,! ,GLOBAL ,GAME ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,JOSE ,ANTONIO ,GUTI]REZ ,DANTON ,TEXT 3 ,?IS >TICLES *>TS ! C\RSE ( GLOBAL GEO-POLITICS S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 ! EM]G5CE ( NEW REGIONAL P[]S & ! RECURR+ CYCLE ( CRISES 9 NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! GREAT F9ANCIAL CRISIS ( #b#h4 ,CAPITALISM1 AFT] DECADES ( /EADY GR[? & SEEM+LY NEV]-5D+ PROSP]ITY1 RECEIV$ A %OCK DUR+ ! CRISIS ( ! E>LY #gS4 ,?AT P>TICUL> CRISIS SIGNAL$ ! =MAL 5D ( ,KEYNESIANISM & M>K$ ! EM]G5CE ( NEOLIB]ALISM AS ! DOM9ANT CAPITALI/ MODE ( ACCUMULATION4 ,NEOLIB]ALISM ALL[$ ! RECOMPOSITION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ALL[$ A NEW EXPANSION 9 ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS GR[? WAS F> FROM ! /EADY & OPTIMI/IC DECADES ( ! #eS-#fS4 ,! LA/ C\PLE ( DECADES HAVE SE5 NEW PROBLEMS LIKE ! SYN*RONIZ$ RECESSIONS ( #b#a-#b#c & P]IODIC ECONOMIC CRISES EXPRESS$ 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,!SE CRISES %[$ UNEQUIVOCALLY ! GR[+ VULN]ABILITY ( ! WORLD ECONOMY & ! 9CREAS+ TIDE ( A NEW POPUL> MOVEM5T QUE/ION+ ! GLOBAL EFFECTS ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION4 ,?IS MOVEM5T WAS MADE UP ( ! SO-CALL$ ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T 9 ! FIR/ WORLD & A NEW TYPE ( NATIONALISM 9 ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES - TWO CONTRADICTORY EXPRESSIONS ( ! SAME BASIC ECONOMIC =CE4 ,SO1 :ILE WE MITICUL> TYPE ( ACCUMULATION MODEL1 ! MA9 FEATURE ( ! #a#i#iS WAS ! REM>KABLE EXPANSION ( ! ,U,S TO BECOME A UNIPOL> HEGEMONIC P[]4 ,?IS WAS FACILITAT$ BY A NUMB] ( 9T]NATIONAL FACTORS3 #a4 ,! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ITS >EA ( 9FLU5CE 9 #a#i#h#i-#a#i#i4 ,?IS ALL[$ ! UNCONTE/$ EXPANSION ( NEOLIB]ALISM 9TO 0VIRG90 T]RITORY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT REMOV$ ! MA9 COMPETITOR ( ! ,U,S4#b4 ,! ECONOMIC CRISIS 9 ,JAPAN 9 ! MID #iS1 ! ONLY S]I\S C\NT]WEIE 9 ! ,U,S FROM ! MID #hS1 & *AUV9I/IC ATTITUDES W]E SYMPTOMATICALLY EXPRESS$ 9 ! C> 9DU/RY4 #c4 ,! EM]G5CE ( NEW 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY 7TELECOMS1 ! S(TW>E & BIOTE* REVOLUTION1 >TIFICIAL 9TELLIG5CE1 ETC47,?US1 ! #iS W]E P>TICUL>LY GOOD = ! ,U,S3 FROM #a#i#h-#b1 ,G,D,P GREW #i#c.01 9VE/M5TS GREW #a#h.0 & FROM #aiia TO #aiii PR(IT RATES D\BL$4 ,BETWE5 #aiif & #aiih - YE>S ?AT SAW ECONOMIC CRISIS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ,MEXICO & ,JAPAN -- ,U,S CORPORATIONS SAW !IR PR(IT RATES 9CREASE BY #d#f4#f.04 ,! SPECTACUL> GR[? ( ! ,U,S ECONOMY 9 ! #iS L$ !IR NEO-CONS]VATIVE 9TELLIG5TSIA TO FANTASIZE AB\T ! 5D ( HI/ORY & A NEV]-5D+ ROAD TO PROSP]ITY1 NOT TO BE DI/URB$ BY ! OMNIPRES5T Y ELEM5TS ( A REACTION>Y CLASS4 ,CLE> REPRES5TATIVES ( ?IS TR5D W]E ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN DICTATOR%IPS & ! RISE TO P[] ( ,M>G>ET ,?AT*] 9 ! ,U,K1 ,RONALD ,REAGAN 9 ! ,U,S1 ,NAKASONE 9 ,JAPAN & SIMIL> REGIMES 9 MO/ ( LIB]AL ,EUROPE 7,BELGIUM1 ,D5M>K1 ,HOLL&74 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 UND] ! TUTELAGE ( PEOPLE LIKE ,G]MAN *ANCELLOR ,KOHL1 TURN$ FROM ! C5T] TO ! RI POPE1 :O PLAY$ A NOT 9SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 LEGITIMIZ+ ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN TYRANNIES & 9 FACILITAT+ ! NEO-LIB]ALIZATION ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE &1 9 ! PROCESS1 CRU%+ ! LEFTI/ T5D5CIES 9 ! ,CA?OLIC *UR*4 ,! 5D ( ,SOVIET 9FLU5CE 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE RESULT$ 9 ITS REPLACEM5T BY EXTREMELY CONS]VATIVE RIE /ILL DOM9ANT TO ?IS DAY4 ,! BULK ( ! B\RGEOISIE EMBRAC$ ?IS REACTION>Y ?\\ND ! ,G#g 7LAT] ! ,G#h ) ! 9CORPORATION ( ,RUSSIA71 9 ! =M ( ! ,I,M,F1 ,W,T,O & ! ,W,B4 ,LOANS & EXT]NAL DEBTS W]E ! MA9 WEAPONS = ! GE>+ ( ! WORLD ECONOMY TO ! P>TICUL> NE$S ( ?IS HEGEMONIC BLOCK4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS = ! ,?IRD ,WORLD WAS DISA/R\S4 ,ITS ECONOMIES REMA9$ /AGNANT OR W]E COMPLETELY RU9$1 AS 9 ! EXTREME CASE ( ,HAITI1 & EV5 9 EXCEPTIONAL CASES ( SOME DYNAMISM1 LIKE ! ,*ILEAN 0MIRACLE01 ECONOMIC GR[? ONLY TRANSLAT$ 9TO GR[+ 9EQUALITY4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 FEATURES ( NEOLIB]ALISM - ITS DRIVE TO OP5 VULN]ABLE ECONOMIES ?R\< ITS EMPHASIS ON FREE TRADE -- IS TO PASS ! EFFECTS ( CRISIS FROM ! C5T] TO ! P]IPH]Y4 ,?IS L$ TO HUGE ECONOMIC CRISES & AN ABSOLUTE IMPOV]I%M5T 9 ! /&>DS ( LIV+ = VA/ SECTORS ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 :I* W]E MO/ DRAMATICALLY SE5 9 ! CYCLICAL ,AFRICAN FAM9ES4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 FEW] & FEW] H&S1 CLASS CONTRADICTIONS W]E EXAC]BAT$4 ,?IS WAS EXPRESS$ 9 GR[+ POLITICAL 9/ABILITY ?AT ]UPT$ 9 MAJOR POLITICAL CRISES ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,LOSS ( ,U,S ,HEGEMONY & ! ,W> ON ,T]ROR ,H[EV]1 BY ! 