILE ,BOOK*9'S PROJECT IS BE+ P>TIALLY IMPLEM5T$ 9 PRACTICE BY ! KURDI% LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ 7MO/ NOTABLY 9 ,ROJAVA71 9FLU5C+ IT TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT IT COMPLETELY AB&ON$ ITS M>XI/-L59I/ ORI5TATION4 ,IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ! T>GET ( ! PRES5T TEXT IS NOT ! DEVELOPM5T ( A DEEP COMP>ATIVE ANALYSIS BETWE5 ! WORKS ( BO? ( !M1 BUT 9/EAD AN EF=T AT UND]L9+ TWO ELEM5TS ( !IR ?\E ESPECIALLY ACTUAL = \R CURR5T CONTEXT & >E *>G$ ) HUGE POT5TIAL = *ANGE4 ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY ,BO? ,CA/ORIADIS & ,BOOK*9 SAW GREAT LIB]ATORY POT5TIAL 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY & PLAC$ IT AT ! HE>T ( !IR POLITICAL PROJECTS4 ,!Y DEVOT$ A GREAT P>T ( !IR WRIT+S TO ?AT MATT]1 DEVELOP+ ?IS NOTION BEYOND ! FRAMES SET BY TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGIES4 ,9 />K DIFF]5CE ) AU?ORIT>IAN VIEWS1 MI/RU/+ SOCIETY & ?US CALL+ = ITS SUBJECTION TO HI]>*ICAL1 EXTRA-SOCIAL ME*ANISMS1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R1 ) SU* VIEWS ?AT REJECT EV]Y =M ( LAWS & 9/ITUTIONS1 ! TWO ?9K]S PROPOS$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( /RUCTURES & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL ALL[ DIRECT PUBLIC 9T]ACTION1 :ILE MA9TA9+ SOCIAL COHESION ?R\< HORIZONTAL FL[S ( P[]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CA/ORIADIS1 ! MAJORITY ( HUMAN SOCIETIES W]E E/ABLI%$ ON ! BASIS ( HET]ONOMY1 :I* HE DESCRIBES AS A SITUATION 9 :I* ! SOCIETY'S RULES >E BE+ SET BY SOME EXTRA-SOCIAL S\RCE 7SU* AS ! P>TY1 GOD1 HI/ORIC NECESSITY1 ETC474 ,! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! HET]ONOM\S SOCIETIES >E CONCEIV$ AS GIV5_/SELF-EVID5T & ?US1 UNQUE/IONABLE1 I4E4 9COMPATIBLE ) POPUL> 9T]ACTION4 ,= HIM ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! MOD]N WE/]N WORLD1 :ILE USUALLY *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0DEMOCRACY01 IS ACTUALLY A LIB]AL OLIG>*Y1 ) SOME LIB]TIES = ! PEOPLE1 BUT ! G5]AL MANAGEM5T ( SOCIAL LIFE IS SITUAT$ 9 ! H&S ( T9Y ELITES4.<#f.> ,= ,CA/ORIADIS DEMOCRACY IS AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( ! SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY 7! PEOPLE TO SET !IR [N RULES & 9/ITUTIONS71 :I* IS ! OPPOSITE ( HET]ONOMY4 ,:AT HE CALL$ ! PROJECT ( AUTONOMY 5TAIL$ DIRECT-DEMOCRATIC SELF-9/ITUT+ BY ! SOCIETY1 CONSI/+ ( CONSCI\S CITIZ5S1 :O REALIZE ?AT !Y DRAW !IR [N DE/9Y & NOT SOME EXTRA-SOCIAL =CE1 EI!R NATURAL OR METAPHYSICAL4.<#f#a.> ,I4E4 9 ! H&S ( SOCIETY LIES ! HIE BAS$ ON ! ELECTION ( REPRES5TATIVES & NOT ON DIRECT CITIZ5 P>TICIPATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM DEMOCRACY CAN BE ONLY DIRECT1 ?US 9COMPATIBLE ) BUREAUCRACY1 EXP]TISM1 ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & O!R FEATURES ( \R MOD]N POLITICAL SY/EM4.<#f#b.> ,ON A MORE CONCRETE LEVEL HE SUGGE/$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( T]RITORIAL UNITS ) POPULATIONS ( UP TO #a1 PEOPLE1 :I* . TO SELF-MANAGE !MSELVES ?R\< G5]AL ASSEMBLIES4 ,= COORD9ATION BETWE5 DIFF]5T SU* UNITS HE PROPOS$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( C\NCILS & COMMITTEES TO :I* ! LOCAL DECISION-MAK+ BODIES . S5D REVOCABLE %ORT-T]M DELEGATES4.<#f#c.