,WORLDS ( ,WE/]N ,AN>*ISM & ,SYNDICALISM ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,SIAN ,BYRNE ,TEXT 3 ,! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/S 9 ,LONDON1 #a#h#h-#a#i#a#d3 ,EXILE & ,TRANSNATIONALISM 9 ! ,FIR/ ,GLOBALIZATION1 BY ,CON/ANCE ,BANTMAN4 ,LIV]POOL1 ,LIV]POOL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#a#c4 #bef PP4 @s#i#i4#i#e ,U,S 7CLO?74 ,! ,KNI*Y3 ,LONDON & ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,DIASPORA 7#a#h#h-#a#i#a#g71 BY ,PIETRO ,DI ,PAOLA4 ,LIV]POOL1 ,LIV]POOL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#a#c4 #bef PP4 @s#i#i4#i#e ,U,S 7CLO?74 ,! ,HAYM>KET ,CONSPIRACY3 ,TRANSATLANTIC ,AN>*I/ ,NETWORKS1 BY ,TIMO?Y ,MESS]-,KRUSE4 ,URBANA1 ,*ICAGO1 ,SPR+FIELD1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #b#a#b4 IX1 #bcf PP4 @s#c4 ,U,S 7PAP]71 @s#h#e4 ,U,S 7CLO?74 ,BLACK ,FLAG ,BORICUAS3 ,AN>*ISM1 ,AU?ORIT>IANISM & ! ,LEFT 9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 #a#h#i#g-#a#i#b#a1 BY ,K4,R4 ,S*AFF]4 ,URBANA1 ,*ICAGO & ,SPR+FIELD1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #b#a#c4 #bd PP4 @s#f#e4 ,U,S 7CLO?74 ,MANY POLITICAL MOVEM5TS -- AN>*ISM 9CLUD$ -- HAVE DRAP$ !MSELVES 9 ! CLO!S ( ANTIQUITY1 BY IMAG9+ A HI/ORICAL L9EAGE FAD+ BACK 9TO ! MI/S ( HI/ORY4 ,AN>*ISM IS1 9 FACT1 A Y\NG] MOVEM5T ?AN ,M>XISM3 AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( MOD]N SOCIALISM1 IT 0EM]G$ AS AN ACTIVE POLITICAL MOVEM5T )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL0 7OR ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION71 A COALITION ( UNIONS1 POLITICAL GR\PS & CLUBS1 & COOP]ATIVES ?AT RAN FROM #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#g 7,BANTMAN PP4 #a1 #g-#h74 ,FROM ! #a#h#iS 9TO ! #a#i#bS1 IT WAS 9 MANY CONTEXTS ! DOM9ANT =CE ON ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT1 ) A SUB/ANTIAL IMPACT ON UNIONS1 POPUL> CULTURE & ANTI-IMP]IALI/ MOVEM5TS WORLDWIDE4 ,EV5 \TSIDE ( ?IS 0GLORI\S P]IOD10 AN>*ISM & ITS UNION (F%OOTS1 AN>*O- & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 WAS 7& IS7 AN IMPORTANT CURR5T4.<#a.> ,ITS 9ITIAL RISE CO9CID$1 & NOT ACCID5TALLY1 ) ! FIR/ MOD]N GLOBALIZATION ( ! #a#h#hS TO ! #a#i#aS1 A P]IOD *>ACT]IZ$ BY MASSIVE 9T]NATIONAL FL[S ( LABOR & CAPITAL1 A TRANSPORTATION & TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION1 & ! RAPID SPREAD ( 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,AN>*ISM WAS A GLOBAL MOVEM5T NOT ONLY 9 ASPIRATION2 9 PRACTICE TOO1 IT WAS GLOBAL & TRANSNATIONAL4 ,MIGRATION -- BO? VOLUNT>Y & =C$ 7DUE TO P]SECUTIONS7 -- & A WIDELY CIRCULAT+ PRESS FACILITAT$ ! EX*ANGE ( IDEAS1 /RUGGLE REP]TOIRES & KEY MILITANTS1 :I* 9 TURN L9K$ & CREAT$ 9T]NATIONAL ACTIVI/ COMMUNITIES4 ,/]EOTYPES ( AN ACTION-FIR/ \TLOOK NOT)/&+1 ! MOVEM5T 0HAD AN 9T5SELY BOOKI% CULTURE0 /RESS+ PUBLICATION1 !ORY1 & DEBATE 7,BANTMAN P4 #b74 ,REPRESSION1 AIM$ AT SUPPRESS+ RADICAL IDEAS & =MATIONS1 9CLUD+ ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 (T5 HAD ! OPPOSITE EFFECT1 AS EXILES SPREAD !IR IDEAS ABROAD & DEVELOP$1 DEBAT$ & APPLI$ !SE IDEAS 9 DIFF]5T CONTEXTS ON !IR TRAVELS4 ,ONE EFFECT WAS ! MASSIVE DISSEM9ATION ( RADICAL IDEAS 9 ,EUROPE & ABROAD3 ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E ACTIVE 9 ! ,BALKANS1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 ,WE/ ,EUROPE1 & BO? ,AM]ICAS 7,DI ,PAOLO P4 #c74 ,EXILE 5RI*$ RADICALISM1 & MANY IDEAS W]E DEVELOP$1 EV5 =G$1 ABROAD4 ,?US EXILE EX]T$ A 0REM>KABLE 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS 9 ,ITALY & 9 O!R C\NTRIES0 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #b71 & PROV$ 0V]Y FRUITFUL0 DESPITE ! PRESSURES & FRU/RATIONS ?AT EXILE 9EVITABLY BR\Y CURR5T ?AT -- DESPITE ITS IMPORTANCE -- REMA9S /RIK+LY UND]-RESE>*$4 ,! F\R BOOKS UND] REVIEW >E P>T ( ! WELCOME REC5T UPSURGE 9 RESE>*4 ,A CORE P>T ( ?REE ( ! VOLUMES UND] CONSID]ATION C5T]S ON ! OP]ATIONS ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ NETWORKS AS !Y EM]G$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS 9CREAS$ RADICALISM4 ,DI ,PAOLA & ,BANTMAN FOCUS ON AN>*I/ EXILE COMMUNITIES -- ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* RESPECTIVELY -- 9 LATE N9ETE5?- & E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,LONDON1 :]E RELATIVELY TOL]ANT ,BRITI% IMMIGRATION & POLITICAL ASYLUM POLICIES 5ABL$ ! FL\RI%+ ( A RANGE ( OV]LAPP+1 POLYGLOT RADICAL MILIEUS4 ,S*AFF]'S CONTRIBUTION IS SIMIL>1 EXAM9+ ! L>GELY 9DIG5\S ,PU]TO ,RICAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BUT SITUAT+ ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN MOVEM5T )9 A MU* L>G] REGIONAL NETWORK ?AT L9K$ ,PU]TO ,RICO TO ,HAVANA1 ,TAMPA1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,PHILADELPHIA & BEYOND4 ,MESS]-,KRUSE'S MA9 AIMS >E DIFF]5T3 MA9LY TO OV]TURN A DOM9ANT 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,HAYM>KET AFFAIR1 BUT 9 ! PROCESS HIS BOOK GOES A LONG WAY TO PA9T+ ! PICTURE ( ! WORLD ( ,U,S-BAS$ AN>*ISM 9 ! LA/ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,?IS1 LIKE ITS C\NT]P>TS 9 ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* EXILE COMMUNITIES 9 ,LONDON1 WAS =G$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( OV]LAPP+1 GLOBAL 9FLU5CES4 ,I4 ,9 ! IMP]IAL ,WE/]N METROPOLIS ( ,LONDON1 SUB/ANTIAL AN>*I/ GR\PS1 0*IEFLY ,FR5*1 ,G]MAN1 ,ITALIAN1 ,SPANI% & ,RUSSIAN10 W]E 9 OP]ATION1 ALONGSIDE ! ,BRITI% 7,BANTMAN P4 #g#b74 ,DESPITE AN UNAVOIDABLE DEGREE ( 9SUL>ITY 7MANY EXILES FOCUS$ ON !IR HOMEL&S71 EXIL$ & LOCAL AN>*I/S W]E G5]ALLY FI]CELY 9T]NATIONALI/2 :ILE BY NO MEANS FREE ( /]EOTYP+1 !Y W]E 0RELATIVELY 5LI$ MANY PR9CIPLES1 ! BASIS ( !IR 9T]NATIONALISM3 OPPOSITION TO SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 COMMITM5T TO /RUGGLE FROM BEL[1 ANTI-CAPITALISM1 ANTI-/ATISM2 AS ,BANTMAN NOTES1 !IR DECL>ATIONS ( CLASS W> T]RIFI$ ! UPP] CLASSES 7,BANTMAN PP4 #a#f1 #b#c71 MANY IMAG9+ VA/ AN>*I/ CONSPIRACIES 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #a74 ,APPROPRIATELY 5\<1 ,LONDON WAS ! SITE ( ! #ahha LAUN* ( ! AN>*I/ 0,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL0 AT A CONGRESS REPRES5T+ A CLAIM$ #f1 PEOPLE 7,BANTMAN P4 #b#i71 DELEGATES 9CLUD+ LUM9>IES LIKE ,PIOTR ,KROPOTK9 & ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #e#c-#e#f71 & PEOPLE FROM AS F> AFIELD AS ,MEXICO & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,MESS]-,KRUSE P4 #h#a74 ,WE/]N AN>*I/S CONSI/5TLY PROMOT$ WORK+ CLASS 9T]NATIONALISM BY OPPOS+ MILIT>ISM & CAPITALI/ W>S -- A COMMITM5T MO/ KEPT DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I :5 FI]CE1 DIVISIVE CONTROV]SIES BROKE \T 7,BANTMAN PP4 #a#g#h-#h#g2 ,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #a#h#d-#i#d1 #b#i-#a74 ,ANTI-MILIT>ISM WAS L9K$ TO ANTI-COLONIALISM1 EXPRESS$ 9 7= EXAMPLE7 CONSI/5T AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO ! ,BRITI% 9VASION ( ,S\? ,AFRICA ( #a#h#i#i-#a#i#b1 & ! ,ITALIAN 9VASIONS ( ,LIBYA ( #a#i#a-#a#i#a#a & #aiad 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #i#h1 #a#a#f-#a#i1 #a#d#f1 ALSO P4 #a#i#b2 ALSO ,%AFF] P4 #d74 ,POLICE REPORTS FROM #aia %[ ,MALATE/A TO HAVE BE5 PUBLICLY 444 PLEAS$ ?AT ! LEAD]S ( ! ..> MOVEM5T W]E ,ITALIAN1 ?US (F]+ A /RONG CONTRA/ TO ! ,ITALY ?AT MURD]S DE-F5CELESS ,>ABS4 ,HE BECAME ANIMAT$ :5 HE SPOKE AB\T ! ,>ABS & ! CR[D APPLAUD$ W>MLY 7P4 #a#b74 ,MALATE/A HAD PREVI\SLY JO9$ ! #ahha ,>ABI ,PA%A REVOLT 9 ,EGYPT2 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#d1 HE WAS A LEAD] ( ! #aiad 0,R$ ,WEEK 0 ,ITALIAN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! SECOND ,LIBYAN W>4 ,! ,LONDON AN>*I/ MOVEM5T PROMOT$ A 0V]Y COSMOPOLITAN0 9-CLUSIVITY4 ,AS POLICE REPORT$1 ! 0MALCONT5TS ( ALL NATIONS10 ,BRITI% 9CLUD$1 C\LD BE F\ND TOGE!R AT AN>*I/ V5UES LIKE ! ,AUTONOMIE ,CLUB1 & AT MOVEM5T COMMEMORATIONS & RALLIES 7,BANTMAN PP4 #g#b-#g#c1 #g#i-#h#g2 ALSO ,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #a#f#a-#f#b1 #b#g-#h74 ,EXIL$ AN>*I/S ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 ,BRITI% GR\PS LIKE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION1 ! E>LY ,FABIANS & ! ,WORK]S ,DREADN\K$ FROM ! #a#i#aS -- :5 ,LONDON FAD$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y HUB 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #h1 #a#b1 #b#a74 ,POLITICAL CLUBS & TAV]NS W]E A KEY P>T ( MOVEM5T 9FRA/RUCTURE1 AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( POLITICAL EXILES1 AN 9T]FACE ) ,BRITI% RADICALS1 & AN IMPORTANT SITE ( WOM5'S P>TICIPATION 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #a#e#g-#h#c74 ,BEYOND ?IS1 H[EV]1 ! MOVEM5T WAS DEEPLY DIVID$ ON ISSUES ( /RATEGY & TACTICS1 & ! DEBATES ON !SE ISSUES -- NOTABLY1 9 ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* CIRCLES -- HAD IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS = ! MOVEM5T'S L>G] TRAJECTORY4 ,! AN>*I/S HAD SUB/ANTIAL DIVISIONS OV] /RATEGY & TACTICS ?AT CAN BE MAPP$ ONTO TWO MA9 POLES3 A 0MASS0 AN>*ISM ?AT /RESS$ PATI5T ORGANIZATION1 POPUL> $UCATION & P>TICIPATION 9 IMM$IATE /RUGGLES PREP>ATORY TO REVOLUTION1 ( :I* POLE SYNDICALISM WAS P>T2 & AN 09SURRECTIONI/10 /RONGLY ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ AN>*ISM 7SOMETIMES CALL$ 0ILLEGALI/10 OR1 MISLEAD+LY1 09DIVIDUALI/07 /RESS+ SPONTANEITY1 9=MAL GR\PS & SMALL-SCALE VIOL5T ACTIONS1 OR 0PROPAG&A ( ! DE$0 AS A MEANS ( PROVOK+ REVOLUTION2 ?IS CURR5T OPPOS$ TO UNIONS & RE=MS4.