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Index

“Passim” (literally “scattered”) indicates intermittent discussion of a topic over a cluster of pages.

A

abandonment and flight. See flight and abandonment

Abbasid Caliphate, 65

accumulation, 67, 81, 126, 132, 137–41 passim, 149–57 passim. See also power accumulation; status accumulation

Afghanistan, 66

Africa, 29, 56, 59–60, 140–41, 118, 201–2, 207, 227. See also Benin; Congo states; Egypt; Egypt, ancient; Mali, ancient

African Americans, 102, 103, 239

Against His-story, Against Leviathan (Perlman), 12–13

The Agricola and the Germania (Tacitus), 40n4, 46–49 passim, 97–98, 193

agriculture, 43, 49, 80, 139; Americas, 114, 141, 213, 215; ancient Greece, 131; Aryans, 177, 178; Central Europe, 153; Cretans, 149, 150; development of, 221–32 passim; Hawaiian Islands, 173; hierarchy and, 156; Indus Valley, 143; Java, 145; resistance to, 227; stateless peoples, 99, 100, 105–6; tribute systems, 57; West Africa, 117–21 passim; Zapotec, 188–92 passim. See also granaries

Amazonia, 186–87, 227, 235

American Civil War, 103

Americas, 82–83, 140, 141, 187–91, 218; agriculture, 114, 141, 213, 215; British colonialism, 31, 33–34, 115, 116. See also Amazonia; Andes; Native Americans; United States

Anabaptists and Anabaptism, 62, 71

anarchists in Spanish Civil War, 54

anarchist theory, 138, 154, 158

ancestor cults and ancestor worship, 120, 122, 164–66 passim, 178, 198, 201

ancient Egypt. See Egypt, ancient

ancient Greece. See Greece, ancient

ancient India. See Aryans

ancient Mali. See Mali, ancient

ancient Mexico. See Mexico, ancient

ancient Rome. See Roman Empire

Anderson, Benedict, 45

Andes, 82–83, 141, 196, 205, 208, 219, 220

Angles (people), 41

animal sacrifice, 180

Apache, 246

Arabian peninsula, 63, 64

Arabs, 61, 65–66, 144

Arab Spring, 127–28, 236, 237

architecture, 196, 208; social control, 104–5

Arrighi, Giovanni, 89; The Long 20th Century, 85–86, 94

Arthur (legendary figure), 41

artificial scarcity, 161

artisans, 104, 106, 142, 149–52 passim, 176, 181–82, 210, 212. See also high-prestige crafts

Aryans, 119, 144, 163–64, 176–82 passim, 187, 217, 224

Ashanti, 27

assassinations, 36, 38, 65, 224, 245–46

atheism, 193, 195

Athens, ancient, 58

atrocities, 10, 14, 243, 245, 246

authority, rotation of. See rotation of authority

B

Bakuba state, 56, 207

Bakunin, Mikhail, 4–5, 14

Baltic countries and people, 42, 97, 98

Baluba state, 56, 60, 140–41, 207

Balunda people, 56, 140, 201–2

band (word), 75

Banda islands, 22, 144

Banten Sultanate, 147

Bantu, 228

“barbarian invasions” of Europe, 117, 127, 130

Barcelona, 93, 105, 224

Barclay, Harold, 12

Basques, 200, 223

Bastarnae. See Peucini

Batavia, 45, 147, 148

Baum, Richard, 166–67, 170, 171, 209

Beliaev, Dmitri D., 166, 209

bellatores, 79, 81

Benin, 29, 118–24 passim, 177–78

Berbers, 71

Berent, Moshe, 125

Berezkin, Yuri, 140

Bible, 73

Bini people, 118–23 passim, 177–78, 204–5, 224

Bismarck, Otto van, 45

black Americans. See African Americans

boats, 216, 218

Boehm, Christopher, 6, 38n3

Boian culture, 222

Botswana, 22

bourgeoisie, 6, 86, 93, 106, 125, 133, 156, 196; ideology, 242

Bourne, Randolph, 185

Brahmans, 145–46, 178–79, 180, 181, 187

branding of subjects. See tattooing and branding of subjects

Britain. See Great Britain

British colonialism, 19, 22, 27, 34, 35, 99; Africa, 203; Ceylon, 24; Jamaica, 35; Java, 147, 148; North America, 31, 33–34, 115, 116

Bronze Age collapse, 127, 129, 130

bronze technology, 143

brotherhoods. See secret fraternities; warrior brotherhoods

Buddha, 205

Buddhism, 68, 69, 70, 146, 182, 218

building design. See architecture

building projects. See public works, monuments, etc.