> ,?US P[] REMA9S 9 ! H&S ( ! DEMOS1 :ILE ALL[+ NON-/ATI/ COORD9ATION ON A L>G] SCALE4 ,= ,BOOK*9 TOO1 ! *>ACT]IZATION ( ! TODAY'S SY/EM AS A DEMOCRACY WAS A MI/AKE1 AN OXYMORON4 ,HE REM9DS US ?AT TWO C5TURIES AGO ! T]M DEMOCRACY WAS DEPICT$ BY RUL]S AS 0MOB RULE01 A PRELUDE TO *AOS1 :ILE N[ADAYS . IS BE+ US$ TO MASK ONE REPRES5TATIVE REGIME1 :I* 9 ITS ESS5CE IS REPUBLICAN OLIG>*Y S9CE A T9Y CLIQUE ( A *OS5 FEW RULES OV] ! P[]LESS MANY4.<#f#d.> ,BOOK*91 LIKE ,CA/ORIADIS1 BAS$ HIS UND]/&+ ( DEMOCRACY ON ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ANCI5T ,A!NIAN POLITIA4 ,?AT IS ONE ( ! REASONS HE PLAC$ SO MU* ATT5TION ON ! ROLE ( ! CITY4.<#f#e.> ,HE DESCRIBES H[ ) ! RISE ( :AT HE CALL$ /ATECRAFT1 ! ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 DEEPLY & MORALLY COMMITT$ TO !IR CITIES1 W]E REPLAC$ BY PASSIVE CONSUM]S SUBJECT$ TO P>LIAM5T>IAN RULE1 :OSE FREE TIME IS SP5T %OPP+ 9 RETAIL /ORES & MEGA MALLS4 ,AFT] MANY YE>S ( 9VOLVEM5T 9 DIFF]5T POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 ,BOOK*9 DEVELOP$ HIS [N POLITICAL PROJECT1 CALL$ ,COMMUNALISM4 ,BAS$ ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 IT REVOLVES EXT5SIVELY >\ND ! QUE/ION ( P[]1 REJECT+ ESCAPI/ & LIFE/YLE PRACTICES4 ,COMMUNALISM FOCUSES 9/EAD ON A C5T] ( P[] ?AT C\LD POT5TIALLY BE SUBJECT$ TO ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE - ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL - ?R\< :I* TO CREATE & COORD9ATE LOCAL ASSEMBLES4 ,HE EMPHASIZ$ ! ANTAGONI/IC *>ACT] T[>DS ! /ATE APP>ATUS ?AT !SE 9/ITUTIONS HAVE & ! POSSIBILITY ( !M BECOM+ ! EXCLUSIVE S\RCES ( P[] 9 !IR VILLAGES1 T[NS & CITIES4 ,! DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES1 ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/$1 W\LD CONF$]ATE ) EA* O!R BY S5D+ REVOCABLE DELEGATES TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]AL C\NCILS1 ?US *ALL5G+ ! NE$ ( C5TRALIZ$ /ATI/ P[]4 ,?IS CONCRETE MODEL ,BOOK*9 CALL$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM.<#f#f.>1 :I* HAS 9FLU5C$ TO A BIG DEGREE ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN & ! ,KURDI% /RUGGLE = SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,A DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( ,BOOK*9'S VISION ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 HIS COMMUNALISM WAS ! ELEM5T ( MAJORITY VOT+1 :I* HE CONSID]$ AS ! ONLY EQUITABLE WAY = A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS4.<#f#g.> ,ACCORD+ TO HIM CONS5SUS1 9 :I* A S+LE P]SON CAN VETO EV]Y DECISION1 PRES5TS A DANG] = SOCIETY TO BE DISMANTL$4 ,H[EV]1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY POSSESS KN[L$GE & MEMORY1 & ?US ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVITY DOES NOT HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 DEPRIV+ 0M9ORITIES0 ( !IR RIE A POT5TIAL S\RCE ( NEW 9SIE GREAT S\RCES ( CREATIVITY & PROGRESS = SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,ECOLOGY ,ECOLOGY PLAY$ MAJOR ROLE 9 ! ?\K CONTRA/ FROM MO/ ( ! 5VIRONM5TALI/S ( !IR TIME 7& ( TODAY AS WELL74 ,UNLIKE ! WIDESPREAD UND]/&+ ( NATURE AS A COMMODITY1 AS SOME?+ SEP>AT$ FROM SOCIETY1 ,CA/ORIADIS & ,BOOK*9 VIEW$ IT 9 DIRECT L9K ) SOCIAL LIFE1 RELATION%IPS & VALUES1 ?US 9CORPORAT+ IT 9 !IR POLITICAL PROJECTS4 ,CA/ORIADIS >GUES ?AT ECOLOGY IS1 9 ITS ESS5CE1 A POLITICAL MATT]4 ,IT IS AB\T POLITICAL *OICES = SETT+ C]TA9 LIMITS & GOALS 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE4.