5D ( ! #iS ! FIR/ SIGNS ( ! DECL9E ( ! ,U,S />T$ TO EM]GE4 ,!Y W]E MA9LY EXPRESS$ 9 A CRISIS ( OV]PRODUCTION 9 ! FIR/ WORLD 7?AT L$ TO AN 9CREAS$ EMPHASIS ON FREE TRADE7 & ! RECURR5T DEVALUATIONS ( F9ANCIAL & SPECULATIVE CAPITAL4 ,U,S PRODUCTIVITY 9DEXES IMPROV$ 9 RELATION TO ! P]IOD FROM ! MID #gS TO ! MID #iS1 BUT !Y W]E /ILL BEH9D ?OSE FROM ! #eS TO ! MID #gS4 ,!N1 S9CE ! TURN ( ! NEW C5TURY1 ) ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,EURO1 ! DOLL> HAS BE5 9CREAS+LY & /EADILY LOS+ ITS 9FLU5CE AS A /RONG 9T]NATIONAL CURR5CY4 ,MANY C5TRAL BANKS >\ND ! WORLD DIV]SIFI$ !IR RES]VES1 P>TICUL>LY TO ,EURO1 & ITS IMPORTANCE AS AN ALT]NATIVE CURR5CY 9 9T]NATIONAL TRADE HAS CONSI/5TLY GR[N1 EV5 9 ! BLACK M>KETS4 ,?IS =C$ ! ,U,S TO IMPOSE ! DOLL>IZATION ( :OLE C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,ECUADOR1 9 A DESP]ATE MEASURE TO KEEP ! DOLL> AFLOAT4 ,!SE ALL T5D TO %[ ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ! GR[? ( ! #iS1 ! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD HAS BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ BY MONET>Y 9/ABILITY & RECURR+ ECONOMIC CRISES 9 AN 9CREAS+LY GLOBALIZ$ WORLD ECONOMY4 ,! :OLE P]IOD FROM #ba TO #bc SAW ! EM]G5CE ( A SYN*RONIZ$ RECESSION 9 ! UP TO !N MO/ DYNAMIC BLOCK ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 7,JAPAN- ,EUROPE-,U,S,A73 ! LACK ( DOME/IC DEM& RESULT+ FROM IT PU%$ ! NATIONAL ECONOMIES ( !SE C\NTRIES 7AS WELL AS ?OSE O!RS RELY+ PURELY UPON AN 9T5SIVE RAW MAT]IAL EXPORTS L$ MODEL7 TO HI<] LEVELS ( COMPETITION = =EIGN M>KETS TO COMP5SATE ! PROBLEMS ( OV]PRODUCTION4 ,! DIRECT RESULT ( ! LATT] HAS BE5 ! W>S ( HEGEMONY1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! DOM9ANCE ( FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS 9 ! DIPLOMATIC RELATION%IPS ( C\NTRIES OV] ! LA/ DECADE4 ,! ,U,S ,W> ON ,T]ROR />T$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( A P]IOD ( RECESSION ?AT SAW BO? ,5RON & ,WORLDCOM1 TWO GIANT CORPORATIONS1 COLLAPSE 9 A TRULY ,TITANIC FA%ION4 ,?IS W> IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A BADLY DISGUIS$ SYMPTOM ( ! NE$ TO ASSUME MORE (F5SIVE TACTICS 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ITS HEGEMONY4 ,9 A G5U9ELY NEO- COLONIAL FA%ION1 !Y W5T = ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ TO GRAB ITS RES\RCES - NAMELY GAS & OIL -- TO PREV5T OIL FROM BE+ SOLD 9 ,EURO 7AS ,HUSSE9 HAD BE5 WILL+ TO DO7 & TO 9/ALL PUPPET REGIMES OB$I5T TO !IR DIKTATS4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 W> IS ITSELF A BIG BUS9ESS3 LET US REMEMB] ?AT ! ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ( #aibi WAS ONLY TURN$ >\ND BY ,WORLD ,W> #b4 ,9 A SIMIL> FA%ION1 SOME ,U,S S*OL>S HAVE DISCUSS$ ! POT5TIAL = ! ,IRAQI ADV5TURE TO S]VE AS A /IMULUS = ! ,U,S ECONOMY4 ,ECONOMI/ ,PAUL ,SAMUELSON W5T SO F> AS TO SAY ?AT ! ,IRAQ W> W\LD BE B5EFICIAL AS IT W\LD PREV5T A RECESSION4 ,9 FACT1 H[EV]1 ! PRON\NC$ VIOL5CE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL POLICY ( ! ,U,S ,DEP>TM5T ( ,/ATE IS MORE A SIGN ( WEAKNESS ?AN ( REAL MI1 ?\< PRODUC+ GREAT PR(ITS = ! OIL B>ONS1 HAS PROV$ DISA/R\S = ! ,U,S PUBLIC TREASURY3 ,ACCORD+ TO =M] ,WORLD ,BANK DIRECTOR ,JOSEPH ,/IGLITZ1 ! W> IS CO/+ @s#a#b BILLION MON?LY1 & TOGE!R ) 9T]E/1 IT WILL HAVE CO/ @s#c TRILLION BY #b#a#g4 ,! HEAVY MILIT>Y SP5D+1 C\PL$ ) TAX CUTS1 HAS CREAT$ IMPORTANT ECONOMIC IMBALANCES 9 ! ,U,S ECONOMY & HAS DEEP5$ ! LEVELS ( 9DEBT$NESS ( ?IS ,/ATE1 ONE ( ! MO/ 9DEBT$ C\NTRIES 9 ! :OLE WORLD4 ,?IS1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 CONTRIBUT$ TO FUR!R DET]IORATION 9 ! CRISIS ( ! DOLL>4 ,ANO!R CLASSICAL EXAMPLE ( H[ NEOLIB]ALISM WORKS3 ! PR(ITS >E ALWAYS PRIVATE1 :ILE ! LOSSES >E ALWAYS PUBLIC4 ,?IS1 9 ! LONG T]M1 IS UNSU/A9ABLE4 ,?IS 9/ABILITY & ! CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T TO ?IS SORT ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 NEV] M9D ?OSE CREAT$ BY ! 0IMP]IALI/0 SOLUTION ! ,U,S F\ND TO ! CRISIS1 DROVE VA/ SECTORS ( ! WORLD 0\T ( ORD]0 & ! ,U,S1 DESPITE ITS HEGEMONIC ASPIRATIONS1 HAS PROV$ UNABLE TO KEEP IT 9 ORD]4 ,DESPITE ALL ! PLATITUDES 9 ! #iS AB\T ! 