Bulgaria, 129, 222

bull-centered rituals, 200

Burma, 19, 70, 182

Bushongo people, 56

Byzantines, 61, 116

C

calendars, 209

Caliban and the Witch (Federici), 86–89 passim

Canaanites, 73

capitalism, 6–7, 85, 139, 140, 154, 238, 241; class and, 162n9; globalization, 29, 148; justice and, 180–81; military and, 95; Romans, 61

capital punishment. See executioners and execution

Carneiro, Robert L., 185; The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogs, 2–3n1

Carthaginians, 40, 42, 224

Castell, Pau, 87n5

Catalunya, 87n5, 93, 155. See also Barcelona

Cathars, 72

Catholic Church, 37, 61, 62, 71–72, 101, 135

Celts, 89, 223, 224

Ceylon, 23–24, 148

“chaotic decision-making,” 20–21

Cherokee, 30–32

Cherusci, 44–45, 99

chiefdoms, 111–24 passim, 163, 168; Amazonia, 235; Benin, 204–5; caste and, 82; Ceylon, 23; colonial creation of, 19; Egypt, 215–20 passim; Europe, 75, 77, 82, 153; Hawaiian Islands, 173–75 passim; instability, 38; Java, 145, 146; Romans and, 56

chiefdoms (word), 75

China, 9, 78–79, 101, 126, 146, 166–71; calendars, 209; Great Wall, 106; Han dynasty, 19, 116, 171, 228; Hsiung-nu, 116; Ming dynasty, 148; religion, 197–99, 207; Shang dynasty, 165–71 passim, 199, 209; trade, 144, 147, 148, 149; writing systems, 208; Zhou dynasty, 165, 167, 168, 171

Chin people, 22, 99

Chogha Golan, 226, 227–28, 229

Christianity, 37, 62, 68–73 passim, 78, 80, 81, 89, 92; Cherokee, 31–32; resistance to, 118; science and, 94; witch hunts and, 86–88 passim. See also Catholic Church

Cimbri, 223

cities: Andes, 213; architecture, 196–97; Benin, 122, 123; China, 169, 170; Cucuteni-Trypillian, 221; Egypt, 217, 219; Indus Valley, 142, 143, 144; Roman Empire, 223; walls, 106, 211; Zapotec, 187–91 passim. See also urban zones of evasion

citizen-inhabitant distinction, 156, 157

city-states, 65, 101, 150, 187; ancient Greece, 125–26, 131–35 passim, 168; Sumer, 197, 210–13 passim. See also Athens, ancient

civil war, 54, 65, 127, 128. See also American Civil War; Spanish Civil War

class and caste, 5, 47, 144–45, 162; China, 169; Cretans, 149; democracy and, 157; European Middle Ages, 79–82, 163; French Revolution, 156; Mesopotamia, 211; Roman Empire, 52–53; South Asia, 176–83 passim, 187; temples and 197. See also bourgeoisie; elites; peasant class; priest class; warrior class

Clastres, Pierre, 3, 5, 7–8, 76, 158n3, 160, 227, 235

clientage, 52, 57, 60. See also puppet rulers; reluctant client states

climate change, 241–42

Clovis, 41

Code of Hammurabi. See Hammurabi’s Code

collapse of empires. See empire collapse

collapse of states. See state collapse

collective property. See property: collective

colonization and colonialism, 10, 25–26, 69, 241, 245; agriculture and, 227; Ceylon, 23–25; Haiti, 34, 35–36; Jamaica, 35; North America, 26, 30–34, 102, 113–16 passim; rebel states, 36; Roman, 224; Suriname, 34–35; West Africa, 26–30. See also British colonialism; Dutch colonialism; French colonialism; Portuguese colonialism

colony states, 38, 43–44, 233

commons and commoners, 91–93, 104, 155–57 passim, 162, 240–41; Hawaiian Islands, 175; “spiritual commoning,” 215

community councils, 120, 123, 204–5

Congo states, 29, 56, 59–60, 140–41, 165, 166, 201–7 passim

conquest states, 43–44, 164, 185, 233

consensus, 134, 156, 190, 215. See also decision-making: consensual

consensus-based organization, 50

construction projects. See public works, monuments, etc.

constitutions, Cherokee, 32

Council of One Hundred (Barcelona), 93

courts, 57, 58, 124

corvée, 57

craftspeople. See artisans

Creek. See Muskogee Nation

Creek War, 32

Cretan civilization, 149–51, 200, 208

criminal justice, 58–59, 180–81. See also courts

crusades and crusaders, 37, 41, 65, 68, 71, 72, 82

Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, 221, 222

curiae, 51

D

Dahomey kingdom, 28

Dark Ages, 62, 101, 245

Dasa people, 177, 178, 217

death penalty. See executioners and execution

decision-making, 46; chaotic, 20–21; consensual, 111, 113–14

deforestation, 101, 102, 173, 174, 228, 241

democracy, 51, 91–93 passim, 134, 135, 157, 180, 236–37; Haudenosaunee, 114

Denmark, 41, 42

despotic rule, 36, 38, 46, 53, 86, 171, 212; proscription of, 133–34

determinism, environmental. See environmental determinism

dialectical materialism, 4n3, 5, 9

Diamond, Jared, 9, 10

dictators and dictatorship, 20, 21, 40, 134, 135, 236, 237, 243. See also despotic rule

disobedience, 244

domestication of plants and animals, 143, 226–31 passim

Dorians, 55

Dragging Canoe, 31, 32

dropout culture. See marginality, dropout culture, etc.