<#f#h.> ,IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) SCI5CE1 S9CE ! LATT] IS AB\T EXPLOR+ POSSIBILITIES & GIV+ ANSW]S TO SPECIFIC QUE/IONS & NOT AB\T SELF-LIMITATION4 ,H[EV]1 ,CA/ORIADIS URGES MOBILIZ+ SCI5CE'S RES\RCES = EXPLOR+ NATURE & \R IMPACT ON IT1 BUT HE REMA9S FIRM ?AT ! *OICE ?AT WILL BE MADE 9 ! 5D WILL BE 9 ITS ESS5CE A POLITICAL ONE4 ,!RE=E1 ! SOLUTIONS ?AT %\LD BE GIV5 TO EV]Y ECOLOGICAL CRISIS %\LD BE POLITICAL4 ,CA/ORIADIS REMA9S CRITICAL ( ! GRE5 P>TIES & ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM 9 G5]AL1 S9CE ?R\< ! ELECTORAL PROCESSES IT /RIVES AT 0LIB]AT+0 ! PEOPLE FROM POLITICS1 . IT 9/EAD SOLELY 9 ! H&S ( PR(ESSIONAL 0REPRES5TATIVES04 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS ! PEOPLE >E LEFT TO VIEW NATURE 9 A DE-POLITICIZ$ MANN]1 ONLY AS A COMMODITY1 BECAUSE ( :I* MANY CONTEMPOR>Y ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS DEAL ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ) QUE/IONS AB\T ! 5VIRONM5T1 UNCONC]N$ ) SOCIAL & POLITICAL MATT]S4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS L9E ( ?\DS ! R>E OCCASIONS :5 BIG GRE5 MOVEM5TS & P>TIES COME UP ) PROPOSALS ( A POLITICAL NATURE = RESOLV+ ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS4.<#f#i.> ,?IS IS SO1 BECAUSE MO/ ( ! TIME1 AL?\< !IR POLITICAL PROPOSALS REVOLVE >\ND MORE POPUL> P>TICIPATION - = EXAMPLE GRE5 P>TIES ?AT HAVE COME UP ) PROPOSALS = SORTITION & ROTATION ( !IR ,M4,P4'S1 MORE REF]5DUMS1 ETC4 - !Y >E /ILL EMB$D$ 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y P>LIAM5T>Y REGIME4 ,BE+ AN ADVOCATE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ,CA/ORIADIS BELIEVES ?AT S+LE ELEM5TS ( IT1 BE+ EMB$D$ 9 ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 WILL LOSE !IR MEAN+4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,BOOK*9 ALSO L9KS ! ECOLOGICAL SPH]E ) ! SOCIAL ONE & POLITICS 9 G5]AL4 ,= HIM NE>LY ALL ( ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS RESULT FROM PROBLEMS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! SOCIAL ORD] - BECAUSE ( :I* HE SPOKE AB\T SOCIAL ECOLOGY4.<#g.> ,ECOLOGICAL CRISES C\LDN'T BE EI!R UND]/OOD NOR MU* LESS RESOLV$ IF NOT L9K$ TO SOCIETY1 S9CE ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 G5D] & O!R CONFLICTS 9 IT W]E ! S\RCE ( S]I\S ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS4 ,BOOK*91 LIKE ,CA/ORIADIS1 /RONGLY DISAGRE$ ) 5VIRONM5TALI/S :O LOOK$ TO DISCONNECT ECOLOGY FROM POLITICS & SOCIETY1 ID5TIFY+ IT 9/EAD ) PRES]VATION ( WILDLIFE1 WILD]NESS OR MAL?USIAN DEEP ECOLOGY1 ETC4.<#g#a.> ,HE 9SI/$ ON ! IMPACT ON NATURE ?AT \R CAPITALI/ HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY IS CAUS+ 7) ITS L>GE SCALE1 PR(IT-DRIV51 EXTRACTIVI/ PROJECTS71 ?US MAK+ IT CLE> ?AT UNLESS WE RESOLVE \R SOCIAL PROBLEMS WE CANNOT SAVE ! PLANET4 ,= ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ! HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY ?AT HAVE P]MEAT$ SOCIETY TODAY >E ! MA9 S\RCES ( ! V]Y IDEA ?AT MAN %\LD DOM9ATE NATURE4 ,?US ! ECOLOGICAL /RUGGLE CANNOT HOPE = ANY SUCCESS UNLESS IT 9TEGRATES ITSELF 9TO A HOLI/IC POLITICAL PROJECT ?AT *ALL5GES ! V]Y S\RCE ( ! PRES5T 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL CRISIS1 ?AT IS1 TO *ALL5GE HI]>*Y & 9EQUALITY4.<#g#b.