<#b.> 7,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S DID ACCEPT1 9 REALITY1 A DEGREE ( ORGANIZATION1 NOM9ALLY 9=MAL4 ,CONV]SELY1 SOME MASS AN>*I/S FAVOR$ LOOSE1 EV5 9=MAL1 ORGANIZATION1 COMPLICAT+ ! DIVISION74 ,DI ,PAOLA'S /UDY RESURRECTS ! WORLD ( ! ,ITALIAN EXILE RADICAL COLONY 9 ,LONDON 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES1 BUT DOES MU* MORE BESIDES4 ,HE LOCATES ?IS 9 ! L>G] WORLD ( EXIL$ ,ITALIAN RADICALS 9CLUD+ REPUBLICANS1 SOCIALI/S 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S1 & TRADE UNIONI/S4 ,HE ALSO UND]L9ES ! IMPORTANCE ( ,LONDON AS A C5TRAL HUB 9 GLOBAL AN>*I/ NETWORKS1 PLAY+ HO/ NOT ONLY TO M5 LIKE ,K>L ,M>X1 BUT ALSO TO :AT ONE CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]V] CALL$ ! MO/ 0QUALIFI$ CONGREGATION ( AN>*I/S ( ALL NATIONALITIES0 EV] SE5 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #g74 ,BESIDES ,ITALIAN P]SONALITIES LIKE ,MALATE/A & ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1 P>TICI-PANTS 9CLUD$1 AT DIFF]5T TIMES1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,KROPOTK91 ! ,G]MANS ,JOHANN ,MO/ & ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK]1 & ! LEG5D>Y ,COMMUN>D ,L\ISE ,MI*EL4 ,KROPOTK9 7:O /AY$ CONT9U\SLY 9 ,BRITA9 FROM #a#h#h#f-#a#i#a#g7 & ,MALATE/A 7:O WAS 9 ,LONDON ON & (F = =TY YE>S7 W]E >GUABLY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/S ( ALL ON A WORLD SCALE AFT] ! DEA? ( ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 7:O VISIT$ ,BRITA9 TWICE74 ,DI ,PAOLA ALSO UNCOV]S A HO/ ( LESS]-KN[N1 (T5 =GOTT51 EV5 9VISIBLE MILITANTS :O PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! DISSEM9ATION ( AN>*ISM GLOBALLY4 ,HIS EXEMPL>Y WORK1 FIRMLY LOCAT$ )9 ! GR[+ FIELD ( TRANSNATIONAL LABOR HI/ORY1 PROVIDES A VIVID PORTRAYAL ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS ,LONDON COMMUNITY ( ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ IMMIGRANTS1 RECON/RUCT$ ?R\< AN EXPLORATION ( P]SONAL NETWORKS1 9=MAL GR\PS & =MAL /RUCTURES1 RADICAL CLUBS1 AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS1 & ! DEBATES ?AT TOOK PLACE BO? AMONG ! EXPATRIATES & )9 ! L>G] AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,HAV+ EXPLA9$ H[ ! ,ITALIAN DIASPORA WAS P>TLY ! PRODUCT ( WAVES ( REPRESSION FROM ! #a#h#gS 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #a#d-#c#e71 9TO ! #a#h#iS1 :5 REPRESSION ( ! OPPOSITION REA*$ 0,RUSSIAN0 LEVELS 7P4 #a#f71 ,DI ,PAOLA MAPS 7FIGURATIVELY AS WELL AS LIT]ALLY7 ! MOVEM5T 9 ,LONDON1 DETAIL+ ! WORLD ( AN>*I/ HANG-\TS1 MEET+ PO9TS1 H\SES1 DI/RICTS1 CLUBS & HEADQU>T]S 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #c#f74 ,?IS AN>*I/ 0SUBCULTURE10 OR 0C\NT]CULTURE0 ) ITS [N 9/ITUTIONS1 MY?S1 M>TYROLOGY1 SONGS1 ICONS1 PLAYS1 & ID5TITY B\ND TOGE!R AN>*I/ EXILES 0POSSIBLY EV5 MORE0 ?AN !IR OV]T POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS 7PP4 #i-#a74 ,HAV+ DETAIL$ ! FACTORS ?AT DROVE ,ITALIAN EMIGRATION1 ,DI ,PAOLO1 LIKE ,TURCATO.<#c.> /RESSES ?AT ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM WAS A TRANSNATIONAL MOVEM5T ?AT CANNOT BE UND]/OOD ?R\< A FOCUS ON ,ITALY4 ,CONSID]+ ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM AS A NATIONAL PH5OM5ON PROVIDES A MISLEAD+ 0IMAGE ( DIS-CONT9UITY1 SPONTANEITY & 9EFFECTIV5ESS0 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #f7 ?AT ,DI ,PAOLA'S P]SPECTIVE HELPS CORRECT4 ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM WAS %AP$ BY EV5TS ABROAD3 ! DEBATE BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,GIUSEPPE ,MAZZ9I OV] ! #ahga ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS DECISIVE 9 W9N+ Y\NG ,ITALIANS 7AMONG !M ,MALATE/A7 FROM LEFT NATIONALISM TO AN>*I/ 9T]NATIONALISM 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #h-#i1 #b#g-#c#a74 ,LIKEWISE1 AN>*ISM 9 ,ITALY WAS ALSO %AP$ BY ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S ABROAD4 ,:AT ( ! SPECIFICALLY ,ITALIAN DIM5SION ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM ABROAD8 ,! AU?OR EXPLORES H[ NATIONAL ID5TITY & COMMON EXP]I5CES PROVID$1 AT ONE LEVEL1 A RES\RCE ?AT 5ABL$ ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y ALSO IMPLI$1 H[EV]1 A DEGREE ( 9SUL>ITY FROM ! L>G] SOCIETY -- RE9=C$ BY A COMMON LANGUAGE & CLOSE-KNIT NEII\S ELEM5TS ( DESCRIPTION1 DESPITE EXHIBIT+ A NOTABLE ATT5TION TO DETAIL1 >E NOT ALWAYS EXPLICITLY DRAWN TOGE!R TO DEMON/RATE !IR IMPLICATIONS = TRANSNATIONAL /UDY4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 ! 9SUL>ITY ( =EIGN COLONIES 7DEFTLY EXPLOR$ 9 ! BOOK7 IS A /UMBL+ BLOCK = ANYONE ATTEMPT+ TO /UDY ! WAYS ?AT COMPLEX 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 HO/ POPULATIONS & EXILE COLONIES 9HABIT+ !M COMB9E TO PRODUCE TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS ( ACTIVISM4 ,UN=TUNATELY ?\<1 A DISCUSSION ( MUTUAL 9FLU5CES DOES NOT =M A SY/EMATIC P>T ( A L>G] DISCUSSION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,! FACT ?AT ,MALATE/A'S >RE/ 0/IMULAT$0 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,LONDON 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #a#e7 IS NOT$4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! BOOK REPORTS ?AT LOCAL ,BRITI% TRADITIONS 7( US+ FREE H\SES & CAFES = RADICAL DISCUSSION CIRCLES7 9T]SECT$ ) SIMIL> ,ITALIAN TRADITIONAL PRACTICES L9K$ TO ! O/]IE4 ,IT ALSO RECORDS ?AT !SE CLUBS CONNECT$ DIFF]5T REFUGEE COMMUNITIES & FACILITAT$ L9KS TO ,BRITI% RADICALISM -- ACT+ AS 0A CONDUIT BETWE5 HO/ C\NTRY1 HOME C\NTRY & ! WID] WORLD0 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #a#h#c74 ,H[EV]1 :AT EXACTLY !SE 9T]ACTIONS PRODUC$ IS NOT ALWAYS GIV5 S]I\S CONSID]ATION NOR EXPLICITLY 9T]ROGAT$ BY ! AU?OR4 ,! BOOK /UDI\SLY *RONICLES CRUCIAL DEBATES ?AT HAVE FUNDAM5TALLY %AP$ AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVES ON KEY ISSUES BUT (T5 %IES AWAY FROM EXPLICITLY TRAC+ ! \TCOMES ( KEY DEBATES & :AT !Y MEANT 9 ! LONG RUN = ! TRAJECTORY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,SIMIL>LY1 A DEEP] DISCUSSION ( 7= EXAMPLE7 ! ME?ODS BY :I* ,ITALIAN MIGRANTS 09TRO-DUC$ ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONI/S TO ANTI-/ATI/ SOCIALISM0 7,DI ,PAOLA CIT+ ,C>L ,LEVY1 P4 #g7 -- & ( ! CONT5T ( ?OSE IDEAS -- W\LD HAVE ADD$ ANO!R DIM5SION TO :AT IS AN EXTREMELY VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO TRANSNATIONAL HI/ORIOGRAPHY4 ,CON/ANCE ,BANTMAN'S POLITICAL & SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ,FR5* AN>*I/S 9 ,LONDON BETWE5 #ahh & #aiad IS ANO!R IMPRESSIVE /UDY ( TRANSNATIONAL & EXILIC AN>*I/ ACTIVISM -- AS WELL AS AN IMPORTANT WORK ( HI/ORICAL RECOV]Y1 :I* /RESSES ! ROLE ( 09=MAL 9T]NATIONALISM0 9 CON/ITUT+ GLOBAL AN>*ISM4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 AS ,BANTMAN NOTES1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS A WIDESPREAD1 PRIM>ILY URBAN1 WORK+ CLASS & >TISANAL MOVEM5T1 ITS 0IMPLANTATION R\*ISM HAD A /RONG BASE 9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 & A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( ! EXILES W]E SKILL$ WORK]S 7,DI ,PAOLO P4 #b#d74 ,FR5* AN>*I/S HAD ALREADY SETTL$ 9 ,LONDON 9 ! #a#h#hS1 BUT NUMB]S GREW RAPIDLY AS ! 9T]NATIONAL RISE ( AN>*I/-9SPIR$ T]RORISM -- ?AT IS1 ( 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*ISM -- PROVOK$ 9T5SE REPRESSION 9 ! #a#h#iS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & O!R PLACES4 ,AS ELSE:]E1 ! L>G] MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ MASS AN>*I/S1 PAID ! PRICE = ! ACTIONS ( SMALL 9SURRECTIONI/ GR\PS1 AS AU?ORITIES 5ACT$ SWEEP+ MEASURES AGA9/ AN>*I/S AS A :OLE1 PROPELL+ ACTIVI/S 9TO EXILE4 ,MANY ( ! DE$S ( ! 