dumpster-diving, 104

Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, 33, 112–13

Dutch colonialism, 20–27 passim, 34–35, 45, 144–49 passim

Dutch East India Company (VOC), 23–25, 144, 147–49

E

Earle, Timothy K., 173–75 passim

The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogs (Grinin, Carneiro, and Korotayev), 2–3n1

Early State Project, 76, 125

economic accumulation. See accumulation

Edo people. See Bini people

education, 106–7. See also universities

Efa people, 119, 122

Egypt: Arab Spring, 236, 237

Egypt, ancient, 72, 130, 142, 206, 208, 215–20 passim

Ehrenreich, Barbara: Witches, Midwives, and Nurses, 88

elders, rule by: Aryans, 177, 179, 180; Banda islands, 144; Bini, 120–24 passim; China, 171; Haudenosaunee, 114; Uruk, 210

elected officials, 31, 177, 211

elites, 10, 16, 23–24, 39, 91–95 passim, 130–33 passim, 163–68 passim, 186; accumulation and, 138; Boian, 222; buildings, 196, 197, 211; Catholic Church and, 61, 72; Cherokee, 32; China, 170, 171, 209; Congo states, 29, 59; Egypt, 218, 237; Europe, 37, 38, 61, 71, 72, 77, 78, 92; Mayan, 209; Middle East, 66, 68; Monte Albán, 187–91 passim; Muscogee, 33; Mycenaean, 195–96; proto-elite, 53, 54; Polonie, 153; Rome, 53, 61, 72; South Asia, 180; Southeast Asia, 70, 146, 147; Sumer, 211, 213; Tiwanaku, 214, 215; Zapotec, 188. See also Brahmans

Emelianov, Vladimir V., 212

emerging states, 141, 154, 174, 213–17 passim, 235

empire collapse, 23; Rome, 40, 46, 78, 89, 91, 101

enfeoffment, 171

England, 41, 157

English, Deirdre: Witches, Midwives, and Nurses, 88

Enlightenment, 80n7, 89, 93–94

environmental determinism, 4n3, 9–10, 11, 98

epidemics and famine, 99, 100

equality, 132–33, 142, 180–81, 202n12. See also inequality

Erligong culture, 170

Erlitou culture, 169, 170

ethnicity, 45, 119

ethnogenesis, 131

Evans, Arthur, 54–55; Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture, 55, 86

evil, 106–8 passim, 200, 235

executioners and execution, 58–59, 87–88, 142, 180

expatriate rulers, 203–4

extended family systems, 114, 118–20, 158, 160

F

famine and epidemics. See epidemics and famine

farming. See agriculture

Federici, Silvia, 94; Caliban and the Witch, 86–89 passim

feminine symbology, 201

Fenni, 97, 99

Fertile Crescent, 53, 210, 211, 225–30 passim. See also Mesopotamia

feudalism, 37, 57, 71, 72, 78–79, 90, 91; China, 171; Ceylon, 23

flight and abandonment, 34–35, 116, 174, 189, 215, 221, 235, 236

foragers. See hunter-gatherers

forest loss. See deforestation

forts, 151, 152, 153, 222

France, 40, 71, 72, 156, 157. See also French colonialism

France, Anatole, 181

Franks, 41, 65, 66, 78, 118

fraternities. See secret fraternities; warrior brotherhoods

French colonialism, 20, 27, 31, 34, 35–36, 203

Friesland, 41, 169n17

G

Gaelic people, 41

Gallic federations, 223

Gallo-Romans, 41

gambling, 179

“gender complementarity,” 202–3

gender relations, 47, 54, 89; division of labor, 49, 88, 97, 221

generosity, 156–57, 161

Genghis Khan, 118

genocide, 22, 30, 32, 34, 115, 144, 245

The Germania (Tacitus). See The Agricola and the Germania (Tacitus)

Germanic peoples, 22, 32, 37–51 passim, 55, 62, 78, 97, 168; gender relations, 89; Illyrians and, 223; slavery, 30

Germany, 32, 42, 45, 228

Geronimo, 246

gerontocracy. See elders, rule by

gift economy, 138–39, 214

gifts, obligatory. See tribute

gifts, ritual, 116, 120, 150, 207, 215, 218–19

Gimbutas, Marija, 221

gleaning, 104, 228

global warming. See climate change

Göbleki Tepe, 230

goddesses, 47, 180, 206, 217

Gorrion, Alex, 94

Goths, 40n4, 44–45

Graeber, David, 50

granaries, 106, 114, 218

Granny Nanny, 35

Great Britain, 41, 86; anti-terrorism wars, 186; Black Act, 104; Dutch relations, 144; Hadrian’s Wall, 106, 107. See also British colonialism; England

Great Dismal Swamp, 102

Greece, 40, 129, 238

Greece, ancient, 50, 55, 157, 196, 223–24. See also Athens, ancient; Spartans

Grinin, Leonid E.: The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogs, 2–3n1