> ,CONCLUSION ,DESPITE ! DIFF]5CES & DISAGREEM5TS BETWE5 !M1 ,CA/ORIADIS & ,BOOK*9 %>$ A LOT 9 COMMON - ESPECIALLY ! WAY !Y VIEW$ DIRECT DEMOCRACY & ECOLOGY4 ,!IR CONTRIBUTIONS 9 !SE FIELDS PROVID$ V]Y F]TILE SOIL = FUR!R !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL ADVANCE4 ,IT IS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT 9 A P]IOD 9 :I* ! QUE/IONS ( DEMOCRACY & ECOLOGY >E ATTRACT+ GR[+ ATT5TION1 WE LI/5 EV] MORE (T5 AB\T ! TWO ( !M4 ,!SE CONCEPTS >E PROV+ TO BE ( GREAT 9T]E/ TO AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9 AN AGE ( CONT9U\S DEPRIVATION ( RITICULATE AS A POT5TIAL SUB/ITUTE = ! ROTT+ ONES ( HI]>*Y & COMMODIFICATION :I* DOM9ATE & DE/ROY \R WORLD TODAY4 ,BIBLIOGRAPHY ,A 0,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE0 ,AN?OLOGY3 ,AUTONOMY1 ,CRITIQUE & ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,AGE ( ,BUREAUCRATIC ,CAPITALISM4 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a#g4 7,AVAILABLE ONL9E ON WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG7 ,ADAMS1 ,SUZI4 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,KEY ,CONCEPTS4 ,SYDNEY3 ,BLOOMSBURY1 #b#a#d4 ,>5DT1 ,HANNAH4 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,SAN ,DIEGO3 ,A ,H>VE/ ,BOOK1 #a#i#g#i4 ,C>DAN1 ,PAUL 7,CA/ORIADIS74 ,HI/ORY & ,REVOLUTION3 A REVOLUTION>Y CRITIQUE ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,SOLID>ITY ,PAMPHLET ,NO#c#h1 #a#i#g#a4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,W9D[ ON ! ,*AOS1 ,9CLUD+ 0,H[ ,I ,DIDN'T ,BECOME A ,MUSICIAN0 7,BETA ,V]SION74 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a#e4 7,AVAILABLE ONL9E ON WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG7 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,DEMOCRACY & ,RELATIVISM3 ,DISCUSSION ) ! 0,M,A,U,S,S0 ,GR\P4 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a#c4 7,AVAILABLE ONL9E ON WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG7 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,PO/SCRIPT ON ,9SIGNIFICANCY4 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a#g4 7,AVAILABLE ONL9E ON WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG7 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,A ,SOCIETY ,ADRIFT4 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a4 7,AVAILABLE ONL9E ON WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG7 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,FIGURES ( ! ,?9KABLE 79CLUD+ 0,PASSION & ,KN[L$GE074 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#e4 7,AVAILABLE ONL9E ON WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG7 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP4 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c4 7,AVAILABLE ONL9E ON WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG7 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,HI/ORY AS ,CREATION4 ,SOLID>ITY ,PAMPHLET ,NO4#e#d1 #a#i#g#h4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,WRIT+S ,VOLUME #a4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,WRIT+S ,VOLUME #b4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,WRIT+S ,VOLUME #c4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,! ,IMAG9>Y ,9/ITUTION ( ,SOCIETY4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,! ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS4 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,ECONOMICS ( A ,SELF-,MANAG$ ,SOCIETY4 ,=DSBURG3 ,ZABALAZA ,BOOKS1 #b#g4 ,CURTIS1 ,DAVID ,AMES7,$ITOR74 ,! ,CA/ORIADIS ,READ]4 ,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#i#g4 ,]IKS51 ,]IK ,ODDV> @& ,WEIG>D1 ,J>LE3 ,UND]/&+ ,HAB]MAS3 ,COMMUNICATIVE ,ACTION & ,DELIB]ATIVE ,DEMOCRACY4 ,OSLO3 ,BLOOMSBURY1 #b#d4 ,K>ALIS1 ,VRASRIDIS7,$ITOR74 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS & ,RADICAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,LEID53 ,BRILL1 #b#a#d4 ,KLOOG]1 ,JEFF4 ,PSY*E1 ,SOCIETY1 ,AUTONOMY4 ,LEID53 ,BRILL1 #b#i4 ,LAT\*E1 ,S]GE4 ,F>EWELL TO ,GR[?4 ,OX=D3 ,POLITY1 #b#i4 ,M\FFE1 ,*ANTAL7,$ITOR74 ,DIM5SIONS ( ,RADICAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #a#i#i#b4 ,R\SSEAU1 ,JEAN-,JACQUES4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT4 ,W>E3 ,WORDSWOR? ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#i#h4 ,R\SSOP\LOS1 ,DIMITRIOS4 ,POLITICAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,BEYOND ,5VIRONM5TALISM4 ,PORSGRUNN3 ,NEW ,COMPASS ,PRESS1 #b#a#e4 ,BIOGRAPHIES ,YAVOR ,T>9SKI IS 9DEP5D5T RESE>*] & MILITANT 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,HE IS CURR5TLY A MEMB] ( ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ! ,GREEK LIB]T>IAN J\RNAL AFTOLEKSI4GR1 P>T ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE BO>D ( ! ,TRANSNATIONAL ,9/ITUTE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 AS WELL AS BIBLIOGRAPH] AT ,AGORA ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AU?OR ( ! BOOK 0,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY3 ,CONTEXT1 ,SOCIETY1 ,9DIVIDUALITY0 7,DURTY ,BOOKS1 #b#a#i7 ,DR4 ,M>K ,MASON WAS TRA9$ AS A BIOLOGICAL AN?ROPOLOGI/ $UCAT$ AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA1 ,B]KELEY1 & WAS 5GAG$ 9 ! ,OCCUPY & BIOREGIONAL GRE5 & PEACE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,HE (F]S ANALYZES ( ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' DOME/IC & =EIGN POLICIES = ! 9T]NATIONAL NEWS M$IA4 .<#a.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,PO/SCRIPT ON ,9SIGNIFICANCE3 ,DIALOGUES ) ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,LONDON1 CONT9UUM #b#a#a4 P4#a#a .<#b.> ,PET] ,OSBORNE 7$ITOR73 ,A ,CRITICAL ,S5SE3 ,9T]VIEWS ) ,9TELLECTUALS 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#i#f71 PP#a#h-#a#i .<#c.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,A ,SOCIETY ,ADRIFT 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a71 PP#e-#a#e .<#d.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,IMAG9>Y ,9/ITUTION ( ,SOCIETY1 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,! ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h71 P#a .<#e.> ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT 7,W>E3 ,WORDSWOR? ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#i#h71 #b4 .<#f.> ,M>CO ,D]IU3 ,DEMOCRACIES ) A FUTURE3 ,DEGR[? & ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITION 79 ,FUTURES VOL4#d#d ISSUE #f1 #b#a#b71 #eef .<#g.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,DEMOCRACY ,TODAY 79 ,DEMOCRACY @& ,NATURE1 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,J\RNAL ( ,POLITICS & ,ECOLOGY VOL4#c ISSUE #b1 #a#i#i#g71 #a#h-#c#e .<#h.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c71 #bg .<#i.> ,*I>A ,BOTTICI3 ,IMAG9AL ,POLITICS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#a#d71 #adg .