0GLOBAL0 VISION1 ! SOON-TO-EM]GE GLOBAL GOV]NM5T & ! DEMISE ( ! ,/ATE1 :AT WE HAVE SE51 IS ?AT MULT9ATIONAL BODIES HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO COPE ) ! CRISES & ?AT ! ,U,S IS 9CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ! UNDISPUT$ HEGEMONY IT HAS 5JOY$ = OV] A DECADE OR LONG]4 ,:AT WE SEE1 AS A DIRECT RESULT ( ! ABOVE1 IS ! EM]G5CE ( REGIONAL ACTORS ?AT >E ACT+ NOT ONLY AS ECONOMIC C\NT]BALANCES TO ! ,U,S1 BUT ALSO1 BECAUSE ( !IR ECONOMIC POSITION1 FILL+ ! AU?ORITY VACUUM 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,?IS IS />T+ TO RADICALLY *ANGE ! FACE ( ! WORLD & ! ,U,S WILL SOON NOT BE ABLE TO HOLD ! RE9S ON ITS [N4 ,!RE >E PL5TY ( SIGNS3 ,*9A'S ROLE 9 ! REC5T NUCLE> CRISIS ( ,NOR? ,KOREA IS QUITE TELL+1 SO WAS ! FACT ?AT ,BU% HAD TO 5GAGE1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 ) ,SYRIA & ,IRAN 9 ! ,IRAQI MESS4 ,RUSSIA ITSELF HAS WALK$ A LONG DI/ANCE FROM ,YELTS9 TO ,PUT91 & EV5 )9 ! ,G#h HE HAS CONTE/$ ,U,S SUPREMACY4 ,EV5 ! IMP]IALI/ >M$ 9T]V5TIONS >E V]Y TELL+3 9 BO? ,IRAQ & ,AFIES1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA 9 ! #hS1 = 9/ANCE4 ,! ,U,S HAS COME TO REQUIRE LOCAL ALLIES AS KEY ELEM5TS 9 :I* !RE IS A %>$ B\NTY & 9 :I* BO? P>TIES HAVE SOME?+ TO W9 OV] A ?IRD LOS+ P>TY4 ,HAITI 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA HAS BE5 ! CLE>E/ EXAMPLE ( ?IS - ! ,U,S RELIES ON A ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y PRES5CE !RE1 MA9LY FROM ,>G5T9A1 ,BRAZIL & ,*ILI4 ,9 ,AFRICA1 WE HAVE ! REC5T CASE ( ! 9VASION ( ,SOMALIA BY ,E?IOPIAN =CES4 ,WE SEE ! ,U,S ACT+ ?R\< PROXIES NOT 9 ! USUAL =M - BUT ACTUALLY FOLL[+ REGIONAL ,/ATES4 ,&1 9 RETURN1 ! LOCAL ALLIES GET REW>D$ BY A GRATEFUL 09T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY0 = HELP+ TO KEEP ! WORLD 9 ORD]3 ,BRAZIL HAS SE5 ITS [N 9VE/M5TS 9 ,HAITI 9CREASE1 :ILE !IR PRE/IGE AS A HEMISPH]ICAL /ABILIZ+ =CE IS E>N+ CR$ITS T[>DS ITS LONG DESIR$ GOAL ( 5T]+ ! CLUB ( ! P]MAN5T MEMB]S ( ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! ,U,N-,S,C HAS BE5 A SPACE :]E ! NEW REGIONAL P[]S >E MAK+ A CLAIM TO BE 9CLUD$ -?IS IS V]Y 9DICATIVE4 ,EM]G5CE ( ,REGIONAL ,P[]S ,OV] ! LA/ DECADE1 ,9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS HAVE BE5 M>K$ BY ! SCRAMBLE TO SECURE 5]GY RES\RCES & ! EM]G5CE ( NEW P[]S OP]AT+ AT A REGIONAL & GLOBAL LEVEL4 ,:ILE ! ,U,S DESP]ATELY MANEUV]S TO REMA9 ! 9T]NATIONAL HEGEMON1 ALT]NATIVE POLES >E BEG9N+ TO EM]GE ?AT *ALL5GE !IR ABILITY TO OP]ATE ) IMPUNITY ON A GLOBAL LEVEL & TO KEEP A FIRM GRIP ON GLOBAL DEVELOPM5TS2 ! REC5T W> 9 ,GEORGIA & ! WAY 9 :I* ,IRAN HAS SY/EMATICALLY REJECT$ ,WE/]N PRESSURE ON ITS NUCLE> PROGRAM1 >E NO?+ BUT ! MO/ REC5T REM9D]S ( ! EV]-*ANG+ GLOBAL SC5>IO & ! 9ABILITY ( ! ,U,S TO E/ABLI% ITS WILL 9 ! WAY IT C\LD A DECADE AGO4 ,AT PRES5T1 ! ,E,U ALREADY XPORTS MORE ?AN TWICE ! ,=EIGN ,DIRECT ,9VE/M5TS ?AN ! ,U,S 7#d#g.0 & #b.0 ( ! TOTAL RESPECTIVELY1 9 #b#e74 ,?IS IS A FUR!R SIGN ( H[ ! ,U,S HAS BE5 LAGG+ BEH9D O!R ECONOMIC BLOCKS4 ,ASIA IS PROBABLY ! PLACE :]E ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW ECONOMIC POLE IS CLE>] ?AN ANY:]E ELSE4 ,FOLL[+ ! RECONFIGURATION ( ! ,*9ESE ECONOMY TO 5C\RAGE =EIGN 9VE/M5T & ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,EA/ ,ASIAN 0TIG]S0 9 ! #a#i#i'S1 ,*9A HAS SE5 MASSIVE ECONOMIC GR[? OV] ! PA/ DECADE -- AN AV]AGE ( #i4#h.0 OV] #ab YE>S4 ,*9A H[ HAS ! L>GE/ =EIGN EX*ANGE RES]VES 9 ! WORLD1 AB\T @s#a TRILLION4 ,IT IS ! WORLD'S F\R? L>GE/ ECONOMY & HAS BE5 SUCCESSFULLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMY1 MAK+ SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES 9TO MO/ WORLD M>KETS & SWIFTLY TAK+ OV] ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T1 ONE ( ! L>GE/ M9]AL S\RCES ( ! WORLD4 ,*9A IS N[ ,AFRICA'S SECOND BIGGE/ TRADE P>TN] AFT] ! ,U,S4 ,*9ESE-,AFRICAN TRADE 9CREAS$ FROM ,E,U,R#f4#g#e ,BILLION 9 #b TO JU/ OV] ,E,U,R#d#g4#c ,BILLION 9 #b#g4 ,RUSSIA CAN BY NO MEANS BE CONSID]$ AN EM]G+ P[]1 CONSID]+ ! ROLE ! ,U,S,S,R PLAY$ = HALF A C5TURY4 ,IT CAN MORE ACCURATELY BE ?\5A4 ,:ILE A NUMB] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASIAN REPUBLICS ATTEMPT$ TO REALIGN !MSELVES ) ! ,U,S FOLL[+ ! 