9SURRECTIONI/S1 9T5TIONS NOT)/&+1 W]E ALSO BRUTAL1 (T5 BORD]+ ON COMMON CRIME 7= SOME DESCRIPTIONS3 ,MESS]-,KRUSE PP4 #h#a1 #a#b#i7 & DID LITTLE TO W9 PUBLIC FAVOR 7OR ?AT ( MANY AN>*I/S74 ,9 ,BRITA9 ITSELF 9SURRECTIONI/ PLOTS BY SEV]AL ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN EXILES1 9-EFFECTUAL AS !Y (T5 W]E1 W]E ALSO 5ORM\SLY DISRUPTIVE ( ! L>G] MOVEM5T4 ,! MA9 EFFECTS W]E TO ACCEL]ATE POLICE SURVEILLANCE 7& 9T]NATIONAL COORD9ATION71 PROMPT T\<] IMMIGRATION LAWS & FO/] A POOR PUBLIC IMAGE 7,BANTMAN PP4 #a#c-#e#f74 ,BANTMAN1 :ILE NECESS>ILY DEVOT+ SOME SPACE TO ! TOPIC ( AN>*I/ 9SURRECTIONISM1 TAKES C>E TO %[ ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS TR5D HAS BE5 OV]/AT$4 ,A COMPLETELY DISPROPORTIONATE FOCUS 9 ! S*OL>%IP ON S5SATIONAL VIOL5CE -- RE9=C$ BY CURR5T CONC]NS ) JIHADI ATTACKS -- HAS DETRACT$ FROM C>EFUL1 BALANC$ /UDY ( AN>*I/S 7,BANTMAN PP4 #c-#f74 ,= EXAMPLE1 ISURRECTIONI/S W]E ALWAYS OPPOS$ BY MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S1 & !IR BRIEF P]IOD ( HEGEMONY 9 ,FRANCE SOON GAVE WAY UND] ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( MASS AN>*ISM4 ,BY #a#h#i#d1 MO/ ,FR5* AN>*I/S W]E SET ON SYNDICALISM 7PP4 #b1 #b#d-#b#f74 ,FUR!R1 AS ,BANTMAN'S ACC\NT IMPLIES1 FEW 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*I/S ACTUALLY UND]TOOK VIOL5T ACTIONS1 CONF9+ !MSELVES TO VIOL5T WORDS4 ,9DE$1 ! GLOBAL TOLL ( 9SURRECTIONI/ VIOL5CE WAS ALSO SURPRIS+LY SMALL3 ,RI*>D ,J5S5 SUGGE/S ?AT = #a#h#h-#a#i#a#d1 AN>*I/ VIOL5CE 9 G5]AL -- ?IS 9CLUDES BY MASS AN>*I/S -- ACC\NT$ = ONLY #af DEA?S & #e 9JURIES WORLDWIDE 9 TW5TY-F\R YE>S4.<#d.> ,DEBATES BETWE5 DIFF]5T AN>*I/ CURR5TS W]E (T5 BITT]1 & W]E EXAC]BAT$ BY ! TRY+ & (T5 GRIM CONDITIONS ( EXILE4 ,IF ! WORDS ( EXIL$ ,FR5* 9SURRECTIONI/S R>ELY RESULT$ 9 ACTUAL DE$S1 !Y CON-SUM$ 5]GY & GOODWILL ) EXTRAORD9>Y AM\NTS ( VIOL5T1 SELF-RI*I/S -- A PRACTICE PROMOT$ BY ! MANIPULATIONS ( ! 0MASSIVE0 POLICE SPY PRES5CE 9 9SURRECTIONI/ RANKS 7,BANTMAN PP4 #f#d-#f#g74 ,A FEW NOTABLE ,ITALIAN 9SURRECTIONI/S APPLI$ !IR !ORIES1 EV5 9 EXILE1 AL?\< MO/ DID NOT4 ,BO? ! 9ACTIVE & ACTIVE 9SURRECTIONI/S 9DULG$ 9 A GREAT DEAL ( BOMBA/IC WRIT+ 7SEE ,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #g#a-#g#g1 #a#c-#e74 ,FRU/RAT$ BY EXILE1 & L>GELY 9ACTIVE 9 O!R /RUGGLES1 ! 9SURRECTIONI/S F\ND AN \TLET = !IR 5]GIES 9 SECT>IANISM4 ,NOT ALL ( ?IS SECT>IANISM WAS H>MLESS3 9 SEV]AL CASES1 9SURRECTIONI/S W]E 9VOLV$ 9 VIOL5T1 SOMETIMES DEADLY1 ATTACKS ON SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ CRITICS 9 ,EUROPE & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #f#d71.<#e.> A ?UGG]Y COMPLETELY AT ODDS ) ANY NOTION ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,9SURRECTIONI/S W]E 9 TURN TREAT$ ) CONTEMPT BY ! ORGANIZATIONALI/S1 D5IGRAT$ AS 0POOR DEV-ILS1 %>KS FOLL[+ A %IP0 !Y DID NOT PILOT 7QUOT$ 9 ,BANTMAN P4 #f#e74 ,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM DID NOT1 ( C\RSE1 OP]ATE 9 A VACUUM3 !IR ADH]5TS' PLANS = ! OV]?R[ ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 BY :ATEV] MEANS1 HAD REAL EFFECTS ON /ATE POLICY4 ,AS ,BANTMAN NOTES1 NOT ONLY W]E TRANSNATIONAL L9KAGES IMPORTANT = AN>*ISM 7FROM BEL[71 AN>*I/ EXILES ALSO PLAY$ A =MATIVE ROLE 9 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES 9 ,BRITI% /ATE POLICY 7FROM ABOVE7 -- 9CLUD+ PROMPT+ 9T]NATIONALLY COLLABORATIVE POLITICAL SURVEILLANCE &1 ULTIMATELY1 PLAY+ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! REMOVAL ( LIB]AL ,BRITI% IMMIGRATION & ASYLUM POLICY ) ! ,ALI5S ,ACT ( #a#i#e4 ,DI ,PAOLA DEVOTES SUB/ANTIAL TIME TO ! COMPLICAT$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,BRITI% & ,ITALIAN AU?ORITIES4 ,HE %[S H[ ! SPY NETWORKS ?AT KEPT AN>*I/S UND] SURVEILLANCE W]E IMPORTANT 9 BR++ AN 5D TO ! LIB]AL ]A 7PP4 #b#c-#b#e1 #a#b#b-#e#f74 ,9 ! WAKE ( ! #aie ,ACTS1 ADMISSION WAS AT ! DISCRETION ( ,BRITI% (FICIALS1 & IMMIGRANTS ALREADY GRANT$ ADMISSION C\LD BE EXPELL$4 ,MALATE/A ONLY ESCAP$ ?IS FATE 9 #aiab FOLL[+ DEMON/RATIONS 7UP TO #a#e1-/RONG7 BY ,BRITI% LABOR & ! LEFT1 AS WELL AS IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES2 O!RS W]E NOT SO LUCKY4 7,SU* ,BRITI% SOLID>ITY WAS NOT UNUSUAL2 9 #a#i#i1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ORGANIZ$ A MASSIVE RALLY 9 SOLID>ITY ) ,SPANI% AN>*I/S2 #aiad W\LD SEE MASS RALLIES = DEPORT$ ,S\? ,AFRICAN LABOR ACTIVI/S74 ,) ! ONSET ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 REPRESSION REA*$ A NEW LEVEL 9 ,BRITA91 AL?\< IT DID NOT /OP AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITIES4 ,>\ND #a1#e 05EMY ALI5S0 W]E 9T]N$1 LEGISLATION CRACK$ D[N ON /RIKES & DISS5T1 & C5SOR%IP WAS IMPOS$ 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #a#i#e-#b74 ,?US1 FROM ! #a#h#hS1 ,LONDON BECAME A KEY PLACE )9 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ NETWORKS1 & AN 9FLU5TIAL SITE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION & IDEOLOGY4 ,IT WAS >GUABLY -- ALONG ) C5T]S LIKE ,HAVANA1 ,P>IS1 ,TOKYO1 & ,JOHANNESBURG --.<#f.> ONE ( ! KEY HUBS 9 GLOBAL AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ NETWORKS4 ,BO? AU?ORS EXP& \R UND]/&-+ ( ?IS HUB BY EXAM9+ ITS LOCAL HI/ORY AS WELL AS ITS 9T]NATIONAL CONNECTIONS & IMPACT2 TOGE!R !Y PROVIDE AN EVOCATIVE PICTURE ( ! /REETS1 B>S1 WORKPLACES & H\S+ ( ! MILITANTS1 & ( !IR DAY TO DAY LIVES1 (T5 M>K$ BY DE/ITUTION & SQUABBL+ 7PP4 #e#d-#f#g74 ,! IMPORTANCE ( !SE ,LONDON YE>S = 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM IS ANO!R COMMON1 & IMPORTANT1 !ME4 ,= EXIL$ ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* CIRCLES1 IT WAS H]E KEY DEBATES OV] ! M]ITS ( 9SURRECTIONISM V]SUS A MORE MASS-BAS$ AN>*ISM -- 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM BAS$ 9 TRADE UNIONS1 LIKE SYNDICALISM -- TOOK PLACE 7,BANTMAN PP4 #f#d-#f#e1 #i#b-#i#c1 #i#h-#a#b74 ,BANTMAN %[S H[1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ PRESS CIRCULAT$ F> BEYOND ,BRITA91 & PROVIDES AN ILLUM9AT+ DISCUSSION ( ! ME*ANISMS BY :I* IDEAS SPREAD & TOOK HOLD4 ,FUR!R1 %E %[S ?AT ,FR5* AN>*I/ EXILES HAD AN 5ORM\S IMPACT ON DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,FRANCE1 NOT LEA/ AS AN 9T]LOCUTOR = ,BRITI% AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ ?\XI/1 AN>*I/1 LABOR UNIONI/1 LOCAL AS WELL AS IMMIGRANT & EXILIC -- FL\RI%$ 9 ,BRITA9 7,BANTMAN PP4 #b#h-#d#c74 ,BRITI% MODELS1 EXP]I5CES & REF]5CES 7P>TICUL>Y ! RISE ( ! MORE MILITANT 0NEW UNIONISM0 9 ! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS1 & ITS FRE$OM FROM POLITICAL P>TY CONTROL7 ?US PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! EXILE'S DEBATES4 ,BANTMAN EV5 >GUES ?AT ,BRITI% LABOR CONV9C$ ,KROPOTK9 & O!RS ( ! IMPORTANCE ( UNIONS & SYNDICALISM 7P4 #d#a74 ,DI ,PAOLA1 LIKEWISE1 EXPLORES H[ MANY ( ! KEY DEBATES )9 ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM PLAY$ \T 9 ,LONDON1 R\GELY REPRES5T$ BY ,MALATE/A & ,M]L9O1 :O FAVOR$ UNIONS & /RIKES1 & REJECT$ 0PROPAG&A ( ! DE$0 ON ! ONE H&1 & ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( 9SURRECTIONI/S LIKE ,LUIGI ,P>MEGGIANI & ,VITTORIO ,P9I ON ! O!R 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #d#b1 #f#a-#i#a74 ,HE ALSO SUGGE/S ?AT AT TIMES AN>*I/ AGITATION 9 ,LONDON \T/RIPP$ EF=TS 9 ,ITALY4 ,AMONG ! ,ITALIANS1 MASS AN>*I/S :O ASSOCIAT$ ) FIGURES LIKE ,MALATE/A W]E IMPRESS$ BY ,BRITI% UNIONS & /RIKES4 ,CON-TR>Y TO ! FAIRLY WIDESPREAD MY? ?AT ,MALATE/A WAS HO/ILE TO SYNDICALISM1#g IT SEEMS HE EMBRAC$ A 0SYNDICALI/ /RATEGY0 & AN ORI5TATION TO ! UNIONS1 & S\*I/ P>TY0 ) A %>$ PROGRAM 0CAPABLE ( 5GAG+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T10 FREE ( 9SURRECTIONS1 & DI/9CT FROM ! UNIONS 7PP4 #h#h-#i#a1 #i#i-#a74 ,9 FACT1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT )\T AN ACTIVE AN>*I/ PRES5CE1 ! T5D5CIES TO UNION BUREAUCRACY & UNION SECTIONALISM C\LD EASILY PREVAIL 7PP4 #i#i1 #a#a74 ,?US1 A 7RE7ORI5TATION TO TRADE UNIONS 7SYNDICALISM WAS P>T ( ! ,FIR/ & ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONALS71 9CLUD+ AN >GUM5T = ! 9FILTRATION ( EXI/+ UNIONS1 >OSE AMONG ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* EXILES4 ,?IS WAS EXPORT$ 7,BANTMAN >GUES7 BACK TO ,FRANCE ?R\< *ANNELS LIKE ! EXILE PAP]S ,P]E PE9>D & ,LE ,TOCS9 7PP4 #g#e-#g#f72 ,LE ,TEMPS N\VEAU1 L9K$ TO ,KROPOTK91 WAS ANO!R CONDUIT 7PP4 #a#f#b-#f#c74 ,PR$ICTABLY ! 9SURRECTIONI/S OPPOS$ ANY ORI5TATION T[>D UNIONS1 >GU+ ?AT RE=MS W]E 9EFFECTIVE1 ?AT ! UNIONS W]E BUREAUCRATIC & SO =? 7,DI ,PAOLA P4 #a#e74 ,AL?\< ! EVID5CE IS LESS CLE> = ! ,ITALIAN CASE1 IT DOES SEEM ?AT ! EXILES' ,LONDON DEBATES ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO GR[+ ! NUMB]S ( AN>*I/S ?AT JO9$ UNIONS & SIMIL> =MATIONS1 OPPOS+ RE=MISM1 9 ! HOMEL& 7,DI ,PAOLA PP4 #i#g-#i#h1 #b#h74 ,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S SOON BECAME A V]Y P[]FUL M9ORITY 9 ,ITALIAN UNIONISM1 AL?