<#a.> ,JEFF ,KLOOG]3 ,PSY*E1 ,SOCIETY1 ,AUTONOMY 7,LEID53 ,BRILL1 #b#i71 #g .<#a#a.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,A ,SOCIETY ,ADRIFT 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a71 #aic .<#a#b.> ,FI%] @& ,KATS\RAKIS3 ,P]=M+ ,ANTAGONISM 7,LONDON3 ,MACMILLAN ,PUBLI%]S #b#a#g71 #bie .<#a#c.> ,NANA ,BILUS ,ABAFFY3 ,! ,RADICAL ,TRAGIC ,IMAG9>Y3 ,CA/ORIADIS ON ,AES*YLUS @& ,SOPHOCLES 79 ,COSMOS & ,HI/ORY3 ,! ,J\RNAL ( ,NATURAL & ,SOCIAL ,PHILOSOPHY1 VOL4 #h1 ISSUE #b1 #b#a#b71 #dh .<#a#d.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c71 #bbf .<#a#e.> ,IBID1 #id .<#a#f.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,DEMOCRACY & ,RELATIVISM3 ,DISCUSSION ) ! 0,M,A,U,S,S0 ,GR\P 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION #b#a#c71 #ef .<#a#g.> ,DIMITRIOS ,R\SSOP\LOS3 ,POLITICAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,BEYOND ,5VIRONM5TALISM 7,PORSGRUNN3 ,NEW ,COMPASS ,PRESS1 #b#a#e7 #d#d-#d#e .<#a#h.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY1 #aac .<#a#i.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,IMAG9>Y ,9/ITUTION ( ,SOCIETY 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,! ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h71 #aa .<#b.> WWW4ON!COMMONS4ORG .<#b#a.> ,DAVID ,AMES,CURTIS 7,$ITOR73 ,! ,CA/ORIADIS ,READ] 7,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#i#g71 #dag .<#b#b.> ,S]GE ,LAT\*E3 ,F>EWELL TO ,GR[? 7,OX=D3 ,POLITY1 #b#i7 .<#b#c.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY1 #aaf .<#b#d.> ,HANNAH ,>5DT3 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,TOTALIT>IANISM 7,SAN ,DIEGO3 ,A ,H>VE/ ,BOOK1 #a#i#g#i7 .<#b#e.> ,DAVID ,AMES ,CURTIS3 ,! ,CA/ORIADIS ,READ]1 ,OX=D1 ,BLACKWELL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#i#g4 PP,XI-,XII .<#b#f.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP1 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c4 PP#a#a#g-#a#a#h .<#b#g.> ,DAVID ,AMES ,CURTIS3 ,! ,CA/ORIADIS ,READ]1 ,OX=D1 ,BLACKWELL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#i#g4 P#b#d#f .<#b#h.> ,OP4 ,CIT4 #c .<#b#i.> ,ELLIOT @& ,HSU3 ,! ,CONSEQU5CES ( ,GLOBAL ,DISA/]S1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,R\TL$GE #b#a#f4 P#a#a .<#c.> ,SUZI ,ADAMS3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,KEY ,KONCEPTS1 ,LONDON1 ,BLOOMSBURY #b#a#d4 P#a#g#d .<#c#a.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP1 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c4 P#a#a#c .<#c#b.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP1 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c4 P#a#a#f .<#c#c.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP1 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c4 P#a#b#b .<#c#d.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP1 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c4 P#a#b .<#c#e.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP1 UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c4 P#a#b#c .<#c#f.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,WORK+ ,CLASS & ,ORGANIZATION 7,SOLID>ITY ,PAMPHLETS ,NO4 #bb & ,NO4 #b#c41 #a#i#e#i7 .<#c#g.> RO>MAG4ORG .<#c#h.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,A ,SOCIETY ,ADRIFT 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a71 P#e .<#c#i.> WWW4RESPUBLICA4GR .