9VASION ( ,AFEAS & ORGANIZATIONS = COOP]ATION HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ SU* AS ,S,C,O & ,A,S,E,A,N4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ( !SE IS ,%ANEA ( #c MILLION SQU>E KILOMET]S1 OR AB\T ?REE- FIF?S ( ,EURASIA1 ! ,S,C,O CONTROLS A L>GE P>T ( GLOBAL OIL & GAS RES]VES & 9CLUDES TWO ( ! WORLD'S FIVE DECL>$ NUCLE> P[]S4 ,! ,S,C,O HAS ! POT5TIAL TO DEVELOP 9TO A C\NT]WEIS ) HI< ,G,D,P GR[? & =EIGN 9VE/M5T4 ,?IS L$ TO ,9DIA COMPET+ ) ,*9A = SC>CE NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS ATTEMPT$ TO CAPITALIZE ON ?IS BY US+ ,9DIA AS A REGIONAL SUPPORT] TO MA9TA9 ,U,S 9FLU5CE 9 ! SUBCONT95T & BEYOND4 ,*9A ON ! O!R H& IS ATTEMPT+ TO BR+ ,9DIA 9TO ! ,S,C,O & O!R REGIONAL BODIES >GU+ ?AT ! DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES %\LD UNITE AGA9/ ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE A /RANGLEHOLD OV] ! GLOBAL ECONOMY4 ,SO F> ,9DIA HAS REMA9$ AMBIVAL5T & HAS ATTEMPT$ TO PLEASE BO? SIDES4 ,SIMIL> ALIGNM5TS CAN BE SE5 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA2 ! LA/ DECADE HAS SE5 9ITIATIVES SU* AS ,M,],C,O,S,U,R & ,U,N,A,S,U,R BE+ /IMULAT$ BY A NEW TYPE ( RE=MISM4 ,TWO CLE>LY DIFF]5T EXAMPLES ( ?IS PH5OM5ON CAN BE SE5 9 ! FIGURES ( ,LULA1 FROM ,BRAZIL1 & ,*AVEZ FROM ,V5EZUELA4 ,BO? >E SEEK+ TO E/ABLI% A NEW POLE ( LEAD]%IP 9 ! REGION & TALKS >E EM]G+ ( A NEW TYPE ( ECONOMIC 9TEGRATION ( ! SUB-CONT95T1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,I,R,S,A PROJECT = REGIONAL9TEGRATION ( 5]GY & 9FRA/RUCTURE1PU%$ BY ,BRAZIL & ) ! ,V5EZUELAN-L$ ,A,L,B,A1 :I* AIMS TO TURN ITSELF 9TO AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! FAIL$ ,FREE ,TRADE ,>EA ( ! ,AM]ICAS 7,F,T,A,A7 =MULAT$ BY ,WA%+TON4 ,BRAZIL IS ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA'S MO/ 9DU/RIAL P[] & ITS L>GE/ ECONOMY4 ,9 ! PA/ NUMB] ( YE>S ,LULA HAS PUT A LOT ( EF=T 9TO =G+ L9KS ) ,9DIA & ,S\? ,AFRICA 9 AN EF=T TO CREATE A ,?IRD ,WORLD P[] BLOCK4 ,BRAZIL'S ROLE AS A REGIONAL SUB-IMP]IALI/ P[] IS EVID5C$ BY ITS ACTIONS 9 LEAD+ ! ,U,N OCCUPATION ( ,HAITI1 ITS ROLE 9 EXTRACT+ GAS 9 ,BOLIVIA ETC4 ,:5 ,BOLIVIAN PRESID5T ,EVO ,MORALES ANN\NC$ ! NATIONALIZATION ( GAS & OIL RES]VES ON ,MAYDAY #b#g1 ,LULA WAS ! MA9 CRITICAL VOICE AGA9/ ?IS MOVE4 ,! RISE ( A NEO-DEVELOPM5TALI/ ,LEFT 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ! SO-CALL$ 0,P9K ,TIDE01 ON ! BACK ( MASS POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 CAN BE UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! CRISIS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ?AT SWEPT ! CONT95T >\ND ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM4 ,! 0MOD]ATE LEFT01 IS READJU/+ ! LOCAL CAPITALI/ /RUCTURES TO ! NEW CIRCUM/ANCES & ! MA9 ACTORS 9 ! SO CALL$ %IFT TO ! ,LEFT - ,BRAZIL & ,V5EZUELA - >E BETT+ ON MAK+ IT ONTO ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E AS NEW EM]G+ P[]S4 ,BUT1 AL?\< ! F\NDATIONS = ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW REGIONAL BLOCK HAVE BE5 LAID1 ! ,U,S /ILL MA9TA9S A /RONG PRES5CE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,AL?\< IT FAIL$ TO E/ABLI% ! ,F,T,A,A1 IT HAS1 NONE!LESS1 E/ABLI%$ BILAT]AL AGREEM5TS ) C\NTRIES SU* AS ,*ILI & ,P]U1 & ,COLOMBIA IS READY TO FOLL[ SUIT4 ,! LATT] C\NTRY IS ! /RON\ND @s#e BILLION S9CE ! LATE '#iS 9 MILIT>Y AID4 ,COLOMBIA HAS ALSO S]V$ AS AN 9T]M$I>Y = ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! ,U,S & ,V5EZUELA4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! LOCAL P[]S SU* AS ,BRAZIL & ,V5EZUELA1 & BETWE5 !SE P[]S & =EIGN IMP]IALI/ PRES5CE 7,U,S & ,E,U7 & !IR /AUN* LOCAL ALLIES 7,*ILI1 ,P]U1 ,COLOMBIA71 BUT ALSO1 BETWE5 9CREAS+LY COMBATIVE POPUL> MOVEM5TS & TRADITIONAL P[] /RUCTURES1 PROVIDE ! FRAMEWORK TO UND]/& ! REC5T POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,!SE DEVELOPM5TS >E F> FROM CLE> 9 T]MS ( :]E !Y WILL 5D UP & !Y >E /ILL M>K$ BY A FA/ PACE ( *ANGE & UNC]TA9TY4 ,AL?\< MANY POSSIBLE OPTIONS LIE AHEAD1 IT IS H>D AT ?IS /AGE TO HAVE A CLE> PICTURE ( H[ ALL !SE CONTRADICTIONS WILL BE SOLV$ & :AT PLACE WILL BE RES]V$ = POPUL> MOVEM5TS 9 ! SOLV+ ( !M4 ,! EM]G5CE ( !SE NEW BLOCKS HAS BE5 /IMULAT$1 & ONE C\LD SAY EV5 MADE POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ( ! DECL9E ( ,U,S 9FLU5CE & ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,F9ANCIAL ,9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! ,W,B & ! ,I,M,F1 :I* HAVE BE5 S]I\SLY DISCR$IT$ AFT] !IR PROGRAMS HAVE TRANSLAT$ 9TO RECIPES = DISA/] ALL OV] ! WORLD1 BUT P>TICUL>LY 9 ,ASIA1 & AS MANY ( ! =M] MAJOR DEBTOR C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,BRAZIL1 HAVE CANCEL$ !IR COMMITM5TS TO !SE 9/ITUTIONS & HAVE DECID$ NOT TO BORR[ ANYMORE FROM !M4 ,?IS HAS GIV5 TRADITIONALLY ,?IRD ,WORLD ECONOMIES MORE ROOM = MANEUV]1 :AT HAS BE5 REFLECT$ 9 ! SY/EMATIC FAILURE ( ! ,W,T,O R\NDS ( NEGOTIATIONS4,TO A GREAT EXT5T1!SE EXPRESS ! 