Guarani, 8n9, 235, 236

guerrilla warfare, 23, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35

H

Hadrian’s Wall, 106, 107

Haiti, 34, 35–36

Hammurabi’s Code, 180, 211

Hannibal, 40, 224

Haudenosaunee, 112–16 passim, 240

Hawaiian Islands, 173–76

herders and herding, 116, 131, 149, 221, 223, 224

heretics and heresy, 71, 72, 80, 81, 86–89 passim, 102. See also witch hunts

high-prestige crafts, 141, 149, 189

Hill, Gord, 113

Hindus and Hinduism, 67, 70, 145–47 passim, 180, 182

holy father states, 165, 167–68, 178, 185, 234

homosexuality, 55

human sacrifice, 215

Huns, 116

hunter-gatherers, 6–7, 11, 12, 195n, 223–30 passim; belief systems, 194, 195; Bini, 118; Indus Valley, 143; religion, 193–95 passim; San, 22; South Asia, 182

hunting, 78, 100; African American, 103; Cretans, 150; division of labor, 49, 221; Europe, 78, 222; Native American, 32, 112; South Asia, 182; tribute and, 57; by women, 97

I

Iberian Peninsula, 92, 101, 223. See also Spain

Ibers, 223–24

I Ching, 197–98

Illyrians, 223

Imhotep, 208

imitative states, 38, 55–56, 233

immixtio manuum ritual, 57

Inca state, 82–83, 141, 218

India, 148, 182, 200. See also Aryans

indigenous people, 227, 243–46 passim; paternal views of, 8n9; Pyrenees, 223; South Asia, 177. See also Native Americans

Indonesia, 20

Indus Valley civilization, 142, 143, 176, 180, 208

inequality, 92, 142, 143, 156, 157, 161, 162n9, 181. See also class

“inevitability” of agriculture, 226

“inevitability” of states, 39, 106–7, 111, 144

inheritance, 155

intermediaries, political, 19, 26, 27, 124

intermediaries, religious/spiritual, 120, 196, 198, 201

Iran, 225, 226, 239

Iraq, 66, 76, 128, 228, 239

Ireland, 32

Iroquois. See Haudenosaunee

Islam, 63–69 passim, 144. See also Muslim states; shari’ah

Israelites, 72, 73, 74

Italy, 41, 53, 126

J

Jackson, Andrew, 32

Jainism, 182

Jamaica, 34, 35

Japan, 78–79, 148

Jaume I, King of Aragon, 93

Java, 144–49

Jayakarta, 147

Jayawikarta, Prince, 147

Jerusalem, 73

Judah. See Kingdom of Judah

Judaism, 68

K

Kaczynski, Ted, 12

Kandy kingdom (Ceylon), 23, 24

Katsiaficas, George, 129

Khoikhoi, 227

king (word), 77n3

Kingdom of Israel, 73, 74

Kingdom of Judah, 73, 74

King Jaume I. See Jaume I, King of Aragon

King Narmer. See Narmer, King of Egypt

King Purnawarman. See Purnawarman

King Solomon. See Solomon, King of Israel

kinship and state, 155–83 passim

Knossos, 150–51, 200

Korotayev, Andrey V., 75; The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogs, 2–3n1

Kotte kingdom (Ceylon), 23

Kroeber, Alfred, 45

Kropotkin, Pyotr, 62, 156

Kshatriyas, 178, 181, 182

Kuba state, 57–59 passim

Kurds, 239–40, 241

Kurgan culture. See Yamna culture

Kwa people, 118–19

L

labor, 81, 103, 152; aversion to, 227; division of, 49, 88, 97, 159, 221; obligatory, 57, 141. See also labor ethic; slavery; workers’ movement

laboratores, 79, 80

labor ethic, 79–80, 86

Lakota, 39, 227, 246

language, 42, 44; Bini, 118; written, 127, 130, 150, 207–8, 221

Latin League, 53

law, Aryan, 180

law, Islamic. See shari’ah

Le Goff, Jacques, 57, 75–76, 108; Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages, 89–90

Lenin, Vladimir, 87n3, 241

Linebaugh, Peter: The Many-Headed Hydra, 86, 138

Lithuanians and Lithuania, 42, 97

Longobards, 78

Longshan culture, 169

The Long 20th Century (Arrighi), 85–86, 94

L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 36

Lua people, 161

Lunda state, 56, 57

Lusitanians, 223, 224

L’vova, Eleonora, 201–2

M

Maalouf, Amin, 65, 66

Magyar, 43

Malacca, 148

Mali, ancient, 67, 102

Maluku archipelago, 144

“Mandala states” (Scott), 77

The Many-Headed Hydra (Rediker and Linebaugh), 86, 138

Mapuche, 9, 39, 159–60, 239

marginality, dropout culture, etc., 103–4, 174

maroons, 34–35

marshes, draining of, 102, 103

Martin, George R.R.: Songs of Ice and Fire, 107–8

Marxists and Marxism, 5, 8, 8–9n9, 11. See also dialectical materialism

massacres, 22, 25, 243, 246

mathematics, 150, 207, 208

matriarchy, 46–47, 114, 149, 201–2, 219–20

matrifocality, 200, 221

matrilocality, 114, 158, 160

Mayan states, 141, 165, 166, 172, 209

Mbuti, 160, 194

McNamara, Robert, 95

McWhorter, John, 42

medicine men. See shamans, medicine men, etc.