<#d.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,A ,SOCIETY ,ADRIFT 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a71 P#c#c .<#d#a.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,WRIT+S ,VOLUME #c 7,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c71 P#a#c .<#d#b.> RO>MAG4ORG .<#d#c.> !COMMUNI/S4ORG .<#d#d.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY3 ,! ,BIG ,SLEEP 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c71 P#b#a#g .<#d#e.> WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG .<#d#f.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,WRIT+S ,VOLUME #b 7,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h71 PP#i#h-#i#i .<#d#g.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,ECONOMICS ( A ,SELF-,MANAG$ ,SOCIETY 7,=DSBURG3 ,ZABALAZA ,BOOKS1 #b#g7 .<#d#h.> WWW4NEW/ATESMAN4COM .<#d#i.> WWW4NOTBOR$4ORG .<#e.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,POLTICAL & ,SOCIAL ,WRIT+S3 ,VOLUME #c 7,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c71 P#a#c#b .<#e#a.> WWW4A!NE4ANT5NA4NL .<#e#b.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 0,! ,PROBLEM ( ,DEMOCRACY ,TODAY0 .<#e#c.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 0,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,WRIT+S0 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h72 P4 #i#f4 .<#e#d.> ,]IK ,OL9 ,WRI ,! ,CA/ORIADIS ,READ] P#e#f .<#e#f.> ,JAMES ,S4 ,SLOTK91 0,READ+S 9 ,E>LY ,AN?ROPOLOGY0 7,R\TL$GE1 #b#a#a72 P4 #g#i4 .<#e#g.> ,! ,CA/ORIADIS ,READ] P#d#a#f .<#e#h.> ,/EPH5 ,SP5C]3 ,RACE & ,E?NICITY3 ,CULTURE1 ,ID5TITY1 & ,REPRES5TATION 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 #b#a#d71 P#b#d .<#e#i.> WWW4DEMOCRACYNATURE4ORG .<#f.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,DEMOCRACY ,TODAY 79 ,DEMOCRACY @& ,NATURE1 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,J\RNAL ( ,POLITICS & ,ECOLOGY VOL4#c ISSUE #b1 #a#i#i#g7 .<#f#a.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,A ,SOCIETY ,ADRIFT 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a7 .<#f#b.> ,OP4 CIT4 #c .<#f#c.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,DEMOCRACY & ,RELATIVISM3 ,DISCUSSION ) ! 0,M,A,U,S,S0 ,GR\P 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#a#c71 PP#d#b-#d#c .<#f#d.> WWW49CLUSIV$EMOCRACY4ORG .<#f#e.> !AN>*I/LIBR>Y4ORG .<#f#f.> ,OP4 CIT4 #g .<#f#g.> ,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 ,! ,NEXT ,REVOLUTION3 ,POPUL> ,ASSEMBLIES & ! ,PROMISE ( ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY 7,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #b#a#e71 PP#a#g-#c#h .<#f#h.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,RIS+ ,TIDE ( ,9SIGNIFICANCY 7UNAU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 #b#c71 PP#a#i-#a#b#c .<#f#i.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS3 ,! ,CA/ORADIS ,READ] 7,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL 1#a#i#i#g71 PP#b#c#i-#b#e#b .<#g.> DW>DMAC4PITZ]4$U .<#g#a.> !AN>*I/LIBR>Y4ORG .<#g#b.> ,OP4 CIT4 #ac ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,POLITICAL ,LEGACY ( ,CA/ORIADIS -- ,ADD$4 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h1 #bbb 3 ,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,POLITICAL ,LEGACY ( ,CA/ORIADIS -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4,REVOLT,LIB4COM_/