9ABILITY ( 0,FIR/ ,WORLD0 ECONOMIES TO IMPOSE !IR ABSOLUTE WILL ON ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS !MSELVES & ! GOV]NM5TS ?AT HAVE COME \T ( ! CRISES HAVE (T5 BE5 PUT 9 ! SAME BASKET4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ! =M] HAVE ACTUALLY %IFT$ TO ! LEFT1 ! V>I\S LEFTI/ P>TIES & MOVEM5TS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA ?AT HAVE 5T]$ GOV]NM5T OV] ! PA/ C\PLE ( YE>S HAVE %IFT$ NOTORI\SLY TO ! RI #b1 ,EUROPE WAS LEFT 9 RU9S4 ,EA* ( ITS IMP]IAL P[]S LO/ !IR HEGEMONY 9 ! WORLD1 A PLACE QUICKLY TAK5 BY ! ,U,S & ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,?IS LOSS ( HEGEMONY ADD$ TO ! NEW BIPOL> NATURE ( ! WORLD4 ,NATIONAL M>KETS W]E /ILL RE/RICT$ & ! LOSS ( !IR =M] COLONIES 9 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ! ,C>IBBEAN1 L$ ! MA9 ,EUROPEAN ECONOMIES TO LOOK = WAYS TO CREATE A COMMON M>KET TO /R5G!N !IR RESPECTIVE B\RGEOISIES 9 ! FACE ( 9CREAS+LY FI]CE 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION4 ,?IS L$ TO ! F\NDATION ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROJECT1 :I* WAS LAUN*$ =MALLY ) ! ,TREATY ( ,ROME 9 #a#i#e#g4 ,AFT] MANY NAME-*ANGES & TREATIES1 ! ,E,U WAS ADOPT$ ) ! ,MAA/RI*T ,TREATY 9 #a#i#i#b4 ,AT ITS BEG9N+S ! ,E,U 7!N ,E,E,C7 FOLL[$ A ,KEYNESIAN MODEL BAS$ ON A WELF>E /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 ! REP]CUSSIONS ( ! 5]GY CRISES ( ! '#gS & ! CONSEQU5T CYCLES ( RECESSION1 9FLATION & UNEMPLOYM5T PU%$ ,EUROPE T[>DS EM]G+ NEOLIB]AL & NEO- CONS]VATIVE POLITICS4 ,S9CE ! '#hS1 UND] PRESSURE FROM ! BUS9ESS BLOCKS )9 ! ,E,E,C 7,],T & ,U,N,I,C,E71 ! ,COMMUNITY TOOK A NEOLIB]AL TURN4 ,9CREAS+LY1 !RE W]E DEM&S = ! IMPLEM5TATION ( FREE TRADE & LIB]ALIZATION ( 9T]NAL M>KETS1 & ATTACKS ON ! WELF>E SY/EM :I* ,EUROPE HAD EMPLOY$ OV] ! PREVI\S ?REE DECADES4 ,! ,E,E,C ALSO />T$ PROMOT+ A HOMOG5\S ECONOMIC SPACE :I* W\LD RESULT 9 ! ,S+LE ,EUROPEAN ,ACT 9 #a#i#h#f1 CREAT+ A S+LE M>KET4 ,?IS PROJECT WAS FUR!R$ ADVANC$ ) ! ,MAA/RI*T ,TREATY 9 #a#i#i#b1 :I* CONSOLIDAT$ ! NEOLIB]AL ATTACKS ON WORK]S' RIY ,UNION 7,E,M,U7 :I* CONC5TRAT$ ECONOMIC DECISION MAK+ P[] 9 ! ,EUROPEAN ,C5TRAL ,BANK & EV5TUALLY PRODUC$ ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,EURO AS ! ,E,U'S CURR5CY 9 #b#b4 ,AL?\< ! ,E,U WAS BORN UND] ! UMBRELLA ( ! ,U,S1 FROM AT LEA/ AS E>LY AS ! #a#i#fS1 IT WAS LOOK+ = WAYS TO ASS]T ITS [N GLOBAL PROJECT4 ,! ,COLD ,W>1 H[EV]1 PREV5T$ ?IS PROJECT FROM EV]Y REALLY TAK+ (F4 ,IT ACT$ AS A BUFF] AGA9/ 9T]NAL T5SIONS1 D]IV$ FROM COMPETITION BETWE5 ! ,U,S & ,EUROPE1 )9 ! ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ BLOCK4 ,! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W> 9 #aii OP5$ NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO ! ,EA/1 & ! 0,NEW ,WORLD ,ORD]0 MADE IT POSSIBLE = ,EUROPE TO DO )\T ! MILIT>Y TUTELAGE ( ! ,U,S & ?US BEG9 TO ASS]T ITS [N 9DEP5D5T CAPITALI/ PROJECT4 ,?IS HAS CAUS$ ! ,E,U TO PURSUE A MORE AGGRESSIVE 9T]NATIONAL APPROA*4 ,?IS APPROA* WAS MADE EXPLICIT ) ! 0,/RATEGY ( ,GLOBAL ,EUROPE01 \TL9$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN ,TRADE ,COMMISSION 9 #b#f1 :I* SEEKS TO DISMANTLE ! REMNANTS ( ! WELF>E /ATE BY TURN+ ,EUROPE 9TO A 0COMPETITIVE0 GLOBAL ACTOR2 A COMPETITIVITY H9D]$ BY 0OBNOXI\S0 TRADE UNIONS & ! 0/UBBORN0 DESIRE ( ,EUROPEAN WORK]S TO HAVE A DEC5T & COM=TABLE LIFE4 ,! /RATEGY ALSO 9CLUDES AN AGGRESSIVE ECONOMIC AG5DA T[>DS ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 EXPRESS$ MA9LY 9 T]MS ( FREE TRADE >EAS DISGUIS$ AS 0,ECONOMIC ,P>TN]%IP ,AGREEM5TS0 & 0,ASSOCIATION ,AGREEM5TS04 ,9 !SE >RANGEM5TS1 !RE >E USUALLY ?REE >EAS = NEGOTIATIONS - COOP]ATION1 POLITICAL DIALOGUE & FREE TRADE2 ! LATT] IS ! REALLY IMPORTANT ONE4 ,JU/ AS ! ,U,S HAS BE5 TRY+ TO CREATE ITS [N ,F,T,A,A 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & BECAUSE ( ITS FAILURE TO DO SO1 HAS PU%$ !N BILAT]AL AGREEM5TS1 ! NEGOTIATIONS ( ! ,E,U EMPHASIZE 0REGIONAL 9TEGRATION01 BUT ONLY TO ! S]VICE ( BIG BUS9ESS - DESPITE ! EMPTY HUMANI/ RHETORIC ( ! ,E,U1 ! TRU? IS ?AT ITS TRADE AGREEM5TS HAVE BE5 AS AGGRESSIVE AS ANY?