megacommunities, 75, 112, 118–24

Mehrgarh, 143

Memphis (Egyptian city), 217, 219

Mencius, 167

men-women relations. See gender relations

Mesopotamia, 12–13, 142, 176, 185, 187, 211

metallurgy and metalwork, 143, 151, 153, 169, 176, 201; bronze, 127, 143, 169, 176, 223

Mexico, ancient, 141, 187–91

middle class. See bourgeoisie

militarism and militarization, 49–55 passim, 74, 86, 118, 246

military brotherhoods. See warrior brotherhoods

mining, removal mining. See mountaintop removal mining

Minoans. See Cretan civilization

Mohawk, 112, 113, 114

monarchy, 6, 73, 154; Aryans, 177–82 passim; Benin, 122–24; Ceylon, 23; China, 167, 171, 199; Dahomey, 28; Europe, 41, 91–93, 125, 152; Hawaiian Islands, 176; Java, 145–47 passim; Southeast Asia, 70; terminology, 77; Wielkopolska, 40

money, 45, 92, 104

Mongols, 116, 118

monotheism, 63, 72, 73, 74, 206

monuments. See public works, monuments, etc.

monsters, 108

Monte Albán, 187–91 passim

Moore, R.I., 86, 90

mountaintop removal mining, 102, 103

Musa I, Sultan of Mali, 67

Muskogee Nation, 32–33

Muslim states, 40, 64, 65, 92, 147

mutual aid, 1, 156, 246

Mycenaeans, 55, 127–33 passim, 149–51 passim, 195–96, 200

N

Naga tribe, 200

Nandas, 183

Nanny. See Granny Nanny

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 8, 35, 36

Narmer, King of Egypt, 216, 217

nation (word), 89

nationalism, 10, 39, 89–90, 238. See also patriotism

national liberation movements, 39, 238, 239

Native Americans, 7–8, 19, 30–34, 243, 246; Amazonia, 186–87, 227, 235; Andes, 213; California, 22; French relations, 22; defensive warfare, 39; extended family, 158; Great Dismal Swamp, 102; massacres, 22; trade post role, 26; “tribes,” 45. See also Haudenosaunee; Mapuche

necropolises, 195

Needham, Joseph, 197–98

Netherlands, 85, 89, 94–95, 104. See also Dutch colonialism

New Guinea, 174

Nile (river), 217–18

Nile state, 141, 215–20 passim

Nippur, 213

nomads, 7–8, 11, 116–18, 131, 168, 224–29 passim; Amazonia, 186–87; Aryans, 176; “Conquest Theory,” 43; Mbuti, 160; Scythians, 163; Turks, 65, 66, 116

Normans, 41, 44

Novgorod, 126

numerology, 199, 208–9

Nupe people, 28

O

obedience, 107, 172, 186, 207, 213; to authority, 61; to God’s will, 74; split, 78; to state, 171, 244. See also disobedience

offerings. See gifts, ritual

Old English language, 44

opium trade, 148, 149

oratores, 79, 81

original states, 13, 38, 98, 140–41

Others and Otherness, 11, 66, 108, 199

Oyo empire, 28–29

P

pagans and paganism, 37, 68, 70, 82, 89, 101, 201

Pala Empire, 146

Palestine, 65

patriarchy, 14, 47–55 passim, 60, 86–89 passim; ancestor cults, 201; ancient Greece, 132, 133; Aryans, 179–80; Congo states, 202, 203; Cretans, 151; Cucuteni-Trypillian, 221; Egypt, 219–20; in religion, 43, 89

patrilocality, 158, 160, 177

patriotism, 93, 188

peasant class, 79, 80, 91, 106, 178

peasant rebellions, 61, 71, 91

peasants, 92; Catholic Church and, 61, 80, 81, 101; Cretans, 150; Europe, 32, 61–62, 66, 79–82 passim, 91, 92, 101–2, 152, 156; forced relocation, 141; joke names, 169n17; labor-saving methods, 79–80; morality, 108; tribute, 57. See also peasant class; peasant rebellions

Pere III (Peter the Great), King of Aragon, 93

Perlman, Fredy: Against His-story, Against Leviathan, 12–13, 185

Peucini, 97

pharaohs, 72, 206, 208, 216–20 passim

Phoenicians, 42, 223

pilgrims and pilgrimages, 67, 210, 230, 231, 232, 235

Poland, 39–40, 82

Polanie state, 38, 151–54 passim

poleis. See city-states: ancient Greece

police, 104

political prisoners, 239

politigen (word), 37–38n2, 43

politigenesis (word), 13n12

Polynesia, 172–76

polytheism, 73, 74

population growth, 121, 170, 173, 189, 191; supposed cause of states, 1, 137, 215