\< ?IS A*IEVEM5T WAS SURPASS$ 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E !Y A*IEV$ A LEAD+ ROLE4 ,AN>*I/S BEGAN P]MEAT+ ,FR5* UNIONS >\ND ! CONGRESS 9 ,NANTES 9 #a#h#i#d1 HAV+ AN 5ORM\S IMPACT ON ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL1 ,C,G,T1 70A HOTB$ = 'PROTO'-SYNDICALI/ IDEAS0 7,BANTMAN P4 #a#f77 & ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL -- & 9 ! M]G+ ( ! TWO 7ON A SYNDICALI/ PROGRAM7 9 #a#i#b4 ,! TWO-TI] /RUCTURE ( ! EXP&$ ,C,G,T WAS P]CEIV$ BY ITS SECRET>Y1 7=M] ,LONDON EXILE7 ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 AS 0EMBODY+ ! AN>*I/ IDEAL ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION0 BECAUSE ITS DEC5TRALIZ$ *>ACT] WAS DIRECTLY IMPORT$ FROM LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES 7,BANTMAN P4 #a#f#a74 ,! VICTORY ( SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE 9 TURN REVIV$ SYNDICALISM WORLDWIDE4 ,PELL\TI]1 *AMPION ( 0BOR+-FROM-)90 EXI/+ UNIONS1 RA!R ?AN =M+ NEW ONES1 >GU$ = EMULATION ( ,BRITI% UNIONS ?AT US$ 0SABOTAGE10 /E]$ CLE> ( /ATE M$IATION ( 9DU/RIAL RELATIONS1 & /RESS$ C>EFUL ORGANIZATION & UNION 9DEP5D5CE4 ,O!R =M] EXILES1 AMONG !M ,EMILE ,P\GET & ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 ALSO HIGUES ?AT ! ,C,G,T'S SYNDICALI/ ,AMI5S ,*>T] ( #aif HAD ITS 0ORIG9S0 0FUR!R BACK & BORR[$ FROM ,BRITI% PRACTICES0 7,BANTMAN P4 #a#f#a74 ,L9KS MADE 9 ,BRITA91 TO FIGURES LIKE ,TOM ,MANN1 W\LD RE9=CE !SE 9FLU5CES 7PP4 #a#f#h-#g1 #a#g#b-#g#d1 #a#g#g74 ,MANN1 = 9/ANCE1 ACTIVELY *AMPION$ ! ,C,G,T EXAMPLE 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD & VISIT$ ,FRANCE TO /UDY ! F$]ATION4 ,?US1 = ,BANTMAN1 RA!R ?AN SYNDICALISM BE+ A ,FR5* 9NOVATION1 IT WAS 9 FACT PREC$$ BY ,BRITI% AN>*I/ SYNDICALISM 9 ! #a#h#hS 7,BANTMAN P4 #a#f#d74 ,?IS L9E ( >GUM5T IS EXTREMELY FRUITFUL1 & 9DICATES ! M]ITS ( A TRANSNATIONAL L5S4 ,FIR/1 AS ,BANTMAN >GUES1 ! ,LONDON YE>S ( ,FR5* AN>*ISM >E USUALLY IGNOR$ 9 ! LIT]ATURE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT #a#h#iS SYNDICALISM IS (T5 VIEW$ AS A NOVEL1 & DI/9CTLY 0,FR5*10 PH5OM5ON ?AT WAS SUBSEQU5TLY EXPORT$ GLOBALLY4 ,BUT IF 0,FR5*0 SYNDICALISM CANNOT BE FULLY GRASP$ UNLESS 9 RELATION TO IDEAS G5]AT$ ELSE:]E1 & 9 E>LI] P]IODS1 ?IS IS A P[]FUL >GUM5T AGA9/ ! LIMITS ( ME?ODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM4 ,BANTMAN ALSO PROVIDES A V]Y CONCRETE MODEL ( H[1 EXACTLY1 CROSS-BORD] IDEOLOGICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSF]S CAN TAKE PLACE3 ?R\< 9DIVIDUALS1 ?R\< NETWORKS1 ?R\< ! RADICAL PRESS1 !MSELVES NE/$ 9 C\NT]-CULTURAL & OPPOSITIONAL MILIEUS4 ,?IS HAS ! M]IT1 ON ! ONE H&1 ( DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! ROLE ( 9=MAL /RUCTURES 7(T5 IGNOR$ 9 LABOR HI/ORIES1 9 FAVOR ( =MAL 9/ITUTIONS7 9 IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 &1 ON ! O!R1 TO ! IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL ROLE ( SU* /RUCTURES 7(T5 IGNOR$ 9 SOCIAL HI/ORIES ?AT FOCUS ON CULTURAL =MS & DAILY LIFE74 ,AN>*ISM WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 A POLITICAL MOVEM5T2 ITS SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE CLUBS1 PRESS1 & NETWORKS W]E ALL CON/ITUT$ BY ! OV]>*+ AIM ( GA!R+ ! LIKE-M9D$1 & ( EXP&+ !IR RANKS4 ,?US1 LIKE ,DI ,PAOLA'S1 ,BANTMAN'S ACC\NT 9CLUDES A DISCUSSION ( KEY DEBATES )9 ! MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ :AT %E DESCRIBES AS ITS 0ORGANIZATIONAL CONUN-DRUMS0 7P4 #a#e#h74 ,! DEBATES OV] UNIONS -- 9 :I* MASS AN>*I/S EV5TUALLY TRIUMPH$ DECISIVELY OV] 9SURRECTIONI/S1 & ! SUBSEQU5T RE-LAUN*+ ( SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE ?R\< ! RISE ( ! ,C,G,T -- W]E P>T ( A L>G] SET ( DEBATES OV] ! M]ITS ( RE=MS1 =MAL ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! NECESSITY ( 7& APPROPRIATE =MS =7 SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?AT SAID1 !RE >E SOME WEAKNESSES 9 ,BANTMAN'S APPROA*ES TO ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 H] TEXT T5DS TO CREATE ! IMPRESSION ?AT SYNDICALISM WAS AN 9NOVATION1 LABEL+ ! LATE #a#h#hS AS ! P]IOD ?AT SAW ! EM]G5CE ( 0PROTO-SYNDICALI/ IDEAS0 7,BANTMAN P4 #a#f74 ,BUT ! CASE CAN ALSO BE MADE ?AT SYNDICALISM WAS ALWAYS A MAJOR !ME 9 MASS AN>*ISM1 FROM ! DAYS ( ,BAKUN94 ,AS O!R WRIT]S HAVE NOT$1 SYNDICALISM DATES TO ! BIR? ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL2 SYNDICALI/ UNIONS 9 ,MEXICO & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E1 9 FACT1 ! L>GE/ AFFILIATES ( ! #ahha ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?US1 ! SYNDICALISM 9SPIR$ BY ! ,C,G,T WAS ACTUALLY A 0SECOND WAVE0 ( GLOBAL SYNDICALISM4.<#h.> ,A T5D5CY TO TREAT SYNDICALISM AS DI/9CT FROM AN>*ISM ALSO MEANS ?AT ! L>G] IMPACT ( AN>*ISM GETS SOME:AT ELID$4 ,GIV5 ! 5ORM\S IMPACT ?AT ! ,C,G,T HAD ON ,FR5* SOCIETY1 & ITS ROLE 9 FO/]+ A GLOBAL UPSURGE ?AT SAW SYNDICALISM COME TO DOM9ATE LABOR & LEFT MOVEM5TS 9 A RANGE ( C\NTRIES1 ,BANTMAN SOME:AT UND]CUTS ! IMPORTANCE ( H] >GUM5TS BY SIMULTANE\SLY >GU+ ?AT 0AN>*ISM WAS ALWAYS A M9ORITY1 RADICAL PURSUIT0 7,BANTMAN PP4 #a1 #a#d74 ,BUT MASS SYNDICALI/ UNIONS HAD EXI/$ WORLDWIDE S9CE AT LEA/ ! LATE #a#h#fS2 BY ! #a#i#aS1 SYNDICALISM WAS -- OR HAD BE5 -- A LEAD+ =CE 9 NUM]\S LABOR MOVEM5TS WORLDWIDE1 & W\LD GR[ AGA9 FROM ! LATE #a#i#aS4 ,S9CE SYNDICALISM IS P>T ( AN>*ISM1 AN>*ISM WAS H>DLY 0ALWAYS A M9ORITY1 RADICAL PURSUIT10 9 ,FRANCE OR ELSE:]E4 ,BANTMAN ALSO T5DS TO ACCEPT SOME ( ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ AN>*I/S1 :O VIEW$ AN>*ISM AS 9COMPATIBLE ) DISCIPL9$1 TIGUM5TS3 ?AT ! 0ORGANIZATIONAL DRIVE0 ( ! SYNDICALI/S & O!RS 0WAS P>A-DOXICAL & HIIAN & ANTI-C5TRALIZATION T5ETS ( AN>*ISM0 7P4 #a#e#h72 ?AT !RE WAS AN 09H]5T IMPOSSIBILITY0 9 /RUCTUR$ AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+ 7P4 #c#a1 ALSO P4 #a#h#c72 & ?AT 0! RISE ( SYNDICALISM 9 ! E>LY #a#iS PROVID$ AN ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( MILITANT ORGANIZATION1 ALBEIT BY TON+ D[N ITS LIB]T>IAN CONT5TS0 7IBID41 EMPHASIS ADD$74 ,FUR!R1 ,BANTMAN PROPOSES ?AT 09=MAL NETWORKS0 S]VE MILITANCY BETT] BECAUSE 0!Y DO NOT SEEM TO C>RY ! ?REAT ( AU?ORIT>IANISM0 7P4 #a#e#i1 ALSO P4 #c#a74 ,%E ADDS ?AT !RE >E IMPORTANT P>ALLELS BETWE5 ! CLASSIC AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ! #a#i#iS LEFTW+ 0ALT]-GLOBALIZATION0 MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS ALSO (T5 AN 9=MALLY ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T BAS$ ON NETWORKS 7PP4 #a#h#i-#i74.<#i.> ,!SE POSITIONS >E PROBLEMATIC4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO SUPPOSE1 AS ,MALATE/A & ,PELL\TI] PO9T$ \T1 ?AT ORGANIZATION1 9 ITSELF1 IS 9H]5TLY AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALI/3 SU* DANG]S EXI/1 BUT IT IS ! =M & CONT5T1 RA!R ?AN ! SIMPLE FACT1 ( ORGANIZATION ?AT IS DECISIVE4 ,EV5 ! PESSIMI/IC ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS /RESS$ ?AT ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S PAID UNP>ALLEL$ ATT5TION TO E/ABLI%+ /RUCTURES ?AT W]E AS BOTTOM-UP & DEMOCRATIC AS POSSIBLE4.<#a.> ,C]TA9LY WE CAN AGREE ) ! AU?OR ?AT 0P]SONAL NETWORKS0 CAN PROVIDE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS ( SPREAD-+ IDEAS 7,BANTMAN P4 #a#f71 BUT ?IS DOES NOT 9 ITSELF %[ ! SUP]IORITY ( 9=MAL1 OV] =MAL1 /RUCTURES4 ,! ABILITY ( 9=MAL NETWORKS TO CON/ITUTE MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN DECISIVELY *ANGE SOCIETY ALSO REMA9S D\BTFUL3 IT WAS ?R\< SYNDICALISM1 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT ,FR5* AN>*ISM BECAME A LEAD+ =CE2 CONV]SELY1 ! EPHEM]AL & LOOSE NATURE ( #a#i#iS 0ALT]-GLOBALIZATION0 LEFT IT ILL-PREP>$ TO SU/A9 ITS /RUGGLES1 MOVE BEYOND ! ACTIVI/ MILIEU1 OR RESPOND EFFECTIVELY TO A RANGE ( EXT]NAL *ALL5GES1 SU* AS ! 0W> ON T]ROR40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! IMPACT ( ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALISM ON AN>*ISM HAS (T5 BE5 TO WEAK5 IT3 = EXAMPLE1 ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALISM WEAK5$ ! ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL1 WAS A MAJOR FACTOR 9 ! AN>*I/ DEFEATS 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 & CONTRIBUT$ DIRECTLY TO ! FAILURE ( A #aig ,AM/]DAM CONGRESS TO LAUN* A NEW AN>*I/ 9T]NATIONAL 7E4G4 ,DI ,PAOLA P4 #e#e74 ,FUR!R1 !RE IS NO REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT 9=MAL NETWORKS & /RUCTURES >E FREE ( HI]>*Y3 S9CE SU* /RUCTURES T5D TO BE C5T]$ >\ND A FEW =CEFUL P]SONALITIES1 LACK CLE> ME*ANISMS = ACC\NTABILITY1 & NORMALLY D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( 9T]NAL 9EQUALITIES 7H[EV] REAL71 !Y >E PREY TO 9VISIBLE HI]>*IES & AN 0UNCONTROLL$ & UNCONTROLLABLE LEAD]%IP40.