+ ! ,U,S HAS TRI$ TO A*IEVE 9 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 PU%+ F> BEYOND ! RULES ( ! ,W,T,O4 ,BI-REGIONAL AGREEM5TS 7,E,U-,M,],C,O,S,U,R2 ,E,U-,C,A,N1 ETC47 SIMPLIFY NEGOTIATIONS & DELIV] ! B5EFITS ( COMB9$ M>KETS4 ,! ECONOMIC PRES5CE ( ! ,E,U 9 ,EUROPE'S TRADITIONAL >EAS ( 9FLU5CE1 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA1 IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,EV5 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ! ,U,S'S TRADITIONAL BACKY>D1 ! ,E,U HAS ALREADY DISPLAC$ IT AS ! MA9 9VE/OR & DONOR1 & /&S ?REAT5+LY AS SECOND TRADE P>TN] = ! REGION4 ,?IS CONTEXT ( HEAVY COMPETITION = 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS REQUIRES ! ,E,U TO ADVANCE ! ,EUROPEAN PROJECT F> BEYOND ITS TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC COOP]ATION FRAMEWORK 9TO ! POLITICAL1 JUDICIAL & ECONOMIC >5A4 ,?IS IS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO REGA9 ITS LO/ GR\ND AS AN 9T]NATIONAL P[]4 ,MAA/RI*T WAS AN IMPORTANT /EP 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,S9CE !N1 !RE HAVE BE5 SY/EMATIC ATTEMPTS TO CONC5TRATE P[] 9 ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMISSION1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,],T & ! 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,?IS C5TRALIZ+ SPIRIT LIES AT ! HE>T ( ! ,LISBON ,TREATY ( #b#g1 :I* WAS AN ATTEMPT AT REVAMP+ ! MORIBUND ,E,U CON/ITUTION4 ,! CON/ITUTION WAS REJECT$ 9 #be BUT REMA9S A FUNDAM5TAL ASPECT ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL CON/RUCTION ( ! ,E,U AS AN IMP]IALI/ =CE4 ,?IS PROJECT NOT ONLY AIMS TO CREATE ! NECESS>Y C5TRALIZATION ( POLITICAL P[] ?AT WILL HELP ! ,E,U TO BECOME A REAL GLOBAL COMPETITOR TO ,U,S HEGEMONY1 IT IS ALSO CREAT+ AN 9DEP5D5T & UNIFI$ MILIT>Y =CE1 NECESS>Y TO BECOME A WORLD P[] & TO KEEP ITS 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS UND] CONTROL4 ,! CREATION ( ?IS MILIT>Y =CE />T$ ) ,MAA/RI*T1 9 :I* ! ,COMMON ,=EIGN & ,SECURITY ,POLICY 7,C,F,S,P7 WAS 9TRODUC$4 ,9 #aiie ,EUR= WAS CREAT$ AS A ,RAPID ,REACTION ,=CE = 0HUMANIT>IAN0 MILIT>Y 9T]V5TIONS4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS ONLY :5 ,JAVI] ,SOLANA1 EX-G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ,N,A,T,O1 ASSUM$ ! POSITION ( ,HI< ,REPRES5TATIVE = ! ,C,F,S,P 9 #a#i#i#i1 ?AT DECISIVE /EPS W]E TAK5 T[>DS AN ,E,U MILIT>Y =CE DIRECTLY UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMISSION4 ,?IS BECAME ! ,E,U= 9 #bc & IT IS BAS$ ON :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ ! 0,SOLANA ,DOCTR9E01 :I* IS NO?+ BUT ! ,EUROPEAN V]SION ( ! 0W> ON T]ROR04 ,ITS MA9 OBJECTIVE IS TO CREATE ! NECESS>Y MILIT>Y P[] TO ACT AGA9/ 0T]RORISM01 0ORGANIZ$ CRIME0 & 0FAIL$ /ATES0 - ALL1 AS USUAL1 LOOSELY DEF9$1 9 ORD] TO ALL[ ! ,E,U B\RGEOISIE & BUREAUCRATS TO USE ?IS =CE :5EV] !Y FEEL !IR 9T]E/S >E ?REAT5$4 ,! SIMIL>ITY ) ,U,S RHETORIC IS AMAZ+ 1 %[+ ! TRUE IMP]IALI/ CR$5TIALS ( ! ,E,U - ! ,SOLANA ,DOCTR9E GOES SO F> AS TO /ATE ! NE$ = ,E,U= TO BE ABLE TO C>RY \T PREEMPTIVE /RIKES4 ,IF IT CAN CREATE A COH]5T POLITICAL & MILIT>Y =CE TO BACK ITS COMPETITIV5ESS1 ! ,E,U WILL BE 9 A POSITION TO GU>ANTEE ITS M>KETS & !IR EXPANSION )\T ! RISK ( BE+ *ALL5G$ BY LOCAL =CES OR COMPETITORS1 SU* AS ,*9A OR EV5 ! ,U,S4 ,9 ,AFRICA1 WE >E ALREADY WITNESS+ ! ,E,U & ,*9A FLEX+ !IR MUSCLES ) ! CURR5T CRISIS 9 ,*AD & ,SUDAN :]E1 BEH9D ALL ( ! PLATITUDES AB\T HUMAN RIKETS & ACCESS TO RES\RCES4 ,NOT)/&+ ITS /EADY GR[? & ASS]TIV5ESS ON A GLOBAL SCALE1 ! MA9 ?REAT TO ! ,E,U'S CONSOLIDATION COMES FROM )93 !RE'S A GR[+ S5TIM5T ( HO/ILITY & 9DIFF]5CE FROM ! POPULATIONS ( ITS MEMB] /ATES4 ,AT ! ROOT ( ?IS DISSATISFACTION LIE TWO CONTRADICTORY =CES3 ON ! ONE H&1 RES5TM5T AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM1 DRIV5 BY 0LEFT ( C5T]0 OPPOSITION FROM ! P>TISANS ( 0,SOCIAL ,EUROPE02 & ON ! O!R1 ! GR[? 9 NATIONALI/ FEEL+S DRIV5 BY ! F> RI ON ,T]ROR & ! SUBS]VI5CE ( ! ,EUROPEAN NEOCONS SU* AS ,BLAIR1 ,AZN> & ,S>KOZY4 ,! ACCESSION ( ! ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN /ATES 9 #bd ALSO BR\ DIS5*ANTM5T WAS VIVIDLY EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,E,U P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS ( #bd :I* SAW HI< LEVELS ( AB/5TIONISM4 ,ON AV]AGE1 ONLY #d#e.0 ( ,E,U CITIZ5S VOT$1 /ATI/ICS ?AT W]E EV5 L[] 9 ! NEW ,E,U MEMB] /ATES1 :]E ON AV]AGE ONLY #b#f.0 VOT$4 ,DIS5*ANTM5T WAS ALSO SE5 9 ! REF]5DA :I* REJECT$ ! ,E,U ,CON/ITUTION 9 #be & ! ,LISBON ,TREATY 9 ,JUNE #b#g4 ,?IS HAS CREAT$ DIFFICULTIES 9 ! PROCESS ( POLITICAL 9TEGRATION REQUIR$ BY ! ,E,U IF IT IS TO BECOME A S]I\S PLAY] ON ! GLOBAL /AGE4 ,NEV]!LESS ! PR9CIPAL OBJECTIVE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES REMA9S1 )\T MODIFY+ !IR NEOLIB]AL & IMP]IALI/ POLITICS1 ! REBUILD+ ( CONS5SUS >\ND ! ,GLOBAL ,EUROPEAN PROJECT & ITS MANY DOME/IC IMPLICATIONS4 ,PROSPECTS AT ! 5D ( HI/ORY ,UND\BT$LY1 WE >E F> FROM ! NEOCON UTOPIA ( ! 