Portugal: trade, 147, 148

Portuguese colonialism, 23, 24, 27, 148, 203

poverty, 62, 81, 116–17, 133, 194–95n3

power accumulation, 90, 94, 121, 125, 219, 231, 237, 242

Powhatan confederacy, 33, 115–16

“priestesses.” See women priests

priest class, 139, 197, 201, 205–7 passim, 213, 214; Andes, 83; Cherokee, 31; Israelite, 73, 74; Judah, 73; Sumer, 197. See also Brahmans

primary state formation, 43–44, 137, 163–64, 210, 219, 233

primitivism, 3n3, 10–11

prisons, 24, 70, 196, 236–39 passim

private property, 63, 132, 139, 155, 175, 181, 241; ancient Greece, 132; historiography, 86; Roman law, 94

progressive states, 40, 69, 233

projectual state, 75, 77, 82, 132, 233

property, 155, 179; collective, 63, 132, 161, 162, 179; slaves as, 211. See also private property

protection rackets. See tribute

Protestants, 62. See also Anabaptists and Anabaptism

Proussakov, Dmitri B., 216–17

public works, monuments, etc., 196, 197, 208, 212–13, 220, 230. See also pyramids; theft of monuments; ziggurats

puppet rulers, 22, 23, 25, 31

purification, religion. See religious purification

Purnawarman, 145–46

pyramids, 196–97, 208, 210, 219, 220

Pyrenees, 40, 72, 87n5, 223

Q

qadis and sayyids. See sayyids and qadis

R

racism, 8, 11, 103, 239

raider states, 186, 187, 234

raiding, 100n4, 116, 117, 130, 186–90 passim, 224; by Aryans, 177; by Ibers, 101, 223; punitive, 139, 190; by Sea Peoples, 130; West Africa, 27, 56, 122. See also raider states; slave-raiding

ranked societies, 162

rebellions, 91, 128–33 passim, 235–37 passim; cause of state collapse, 129, 131, 235; Cherokee, 31; Europe, 37, 91, 92; Haiti, 35–36; Java, 147; twenty-first century, 128–29, 236, 237. See also peasant rebellions; slave rebellions

rebel states, 36, 233

reciprocity, 7, 10, 25, 138–39, 159–62 passim, 168, 193, 194; ancient Egypt, 217; Haudenosaunee, 240

Reconstruction (United States), 103

Rediker, Marcus: The Many-Headed Hydra, 86, 138

Redmond, Elsa M., 187, 188

refugees, 52, 116, 145, 156, 174, 216, 217

religion, 42–43, 67–74 passim, 244; China, 197–99, 207; Hawaiian Islands, 174; symbolic power, 193–220 passim; syncretism, 44, 101–2; South Asia, 180, 182; West Africa, 119, 121, 124, 205. See also ancestor cults and ancestor worship; atheism; Hindus and Hinduism; intermediaries, religious/spiritual; salvation religions; state religions

religious hermits, 230–31

religious purification, 72

reluctant client states, 25–26, 233

rent, 47, 93, 104

resistance, 75, 85–89 passim, 102–4 passim, 112, 129, 182–88 passim, 227; Arab Spring, 236; Buddhist, 71; to Christianization, 118; to colonization, 102, 113; guerrilla/armed, 23–24, 32, 113; Haiti, 34–36 passim; Iberian, 40; Java, 147; maroon communities, 34–35; Native American, 31, 32, 102, 113, 159, 240, 246; South Asia, 182–83; spirituality and, 195, 231; to state authority/power, 3, 32, 100, 111, 160, 207; to state formation, 2, 16, 21–22, 32, 72, 98, 204; Zomia, 99, 100; zones of, 103–4, 130–31. See also flight and abandonment

revolution and revolutions, 236, 237; aftershocks, 91; models, 131

Rickahoken, 33–34

rights, 1, 11, 156, 157, 161, 175, 211; ancient Greece, 132; of commoners, 92; of dependent class, 30, 211; Rome, 53

ritual gifts. See gifts, ritual

Rojava, 237, 239, 240

Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church

Roman Empire, 22, 30, 38–72 passim, 82, 99, 116, 118, 224; architecture and, 196; Aryans compared, 178; Catholic Church and, 61; cities, 223; collapse, 40, 46, 78, 89, 91, 101; democracy and, 157; Hadrian’s Wall, 106, 107; Illyrians and, 223; law, 94; numerology, 199; patriarchy, 89; religion and spirituality, 199–200; slave trade, 52