<#a#a.> ,I,I4 ,MESS]-,KRUSE PICKS UP ! !ME ( ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,LONDON ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#h#a1 :I* 7AS NOT$7 9CLUD$ ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN DELEGATES4 ,MESS]-,KRUSE'S WORK IS A REASSESSM5T ( ! ,HAYM>KET CONSPIRACY & ! AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 7IMPLICAT$87 9 IT4 ,! /ORY BEG9S ) A BOMB ?R[N AT POLICE DUR+ AN AN>*I/ RALLY NE> ! ,HAYM>KET 9 ,*ICAGO1 ,MAY #a#h#h#f1 DUR+ A G5]AL /RIKE = ! EI*I/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = CONSPIRACY4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY ! CONVICTION ( EI*I/S1 MO/ ( :OM W]E ACTIVE 9 ,*ICAGO'S UNIONS4 ,( !SE1 F\R W]E EXECUT$ BY HANG+1 A FIF? COMMITT$ SUICIDE BE=E HIS S5T5CE WAS C>RI$ \T1 & ! O!RS GOT LIFE S5T5CES4 ,= MANY1 !Y DI$ AS M>TYRS 9 ! /RUGGLES = ! EI*I/S DREW WORLD ATT5TION4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 !IR DEA?S & !IR L9KS TO ! /RUGGLE = ! EIE COMMEMORAT$ ANNUALLY ON ,MAY ,DAY4 ,ADOPT$ AS A DAY ( GLOBAL LABOR SOLID>ITY AT ! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#h#i1 ,MAY ,DAY HAS BE5 ! MO/ 5DUR+ ( ! OLD LEFT CAL5D> ( EV5TS1 \TLA/+ COMMEMORATIONS = ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,MESS]-,KRUSE'S WORK1 :I* HAS ATTRACT$ SOME CONTROV]SY1 HAS TWO MA9 AIMS4 ,FIR/1 IT /RESSES ! 0AN>*I/0 *>ACT] ( ! ,HAYM>KET M54 ,AS ,MESS]-,KRUSE NOTES1 SUB/ANTIAL LIT]ATURE HAS PRES5T$ !M M]ELY AS TRADE UNIONI/S1 OR AS LEFTI/S PRACTICALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM 0ORD9>Y ,M>XI/S10 & EV5 AS 0PACIFI/S AT HE>T10 A PROJECT ( 0DOME/ICATION0 ?AT OBSCURES !IR RADICAL VIEWS 7PP4 #e1 #a#h#c1 #a#h#d-#h#e74 ,SECOND1 IT SEEKS TO *ALL5GE ! /&>D ACC\NT ?AT 9SI/S ?AT ! EIRE/$ HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! BOMB+1 ?AT ! TRIAL WAS UNFAIR1 & ?AT ! S5T5CES W]E PRIM>ILY AN ATTACK ON ORGANIZ$ LABOR & IMMIGRANTS4 ,9 T]MS ( DEMON/RAT+ ! AN>*I/ *>ACT] ( ! ,HAYM>KET ,M>TYRS1 ,MESS]-,KRUSE MAKES A P[]FUL & MU*-NE$$ CASE1 *RONICL+ ! RISE ( AN>*ISM AS AN IMPORTANT CURR5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! WAKE ( MASSIVE LABOR UNRE/ 9 #a#h#g#g4 ,HE ALSO MAKES AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO TRANSNATIONAL HI/ORIOGRAPHY BY TRAC+ H[ AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E SPREAD FROM ,EUROPE BY ! AN>*I/ PRESS1 BY MIGRANTS1 BY EXILES & TRAVEL+ RADICALS1 BY CORRESPOND5CE1 & BY ! NEWS REPORTS ?AT 0ZIPP$ >\ND ! WORLD ON TRANSOCEANIC TELEGRAPH CABLES0 7PP4 #b#g-#c1 #c#i-#d#b1 #d#d1 #e#f1 #e#h-#e#i1 #g1 #g#i-#h#a74 ,RADICALS ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,ATLANTIC W]E 0CLOSELY CONNECT$10 & IF ANY?+1 0RADICALS ( ! SAME M9D ON EI!R CONT95T W]E MORE CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ONE ANO!R ?AN !Y W]E ) !IR FACTIONAL RIVALS ACROSS T[N0 7P4 #d#d1 #d#f-#d#g74 ,9 CITIES LIKE ,*ICAGO1 ) MASSIVE IMMIGRANT POPULATIONS1 AN>*ISM SET D[N DEEP ROOTS1 & 9FLU5TIAL RADICAL PAP]S 9 A V>IETY ( LANGUAGES HAD A MAJOR 9FLU5CE 7P4 #d#e74 ,?IS WAS QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T TO ! SMALL EXILE SC5ES 9 CITIES LIKE ,LONDON2 ,*ICAGO & ITS WORK+ CLASS W]E1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! MAJORITY ,G]MAN1 ) ,G]MAN ! CITY'S MO/ COMMONLY SPOK5 LANGUAGE 7P4 #d#d74 ,AS AN>*I/ IDEAS GA9$ 9CREAS+ 9FLU5CE 9 ,G]MANY >\ND M5 LIKE ,MO/1 SO ! =TUNES ( AN>*ISM ROSE 9 ,G]MAN COMMUNITIES ELSE:]E4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! IMMIGRANT LEFT FRACTUR$ AS P[]FUL AN>*I/ CURR5TS >OSE1 W9N+ SECTIONS ( IT & ITS LEFT PRESS 7! ,*ICAGO] ,>BEIT]-,ZEITUNG & ! ,AL>M1 BO? ( :I* ALIGN$ TO ! ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL47 ,!SE PROCESSES ALSO L$ TO ! =MATION ( ! 7,UNIT$ ,/ATES-WIDE1 & AN>*I/7 ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,PEOPLES ,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,P,A7 9 ,PITTSBUR< 9 #ahhc 7PP4 #e#c-#f#h1 #g-#g#a1 #h#a-#c74 ,HAYM>KET M>TYRS ,ALB]T ,P>SON & ,AUGU/ ,SPIES W]E PROM95T 9 ! ,I,W,P,A1 AS WAS ,MO/ 7:O N[ LIV$ AS AN EXILE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES74 ,MU* ( :AT ,MESS]-,KRUSE NOTES AB\T ! FEATURES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS -- ITS 9T]NATIONAL CONNECTIONS1 ITS FI]Y LANGUAGE & 9T]NAL SQUABBLES1 ITS 9VOLVEM5T 9 UNIONS1 ITS CALL = REVOLUTION1 ITS =MATION ( WORK+ CLASS MILITIAS & WEAPONS /ORES1 & ! EXI/5CE ( A VOCAL 9SURRECTIONI/ W+ -- >E NOT ESPECIALLY CONTROV]SIAL1 HAV+ BE5 DOCUM5T$ 9 A RANGE ( E>LI] /UDIES4.<#a#b.> ,H[EV]1 HE PROVIDES AN ESS5TIAL CORRECTIVE TO ACC\NTS ?AT PRES5T ! ,*ICAGO RADICALS AS MILD-MANN]$ UNDEF9$ 0SOCIALI/S10 OR EV5 AS E>LY ,M>XI/S4.<#a#c.> ,! ACC\NT HAS SOME FASC9AT+ SIDELI*I/S & A SECTION ( ! TRANSNATIONAL ,IRI% NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T 7,MESS]-,KRUSE PP4 #a#f-#a#d71 =E%AD[+ F> MORE SUB/ANTIAL COOP]ATION BETWE5 SYNDICALI/S & NATIONALI/S 9 ! #aiaf ,EA/] ,RIS+4 ,HIS WORK ALSO HELPS DRAW ATT5TION TO ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*ISM4 ,M>XI/S HAVE REPEAT$LY PR$ICT$ ! E>LY RISE ( A MASS SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4.<#a#d.> ,NOT ONLY HAS ?IS YET TO COME TO PASS1 BUT !RE HAVE BE5 SEV]AL P]IODS 9 :I* AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM DREW F> AHEAD ( ,M>XISM -- & ! #a#h#hS WAS ONE ( !M4 ,AN>*I/ PAP]S1 NOTES ,MESS]-,KRUSE1 HAD A WIDE CIRCULATION & >GUABLY A BIGG] 9FLU5CE ?AN ,M>XI/ CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,9DE$1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS HO/ TO ! WORLD'S FIR/ AN>*I/ DAILY PAP]4.<#a#e.> ,AN>*I/ RALLIES C\LD DRAW T5S ( ?\S&S 7PP4 #d#e1 #i#a-#i#b74 ,MESS]-,KRUSE'S /RESS ON TRANSNATIONAL CONNECTIONS IS ALSO TIMELY1 EV5 ?\< !RE C\LD BE MORE REFLECTION ON H[ TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS 5TAIL A CIRCULATION ( IDEAS1 RA!R ?AN ONE-WAY TRANSMISSIONS4 ,SO CLOSELY DOES ,MESS]-,KRUSE MAP AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ONTO PREC$-+ AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 ,EUROPE1 ) AN>*ISM PRES5T$ AS AN 0IMPORT$ & =EIGN IDEOLOGY10 0DI/ILL$0 9 ! ,EUROPEAN 0PRESSURE-COOK]10 & AT ODDS ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' HI/ORIC LIB]T>IANISM & REPUBLICANISM 7P4 #i7 ?AT SOME ( ! 9SIE LO/4 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM APPE>S 9 HIS ACC\NT AS AN \TPO/ ( ,EUROPEAN AN>*ISM1 & AS SOME?+ ALI51 AT ODDS ) 0! PUBLIC'S NATIVISM & ANTI-LEFTI/ BIAS0 7PP4 #b-#c74 ,?IS APPROA*1 :ILE IT IS CORRECT 9 DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! E?NIC 9SUL>ITY ( SECTIONS ( ! IMMIGRANT LEFT1 D[NPLAYS ! IMPACT ( AN>*ISM ON NATIVE-BORN ,AM]ICANS4 ,IT ALSO NEGLECTS ! SPECIFIC FACTORS ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! RISE ( A P[]FUL AN>*I/ CURR5T 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,!RE IS NOT MU* ANALYSIS ( H[ IDEAS FROM ABROAD W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9TO & %AP$ BY NEW SETT+S4 ,DESPITE /RESS+ ! 0=EIGN0 *>ACT] ( AN>*ISM1 ,MESS]-,KRUSE %[S1 AT SEV]AL PO9TS1 ?AT NATIVE-BORN ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ ,AM]ICANS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,I,W,P,A & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AN>*I/ PRESS4 ,HE NOTES1 BUT DOES NOT DISCUSS1 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,I,W,P,A EXPLICITLY LOCAT+ !MSELVES 9 ! LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ( M5 LIKE ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON 7PP4 #h#b1 #h#f-#i#i1 #a#g#f74 ,NOR IS !RE MU* DISCUSSION ( ! IMPACT ?AT ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AN>*I/S HAD ON ,EUROPEANS1 AS :51 = EXAMPLE1 AN ,AM]ICAN DELEGATE AT ! ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL'S F\ND+ CONGRESS *AMPION$ 0BOR+-FROM-)90 UNIONS 9 ,LONDON 7,MESS]-,KRUSE PP4 #a#d-#d#a71 OR :5 ,I,W,P,A VET]AN ,LUCY ,P>SONS T\R$ ,BRITA9 9 #a#h#h#h4 ,MESS]-,KRUSE CONT9UALLY CONTRA/S ! AN>*I/S ) 0! PUBLIC10 BUT IT IS NOT CLE> :Y ?IS IS SO1 GIV5 ?AT !Y OBVI\SLY HAD A MAJOR IMPACT3 TE/AM5T TO !IR 9FLU5CE & /&+ W]E ! T5S ( ?