5D ( HI/ORY4 ,! *ANGES & REALIGNM5TS 9 GLOBAL POLITICS & ECONOMICS OV] ! LA/ TWO DECADES HAVE BE5 V]TIG9\S4 ,! MA9 *>ACT]I/ICS WE CAN SEE >E3 ,! LOSS ( UNDISPUT$ ,U,S HEGEMONY ?AT EM]G$ AS ! MA9 RESULT ( ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,?IS LOSS ( HEGEMONY IS EXPRESS$ 9 A POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 DIPLOMATIC & MILIT>Y CRISIS FAC$ BY ! SOLE SUP]-P[] ( ! LA/ TWO DECADES4 ,! EM]G5CE ( REGIONAL P[]S :I* >E READY TO FILL ! VOID CREAT$ BY ! LOSS ( ,U,S HEGEMONY4 ,!SE REGIONAL P[]S >E MO/LY VY+ LOCALLY = HEGEMONY 9 !IR RESPECTIVE >EAS ( ! WORLD1 BUT ,*9A & ! ,E,U >E 9CREAS+LY 9 POSITION TO M\NT S]I\S *ALL5GES ON ! GLOBAL /AGE4 ,9CREAS$ COMPETITION = M>KETS & 9FLU5CE1 CAUS$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( NEW REGIONAL P[]S & DECL9+ ,U,S 9FLU5CE & !IR DESP]ATELY VIOL5T ATTEMPTS TO RETA9 IT4 ,?IS IS SETT+ ! SC5E = COMPETITION ?AT MIY AGGRESSIONS4 ,! LOGIC ( CAPITALI/ COMPETITION1 N[ AS MU* AS EV] BE=E1 WILL LEAD T[>DS NEW W>S ( HEGEMONY1 :I* WE >E ALREADY />T+ TO WITNESS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS TO BE D]IV$ FROM ALL ( ?IS IS ?AT ! LOSS ( ,U,S 9FLU5CE DOES NOT EQUAL1 9 A ME*ANICAL WAY1 ! COLLAPSE OR ! WEAK5+ ( CAPITALISM AS SU*1 NOR DOES IT NECESS>ILY MEAN ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS ?AT CAN BE CLASSIFI$ AS IMP]IALI/IC4 ,CAPITALISM1 AS A GLOBAL SY/EM BAS$ PRIM>ILY ON ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR BY CAPITAL1 HAS A TREM5D\S ELA/ICITY & CAPACITY TO SURVIVE DIFF]5T CRISES4 ,AT PRES5T1 BECAUSE ( ! ,I,T DEVELOPM5T & ! GLOBALIZATION ( CAPITAL TO UNPREC$5T$ LEVELS1 CRISES >E HAV+ DEEP] EFFECTS 9 ! REMOTE/ P>TS ( ! WORLD & >E HAPP5+ MORE & MORE (T54 ,NEV] BE=E 9 HI/ORY HAVE CRISES BE5 SO COORD9AT$ AS !Y >E TODAY4 ,NEV] HAVE !Y COME 9 SU* QUICK SUCCESSION4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ! CASE N[ADAYS ?AT1 BE=E GLOBAL CAPITALISM CAN EM]GE FROM A CRISIS1 ANO!R ONE HAS ALREADY />T$4 ,TODAY1 !RE'S A FUR!R ELEM5T :I* EXAC]BATES ! CRISIS3 CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT CAPITALISM1 9 ITS LONG HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 WIP$ 5TIRE POPULATIONS FROM ! GLOBE4 ,G5OCIDE IS NO?+ ALI5 TO CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ! POSSIBILITY ( HUMANITY BE+ AT RISK ( ANNIHILATION1 AL?\< 5VISAG$ DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W> ) ! NUCLE> ?REAT1 IS N[ NOT ONLY A POSSIBILITY ?AT MAY OR MAY NOT HAPP51 BUT IS ! M$IUM T]M PROSPECT = HUMANITY - IF ?+S DON'T *ANGE RADICALLY4 ,! 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS >E PROV+ BEYOND D\BT ?AT ! CURR5T SY/EM -- CAPITALISM AS WE KN[ IT -- IS UNSU/A9ABLE 9 ! LONG T]M & WILL 5D UP DIGG+ HUMANITY'S GRAVE4 ,SOME ON ! LEFT1 DISCIPLES ( A RELIGI\S & APOCALYPTIC WORLD VIEW1 >E EXPECT+ ?IS TO BE ! F9AL CRISIS LEAD+ TO ! GOLD5 AGE ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT CAPITALISM HAS ?US F> BE5 ABLE TO COME \T ( EV]Y S+LE CRISIS IT HAS EXP]I5C$4 ,WILL CAPITALISM BE ABLE TO EM]GE /R5G!N$ \T ( ! CURR5T 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS8 ,MANY SAY IT WON'T1 ?AT ! %ORT- SITICUL>LY1 9 ! MAJOR ECONOMIES1 CAN'T BE RE=M$4 ,! ,U,S REFUSAL TO SIGN UP ! ,KYOTO AGREEM5TS & ,EUROPE'S HALF-HE>T$ COMPROMISE TO R$UCE ITS EMISSIONS - NOT TO TALK ( ,*9A'S COMPLETE DISREG>D = ANY 5VIRONM5TAL CONC]N -- >E PRO( ( ?AT4 ,! ALT]NATIVES >E CLE>3 OBLIT]ATION OR SOCIALISM4 ,SECTORS ( ! B\RGEOISIE L$ BY ,AL ,GORE1 H[EV]1 >E ALREADY EXPLOR+ ! PROBLEM POS$ BY GLOBAL W>M+ FROM A CAPITALI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 & ! POSSIBILITY ( GRE5 RE=MS TO ! SY/EM IS ACTUALLY ON ! TABLE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT = US TO WOND] :E!R CAPITALISM WILL ADAPT TO FACE ! 5VIRONM5TAL *ALL5GE & SOLVE ?IS NEW CRISIS OR NOT4 ,GIV5 ! GRAV5ESS ( ! POSSIBILITY ( HUMANITY'S EXT]M9ATION1 WE CANNOT /EP BACK & 0SEE :AT HAPP5S40 ,= :AT MAY HAPP5 C\LD BE AN 5VIRONM5TAL HOLOCAU/ ( UNEXPECT$ PROPORTIONS4 ,IT IS UP TO US TO PUT =W>D \R [N LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVES TO PREV5T ! WOR/ POSSIBLE SC5>IO FROM BECOM+ A REALITY &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TO MAKE SURE WE >E NEV] AGA9 AT ?IS CROSSROADS4 ,CAPITALISM WILL NOT FALL UND] ITS [N WEI REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE & AN ORGANIZ$ PEOPLE TO IMPLEM5T IT1 SECTORS ( ! B\RGEOISIE CAN USE !SE CRISES 9 ORD] TO RE>RANGE ! SY/EM TO S]VE !IR [N P>TICUL> 9T]E/S4 ,ONE IMP]IALI/ P[] WILL FALL1 & ANO!R ONE WILL EM]GE4 ,SOME MAY BE RU9$1 BUT ANO!R SECTOR ( ! B\RGEOISIE WILL BE QUICK TO REPLACE !M4 ,:AT WE >E WITNESS+ AT PRES5T IS MA9LY A REALIGNM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ BALANCE ( P[]3 A REALIGNM5T :I* TAKES PLACE AGA9/ A BACKGR\ND ( SOCIAL TURMOIL1 ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLE1 W>S1 OCCUPATIONS & AN UNBE>ABLE PRESSURE ON ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,SOME EQUATE ! DEMISE ( ,U,S HEGEMONY ) ! 