Romania, 221, 222

royal court states, 163–64, 165, 185, 234

royalty, expatriate. See expatriate rulers

rotation of authority, 126

runaways, 35, 116, 131, 174. See also flight and abandonment

Rus people, 38, 44

S

sachems, 113–14, 115

sacred commerce states, 185, 210, 234

sacred sites, 206, 229, 230

sacrifice, 180, 199, 200, 207. See also human sacrifice

sagrera model, 101

Salakanagara, 145

salvation religions, 62, 67–70 passim. See also Christianity; Islam

Sami, 227

San, 22

Sarmatians, 97

Saxons, 41, 78

sayyids and qadis, 63, 64

scarcity, 218. See also artificial scarcity

science, 80, 94

Scots-Irish, 32

Scott, James C., 3, 19–20, 70, 77, 99–102 passim, 140, 160, 161; on tradition of murdering autocrats, 245–46; views of ethnicity, 42, 45

Scythians, 163

Sea Peoples, 130–31

secondary state formation, 13, 43, 98, 137, 185, 233

secret fraternities, 57, 58

self-defense, 39, 46, 54, 92, 116

Service, Elman, 111

Settlement of Westphalia, 85–86, 89

settlers, 22, 30–34 passim, 113, 173

settler states, 34, 233. See also United States

shamans, medicine men, etc., 194, 206, 231

Shanantoah, 33

shari’ah, 62, 63

Shawnee, 31

Shenandoah Valley, 33–34

Shudras, 178, 182, 183

siege techniques, 94

Sitawaka kingdom (Ceylon), 23

Sitones, 46–47

Six Nations confederacy. See Haudenosaunee

slave-raiding, 29, 130, 131, 160, 176, 185, 186

slave rebellions, 35, 103

slavery, 59–62 passim, 66, 102, 109, 139; ancient Greece, 126, 131; Banda islands, 144; Germanic tribes, 47–48; Jamaica, 35; Mesopotamia, 211; Native American, 32; Roman, 224; South Asia, 177

slave trade: Roman Empire, 52; West Africa, 26–30, 56

Slavs, 37–38, 44, 82, 89

snakes, 200

social control, 6, 90, 105, 138, 141, 148, 169n17, 178

social war, 85, 105, 138, 154

Solomon, King of Israel, 73

Songs of Ice and Fire (Martin), 107–8

Southeast Asia, 69, 140, 205, 218. See also Java; Vietnam; Zomia

Spain, 40, 104, 148, 238. See also Catalunya

Spanish Civil War, 54, 243

Spanish colonialism, 34, 35

Spartans, 51, 54–55

Spencer, Charles S., 187, 188

spice trade, 24–25, 144, 147, 148, 149

Spotswood, Alexander, 33–34

Sri Lanka, sixteenth-century. See Ceylon

Srivijaya Empire, 146, 147

state architecture. See architecture

state collapse, 77, 100, 127–29 passim, 146, 167–71 passim, 235, 236; Africa, 118; chiefdoms and, 111; China, 168–69, 171; Java, 144; Mycenaean, 127; United States, 103. See also Bronze Age collapse

state religions, 67, 71, 73, 180, 197, 198

status accumulation, 155, 158, 161, 193

stealing of monuments. See theft of monuments

stratification of society. See class and caste

subsistence, 100–103 passim, 116, 140, 150; Benin, 120, 124; commons and, 156; Cucuteni-Trypillian, 222; extended family and, 120; Hawaiian Islands, 175

Suebi (Schwaben) and Suebia, 44–45, 97

Sultanate of Demak, 147

Sumatra, 146

Sumer, 196–97, 205–13 passim, 219, 220, 228

Sunda kingdom, 147

Sun God, 205, 206, 210, 219

Suriname, 34–35

surnames, 169n17

surplus, 138, 175, 192; hoarding of, 149; religion/spirituality and, 5, 70, 81; theft of, 192; trade of, 142. See also accumulation

surveillance, 104–5, 150, 196

swiddening, 99, 105–6

symbolic power, 193–220 passim

Syria, 65, 239

T

Tacitus, 30, 44–49 passim, 108; The Agricola and the Germania, 40n4, 46–49 passim, 97–98, 193

Tarumanagara kingdom, 145–47

tattooing and branding of subjects, 102

Taurisci, 223

taxation, 64, 72, 92, 93, 103, 141, 169n17; of agriculture, 43; excessive, 167; refusal, 244; religious, 92; resistance, 104; South Asia, 182

technology: agricultural, 80; military, 94–95

temples, 70, 73, 170, 197, 200, 210–18 passim; Mexico, 187, 189, 190

territoriality, 77–78, 228

tertiary state formation, 233

Teutonic Order, 42

Teutons, 223

theft of monuments, 215

Thompson, E.P.: Whigs and Hunters, 86

thrones, 212

Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages (Le Goff), 89–90

Tiwanaku state, 82–83, 206, 208–9, 213–15

trade, 24–28 passim, 40, 67, 90, 139–44 passim, 204; Amazonia, 187; Andes, 213, 214, 215; Bronze Age collapse, 127; Cretans, 151; Cucuteni-Trypillian, 221; pilgrimage conjoined, 210, 231; Zapotec, 189, 190. See also slave trade; spice trade

tribe (word), 45, 75

tribute, 22, 45, 64, 139, 141, 157, 162; ancient Mexico, 191; Ceylon, 23; Congo states, 56–57; Hawaiian Islands, 175; raiding and, 186; South Asia, 182