\S&S ?AT RALLI$ 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,HAYM>KET DEF5DANTS1 ATT5D$ ! FUN]AL & COMMEMORATIONS1 & LAT] HELP$ SECURE CLEM5CY = ! SURVIV+ ?REE2 ! AU?OR HIMSELF CONC$ES ?AT ! AN>*I/S SUCCE$$ 9 FUNDAM5TALLY 0REORI5T+ ,AM]ICAN SOCIALISM0 & DISPLAC+ ,M>XISM 7P4 #i71 & W]E AN IMPORTANT UNION CURR5T4 ,= A MOVEM5T TO TAKE HOLD1 IT MU/ ALSO RELATE TO LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,EV5 IF ,MESS]-,KRUSE'S CLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM WAS BASICALLY =G$ 9 ,EUROPE IS CONC$$ -- & !RE IS A SUB/ANTIAL S*OL>%IP ?AT DISPUTES ?IS1 DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! P>T PLAY$ BY ,LAT9 ,AM]ICANS & ,NOR? ,AFRICANS 9 CREAT+ ! MOVEM5T#a#f -- ! ABILITY ( ! MOVEM5T TO SET D[N ,AM]ICAN ROOTS REQUIRES EXPLANATION4 ,MORE C\LD HAVE BE5 MADE ( H[ SPECIFICALLY ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CONDITIONS LIKE BALLOT-RIGG+1 ECONOMIC DEPRESSION & ! RACE QUE/ION 5ABL$ ! RISE ( LOCAL AN>*ISM1 & %AP$ ITS !MES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 =MATIONS LIKE ! ,I,W,P,A HAD L9KS TO ! OLD SLAV]Y ABOLITIONI/S1 & ADVOCAT$ 0,EQUAL RIKET DEF5DANTS W]E GUILTY ( ! *>GES LEVEL$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MESS]-,KRUSE1 ! ,*ICAGO AN>*I/S W]E SET ON 9/IGAT+ A VIOL5T 9SURRECTION DUR+ ! EIKET4 ,?IS 0CONSPIRACY0 WAS NO LESS ?AN ! 0CULM9ATION ( A COORD9AT$ PLAN TO ATTACK ! POLICE0 7PP4 #a-#c1 #h1 #a#g#b-#g#c74 ,AT TIMES ?IS 9T5D$ 9SURRECTION IS PRES5T$ AS A REC5T PLAN2 AT TIMES ! AU?OR SPECULATES IT W5T BACK 0YE>S0 7P4 #a#g#a74 ,ADMITT+ !RE WAS NO EVID5CE ?AT ,I,W,P,A LUM9>Y ,ALB]T ,P>SONS WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! BOMB+ 7P4 #c71 ,MESS]-,KRUSE NOTES ?AT ,P>SONS WAS NONE!LESS 9VOLV$ 9 PLANS TO >M ! WORK+ CLASS 7PP4 #a#a#i1 #a#b#c-#b#g71 & CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) CO-DEF5DANTS ,SPIES1 ,GEORGE ,5GEL1 ,ADOLF ,FIS*]1 & ,L\IS ,L+G -- ! M5 HE BELIEVES DROVE ! ALLEG$ ,MAY #ahhf AN>*I/ 0PLOT0 7PP4 #g1 #i-#a#e74 ,L+G IS ALSO SPECIFICALLY NAM$ AS ! BUILD] ( ! BOMB ?R[N AT ,HAYM>KET 7P4 #c74 ,MESS]-,KRUSE PROVIDES AN IMPORTANT 9T]V5TION1 9 HIY \TLOOK ( ! ,HAYM>KET ,M>TYRS3 C]TA9LY !Y W]E NOT A MOVEM5T M]ELY 0BLUFF+ TO ATTRACT ATT5TION0 7P4 #e74 ,C]TA9LY ! ,I,W,P,A AN>*I/S 0PLOTT$ REVOLUTION0 AT SOME /AGE2 !Y W]E ALWAYS EXPLICIT ON ?IS PO9T1 EV5 :5 ON TRIAL4 ,BUT :AT ,MESS]-,KRUSE FAILS TO DEMON/RATE CONV9C+LY IS ?AT AN 9SURRECTION WAS SET = ,MAY #ahhf -- :I* WAS ! BASIS ( ! PROSECUTION'S CASE4 ,HAV+ %[N1 AT L5G?1 ?AT ,I,W,P,A MILITANTS DISDA9$ TO CONCEAL !IR VIEWS & 9T5TIONS -- TO ?RILL$ AUDI5CES1 TO S5SATION-SEEK+ J\RNALI/S1 OR EV51 DISA/R\SLY1 TO A HO/ILE C\RT 7P4 #c7 -- AS WELL AS NOT+ ! UND\BT$ BRAV]Y ( !SE M51 ,MESS]-,KRUSE DIS-MISSES ! ,HAYM>KET AN>*I/S' 0JAILH\SE D5IALS0 7P4 #g74 ,YET ! ONLY DIRECT EVID5CE = ANY 0CONSPIRACY0 ?AT ,MESS]-,KRUSE PROVIDES IS ! TE/IMONY ( 0MORE ?AN A DOZ5 'SQUEAL]S10' ALL ADMITT$LY ON ! POLICE PAYROLL 7PP4 #c1 #i-#b#f74 ,( !SE1 0ONLY A C\PLE0 EV5 9DICAT$ ?AT ! ,HAYM>KET RALLY FITT$ 9TO ! SUPPOS$ MA/] PLAN -- & !N ONLY VAGUELY 7PP4 #a#d-#a#e74 ,AN E/ABLI%$ S*OL>%IP ?AT HAS RAIS$ S]I\S QUE/IONS AB\T !SE TE/IMONIES1 & LOCAT$ !M SQU>ELY 9 A L>G] & DOCUM5T$ PROCESS ( JUDICIAL & POLICE MANIPULATIONS.<#a#h.> IS NOT ADDRESS$4 ,TE/IMONIES CONTRADICT+ ! 0DOZ5 'SQUEAL]S0' >E ALSO NOT 5GAG$4 ,! IMPROBABILITY ?AT A VA/ 0CONSPIRACY0 W\LD 5D ) NO?+ BUT A S+LE BOMB -- A BOMB ?AT NO PROSECUTION WITNESS C\LD /ATE WAS P>T ( ! SUPPOS$ MA/] PLAN 7P4 #a#d-#a#e7 -- & A FEW CLA%ES ) POLICE & SCABS 7H>DLY UNUSUAL 9 #a#h#hS ,UNIT$ ,/ATES /RIKES71 IS NOT ADDRESS$4 ,MU* USE IS MADE ( NON-SEQUITURS4 ,! FACT ?AT POLICE RAIDS F\ND AN 0>S5AL ( WEAPONS0 7P4 #c7 DOES NOT DEMON/RATE ?AT 9SURRECTION WAS PLANN$ = ,MAY #a#h#h#f2 IT 9DICATES ONLY ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD -- AS !Y HAD OP5LY PROCLAIM$ -- DILIG5TLY >M$ !IR MILITIAS4 ,?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD MILITIAS 9 ,*ICAGO 7AS !Y DID ELSE:]E1 FROM ,>G5T9A TO ,*9A TO ,G]MANY TO ,POL& & ! ,UKRA9E71 ALSO DOES NOT PROVE ! EXI/5CE ( A PLOT = ,MAY #a#h#h#f4 ,IT HAS LONG BE5 CONC$$ 9 ! LIT]ATURE ?AT AN 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*I/ ?REW ! ,HAYM>KET BOMB1.<#a#i.> BUT ?IS1 TOO1 IS 9SUFFICI5T EVID5CE ( A L>G] CONSPIRACY4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ! BOMB+ -- MASSIVE REPRESSION -- CON=MS1 9 FACT1 TO A FAMILI> PATT]N ( MASS AN>*I/S PAY+ ! PRICE = IRRESPONSIBLE 9SURRECTIONI/ ACTIVITY4 ,AS ,MESS]-,KRUSE NOTES1 ! ,HAYM>KET TRIAL & ASSOCIAT$ #a#h#hS 0R$ SC>E0 SET ! MOVEM5T BACK DECADES 7P4 #a#g#i74 ,MESS]-,KRUSE ALSO RELIES ON AN UNUSUAL 7& >GUABLY FLAW$7 DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM ?AT PRES5TS AN>*ISM AS BASICALLY AN IDEOLOGY ( T]ROR3 AN>*ISM & AN>*I/ REF]S TO 0IDEAS1 GR\PS1 OR 9DIVIDUAL RADICALS 444 DI/+UI%$ BY !IR COMPLETE REJECTION ( AU?ORITATIVE LEGAL RE=MS & ! VOT+ SY/EMS ?AT BR+ !M AB\T1 BY !IR ADVOCACY ( VIOL5CE BO? COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL1 & BY !IR BELIEF 9 ! IMM95CE ( MASS 9SURRECTION0 7P4 #g74 ,S9CE ?IS DESCRIPTION APPLIES TO A RANGE ( CURR5TS1 IT DOES NOT SUFFICE TO DEF9E AN>*ISM3 ,MESS]-,KRUSE HIMSELF M5TIONS 0EXTREMI/0 ,IRI% & ,ITALIAN NATIONALI/S & ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S ) ! SAME \TLOOK 7PP4 #c#f-#c#g1 #e#f1 #a#f71 & -- :ILE HE PRES5TS ,M>XISM AS A UNION-C5T]$ MOVEM5T AWAIT+ 0GLACIAL0 HI/ORICAL PROCESSES1 & LACK+ A SET PROGRAM 7PP4 #g1 #c-#c#b1 #c#d1 #d#b-#d#c1 #e#d-#e#e1 #i#g1 #i#i7 -- HIS DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM ACTUALLY FITS MANY ,M>XI/S TOO4 ,! DEF9ITIONAL PROBLEM IS MANIFE/ 9 ! BOOK ITSELF1 :5 ,MESS]-,KRUSE CITES 9FLAMMATORY /ATEM5TS BY ,MO/ ?AT DATE TO HIS P]IOD AS A LEAD+ ,G]MAN ,M>XI/ 7PP4 #e#d-#e#f71 & CONFLATES AN>*I/S ) ! V]Y DIFF]5T 0NIHILI/S0 7PP4 #g1 #c#a1 #e#g1 #g#a-#g#b74 ,CONV]SELY1 ,MESS]-,KRUSE REPEAT$LY REF]S TO AS 0AN>*I/S0 PEOPLE :O BY HIS [N DESCRIPTIONS MANIFE/LY DO NOT FIT HIS DEF9ITION1 SU* AS ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK] 7PP4 #a#a#a1 #a#c#a-#c#b1 #a#c#d-#c#e1 #a#h74 ,! DEF9ITION US$ PROVIDES A MISLEAD+ & UNDULY N>R[ S5SE ( AN>*I/ HI/ORY1 VIEWS1 ASPIRATIONS1 & ELIDES DEBATES -- 9CLUD+ OV] /RATEGY -- ?AT >E ADDRESS$ BY ,DI ,PAOLA & ,BANTMAN4 ,MESS]-,KRUSE DESCRIBES1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL AS F\ND$ & L$ BY ,M>X 7PP4 #c#d-#c#e1 #d#b-#d#c1 #h#a-#h#b71 :5 9 FACT IT WAS ACTUALLY F\ND$ BY ,FR5* SOCIALI/S4 ,FUR!R1 BY ! #ahgb SPLIT1 ! MAJORITY ( SECTIONS REPUDIAT$ ,M>X'S LEAD]%IP1 & EMBRAC$ AN>*ISM & ,BAKUN94.<#b.> ,?IS FIR/ P]IOD ( AN>*ISM WAS DEEPLY SYNDICALI/3 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL'S L>GE/ SECTION1 ,SPA91 HAD BECOME ! FIR/ MASS SYNDICALI/ UNION BY #a#h#g#b2 ! SECOND MASS SYNDICALI/ UNION FOLL[$ ) ! ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS ( ,MEXICAN ,WORK]S 9 #ahgf -- BUT ,MESS]-,KRUSE DOES NOT ADDRESS ?IS AT ALL4 ,9 ANO!R EXAMPLE1 ,BAKUN9 IS PRES5T$ AS AN 9SURRECTIONI/1 ASSOCIAT$ ) 0BRIG&S0 & CONSPIRACIES1 DIS9T]E/$ 9 !ORY & UNCONC]N$ ) $UCATION OR MASS WORK 7PP4 #c#b-#c#g1 #d#c74 ,?IS IS A C>ICATURE ( ,BAKUN91 :O 9SI/$ ?AT ,! ONLY WAY = ! WORK]S TO LE>N !ORY IS ?R\< PRACTICE3 EMANCIPATION ?R\< PRACTICAL ACTION4 ,IT REQUIRES ! FULL SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK]S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ !IR BOSSES1 ?R\< ! TRADE UNIONS & ! BUILD+ UP ( RESI/ANCE FUNDS4.<#b#a.> ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! 9SURRECTIONI/S IS REPEAT$LY OV]/AT$3 ,MESS]-,KRUSE DESCRIBES ! RELATIVELY OBSCURE ,MO/ -- A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ! WORLD-FAM\S MASS AN>*I/S ,KROPOTK9 & ,MALATE/A -- AS 0PROBABLY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/ ( HIS G5]ATION0 7P4 #g#h7 & CLAIMS ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS 0(FICIALLY F\ND$ 9 #a#h#h#a0 ) ! ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL 7P4 #g71 ?US SKIPP+ ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 5TIRELY4 ,:ILE !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 9SURRECTIONISM WAS REA*+ ITS HEILY #a#h#iS1 & ?AT IT HAD AN IMPORTANT IMPACT ON ! ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,MESS]-,KRUSE B>ELY NOTES 7SEE P4 #h#b7 ?AT ?IS 9T]NATIONAL'S L>GE/ E>LY AFFILIATE WAS ! SYNDICALI/ ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS ( ,MEXICAN ,WORK]S1 N[ ) #e1 MEMB]S4.<#b#b.> ,MASS AN>*ISM ( ?IS SORT IS EFFAC$ BY ,MESS]-,KRUSE'S APPROA*1 :]E9 AN>*ISM IS DEF9$ BY VIOL5CE1 ) ! NOISY 9SURRECTIONI/ M9ORITY TREAT$ AS EXEMPL>Y ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,! RELAT$ PROBLEM IS ?AT ! ,*ICAGO ,I,W,P,A AN>*I/S W]E 7MO/LY7 SYNDICALI/S1 LEAD+ A RANGE ( UNIONS1 AMONG !M ! BUT*]S1 C>P5T]S & FURNITURE WORK]S1 CIG> MAK]S1 METALWORK]S1 TAILORS1 & TYPOGRAPH]S4 ,!Y ALSO 9FLU5C$ LUMB] Y>D & BREW]Y WORK]S1 & F\ND$ ! CITY'S MA9 UNION C5T]1 ! ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,UNION1 9 #ahhd 7:I* AFFILIAT$ VIA ! ,I,W,P,A TO ! ,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL74 ,MOREOV]1 !Y PLAY$ A ROLE 9 NUM]\S /RIKES1 9CLUD+ ON ! EVE ( ! ,HAYM>KET BOMB+1 & !IR MILITIAS W]E MA9LY UNION-L9K$ 7AS ,MESS]-,KRUSE HIMSELF CONC$ES74 ,MESS]-,KRUSE D[NPLAYS ?IS UNION FOCUS1 MA9LY BY 9T]PRET+ ,I,W,P,A CRITIQUES ( UNION RE=MISM AS A COMPLETE REJECTION ( UNIONS 7PP4 #a#d1 #a#d#e1 #a#d#g71 HIY ON VIOL5T /RIKES 7P4 #a#d#h71 & QUOT+ 7ANTI-UNION7 9SURRECTIONI/S 7PP4 #a#d#b-#a#d#c1 #a#d#h71 & ANTI-AN>*I/ TRADE UNIONI/S 7PP4 #a#d#a-#d#b1 #a#d#h-#d#i1 #a#e#i-#f1 #a#f#b1 #a#f#f-#f#g1 #a#g#g74 ,?IS IS UNCONV9C+4 ,MESS]-,KRUSE HIMSELF DOCUM5TS ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AN>*I/ CONGRESSES & GR\PS 5DORS+ UNIONS1 & DEM&S & /RIKES = BETT] H\RS & WAGES 7PP4 #a#d#a1 #a#d#c-#d#d1 #a#d#f-#d#g1 #a#d#h1 #a#e#e1 #a#e#i-#f#e1 #a#f#f171 DESPITE CRITICIZ+ MOD]ATE UNIONS = SMALLNESS ( VISION & A TREA*]\S LEAD]%IP 9 ,*ICAGO 7PP4 #a#d1 #a#d#b1 #a#d#e1 #a#d#g-#d#h1 #a#e-#e#a1 #a#e#b1 #a#f#h-#f#i74 ,HE CONC$ES MASSIVE AN>*I/ UNION 9FLU5CE1 ) AN>*I/S 5ROLL-+ 0MORE ?AN HALF0 ! NEW UNION RECRUITS AHEAD ( ,MAY ,DAY #a#h#h#f1 ) RALLIES ( MANY ?\S&S 7PP4 #a#f#c-#f#d1 #a#f#h74 ,! DI/9CTION REPEAT$LY SET UP BETWE5 0! AN>*I/S & ! TRADE UNIONI/S0 7PP4 #a#e#b1 #a#f1 #a#f#f1 #a#g#a7 IS MISLEAD+4 ,I,W,P,A MASS AN>*I/S W]E QUITE CLE> :]E ! DIFF]5CE ACTUALLY LAY3 !IR UNIONS 9SI/$ ?AT LABOR C\LD 0ONLY ACQUIRE ANY RIY0 7P4 #a#e#f71 :ILE ! MOD]ATES' UNIONS WANT$ 0H>MONY & PEACE BAS$ ON ! SLAV]Y ( LABOR TO CAPITAL0 7P4 #a#e#b74 ,9 ALL ( !SE WAYS1 ! ,HAYM>KET AN>*I/S PIONE]$ ! SYNDICALISM ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 F\ND$ 9 #aie -- A DEBT ! ,I,W,W OP5LY ACKN[L$G$4.<#b#c.> ,HAV+ REPRIM&$ S*OL>S = FOCUS+ TOO HEAVILY ON AN>*ISM'S 0MORE AB/RACT PR9CIPLES & ULTIMATE GOALS10 ?US IGNOR+ ITS VIOL5T B5T 7P4 #a#h#e71 ,MESS]-,KRUSE B5DS ! /ICK TOO F> 9 ! O!R DIRECTION1 L>GELY IGNOR+ SOME UND]LY+ AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES -- LIKE ANTI-CAPITALISM1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM1 9T]NATIONALISM1 ANTI-IMP]IALISM -- & AN>*ISM'S DIV]SE /RATEGIES & TACTICS4 ,) VIOL5CE PRES5T$ AS ! CORE ( AN>*ISM1 HIS ACC\NT1 AL?\< FASC9AT+ & 9SI*I/ VIOL5CE ITSELF1 ! AU?OR'S MA9 FOCUS4 ,:ILE MO/ AN>*I/S >GU$ ?AT SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL BE VIOL5T1 !RE WAS A CRUCIAL DIVISION TO NOTE3 9SURRECTIONI/S T5D$ TO >GUE ?AT VIOL5CE WILL G5]ATE A MASS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 :ILE MASS AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ MO/ SYNDICALI/S71 VIEW$ VIOL5CE AS A MEANS ( DEF5D+ A MASS MOVEM5T1 BUILT ?R\< C>EFUL DAILY WORK1 9CLUD+ DEF5SE DUR+ A REVOLUTION4.<#b#d.> ,I,I,I4 ,! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY RISE ( ,UNIT$ ,/ATES UNIONISM & A RADICAL1 MOD]N LEFT1 TOOK PLACE 9 ! CONTEXT ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION & IMP]IAL EXPANSION4 ,CRACK+ D[N ON DISS5T AT HOME1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T ALSO *ALL5G$ OLD] IMP]IAL P[]S = 9FLU5CE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ! ,PACIFIC3 ,CUBA1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES & ,PU]TO ,RICO W]E DRAWN 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' ORBIT FOLL[+ ! #ahih ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W>4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ,%AFF]'S PA?-BREAK+ 9VE/IGATION ( AN>*ISM 9 ,PU]TO ,RICO PROVIDES AN 9T]E/+ COMPANION TO ,MESS]-,KRUSE'S4 ,LIKE ,MESS]-,KRUSE1 ,%AFF] UNCOV]S A RI* HI/ORY ( ACTIVITIES1 PROPAG&A1 ORGANIZATIONS1 /RUGGLES1 PUBLICATIONS1 & DEBATES4 ,YET :]EAS ,MESS]-,KRUSE EXAM9ES 9FLU5CES 9 ONE DIRECTION -- ,EUROPE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES -- ,%AFF] AVOIDS 9SULAT+ ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN MOVEM5T FROM DEVELOPM5TS ELSE:]E1 UND]SCOR+ ! IMPORTANCE ( A MULTI-DIRECTIONAL EX*ANGE ( IDEAS1 =MS & /RATEGIES ACROSS BORD]S 9 ! MAK+ ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AS ELSE:]E1 AN>*I/S G5]ALLY DID 5VISAGE ! REVOLUTION 9VOLV+ SOME VIOL5CE 7PP4 #a#a#h-#b#b72 AS ELSE:]E1 MASS AN>*ISM WAS PR$OM9ANT1 ) SYNDICALISM A KEY ELEM5T ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,! ,PU]TO ,RICAN MOVEM5T BUILT UPON LOCAL RADICAL & POPUL> TRADITIONS 7P4 #b#d71 BUT ITS EM]G5CE 9 ! #a#h#iS WAS ALSO CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! IMPACT ( RADICAL PAP]S FROM ABROAD1 TO EXILES1 & TO IMMIGRANTS4 ,H[EV]1 ,PU]TO ,RICO NEV] EXP]I5C$ ! LEVEL ( MASS IMMIGRATION SE5 91 = EXAMPLE1 ,CUBA OR ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 ITS AN>*I/S W]E 0MO/LY HOMEGR[N & FROM A WIDE RACIAL REPRES5TATION0 7P4 #g74 ,A PIONE]+ ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY FIGURES LIKE ,SANTIAGO ,IGLESIAS ,PANT91 A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ ACTIVE 9 ! ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE3 :ILE FLEE+ >RE/ 9 ,CUBA = ,LONDON1 CA4 #a#h#i#f1 HE DECID$ TO LEAVE ! %IP :5 IT DOCK$1 5 R\TE1 9 ,PU]TO ,RICO4 ,H]E1 HE SOON PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! FIR/ UNIONS1 BE=E EVOLV+ TO A PRO-,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 RE=MI/ POSITION 7PP4 #a#i1 #b#c-#b#d1 #b#h-#b#i1 #c#e-#c#f74 ,AS AN>*ISM GREW 9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 SETT+ D[N ROOTS 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ?AT >OSE FROM ! #a#h#gS 7PP4 #b#d-#c#c71 ! LOCAL MOVEM5T BECAME P>T ( AN ACTIVE REGIONAL NETWORK ?AT SPANN$ ! ,C>IBBEAN BAS91 L9K+ ! >*IPELAGO TO ,CUBA1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ELSE:]E2 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 ! TOBACCO FACTORY CITY ,BAYAMON BRIEFLY DISPLAC$ ,HAVANA AS ! ,C>IBBEAN NETWORK 'S HUB 7P4 #a#e#h74 ,CIRCUL> MIGRATION BY REVOLUTION>IES BETWE5 ,PU]TO ,RICO & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS WELL AS ,CUBA1 WAS A KEY P>T ( ?IS TRANSNATIONAL NETWORK 7PP4 XVI-XVII1 #b74 ,! BOOK PROVIDES A BRILLIANT EXAMPLE ( ,?OMPSONIAN-/YLE SOCIAL HI/ORY1 EXPLOR+ ! RI* DYNAMICS ( AN>*I/ C\NT]-CULTURAL /RUGGLE ?R\< PUBLICATIONS LIKE LOCAL AN>*I/ NEWSPAP]S ,VOZ ,HUMANA & ,EL ,COMUNI/A1 IMPORT$ PAP]S LIKE ,CUBA'S 6,TI]RA61 TO :I* LOCAL AN>*I/S CONTRIBUT$ MONEY & >TICLES1 & ?R\< RADICAL !AT]1 FICTIONAL WORKS1 PUBLIC ORATORY1 SOCIAL C5T]S1 & S*OOLS 7PP4 #a-#d1 #b74 ,AS P>T ( ?IS PROJECT1 ,%AFF] RECOV]S ! HI/ORY ( MANY N[-=GOTT5 KEY AN>*I/ FIGURES1 (T5 WOM51 :OSE /ORIES >E DEFTLY M]G$ 9TO ! L>G] N>RATIVE4 ,PROVID+ AN IMPORTANT CORRECTIVE TO PORTRAYALS ( AN>*ISM AS BASICALLY VIOL5T EXTREMISM1 ,%AFF] %[S ?AT MASS AN>*ISM PR$OM9AT$ 9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 :]E AN>*I/S W]E PRAGMATIC 0REALI/S10 QUITE WILL+ TO 5GAGE 9 FI*I/ M$IA \TLETS4 ,ONE EXAMPLE WAS A TACTICAL P>TN]%IP =M$ ) L>GELY MIDDLE CLASS ANTI-CL]ICAL FREE?9K]S 9 ! #a#i#aS 7ESPECIALLY 9 ! CITY ( ,PONCE7 :O F\ND COMMON GR\ND ON ISSUES ( FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 WOM5'S LIB]ATION1 & ! ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY 7PP4 #a#i-#b74 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE IS ! PRES5TATION ( ,JESUS ,*RI/ BY AN>*I/S AS A *AMPION ( ! OPPRESS$1 KILL$ BY ! 0>I/OCRATIC B\RGEOISIE0 & DI%ONOR$ BY ,CA?OLICISM 7P4 #d#a74 ,AN>*I/S EV5 FLIRT$ BRIEFLY ) 0SPIRITISM10 A GR[+ =CE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 BUT REJECT$ ITS /RESS ON CLASS CONCILIATION & ITS IRRATIONALISM 7P4 #i#i74 ,! DEBATE OV] 9SURRECTIONISM V]SUS MASS AN>*ISM ?AT SPLIT MOVEM5TS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES H>DLY FEATUR$ 9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 :]E SYNDICALISM WAS ALWAYS C5TRAL4 ,LOCAL AN>*I/S HELP$ LAUN* ! UNIONS 9 ! #a#h#iS1 & REMA9$ ACTIVE 9 LABOR = DECADES1 (T5 ) LEAD]%IP ROLES 9 LOCAL SECTIONS ( UNIONS 7PP4 #b1 #a#g1 #a#i74 ,IF SYNDICALISM NEV] REA*$ ! LEAD+ POSITION IT 5JOY$ 9 UNIONS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,MEXICO1 OR ,CUBA1 AN>*I/S W]E ALWAYS AN IMPORTANT PRES5CE 9 ! LABOR PRESS & 9 ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S 7,F,R,T1 =M$ #a#h#i#h71 & ! ,FREE ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S 7,F,L,T1 #a#h#i#i74 ,:ILE ,M>XI/ WRIT-+S W]E ALMO/ UNKN[N 9 ! E>LY LABOR PRESS1 AN>*I/ MAT]IALS W]E COMMONPLACE 7PP4 #d1 #d#d74 ,! AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ! ,F,L,T'S GR[+ 9VOLVEM5T 9 /ATE ELECTIONS1 & :5 ! ,F,L,T LAUN*$ A ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#a#e1 AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO PRESS = A DI/9CT REVOLUTION>Y AG5DA1 NOT JU/ )9 ! UNIONS BUT ALSO )9 ! NEW P>TY 7PP4 #f-#f#f1 #a#c#i74 ,:]EAS ,U,S 9VOLVEM5T 9 MU* ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA WAS 9=MAL & ECONOMIC1 IT WAS DIRECT 9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 :I* 7LIKE ,CUBA7 PASS$ FROM ,SPANI% TO DIRECT ,AM]ICAN RULE 9 #ahih 7PP4 #f-#g74 ,:ILE ,CUBA GA9$ LIMIT$ 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#i#b1 ,PU]TO ,RICO BECAME AN ,AM]ICAN T]RITORY1 A REALITY ) A DEEP IMPACT ON LABOR & LEFT POLITICS4 ,?IS MEANT1 ON ! ONE H&1 CONT9U$ EXPOSURE TO ,U,S POLITICAL CURR5TS4 ,! ,F,R,T LEAD]%IP ADMIR$ ! =MAL IDEALS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 NOT UNLIKE MANY ,I,W,P,A MILITANTS1 & WELCOM$ 0,AM]ICANIZATION0 ( LABOR LAW ROOT$ 9 ,SPANI% COLONIALISM 7PP4 #c#e-#c#f74 ,! E>LY ,F,L,T WAS BRIEFLY L9K$ TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,S,L,P7 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* W\LD LAT] >TICULATE A SYNDICALI/ POSITION 7PP4 #c#i1 #e#h74 ,9 #a#i1 ,IGLESIAS EV5 AFFILIAT$ ! ,F,L,T TO ! MOD]ATE ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR -- ! BE@5TE NOIRE ( ,I,W,P,A & ,I,W,W SYNDICALI/S4 ,PU]TO ,RICAN AN>*I/S LIKE ,RAMON ,ROM]O ,ROSA OPPOS$ ! M]G]1 BUT REFUS$ TO LEAVE ! ,F,L,T2 !Y CONT9U$ TO PU% = !IR [N PROGRAM )9 ! OR?ODOX UNIONS 7PP4 #d#g-#e#e1 #f#f-#g#a74 ,BUT ! CLOSE CONNECTIONS ALSO MEANT ?AT ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN MOVEM5T WAS SUBJECT TO JO9T ,UNIT$ ,/ATES-,PU]TO ,RICAN EF=TS TO SUPPRESS AN>*I/S1 & WAS CAUE ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#a1 IT !RE=E SUFF]$ SEV]E REPRESSION AS DID ! ,AM]ICAN ,I,W,W & O!R LEFTI/S 7PP4 #d1 #b#a74 ,! MOVEM5T DECL9$ %>PLY 9 ! #a#i#bS1 ) SUB/ANTIAL HEMORRHAG+ TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! NATIONALI/S1 AL?\< A FEW 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS REMA9$ ACTIVE 9 ! DECADES ?AT FOLL[$ 7PP4 #b#a1 #a#g#c-#g#i74 ,AN>*I/S W]E ACTIVE 9 ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN ,ANTI-,IMP]IALI/ ,LEAGUE 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS 7P4 #a#g#e71 ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN ,PRO9DEP$5CE ,P>TY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS 7P4 #a#g#g71 & SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ GR\PS EM]G$ 9 #aigb 7P4 #a#g#f71 &1 MORE SUB/ANTIALLY1 FROM #bi 7P4 #a#g#h74 ,! ,U,S L9K ALSO MEANT ?AT ! AN>*I/S CONT9UALLY 5GAG$ ) A COLONIAL SITUATION4 ,ANTI-IMP]IALISM WAS1 AS 9DICAT$ E>LI]1 C5TRAL TO AN>*ISM EV]Y:]E4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 AS ELSE:]E1 OPPOS$ IMP]IAL EXPANSION -- 9 ?IS CASE BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7P4 XVII74 ,?IS WAS L9K$ TO ! CASE AGA9/ US+ P>LIAM5T1 BY PO9T+ \T ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD NEV] TOL]ATE RADICAL LEGISLATION BY ! ISL&'S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 7PP4 #d#f-#d#g1 #g#e74 ,!Y REJECT$ DOM9ATION BY ,SPA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & CRITICIZ$ ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS' P[] 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7PP4 #b#a1 #d#g1 #f#a-#f#f1 #a#e#a-#e#h74 ,! ?ORNI] DEBATES = ! MOVEM5T W]E NOT AB\T :E!R TO BE ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 BUT1 RA!R1 AB\T H[ 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES RELAT$ TO ! AN>*I/ PROJECT4 ,9 UNPACK+ ! DEBATES1 ,%AFF] GOES A LONG WAY 9 OV]TURN+ ]RONE\S V]SIONS ( AN>*ISM'S HI/ORY ?AT IGNORE ITS ANTI-IMP]IALISM1 & TO 7IMPLICITLY7 ADDRESS+ ,M>XI/ *>GES ?AT ! PRE-,L59I/ LEFT LACK$ AN ANTI-IMP]IALI/ PROGRAM4 ,! AN>*I/S NEV] CAME TO A UNANIM\S POSITION1 OR 0A CONSI/5T AN>*I/ L9E ON 9DEP5D5CE0 7P4 #a#e#c74 ,AS ELSE:]E1 ! MOVEM5T WAS DIVID$ ON ?IS ISSUE3 SOME SAW 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES AS FUTILE1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT !Y W\LD SIMPLY MEAN ! REPLACEM5T ( A =EIGN EXPLOIT+ ELITE ) A LOCAL ONE2 O!RS FAVOR$ 9DEP5D5T /ATEHOOD AS A /EP =W>D1 ) REVOLUTION DEF]R$ TO A VAGUE FUTURE2 & O!RS FAVOR$ TRANS=M+ ! /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE 9TO ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4.<#b#e.> ,A FEW AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,ANGEL ,DIEPPA1 TOOK ! FIR/ 7PURI/7 L9E BY >GU+ ?AT 9DEP5D5CE WAS A 0FRUITLESS0 GOAL1 S9CE IT W\LD 9EVITABLY BE CAPTUR$ BY ! ELITE 7P4 #a#d#i74 ,! ,CUBAN EXP]I5CE L$ SOME TO SEE 9DEP5D5CE AS 0B\RGEOIS & MISGUID$0 7PP4 #a#h1 #a#e#e73 AN>*I/S PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! ,CUBAN W> ( 9DEP5D5CE ONLY TO F9D !MSELVES UND] ! JACKBOOTS ( ! LOCAL ELITE ALLI$ TO ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9T]E/S4 ,O!RS FAVOR$ PEACEFUL RE=MS T[>D A MORE AUTONOM\S ,PU]TO ,RICAN /ATE1 ) REVOLUTION DEF]R$ 7PP4 #c#b-#c#c74 ,&1 F9ALLY1 A SUB/ANTIAL BLOC FAVOR$ A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 RA!R ?AN A 0/RAID0 7P4 #a#c#b7 /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,?IS LA/ GR\P /RESS$ ! LIMITATIONS ( 0B\RGEOIS0 9DEP5D5CE 7P4 #a#d#b7 :]E FLAGS *ANG$ & ! ELITE BECAME NATIONAL1 BUT 9 :I* EXPLOITATION1 HI]>*Y & OPPRESSION REMA9$ 9TACT4 ,AMELIO ,MORAZ9 & ! ,EL ,COMUNI/A 9SI/$1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 0EV]Y C\NTRY HAD ! RILY 0NOT = B\RGEOIS 9DEP5D5CE BUT AS P>T ( A L>G] /RUGGLE0 7P4 #a#e74 ,%AFF] 9DICATES ?AT !SE VIEWS W]E ROOT$ 9 ,BAKUN9'S EXT5SIVE WORK ON ! NATIONAL & COLONIAL QUE/IONS 7PP4 #a#f-#a#h71 AL?\< HE DOES NOT1 REGRETTABLY1 ELABORATE MU* ON ?IS PO9T4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! BOOK IS RIGOR-\SLY RESE>*$1 WELL CON/RUCT$ & DEEPLY VALUABLE -- BO? 9 ITS [N RIT ( A L>G] PROJECT TO RECOV] MORE NUANC$ LEFT HI/ORIES & TO REVISE ! HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( AN>*ISM1 BO? GLOBALLY & 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD SPECIFICALLY4 ,%AFF] ALSO PICKS UP ON ! ROLE ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ WOM51 9CLUD+ !IR ROLE 9 ORGANIZ+ A MAJOR LABOR CONF]5CE 9 ,CUBA 9 #aiab & 9 ! AN>*I/ S*OOLS ON ?AT ISL& 7PP4 #a-#a74 ,9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 KEY AN>*I/ WOM5 9CLUD$ ,DOM9ICA ,GONZALEZ1 ,PACA ,ESCABI& ( C\RSE1 ,LUISA ,CAPETILLO1 :O IS TODAY PROBABLY ! MO/ WIDELY-REMEMB]$ ( ! ISL&'S AN>*I/S 7PP4 #a#a-#a#c74 ,UNLIKE ! O!R BOOKS1 CLOSE ATT5TION IS PAID TO H[ ! MOVEM5T ?\*I/S1 M5 AS WELL AS WOM51 OP5LY REJECT$ A SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* WOM5 C\LD BE SUBJUGAT$ 9 ! HOME BY HUSB&S :O ACT$ AS 0LITTLE CZ>S10 DRIV5 9TO PRO/ITUTION1 MOLE/$ 9 FACTORIES1 & SUBJECT$ TO MA*ISMO & SEXUAL D\BLE /&>DS 7PP4 #a#a-#a#h74 ,! IDEAL SOCIETY W\LD HAVE 0FREE UNIONS0 BAS$ ON LOVE1 NOT RELIGI\S OR CULTURAL DOGMA1 OR F9ANCIAL NECESSITY2 EQUAL $UCATION = BOYS & GIRLS2 RECOGNI-TION ?AT FEMALE SEXUALITY WAS NATURAL & GOOD2 EXT5SIVE MAT]NITY B5E-FITS2 & AN 5D TO H\SEHOLD CONFLICTS >IS+ FROM MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS4 ,I,V4 ,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM >E BEG9N+ TO TAKE !IR RI*ISM'S RESURG5CE 9 ! REC5T EPO* ( GLOBALIZATION IS SURELY A DRIV+ =CE = ! R5EW$ 9T]E/4 ,GIV5 ! MASSIVE 9FLU5CE COMM&$ BY ! MOVEM5T 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD ( 0FIR/0 GLOBALIZATION.<#b#f.> -- DETAILS ( :I* HAVE BE5 WELL CAPTUR$ 9 ! F\R VOLUMES REVIEW$ H]E -- IT IS CLE> ?AT ! MOVEM5T COMES REPLETE ) A 0REP]TOIRE ( ACTION0 ?AT IS ( GREAT CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE4 ,ALL F\R VOLUMES REVIEW$ >E ALSO TE/IMONY TO ! IMPORTANCE ( ME?ODOLOGICAL TRANSNATIONALISM 7OR CONV]SELY1 ! %ORTCOM+S ( /UDIES ?AT DO NOT FULLY APPRECIATE ! P>ADIGM'S M]ITS74 ,= ,BANTMAN1 ! TRANSNATIONAL L5S 5ABL$ A RE?9K+ ( ! LONG HELD BELIEF 9 ! HI/ORICAL NOVELTY ( 0,FR5*0 SYNDICALISM4 ,DI ,PAOLA'S WORK DEMON/RAT$ ! C5TRALITY ( ,LONDON AS A =MATIVE 9FLU5CE OV] ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM1 AS A KEY SITE 9 DRIV+ ! %IFT FROM 9SURRECTIONISM TO MASS AN>*ISM1 & 9 ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( SYNDICALISM1 ( :I* ,MALATE/A WAS A KEY PROPON5T4 ,S*AFF]1 TOO1 US$ ! TRANSNATIONAL APPROA*1 PRODUC+ A WORK ( HI/ORY ?AT OV]TURNS L>GE SWA!S ( DOM9ANT ?9K+ AB\T AN>*ISM -- ?9K+ ?AT TOO (T5 IGNORES ! C5TRAL PLACE ( RACE1 COLONIALISM1 NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 & 9DEP5D5CE 9 ITS PRAXIS4 ,MESS]-,KRUSE1 :OSE AIM DOES NOT LIE PRIM>ILY 9 RESURRECT+ ! WORLD ( ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AN>*I/S1 OR 9 TRAC+ ITS =MATION BY MEANS ( EX*ANGES ACROSS NATIONAL BORD]S1 UNCOV]S 9T]E/+ MAT]IALS1 = EXAMPLE1 AB\T ! L9KS =G$ BY ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AN>*I/S & ,IRI% NATIONALI/S FI+ DEFICI5CIES 9 \R HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE ( ! 9N] WORK+S ( ! HI/ORICAL TRANSNATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ! 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