5D ( IMP]IALISM & ! EM]G5CE ( REGIONAL P[]S AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( CAPITALISM4 ,WE >E F> FROM BELIEV+ SO4 ,NEI!R ! ,E,U1 NOR ,*9A NOR ,BRAZIL >E REAL ALT]NATIVES1 NOR WILL !Y BE A 0SOCIALI/0 C\NT]WEIE PROJECTS AS CAPITALI/ & IMP]IALI/ 9 NATURE AS ?OSE C>RI$ BY ! ,U,S = MO/ ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE = ! WORK+ CLASS TO CREATE ITS [N AUTONOM\S ALT]NATIVES 9 ! MID/ ( ! CRISIS8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! CONTEXT ( 9TRA-B\RGEOIS & 9TRA-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES TO BUILD REVOLUTION>Y HORIZONS8 ,DO ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES1 UP TO N[ DOM9AT$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES1 HAVE MU* ( A POT5TIAL TO BECOME ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLES8 ,EV5 IF !Y DON'T HAVE MU*1 DO !Y OP5 MU* ( A SPACE = SU* AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ & OP5LY SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE8 ,:AT IS ! EFFECT ( ?OSE /RUGGLES 9 DIFF]5T CONT95TS8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE = ! ,?IRD ,WORLD WORK+ MASSES TO BREAK ! *A9S ( DEP5D5CY )\T BECOM+ ! PREY ( LOCAL P[]S8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO MOVE =W>D ! NE$ TO BREAK RELATIONS ( DEP5D5CY TO ! CREATION ( A COMPLETE DIFF]5T TYPE ( SOCIETY1 BUILT FROM BEL[8 ,!SE QUE/IONS & MANY O!RS >E P>T ( ! *ALL5GE FAC$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! CURR5T HI/ORICAL MOM5T HAVE TO BE WELL UND]/OOD 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO PLAY A ROLE 9 !M & USE !M AS PO9TS ( FRACTURE :]E ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN HAVE A SAY4 ,NEOLIB]AL ,CRISES -- ! ,HIG5T9A-,URUGUAY #ba - CAPITAL FLIY -- ,ALPHABET ,S\P ( ,EMPIRE ,GLOBAL ,G#g ,GR\P ( ,SEV5 ,9DU/RIALIZ$ ,C\NTRIES 7,U,S,A1 ,U,K1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,CANADA1 ,JAPAN7 ,G#h ,! ,G#g PLUS ,RUSSIA ,I,M,F ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUNDS ,W,T,O ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION ,W,B ,WORLD ,BANK ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA ,AM]ICAS ,M,],C,O,S,U,R ,M]CADO ,COMUN DEL ,SUR -- TRADE ,AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,>G5T9A1 ,BRAZIL1 ,P>AGUAY & ,URUGUAY ,U,N,A,S,U,R ,UNION ( ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ,NATIONS 79CLUDES ALL #ab 9DEP5D5T /ATES7 ,C,A,N ,&EAN ,COMMUNITY ( ,NATIONS 7,BOLIVIA1 ,COLOMBIA1 ,ECUADOR1 ,P]U7 ,A,L,B,A ,BOLIV>IAN ,ALT]NATIVE = ! ,AM]ICAS1 9CLUDES ,V5EZUELA1 ,CUBA1 ,BOLIVIA1 ,NIC>AGUA & ,DOM9ICA4 ,FREE ,TRADE ,>EA ( ! ,AM]ICAS 7,NEGOTIATIONS COLLAPS$ 9 #b#e7 ,EUROPE ,EUROPEAN ,R\ND ,TABLE ( ,9DU/RIALI/S ,UNION ( ,9DU/RIAL & ,EMPLOY]S' ,CONF$]ATIONS ( ,EUROPE 7N[ ,BUS9ESS,EUROPE7 ,E,U ,COMMON ,=EIGN @& ,SECURITY ,POLICY ,E,U MILIT>Y ,=CE ,ASIA ,%ANALLEL$ MILIT>Y /R5G? & GREAT ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9FLU5CE 74447 ,9 A WORLD ?AT IS SAFE1 PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO MAKE !IR [N LIVES BETT]4 ,WE WILL DEF5D ! PEACE BY FIE ORGANIZ$ TO P5ETRATE OP5 SOCIETIES & TO TURN ! P[] ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGIES AGA9/ US4 ,TO DEFEAT ?IS ?REAT WE MU/ MAKE USE ( EV]Y TOOL 9 \R >S5AL--MILIT>Y P[]1 BETT] HOMEL& DEF5SES1 LAW 5=CEM5T1 9TELLIG5CE1 & VIGOR\S EF=TS TO CUT (F T]RORI/ F9ANC+4 ,! W> AGA9/ T]RORI/S ( GLOBAL REA* IS A GLOBAL 5T]PRISE ( UNC]TA9 DURATION40 ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%1 #bb 0,Y\ CAN'T HOLD A SWORD OV] ,BRAZIL'S HEAD = Y\ SELL US Y\R GAS4 ,WE MAY AS WELL HOLD A SWORD OV] Y\R HEAD1 S9CE IT IS US :O BUY Y\R GAS4 ,& IF Y\ DON'T SELL IT TO US1 IT IS QUITE DIFFICULT ?AT Y\ WILL BE ABLE TO SELL IT TO SOMEONE ELSE0 ,BRAZILIAN ,PRESID5T ,LULA1 #bf 7W>N+ ,BOLIVIA AGA9/ GAS NATIONALIZATION7 0,EUROPE'S TRADE POLICY MU/ BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ITS WID] APPROA* TO ECONOMIC RE=M & COMPETITIV5ESS4 ,A /RONG] ,E,U ECONOMY AT HOME MEANS ,EUROPE HAS TO BE MORE COMPETITIVE ABROAD4 ,WE NE$ TO OP5 M>KETS & CREATE NEW OPPORTUNITIES = TRADE & 5SURE ,EUROPEAN COMPANIES >E ABLE TO COMPETE FAIRLY 9 ?OSE M>KETS 74447 ,IF \R ECONOMIC /R5G? IS BUILT ON TRADE1 !N \R PROSP]ITY IS DIRECTLY L9K$ TO ! OP5NESS ( ! 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