Tupi-Guarani, 8n9, 235, 236

Turkey, 129, 228, 230, 236, 239

Turks, 65, 116

Turnbull, Colin, 160

Tuscarora, 112, 113

Tymowski, Michal, 117

tyrants and tyranny. See despotic rule

U

Uighurs, 116

Umayyad Caliphate, 65

United Kingdom, 52. See also Great Britain

United States, 30–34 passim, 52, 86, 103, 157, 238; anti-terrorism wars, 186; Hawaiian Islands, 176

universities, 89–90

urban walls. See cities: walls

“urban zones of evasion,” 103–4

Uruk, 197, 210–13 passim

usury, 62, 80

V

Vandals, 44–45

Vascones, 223

Vashiyas, 178

Vedas, 177, 180

Venedi, 97

Vereenigde Ooostindische Compagnie. See Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Vietnam, 20, 148

Vietnam War, 34

Vikings, 41, 43, 44

Virginia (British colony), 31, 33, 34

Visigoths, 40

Vorobyov, Denis V., 115

voting, 50, 51, 238, 244

Vriji confederacy, 181–83 passim

W

Wa people, 39

Waha people, 78

walls, 106, 107–8, 169, 174, 189, 211

war, social. See social war

warlords, 65, 81

warrior brotherhoods, 37, 38, 49, 51, 55, 133, 185

warrior class, 30, 79, 81, 139, 163, 164, 186; Aryans, 176, 178

warriors, 43, 185; Benin, 121, 124; Germanic, 37, 48–51 passim; Haudenosaunee, 114; Hawaiian islands, 175; Monte Albán, 188, 190, 191; Rome, 48–52 passim; Rus, 38; warrior-kings, 78, 92, 210, 221; Yoruba, 122; Zapotec, 190, 191. See also warrior brotherhoods; warrior class

Washington, George, 31, 115

Weber, Max, 167

Wends, 37

West Africa. See Benin; Congo; Mali

West African slave trade. See slave trade: West Africa

Westphalia Settlement. See Settlement of Westphalia

wheat domestication, 231n7

Whigs and Hunters (Thompson), 86

Wielkopolska, 38, 39

Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture (Evans), 55, 86

Witches, Midwives, and Nurses (Ehrenreich and English), 88

witch hunts, 72, 86–87

women gods. See goddesses

women-men relations. See gender relations

women priests, 149, 150

women’s hunting. See hunting: by women

women’s status, 54, 179. See also gender relations; matriarchy

work. See labor

workers’ movement, 14, 19, 242

written language. See language: written

Y

Yamna culture, 221, 222, 224

Yemen, 63–64, 75

Z

Zapotec state, 141, 187–91

ziggurats, 196, 197, 210, 211, 213, 220

Zinn, Howard, 13

Zomia, 39, 97–109

**Advance praise for Worshiping Power:

“Worshiping Power succeeds in making sense of one of the most baffling anthropological problems: that of origins of state and state-like institutions. This book is testament to Gelderloos’s innovation and engagement with anarchism, state-centered social science and anthropology—a work of ethnographic theory thats suggests stimulating new avenues of empirical research and theoretical inquiry. The book is also an excellent read!”

—Andrej Grubačić, author of Living at the Edges of Capitalism: Adventures in Exile and Mutual Aid

“By questioning the myths we have collectively inherited around the formation of the state, Gelderloos dares to do what most contemporary thinkers blindly refuse. For far too long we’ve been gripped by an unshakable faith in statist politics, where anything beyond this stifled and masochist imagination is dismissed as wishful thinking at best, or savagery at worst. Gelderloos cuts through the rhetoric that has us bend and bow to the predation, elitism, and parasiticism of the state, not as a politics of exploring terra incognita, but as a recognition of how alien these ideas were to the world we once knew. Worshiping Power is not just a reclamation of our history, it offers a glimpse into the reconvening of our humanity.”

—Simon Springer, author of The Anarchist Roots of Geography: Toward Spatial Emancipation

“Worshiping Power is an insightful, sweeping analysis of how and why states have arisen (or haven’t), delivered in sparklingly clear prose. It is everything that an anarchist history should be: heretical, tentative, and provocative, as well as deeply researched, persuasive, and above all, relevant.”

—Kenyon Zimmer, author of Immigrants against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America

“Contemporary radical state theory owes much to an anarchistic ethos. Gelderloos important little book surveys and reinterprets this literature, and then gives it a coherent anarchist politics.”

—Alex Prichard, Department of Politics, University of Exeter

Publisher notes:

Worshiping Power: An Anarchist View of Early State Formation

© ٢٠١٦ Peter Gelderloos

This edition © 2016 AK Press (Chico, Oakland, Edinburgh, Baltimore)

ISBN: 978-1-84935-264-2

E-ISBN: 978-1-84935-265-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016941988

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